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What are the actionable implications for manufacturers and those who serve them? The Boston Seaport Innovation District, first of its kind in the United States, was a speculative investment — it tried to re-engineer the magic of Silicon Valley by fostering close collaboration between researchers, investors and entrepreneurs in one location. Seven years later, the bet stands: even industrial giant GE (and a software company in aspiration) is planning a relocation to the area. Photo by author Two weeks ago, the District proved a fitting venue for nearly 500 diverse individuals participating in . Exponential Manufacturing is one of 3 industry-dedicated organized by SU designed to describe and spur innovations relevant to manufacturers. Unlike a traditional classroom, it is not led by professors or mad scientists (with some exceptions), but indeed executives and entrepreneurs who have already brought “exponential technologies” to market. One example is Local Motors Jay Rogers, who 3d prints crowdsourced car designs in new “micro-factories” and is preparing to use the same technology on Mars. Singularity University's Exponential Manufacturing Summit Summits For everyone I spoke to, the three days of the conference were extremely inspiring and motivating, but not without being overwhelming. Yes, hearing that your brain will be connected to the cloud in a couple of decades is unfathomable, but even the short-term is clouded in uncertainty. It became clear that every layer of the manufacturing value chain is at risk from technologies like additive manufacturing, (collaborative) robotics and predictive analytics, the required adjustments were described as unique for different businesses. Akin to the case method, famous with neighboring Harvard Business School, the complex task of incorporating innovation into business cannot be attributed to a set of decision points and is best told by example. Below, I've merely attempted to group these examples and identify 11 themes from the conference that should be at the top of any manufacturer's decision pipeline. . 1. The age of abundance , the co-founder of SU rolled on in a telepresence robot and described how (including ironically his own presence). He went on to summarize recent improvements in health care, energy and tool availability, the dematerialization of the supply chain and support networks for innovation. His message? We have enough resources today to take care of everyone. The challenge is how. Peter Diamandis technology makes scarce resources abundant We have enough resources today to take care of everyone, the challenge is how. Most illuminating was his answer to the question of what should the next generation study. He reiterated that technologies come and go, and now at a record speed of 2–3 years (see exponentials in the next point). Instead he recommends studying problem spaces, . becoming experts in challenges, not solutions Photo by Singularity University This provided a great frame for the conference, allowing companies to realize their role as curators and bundlers of technology to serve the needs of their unique customer base. What now? . 2. Exponentials in manufacturing , Executive Director of Worldwide Summits at SU, introduced us to the concept of exponentials, the technologies that are improving at an exponential rate. We learned how by 2030, the cost of a computer as powerful as the human mind will be $1,000 and by 2050 for the same price we will access the equivalent capacity of all human minds combined. Will Weisman By 2030, the cost of a computer as powerful as the human mind will be $1,000 From various speakers we learned about recent advances in robotics, biotech, AI, and many other areas. We saw that 3D printing is reaching maturity along the hype curve, that reinforcement learning has enabled computers to beat humans in one of the most complex board games invented and how new biotechnologies can now be developed in a garage. We learned about how these advances follow a predictable exponential pattern that is difficult to comprehend to our “linear” brains. Therefore, . we are constantly underestimating the growth potential of technology going forward And if we do play the story forward, Amazon envisions printing products in a truck and delivering them by drone, robotic skins could be 3D printed, sustainable energy will become the cheapest source of energy and sequencing the human genome by 2018 will be possible at the cost of a pizza. If you're wondering why, the idea of exponentials originates from futurist and SU Founder, Ray Kurzweil. He claims that any process evolving through trial-and-error evolves exponentially and technology is no exception. His comprehensive empirical analysis has validated exponential improvements in several diverse technologies: computing, DNA sequencing, communication, etc. In the conference, he singled out “brain extenders” like smartphones that expand our intelligence and how we will go on to connect the human neocortex to the cloud Any organization can incorporate exponential forecasting relevant to their business in their planning process. Think about the technologies making up your product or supply chain, forecast their evolution and track resulting disruptions to your market. . What now? Don't just rely on intuition to understand what's possible . 3. Changing roles of global manufacturers Deborah Wince-Smith, President & CEO of U.S. Council on Competitiveness gave the slide-free Washington perspective on global manufacturing. America is poised to reclaim the top-spot in manufacturing competitiveness from China by the end of the decade. China's labour costs have increased five-fold since 2005, and instead the “Mighty Five” (Malaysia, India, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam) could replace China as low-cost manufacturers. She also cited US regulatory and cultural advantages like entrepreneurial DNA, rule of Law and protection of IP. She did mention specific challenges: China's advances in all forms of supercomputing (including quantum and neuromorphic architectures), inefficiencies in health-care, housing and education, the risk-aversiveness of our current generation in light of financial difficulty and the mounting cyber-security threat. Photo by Michelle D. Rodriguez Turning to local Boston, John Barros, Chief of Economic Development for the City, reaffirmed his intention to “update codes and get out of your way”. Boston plans to lead in friendly regulation by supporting initiatives like driverless car testing on real streets. We need to respect the changing roles of manufacturers in the world and how manufacturing remains a strategic playing field for governments. At least in America, the government wants to signal stability and a positive outlook for manufacturers while cities continue to support innovation. The hope is that companies respond by taking a longer-term perspective and taking greater risks. What now? . 4. The new makers More people than ever today can design and build physical things. Jay Rogers, CEO of Local Motors wowed the audience by introducing the concept of micro factories that support advanced small volume manufacturing. But the biggest eye-opener was how he crowd-sourced collaborative designs leading to everything from Letty's Rally Fighter in the latest Fast and Furious installation to a voice-controlled concept car for urban commuting (first ever to lack a seat for driving). Photo by launchforth.io Moreover, , Deputy Director at America Makes, explained how additive manufacturing (3D printing) is really about redefining what parts can be built. For better intuition on the future of design, the following video was shown: Leanne Gluck Lastly, Bill McInnis, VP of Reebok Future explained that every footwear manufacturer is indeed looking for “that next manufacturing method”. In an industry where design matters, to make something different, you have to build differently. There is every reason to be optimistic about the supply of industrial design talent, but manufacturers have to make the most of that talent. . What now? Tools for rapid prototyping, experimentation and co-creation are there to stay ahead of customer expectations . 5. First self-disruptors Successful innovation engines fueled by partnerships are spreading beyond software companies. , Head of Narrative and Partnerships at Lowe's Innovation Labs, talked about how Lowe's focus on customer behavior has helped them bring new innovations to their business. Amanda Denton Manna They created an AR application that helped customers understand the size & fit of potential products from their homes, a visual positioning service, an assistant robot, Lowe's Holoroom for VR experiments and even an Iron Man-style exosuit to support lifting of heavy objects. There is more, Karen Kerr, Sr. Managing Director of GE Ventures, talked about how GE uses their venture portfolio to rapidly test and implement innovations in their own plants, creating immediate synergies and eyeing companies for future acquisition. Photo by Lisa Ralph Put simply, if you're not piloting new products to address customer pain points using technology, someone in your industry already is. Fast innovation is becoming a competitive advantage in every market. What now? Fast innovation is becoming a competitive advantage in every market. . 6. The truth about data Howard Heppelmann, Divisional Vice President and General Manager from PTC, started the section off with three big use cases for data-driven decision making: Predictive Maintenance, Predictive Quality and Predictive Performance. Jane Zavalishina, CEO of Yandex Data Factory added a few: reducing material needs, optimising production routes and measuring the unmeasurable, but immediately cautioned against visualizing the factory of the future. The reality is that some companies don't have a billion to invest in data, so she recommended looking for established, repetitive processes and proving value quickly (in 3–6 months). Paul Casto, Vice President at GE Digital, further explained that the , given the extra complexity and risk. return on initial proof of concepts should be on the order of 10–15x Initial use case selection and realization is critical and could either underscore a large successful analytics transformation program or can result in frictional skepticism. IoT adoption thrives with VC-style financing models. What now? . 7. Friendly IoT tech The natural question following insight about data is what platform would need to be used? Several speakers mentioned that . The winners are not yet clear and it is best to start somewhere. IoT platform technologies are highly compatible and transient Paul Casto of GE went on to describe the GE Predix platform. Its advantages include proprietary technology across the whole stack and a rich and complete set of acquisitions of complementary services. Quoting asset performance management as an example, potential benefits were described as 3–40% incident reduction, 2–6% increased availability and 10–40% reduction in Reactive Maintenance among others. Focus on compatibility, adaptability and immediate needs in platform choice. The valuable part is the solution use case and its ecosystem of data and processes, not the platform that powers it. What now? . 8. Automation as help Rodney Brooks, Founder, Chairman and CTO of CTO of Rethink Robotics, demoed a collaborative robot — a soft, safe and programmable robot that supports humans in repetitive tasks. The hope is that automation does not mean replacement of human labor, but instead indicates potential for deeper human and computer collaboration. Karen Leavitt, CMO at Locus Robotics, explained how warehouse robots actually reduce significant physical strain on workers by helping to transform goods and are a while away from being fully autonomous. Collaboration will change even for knowledge workers. Steve Shepley, a Principal at Deloitte, described two ways they will be affected: process automation (automating repetitive, manual, structured and logical tasks) and cognitive automation (automating repetitive, manual, situational & decision-oriented tasks). While the consensus seems to be that automation will not necessarily have a net positive impact on jobs directly, it is possible that unless we fill the mounting skill gap, this will result in significant job losses. It is the role of the employer to develop new skills in employees to ensure they are fit for jobs of the future. What now? . 9. Skunkworks is the only way When it comes to actually transforming the organization, it seems like politics is the core question to tackle. John Hagel, Co-Chairman for Deloitte's Centre for the Edge talked about how in his experience, change agents often run into the “anti-bodies” of the organization, which can prevent whole-company transformations. He said the best way to solve that is taking experiments in isolation (“at the edge”) and winning through growth, not alignment. If you are in a very conservative company without deep top-down support or foresight let your ideas grow into results before going head-to-head with the rest of the organization. What now? Let your ideas grow into results before going head-to-head with the rest of the organization. . 10. The risk of being irresponsible Corporate Social Responsibility is taken very seriously by some and seen as strategic in the long horizon. Trisa Tompson, Chief Responsibility Officer at Dell, talked about her inspiring journey from Law to corporate responsibility. She learned that 9 out of 10 consumers expect companies to do more than make profits and realized that mission at Dell. Now Dell has helped kickstart the ocean plastic value chain by using ocean plastic in manufacturing and its employees have contributed 5M hours of community service with 70% participation. Instead of just minimizing waste, . She warned that Corporate Social Responsibility is difficult, also requiring disruptive thinking, community collaboration, new partnerships and new business models; but early movement is equally crucial. What now? companies should focus on offsetting a negative impact with a 10x larger positive impact . 11. The bigger journey Rob Nail, CEO of SU took time to explain how this conference is part of bigger personal and company transformation to become an “exponential organization”. Photo by Thomas Leitgeb He advised proceeding with caution at the risk of not sounding insane and told the whirlwind story of Harman's journey from a car audio manufacturer to a connected car company and how that led to it's ultimate acquisition by Samsung. Transformation needs support and timing in addition to the right ideas. Start asking yourself “how do I stay on top of this?”, “what should I be reading?”, “who should I be working with?”. What now ? After all, the goal is not simply to understand the disruptions — it is to come up with them in the first place. Disclaimer Please note that this is not a comprehensive summary of the conference. I am only summarizing from my chosen panels and focusing on messages that were particularly relevant to my work — every single speaker and panelist was fantastic and any omissions are accidental rather than intentional. Appendix For more on Singularity University: Singularity University: http://www.su.org Exponential Manufacturing on Twitter: https://twitter.com/xmanufacturing For more on Exponentials: Ray Kurzweil in TED: https://www.ted.com/talks/ray_kurzweil_on_how_technology_will_transform_us

Additive, collaborative and connected — 11 takeaways from Exponential Manufacturing 2017

Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR. here PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR. The successes of Peter Cooper's long and useful life are well known. Not so many are aware of his varied experience in the direction of failure, particularly in the field of invention. More than once he has found his best devices profitless because ahead of his time, or because of conditions, political or otherwise, which no one could foresee. He possessed the rare qualities, however, of pluck and perseverance, and when one thing failed he lost no time in trying something else. Before he was of age he had learned three trades—and he did not make his fortune at either. In a familiar conversation with a writer recently, Mr. Cooper related some of his early experiences, particularly with reference to enterprises which did not succeed. His father was a hatter, and as a boy young Cooper learned how to make a hat in all its parts. The father was not successful in business, and the hatter's trade seems to have offered little encouragement to the son. Accordingly he learned the art of making ale. Why he did not stick to that calling and become a millionaire brewer, Mr. Cooper does not say. Most probably the national taste for stronger tipple could not at that time be overcome, and ale could not compete with New England rum and apple-jack. The young mechanic next essayed the art of coachmaking, at which he served a full apprenticeship. At the end of his time his employer offered to set him up in business, but the offer was not accepted, through fear of losing another's money. He felt that if he took the money and lost it he would have to be a slave for life. So he quit coachmaking and went to work for a man at Hempstead, L. I., making machines for shearing cloth. In three years, on $1.50 a day, Cooper had saved enough money to buy his employer's patent. Immediately he introduced improvements in the manufacture and in the machine, which the war with England made a great demand for by excluding foreign cloths. At this time Cooper married. In due time the family numbered three, and the young father's inventive faculty was again called upon. Herald "In those days," said Mr. Cooper to the reporter, smiling as the remembrance came to his mind, "we kept no servants as they do nowadays, and my wife and myself had to do all that was to be done. After our first child was born I used to come into the house and find my wife rocking the cradle, and I relieved her from that while I was there. After doing that for a few days I thought to myself that I could make that thing go of itself. So I went into my shop, and made a pendulous cradle that would rock the child. Then I attached a musical instrument which would sing for it, and at the same time the machine would keep the flies off. The latter was very simple; by hanging something to the cross bar, as the cradle swung under it, backward and forward, it would create wind enough to drive away the flies. The machine was wound up by a weight, and would run for nearly half an hour without stopping. I took out a patent for it, and one day a peddler came along with a horse and wagon, as they do in the country, and saw the cradle. He struck a bargain with me and bought the patent right for the State of Connecticut, giving for it his horse and wagon and all the goods he had with him. They afterward made some there, but nothing like as good as mine. It was a beautiful piece of furniture," said Mr. Cooper regretfully, as he thought of it as a thing of the past. "They afterward substituted springs for the weight movement, but that kind was not so good." About this time the war with England ended and the market was spoiled for the shearing machines. Then, we believe, Mr. Cooper tried his hand at cabinetmaking, but that failed, and he set up a grocery store where the Bible House now stands. While selling groceries Mr. Cooper made an invention which ought to have made his fortune, but it did not. The story is best told in Mr. Cooper's own words: "It was just before the Erie Canal was completed, and I conceived a plan by which to tow boats by the use of all the elevated waters on the line of the canal. To demonstrate that that was practicable I made with my own hands a chain two miles long, and placed posts 200 feet apart in the East River from Bellevue dock down town about a mile. These posts supported grooved wheels to lay the chain in, forming an endless chain. The whole was moved by an overshot waterwheel placed at the Bellevue dock. A reservoir twelve feet square and three deep held the water to turn the wheel." At the suggestion of Governor Clinton Mr. Cooper tightened his chain and pulled up the end post just before the grand trial of his device was to come off. He succeeded in getting stone enough to anchor the post, however, and the experiment went off swimmingly. The boat was hooked on to the chain, and the passage back and forward—two miles—was made in eleven minutes. "I ran that boat some ten days," says Mr. Cooper, "to let people see what could be done, and carried nearly a thousand people. Part of the time I ran two boats. Once I counted 52 people in one boat. I made the whole chain myself and planted the posts. As I could find no wheels to suit me I made the moulds and cast the wheels myself out of block tin and zinc. It was no small job, I can tell you." This was unquestionably a grand invention. In itself it was a perfect success; but it was not used. Mr. Cooper tells why: "It demonstrated completely that the elevated water power along the line of the canal and every lock in the canal could be made use of to drive the boats. Governor Clinton gave me $800 for the privilege of buying the right to the plan in case he should want to use it on the Erie Canal. In making the canal he had promised the people along the route that as soon as it was finished they could sell their horses to tow the boats, their grain and fodder to feed the horses, and their provisions for the passengers. On reflection he thought that if he took all that away from them he would have to run the gantlet again, and he could not afford to do that. There never was anything done with the plan until a few years ago, when Mr. Welch, president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad and Canal, invented exactly the same thing and put it in practice on his locks on the canal. He found it saved half the time and great expense. He went to Washington to take out a patent for it, and when he got there he found that I had patented the same thing fifty-three years before. My patent had run out, so he could use the plan on his canal. It has also been used on one lock on the Erie Canal. If they could have used that chain on the whole length of the Erie Canal it would have saved many millions of dollars." This would not be a bad place, were there room for it, to speak of "undeveloped" and therefore worthless inventions; and the assumption that if an inventor does not make his invention immediately profitable it must be good for nothing, and should be dispatented. But the moral goes without telling. Mr. Cooper's next attempt at invention was made about the same time, but in quite a different direction. It was during the struggle of the Greeks for independence, and wishing to do something for their assistance, Mr. Cooper undertook to make a torpedo boat for them. Mr. Cooper says: "It was a small one that could be taken on board ship and used to destroy any vessel that came to destroy them. It was fixed with a rotary steam engine and a screw wheel to propel it. It was intended to be guided from the ship or the shore. There were two steel wires fixed to the tiller of the rudder, and the operator could pull on one side or the other and guide the vessel just as a horse is guided with reins. It was so arranged that at night it would carry a light with its dark side toward the object to be destroyed, and by simply keeping the light in range with the vessel it would be sure to hit it. The torpedo was carried on a little iron rod, projecting in front of the torpedo vessel a few inches under water. Contact would discharge the torpedo and bend this iron rod. This would reverse the action of the engine and cause the torpedo vessel to return right back from whence it came, ready to carry another torpedo." Unfortunately the torpedo boat was not ready in time to go with the ship carrying the contributions for Greece. It was stored in Mr. Cooper's factory (he had then turned his attention to glue) and was destroyed by the burning of the factory. It seems to have been quite a promising affair for the time. Mr. Cooper says: "I experimented with it at once to see how far it could be guided. I made a steel wire ten miles long and went down to the Narrows to test the matter. I had steel yards fastened to one end of the wire, and to the other end the torpedo vessel as attached. It got about six miles away when a vessel coming into the harbor crossed the wire and broke it. Although the experiment was not complete it showed that for at least six miles I could guide the vessel as easily as I could guide a horse." Mr. Cooper's work as the pioneer locomotive builder in this country; his later inventions and improvements in the manufacture of railway iron and wrought iron beams for fireproof buildings; his application of anthracite coal to iron puddling, and his other successes are almost as widely known as his philanthropic efforts for the education and advancement of the industrial classes of this city. After all, we are not sure but the story of his long and varied and always honorable career, told by himself, would not be worth, to young people who have to make their way in life through many difficulties, more even than the advantages of the noble institution which bears his name. Taste for Reading.—Sir John Herschel has declared that "if he were to pray for a taste which should stand under every variety of circumstance and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness to him through life, it would be a taste for reading." Give a man, he affirms, that taste, and the means of gratifying it, and you cannot fail of making him good and happy; for you bring him in contact with the best society in all ages, with the tenderest, the bravest, and the purest men who have adorned humanity, making him a denizen of all nations, a contemporary of all times, and giving him a practical proof that the world has been created for him, for his solace, and for his enjoyment. Africa Crossed Again. Information has been received by way of Lisbon, March 12, that the Portuguese explorer, Pinto, has succeeded in traversing Africa from west to east, and has reached Transvaal. The latitude of his course across is not mentioned. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18866/pg18866-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR

How it Works by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . AGRICULTURAL MACHINES. here AGRICULTURAL MACHINES. THE THRESHING-MACHINE. Bread would not be so cheap as it is were the flail still the only means of separating the grain from the straw. What the cream separator has done for the dairy industry ( ), the threshing-machine has done for agriculture. A page or two ought therefore to be spared for this useful invention. p. 384 In Fig. 226 a very complete fore-and-aft section of the machine is given. After the bands of the sheaves have been cut, the latter are fed into the mouth of the a by the feeder, who stands in the feeding-box on the top of the machine. The drum revolves at a very high velocity, and is fitted with fluted beaters which act against a steel concave, or breastwork, b, the grain being threshed out of the straw in passing between the two. The breastwork is provided with open wires, through which most of the threshed grain, cavings (short straws), and chaff passes on to a sloping board. The straw is flung forward on to the shakers c, which gradually move the straw towards the open end and throw it off. Any grain, etc., that has escaped the drum falls through the shakers on to d, and works backwards to the , or moving sieves, e. The , by means of a revolving fan, n, sends air along the channel x upwards through these riddles, blowing the short straws away to the left. The grain, husks, and dust fall through e on to g, over the end of which they fall on to the , h. A second column of air from the blower drives the chaff away. The heavy grain, seeds, dust, etc., fall on to i, j, and k in turn, and are shaken until only the grain remains to pass along l to the elevator bottom, m. An endless band with cups attached to it scoops up the grain, carries it aloft, and shoots it into hopper p. It then goes through the shakers q, r, is dusted by the , s, and slides down t into the open end of the rotary screen-drum u, which is mounted on the slope, so that as it turns the grain travels gradually along it. The first half of the screen has wires set closely together. All the small grain that falls through this, called "thirds," passes into a hopper, and is collected in a sack attached to the hopper mouth. The "seconds" fall through the second half of the drum, more widely spaced, into their sack; and the "firsts" fall out of the end and through a third spout. drum caving riddles main blower chaff riddle back end blower MOWING-MACHINES. The ordinary employs a revolving reel, built up of spirally-arranged knives, the edges of which pass very close to a sharp plate projecting from the frame of the mower. Each blade, as it turns, works along the plate, giving a shearing cut to any grass that may be caught between the two cutting edges. The action is that of a pair of scissors (Fig. 227), one blade representing the fixed, the other the moving knife. If you place a cylinder of wood in the scissors it will be driven forward by the closing of the blades, and be marked by them as it passes along the edges. The same thing happens with grass, which is so soft that it is cut right through. lawn—mower HAY-CUTTER. The is another adaptation of the same principle. A cutter-bar is pulled rapidly backwards and forwards in a frame which runs a few inches above the ground by a crank driven by the wheels through gearing. To the front edge of the bar are attached by one side a number of triangular knives. The frame carries an equal number of spikes pointing forward horizontally. Through slots in these the cutter-bar works, and its knives give a drawing cut to grass caught between them and the sides of the spikes. hay-cutter About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2009). How it Works. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/28553/pg28553-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

AGRICULTURAL MACHINES.

The following chapters will furnish exercises in composition, both oral and written

The Romance of Modern Mechanism by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER IV here PORTABLE TOOLS "If the mountain won't come to Mahomet," says the proverb, "Mahomet must go to the mountain." This is as true in the workshop as outside;—Mahomet being the tool, the mountain the work on which it must be used. With the increase in size of machinery and engineering material, methods half a century old do not, in many cases, suffice; especially at a time when commercial competition has greatly reduced the margin of profits formerly expected by the manufacturer. To take the case of a large shaft, which must have a slot cut along it on one side to accommodate the key-wedge, which holds an eccentric for moving the steam valves of a cylinder, or a screw-propeller, so that it cannot slip. The mass weighs, perhaps, twenty tons. One way of doing the job is to transport the shaft under a drill that will cut a hole at each end of the slot area, and then to turn it over to the planer for the intermediate metal to be scraped out. This is a very toilsome and expensive business, entailing the use of costly machinery which might be doing more useful work, and the sacrifice of much valuable time. Inventors have therefore produced portable tools which can perform work on big bodies just as efficiently as if it had been done by larger machinery, in a fraction of the time and at a greatly reduced cost. To quote an example, the cutting of a key-way of the kind just described by big machines would consume perhaps a whole day, whereas the light, portable, easily attached miller, now generally used, bites it out in ninety minutes. PNEUMATIC TOOLS The best known of these is the pneumatic hammer. It consists of a cylinder, inside which moves a solid piston having a stroke of from half an inch to six inches. Air is supplied through flexible tubing from a compressing pump worked by steam. The piston beats on a loose block of metal carried in the end of the tool, which does the actual striking. The piston suddenly decreases in diameter at about the centre of its length, leaving a shoulder on which air can work to effect the withdrawal stroke. By a very simple arrangement of air-ports the piston is made to act as its own valve. As the plane side of the piston has a greater area than that into which the piston-rod fits, the striking movement is much more violent than the return. Under a pressure of several hundreds of pounds to the square inch a pneumatic hammer delivers upwards of 7,000 blows per minute; the quick succession of comparatively gentle taps having the effect of a much smaller number of heavier blows. For the flat hammer head can be substituted a curved die for riveting, or a chipping chisel, or a caulking iron, to close the seams of boilers. The riveter is peculiarly useful for ship and bridge-building work where it is impossible to apply an hydraulic tool. A skilled workman will close the rivet heads as fast as his assistant can place them in their holes; certainly in less than half the time needed for swing-hammer closing. Even more effective proportionately is the pneumatic chipper. The writer has seen one cut a strip off the edge of a half-inch steel plate at the rate of several inches a minute. To the uninitiated beholder it would seem impossible that a tool weighing less than two stone could thus force its way through solid metal. The speed of the piston is so high that, though it scales but a few pounds, its momentum is great enough to advance the chisel a fraction of an inch, and the individual advances, following one another with inconceivable rapidity, soon total up into a big cut. Automatic chisels are very popular with ornamental masons, as they lend themselves to the sculpturing of elaborate designs in stone and marble. Their principle, modified to suit work of another character, is seen in percussive rock drills, such as the Ingersoll Sergeant. In this case the piston and tool are solid, and the air is let into the cylinder by means of slide valves operated by tappets which the piston strikes during its movements. Some types of the rock-drill are controllable as to the length of their stroke, so that it can be shortened while the "entry" of the hole is being made and gradually increased as the hole deepens. For perpendicular boring the drill is mounted on a heavily weighted tripod, the inertia of which effectively damps all recoil from the shock of striking; for horizontal work, and sometimes for vertical, the support is a pillar wedged between the walls of the tunnel, or shaft. An ingenious detail is the rifled bar which causes the drill to rotate slightly on its axis between every two strokes, so that it may not jam. The drills are light enough to be easily erected and dismantled, and compact, so that they can be used in restricted and out-of-the way places, while their simplicity entails little special training on the part of the workman. With pneumatic and other power-drills the cost of piercing holes for explosive charges is reduced to less than one-quarter of that of "jumping" with a crowbar and sledgehammers. With the hand method two men are required, usually more; one man to hold, guide, and turn the drill; and the other, or others, to strike the blows with hammers. The machine, striking a blow far more rapidly than can be done by hand, reduces the number of operators to one man, and perhaps his helper. So durable is the metal of these wonderful little mechanisms that the delivery of 360,000 blows daily for months, even though each is given with a force of perhaps half a ton, fails to wear them out; or at the most only necessitates the renewal of some minor and cheap part. The debt that civilisation owes to the substitution of mechanical for hand labour will be fully understood by anyone who is conversant with the history of tunnel-driving and mining. Another application of pneumatics is seen in the device for cutting off the ends of stay bolts of locomotive boilers. It consists of a cylinder about fifteen inches in diameter, the piston of which operates a pair of large nippers capable of shearing half-inch bars. The whole apparatus weighs but three-quarters of a hundredweight, yet its power is such that it can trim bolts forty times as fast as a man working with hammer and cold-chisel, and more thoroughly. Then there is the machine for breaking the short bolts which hold together the outer and inner shells of the water-jacket round a locomotive furnace. A threaded bar, along which travels a nut, has a hook on its end to catch the bolt. The nut is screwed up to make the proper adjustment, and a pneumatic cylinder pulls on the hook with a force of many tons, easily shearing through the bolt. We must not forget the for cutting holes in wood or metal, or enlarging holes already existing. The head of the borer contains three little cylinders, set at an angle of 120°, to rotate the drill, the valves opening automatically to admit air at very high pressures behind the pistons. Any carpenter can imagine the advantage of a drill which has merely to be forced against its work, the movement of a small lever by the thumb doing the rest! pneumatic borer Next on the list comes the , which acts on much the same principle as the scent-spray. Mechanical painting first came to the fore in 1893, when the huge Chicago Exposition provided many acres of surfaces which had to be protected from the weather or hidden from sight. The following description of one of the machines used to replace hand-work is given in Cassier's Magazine: "The paint is atomized and sprayed on to the work by a stream of compressed air. From a small air-compressor the air is led, through flexible hose, to a paint-tank, which is provided with an air-tight cover and clamping screws. The paint is contained in a pot which can be readily removed and replaced by another when a different colour is required. This arrangement of interchangeable tins is also important as facilitating easy cleaning. The container is furnished with a semi-rotary stirrer, the spindle passing through a stuffing-box in the cover, and ending in a handle by which the whole thing complete may be carried about. The compressor is necessarily fixed or stationary, but the paint-tank, connected to it by the single air-hose, can be moved close to the work, while the length of hose from the tank to the nozzle gives the freedom of movement necessary. Air-pressure is admitted to the tank by a bottom valve, and forces the paint up an internal pipe and along a hose from the tank to the spraying nozzle, to which air-pressure is also led by a second hose. The nozzle is practically an injector of special form. The flow of paint at the nozzle is controlled by a small plug valve and spring lever, on which the operator keeps his thumb while working, and which, on release, closes automatically. When it is required to change from one colour to another, or to use a different material, such as varnish, the can, previously in use, is removed, and air, or, if necessary, paraffin oil, is blown through the length of hose which supplies the paint until it is completely clean." The writer then mentions as an instance of the machine's efficiency that it has covered a 30 feet by 8 feet boiler in less than an hour, and that at one large bridge yard a 70 feet by 6 feet girder with all its projecting parts was coated with boiled oil in two hours—a job which would have occupied a man with a brush a whole day to execute. Apart from saving time, the machine produces a surface quite free from brush marks, and easily reaches surfaces in intricate mouldings which are difficult to get at with a brush. pneumatic painter The is used for a variety of purposes: for cleaning off old paint, or the weathered surface of stonework; for polishing up castings and forgings after they have been brazed. At the cycle factory you will find the sand-jet hard at work on the joints of cycle frames, which must be cleared of all roughness before they are fit for the enameller. The writer, a few days before penning these lines, watched a jet removing London grime from the face of a large hotel. Down a side street stood a steam-engine busily compressing air, which was led by long pipes to the jet, situated on some lofty scaffolding. The rapidity with which the flying grains scoured off smoke deposits attracted the notice of a large crowd, which gazed with upturned heads at the whitened stones. A peculiarity about the jet is that it proves much more effective on hard material than on soft, as the latter, by offering an elastic surface, robs the sand of its cutting power. pneumatic sand-jet After merely mentioning the for forcing sand into foundry moulds, we pass to the machine, which may be described briefly as a revolving disc carrying a circle of sand-paper on its face revolved between guards which keep it flat to its work. The disc flies round many hundreds of times per minute, rapidly wearing down the fibrous surface of the wood it touches. When the coarse paper has done its work a finely-grained cloth is substituted to produce the finish needful for painting. pneumatic rammer pneumatic sand-papering About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2014). The Romance of Modern Mechanism. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/46094/pg46094-images.html. This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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On AI-generated content, writing, new, old, and broken media, platforms, models, audiences, and body parts. Why do so many people want to be writers? That’s the kind of question SEO-optimized content is generated for. I for one did not, at least not in the romanticized way many people think about writing. But when i was , i took it. It was in 2016, and it changed things. given the opportunity to have my byline appear in the mainstream media I had no idea where that path would take me, but I have not regretted it for a second. I thought it would just mean adding one last part to an already long LinkedIn headline: Analyst, Consultant, Engineer, Founder, Host, Researcher, Writer. I was wrong. First, having a mainstream media byline is more than an opportunity: it also asks for lots of responsibility and work. It made me grow, develop and systematize new and existing skills. For example, . Developing , and how to best share it with the audience. Plus i got to know, and be known by, tons of interesting people. keeping track of endless streams of information a sense of what’s timely, important, and resonant And it wasn’t just the “Writer” part that was added. I got to be hosting my own and event as a byproduct of writing. Even though i never felt that being a writer defines me, apparently it has become what most people have come to know me as. Understandably so, as this work has a lot of exposure. podcast I have been covering topics related to Data, Analytics and Data Science, AI and Machine Learning, Innovation, Graphs, as well as a wide array of technologies such as Blockchain, Cloud, Observability, IoT, Open Data, Social Media and Software Engineering. The connection between data, analytics, data science, graphs, machine learning and AI and their importance soon became obvious to me. Over time, these technologies became a key part of my coverage. That resonated with people, including editors, which is why i got invited to work with more media outlets too. But in 2022, things changed again. Writing, mainstream media and AI In late 2022, a couple of things happened at the same time. First, . Second, the outlets i worked with notified me they would not be needing my contribution in the immediate future. Nothing to do with me, i was told: mergers, economic downturn, churn, restructuring etc – the usual. AI broke into the mainstream with ChatGPT Even though I’ve worked with some great people in media, I was never under the impression that it’s a thriving, smoothly operating industry. It’s part of the reason why i never stopped wearing my other hats besides “Writer”. While the timing is remarkable, and unfortunate, i don’t see an obvious connection between AI’s break into the mainstream and me losing my front-row media seat. But i do think that the media industry is getting harder and harder to navigate, and it doesn’t look like the rise of generative AI will help. You may have seen the , for example. I had seen signs of this before it broke in the mainstream. reports about AI-generated content on the media When someone asked me what i thought of a publication he was approached by, my immediate reaction was that a good part of their content looked like it was written by a bot. We’ll be seeing more of this, and it’s just one aspect of the disruption we’ll all be experiencing. The “ ” of content is real, and . enshittification it will get worse I maintain that “content” and “writing” are not the same thing. And i have other things keeping me busy too – writing a book, for example. But i hear the frustration of many writers and content creators. Not everyone out there is looking for authentic and thoughtful writing, plus the type of content that Generative AI can produce is not just text. New media, timeless ideas and POSSE I won’t lie: i missed having a platform. Mainstream media are not the end all obviously. I also use social media and content platforms, and they can work just as well or even better. But i never really had an effective strategy for building and managing my own platform and audience. Enter . POSSE POSSE is an abbreviation for . Even though the term may be new to many, the idea is not. It’s the practice of posting content on your own site first, then publishing copies or sharing links to third parties like social media or content publishing platforms. Publish (on your) Own Site, Syndicate Elsewhere Social media and content platforms are great for sharing, resharing and discovering new content. They can also help engage with people. But they are not so great for creating content, and they’re pretty bad in search and retention. They will try to monetize you, and can do as they please with your account, content and data: shady algorithms, arbitrary policies and decisions. The fact that the Web is being swallowed by social media and other platforms has made people neglect the importance of owning content. I think that’s wrong, and POSSE fixes this. POSSE lets creators retain control of their content while enabling discovery and interaction to happen where the audience is. POSSE is simple, but hard. You need to have a good site and . You need to find a way to seamlessly post across platforms and media. You need to build a presence on your platforms of choice. You need a strategy, knowledge, consistency, energy, resources, and who has the time for that? But in 2023, things changed again. CMS The Orchestrate All The Things Newsletter, platforms and social media In early 2023, a couple of things happened. First, i started my POSSE journey. Second, I suffered what’s probably : a torn achilles. It’s the kind of injury that means you’re out of luck and stuck for a while. You have to do surgery and then . This, and a little help from AI, drove me towards POSSE. every baller’s worst nightmare on the court go through a long period of recovery and rehab ![Stories about Tech, Data, AI and Media and how they flow into each other shaping our lives ](https://cdn.hackernoon.com/images/fdI8xgIHRJTxUAsqoZ27qOGzMz33-oh93m7u.png) Today i’m launching the , as well as some new ways to connect and share my work. Stories about how Technology, Data, AI and Media flow into each other shaping our lives. Analysis, Essays, Interviews and News. Mid-to-long form, 1-3 times per month. Plus audio and video – read on! Orchestrate all the Things Newsletter The . Browsable, searchable, categorized, and straight to your inbox. Orchestrate all the Things Newsletter has everything I’ve been writing about, all in one place I’ve engaged from the likes of Gary Marcus and Andrew Ng to emerging thinkers and innovators across multiple domains. Some might call this futurism; let’s just say it’s connecting the dots. Many of my pieces have a technical focus. Most also examine business perspectives and use cases, while others are socio-technical. Some pieces are analyses on emerging themes – picking them up early, featuring expert comment, or offering alternative takes. Others cover breaking news, typically also featuring the people behind them plus some analysis. There are some book reviews as well. But if you prefer or , i’m there too. and ? Sure. ? Yes please! Plus and . Not into reading articles? No problem. The is the best way to keep up with my work. Orchestrate all the Things Newsletter Substack Medium Twitter LinkedIn RSS HackerNoon DZone Going forward, you will be able to find AI-narrated versions of my articles there too. You can subscribe on , & , and more. The is where you can find my conversations with with people who bring interesting news and views to the table. Orchestrate all the Things Podcast Spotify Apple Google Podcasts Amazon Music AI-visualized and narrated versions of my articles will also be available on , , and . The podcast backlog and new episodes will also be shared on . If you are more of a visual type, Orchestrate all the Things has got you covered too. Instagram Pinterest Tik Tok YouTube YouTube Going forward and friendly AI Expanding to new platforms is a conscious effort to reach new audiences. We’ve reached a time when my and i see articles about AI in lifestyle magazines. It hardly gets more mainstream than this, and that audience needs to be reached in a different way. friends ask me about ChatGPT I’ve been using AI apps for a long time. I also experimented with some new AI models and applications. I think AI is fair game for things such as transcription, summarization and generating audio or video narratives from text. I understand why some people use it for idea generation, and why , but I digress. others shy away from AI-generated images The most important thing remains what to write about and how to do it. I won’t commit to frequent updates. What i can commit to is thoughtfulness, and a couple of articles already in the pipeline: on the latest developments in AI (the Pause, x.ai and whether “ “), on my , and on writing the . scale is all you need “What’s New in AI” work with O’Reilly Personal Knowledge Graph book If you have ideas for things you’d like to see me cover, feel free to me. It’s possible that i’ll make a comeback on mainstream media at some point, in which case editors will have their say too. Either way, will remain the canonical hub for my work. It took more than some disruption to get there, but sometimes that’s what it takes. contact Orchestrate all the Things Also published . here

Orchestrating All The Things: Owning Tech, Data, Media, AI, Writing, and Content

সমস্ত জিনিস অর্কেস্ট্রেট করা: প্রযুক্তি, ডেটা, মিডিয়া, এআই, লেখা এবং বিষয়বস্তুর মালিক হওয়া

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Orchestration de tout : posséder la technologie, les données, les médias, l'IA, l'écriture et le contenu

ऑर्केस्ट्रेटिंग ऑल द थिंग्स: ओनिंग टेक, डेटा, मीडिया, एआई, राइटिंग एंड कंटेंट

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모든 것을 조율: 기술, 데이터, 미디어, AI, 글쓰기 및 콘텐츠 소유

Orquestrando todas as coisas: possuir tecnologia, dados, mídia, IA, redação e conteúdo

Her Şeyi Yönetmek: Teknolojiye, Veriye, Medyaya, Yapay Zekaya, Yazmaya ve İçeriğe Sahip Olmak

Phối hợp tất cả mọi thứ: Sở hữu công nghệ, dữ liệu, phương tiện, AI, viết và nội dung

协调一切：拥有技术、数据、媒体、人工智能、写作和内容

A body unacted upon by force will continue for ever at rest

Experimental Mechanics by Robert S. Ball is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here. THE LEVER LECTURE VIII. THE LEVER. The Lever of the First Order.—The Lever of the Second Order.—The Shears.—The Lever of the Third Order. THE LEVER OF THE FIRST ORDER. 228. There are many cases in which a machine for overcoming great resistance is necessary where pulleys would be quite inapplicable. To meet these various demands a correspondingly various number of contrivances has been devised. Amongst these the lever in several different forms holds an important place. 229. The lever of the first order will be understood by reference to . It consists of a straight rod, to one end of which the power is applied by means of the weight c. At another point b the load is raised, while at a the rod is supported by what is called the fulcrum. In the case represented in the figure the rod is of iron, 1" × 1" in section and 6' long; it weighs 19 lbs. The power is produced by a 56 lb. weight: the fulcrum consists of a moderately sharp steel edge firmly secured to the framework. The load in this case is replaced by a spring balance h, and the hook of the balance is attached to the frame. The spring is strained by the action of the lever, and the index records the magnitude of the force produced at the short end. This is the lever with which we shall commence our experiments. Fig. 38 [Pg 120] Fig. 38. 230. In examining the relation between the power and the load, the question is a little complicated by the weight of the lever itself (19 lbs.), but we shall be able to evade the difficulty by means similar to those employed on a former occasion ( ); we can counterpoise the weight of the iron bar. This is easily done by applying a hook to the middle of the bar at d, thence carrying a rope over a pulley f, and suspending a weight g of 19 lbs. from its free extremity. Thus the bar is balanced, and we may leave its weight out of consideration. [Pg 121] Art. 60 231. We might also adopt another plan analogous to that of , which is however not so convenient. The weight of the bar produces a certain strain upon the spring balance. I may first read off the strain produced by the bar alone, and then apply the weight c and read again. The observed strain is due both to the weight c and to the weight of the bar. If I subtract the known effect of the bar, the remainder is the effect of c. It is, however, less complicated to counterpoise the bar, and then the strains indicated by the balance are entirely due to the power. Art. 51 232. The lever is 6' long; the point b is 6" from the end, and b c is 5' long. b c is divided into 5 equal portions of 1'; a is at one of these divisions, 1' distant from b, and c is 5' distant from b in the figure; but c is capable of being placed at any position, by simply sliding its ring along the bar. 233. The mode of experimenting is as follows:—The weight is placed on the bar at the position c: a strain is immediately produced upon h; the spring stretches a little, and the bar becomes inclined. It may be noticed that the hook of the spring balance passes through the eye of a wire-strainer, so that by a few turns of the nut upon the strainer the lever can be restored to the horizontal position. [Pg 122] 234. The power of 56 lbs. being 4' from the fulcrum, while the load is 1' from the fulcrum, it is found that the strain indicated by the balance is 224 lbs.; that is, four times the amount of the power. If the weight be moved, so as to be 3' from the fulcrum, the strain is observed to be 168 lbs.; and whatever be the distance of the power from the fulcrum, we find that the strain produced is obtained by multiplying the magnitude of the power in pounds by the distance expressed in feet, and fractional parts of a foot. This law may be expressed more generally by stating that the power is to the load as the distance of the load from the fulcrum is to the distance of the power from the fulcrum. 235. We can verify this law under varied circumstances. I move the steel edge which forms the fulcrum of the lever until the edge is 2' from b, and secure it in that position. I place the weight c at a distance of 3' from the fulcrum. I now find that the strain on the balance is 84 lbs.; but 84 is to 56 as 3 is to 2, and therefore the law is also verified in this instance. 236. There is another aspect in which we may express the relation between the power and the load. The law in this form is thus stated: The power multiplied by its distance from the fulcrum is equal to the load multiplied by its distance from the fulcrum. Thus, in the case we have just considered, the product of 56 and 3 is 168, and this is equal to the product of 84 and 2. The distances from the fulcrum are commonly called the arms of the lever, and the rule is expressed by stating that The power multiplied into its arm is equal to the load multiplied into its arm: hence the load may be found by dividing the product of the power and the power arm by the load arm. This simple law gives a very convenient method of calculating the load, when we know the power and the distances of the power and the load from the fulcrum. [Pg 123] 237. When the power arm is longer than the load arm, the load is greater than the power; but when the power arm is shorter than the load arm, the power is greater than the load. We may regard the strain on the balance as a power which supports the weight, just as we regard the weight to be a power producing the strain on the balance. We see, then, that for the lever of the first order to be efficient as a mechanical power it is necessary that the power arm be longer than the load arm. 238. The lever is an extremely simple mechanical power; it has only one moving part. Friction produces but little effect upon it, so that the laws which we have given may be actually applied in practice, without making any allowance for friction. In this we notice a marked difference between the lever and the pulley-blocks already described. 239. In the lever of the first order we find an excellent machine for augmenting power. A power of 14 lbs. can by its means overcome a resistance of a hundredweight, if the power be eight times as far from the fulcrum as the load is from the fulcrum. This principle it is which gives utility to the crowbar. The end of the bar is placed under a heavy stone, which it is required to raise; a support near that end serves as a fulcrum, and then a comparatively small force exerted at the power end will suffice to elevate the stone. 240. The applications of the lever are innumerable. It is used not only for increasing power, but for modifying and transforming it in various ways. The lever is also used in weighing machines, the principles of which will be readily understood, for they are consequences of the law we have explained. Into these various appliances it is not our intention to enter at present; the great majority of them may, when met with, be easily understood by the principle we have laid down. [Pg 124] THE LEVER OF THE SECOND ORDER. 241. In the lever of the second order the power is at one end, the fulcrum at the other end, and the load lies between the two: this lever therefore differs from the lever of the first order, in which the fulcrum lies between the two forces. The relation between the power and the load in the lever of the second order may be studied by the arrangement in . Fig. 39 242. The bar a c is the same rod of iron 72" × 1" × 1" which was used in the former experiment. The fulcrum a is a steel edge on which the bar rests; the power consists of a spring balance h, in the hook of which the end c of the bar rests; the spring balance is sustained by a wire-strainer, by turning the nut of which the bar may be adjusted horizontally. The part of the bar between the fulcrum a and the power c is divided into five portions, each 1' long, and the points a and c are each 6" distant from the extremities of the bar. The load employed is 56 lbs.; through the ring of this weight the bar passes, and thus the bar supports the load. The bar is counterpoised by the weight of 19 lbs. at g, in the manner already explained ( ). Art. 231 243. The mode of experimenting is as follows:—Let the weight b be placed 1' from the fulcrum; the strain shown by the spring balance is about 11 lbs. If we calculate the value of the power by the rule already given, we should have found the same result. The product of the load by its distance from the fulcrum is 56, the distance of the power from the fulcrum is 5; hence the value of the power should be 56 ÷ 5 = 11·2. Fig. 39. 244. If the weight be placed 2' from the fulcrum the strain is about 22·5 lbs. and it is easy to ascertain that this is the same amount as would have been found by the application of the rule. A similar result would have been obtained if the 56 lb. weight had been placed upon any other part of the bar; and hence we may regard the rule proved for the lever of the second order as well as for the lever of the first order: that, the power multiplied by its distance from the fulcrum is equal to the load multiplied by its distance from the fulcrum. In the present case the load is uniformly 56 lbs., while the power by which it is sustained is always less than 56 lbs. [Pg 126] Fig. 40. 245. The lever of the second order is frequently applied to practical purposes; one of the most instructive of these applications is illustrated in the shears shown in . Fig. 40 The shears consist of two levers of the second order, which by their united action enable a man to exert a greatly increased force, sufficient, for example, to cut with ease a rod of iron 0"·25 square. The mode of action is simple. The first lever a f has a handle at one end f, which is 22" distant from the other end a, where the fulcrum is placed. At a point b on this lever, 1"·8 distant from the fulcrum a, a short link b c is attached; the end of the link c is jointed to a second lever c d; this second lever is 8" long; it forms one edge of the cutting shears, the other edge being fixed to the framework. [Pg 127] 246. I place a rod of iron 0"·25 square between the jaws of the shears in the position e, the distance d e being 3"·5, and proceed to cut the iron by applying pressure to the handle. Let us calculate the amount by which the levers increase the power exerted upon f. Suppose for example that I press downwards on the handle with a force of 10 lbs., what is the magnitude of the pressure upon the piece of iron? The effect of each lever is to be calculated separately. We may ascertain the power exerted at b by the rule of moments already explained; the product of the power and its arm is 22 × 10 = 220; this divided by the number of inches, 1·8 in the line a b, gives a quotient 122, and this quotient is the number of pounds pressure which is exerted by means of the link upon the second lever. We proceed in the same manner to find the magnitude of the pressure upon the iron at e. The product of 122 and 8 is 976. This is divided by 3·5, and the quotient found is 279. Hence the exertion of a pressure of 10 lbs. at f produces a pressure of 279 lbs. at e. In round numbers, we may say that the pressure is magnified 28-fold by means of this combination of levers of the second order. 247. A pressure of 10 lbs. is not sufficient to shear across the bar of iron, even though it be magnified to 279 lbs. I therefore suspend weights from f, and gradually increase the load until the bar is cut. I find at the first trial that 112 lbs. is sufficient, and a second trial with the same bar gives 114 lbs.; 113 lbs., the mean between these results, may be considered an adequate force. This is the load on f; the real pressure on the bar is 113 × 27·9 = 3153 lbs.: thus the actual pressure which was necessary to cut the bar amounted to more than a ton. [Pg 128] 248. We can calculate from this experiment the amount of force necessary to shear across a bar one square inch in section. We may reasonably suppose that the necessary power is proportional to the section, and therefore the power will bear to 3153 lbs. the proportion which a square of one inch bears to the square of a quarter inch; but this ratio is 16: hence the force is 16 × 3153 lbs., equal to about 22·5 tons. 249. It is noticeable that 22·5 tons is nearly the force which would suffice to tear the bar in sunder by actual tension. We shall subsequently return to the subject of shearing iron in the lecture upon Inertia ( .). Lecture XVI THE LEVER OF THE THIRD ORDER. 250. The lever of the third order may be easily understood from , of which we have already made use. In the lever of the third order the fulcrum is at one end, the load is at the other end, while the power lies between the two. In this case, then, the power is represented by the 56 lb. weight, while the load is indicated by the spring balance. The power always exceeds the load, and consequently this lever is to be used where speed is to be gained instead of power. Thus, for example; when the power, 56 lbs., is 2' distant from the fulcrum, the load indicated by the spring balance is about 23 lbs. Fig. 39 251. The treadle of a grindstone is often a lever of the third order. The fulcrum is at one end, the load is at the other end, and the foot has only to move through a small distance. [Pg 129] 252. The principles which have been discussed in with respect to parallel forces explain the laws now laid down for levers of different orders, and will also enable us to express these laws more concisely. Lecture III. 253. A comparison between and shows that the only difference between the contrivances is that in we have a spring balance c in the same place as the steel edge a in Fig 39. We may in regard one spring balance as the power, the other as the fulcrum, and the weight as the load. Nor is there any essential difference between the apparatus of and that of . In the bar is pulled down by a force at each end, one a weight, the other a spring balance, while it is supported by the upward pressure of the steel edge. In the bar is being pulled upwards by a force at each end, and downwards by the weight. The two cases are substantially the same. In each of them we find a bar acted upon by a pair of parallel forces applied at its extremities, and retained in equilibrium by a third force. Figs. 20 39 Fig. 20 Fig. 20 Fig. 38 Fig. 20 Fig. 38 Fig. 20 254. We may therefore apply to the lever the principles of parallel forces already explained. We showed that two parallel forces acting upon a bar could be compounded into a resultant, applied at a certain point of the bar. We have defined the moment of a force ( ), and proved that the moments of two parallel forces about the point of application of their resultant are equal. Art. 64 255. In the lever of the first order there are two parallel forces, one at each end; these are compounded into a resultant, and it is necessary that this resultant be applied exactly over the steel edge or fulcrum in order that the bar may be maintained at rest. In the levers of the second and third orders, the power and the load are two parallel forces acting in opposite directions; their resultant, therefore, does not lie between the forces, but is applied on the side of the greater, and at the point where the steel edge supports the bar. In all cases the moment of one of the forces about the fulcrum must be equal to that of the other. From the equality of moments it follows that the product of the power and the distance of the power from the fulcrum equals the product of the load, and the distance of the load from the fulcrum: this principle suffices to demonstrate the rules already given. [Pg 130] 256. The laws governing the lever may be deduced from the principle of work; the load, if nearer than the power to the fulcrum, is moved through a smaller distance than the power. Thus, for example, in the lever of the first order: if the load be 12 times as far as the power from the fulcrum, then for every inch the load moves it can be demonstrated that the power must move 12 inches. The number of units of work applied at one end of a machine is equal to the number yielded at the other, always excepting the loss due to friction, which is, however, so small in the lever that we may neglect it. If then a power of 1 lb. be applied to move the power end through 12 inches, one unit of work will have been put into the machine. Hence one unit of work must be done on the load, but the load only moves through ¹/₁₂ of a foot, and therefore a load of 12 lbs. could be overcome: this is the same result as would be given by the rule ( ). Art. 236 257. To conclude: we have first determined by actual experiment the relation between the power and the load in the lever; we have seen that the law thus obtained harmonizes with the principle of the composition of parallel forces; and, finally, we have shown how the same result can be deduced from the fertile and important principle of work. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Robert S. Ball (2020). Experimental Mechanics. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/61732/pg61732-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE LEVER

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS—(Conclusion)

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS

A Strange Metal Creature Comes to Earth on a Dreadful Mission

একটি অদ্ভুত ধাতব প্রাণী একটি ভয়ঙ্কর মিশনে পৃথিবীতে আসে

Eine seltsame Metallkreatur kommt auf einer schrecklichen Mission auf die Erde

무서운 임무를 위해 지구에 온 이상한 금속 생물

Garip Bir Metal Yaratık Korkunç Bir Görevle Dünya'ya Geliyor

intends to make an aggressive push in the upcoming year for investing in short-form content, specifically Reels, across its family of apps — despite its recent hit to monetization efficiency, which has been affecting the company’s overall revenue. Meta In its Q4 2022 Earnings Call, the company said the instability of foreign exchange rates took  its toll on Meta’s total revenue for Q4, which amounted to $32.2 billion in 2022. “Had foreign exchange rates remained constant with Q4 of last year, total revenue would have been approximately $2.0 billion higher,” said Chief Financial Officer Susan Li. For Meta, liberal use of AI technologies will play a pivotal role in supporting the overall functionality of Reels and advertisements on their platforms while also helping meet its efficiency goals in 2023, especially in light of its most recent mass layoffs of over 11,000 employees. “We're working on flattening our org structure and removing some layers of middle management to make decisions faster, as well as deploying AI tools to help our engineers be more productive,” said CEO Mark Zuckerberg. One of Meta’s leading AI technologies is its discovery engine, a machine learning system released late last year designed to prioritize recommended user content from all sorts of accounts – not just the ones belonging to friends, family, or others users might follow. While the technology itself is still relatively fresh, Reels has been garnering lots of engagement to the overall system of apps in the last year, signaling a shift in direction for the company as short-form content popularity continues to be on an upward trend across its Family of Apps: “We're especially focused on short-form video since Reels is growing so quickly. I'm really proud of our progress here. Reels plays across Facebook and Instagram have more than doubled over the last year, while the social component of people resharing Reels has grown even faster and has more than doubled on both apps in just the last 6 months,” said Zuckerberg. Reels, for the moment, still suffers from weaker monetization efficiency compared to other Meta products and services, causing unwanted revenue headwinds the company expects to recover from as engagement grows. Ultimately, however, Reels is proving to be a long-term net positive for Meta, and is a likely contributor to Facebook’s 2.00 billion daily active user milestone that was reached last December. Monthly active users were on the rise as well, resulting in another 51 million users compared to the year prior. Meta also looks to further leverage the use of generative AI and other AI tools within their advertisement ventures as well, with over 40% of its advertisers already using Reels ads throughout its many platforms, according to Meta COO Javier Olivan. “AI is the foundation of our discovery engine and our ads business – and we also think it's going to enable many new products and additional transformations within our apps. Generative AI is an extremely exciting new area with so many different applications, and one of my goals for Meta is to build on our research to become a leader in generative AI in addition to our leading work in recommendation AI,” Zuckerberg said. During the call, Li and the rest of Meta maintained their firm position beside the Metaverse, stating the company will “continue to invest meaningfully in this area given the significant long-term opportunities that we see.” However, “we still expect our full-year Reality Labs losses to increase in 2023.” Reality Labs rounded out the year with an operating loss of $4.28 billion for the fourth quarter, following $5.0 billion in business-related expenses. The segment’s loss for the entirety of 2022 was $13.72 billion.

Meta Aims to Focus on AI, Ads and Reels in 2023 After Near $14B Loss in Reality Labs in 2022

AUSTRALIA

An innovation that could solve the problem of Ethereum’s missing piece. But, what is this missing piece anyway? Let's start at the beginning. Blockchain technology has so far been one of the most innovative and transformative technological concepts in the world. Besides powering cryptocurrencies (which many believe to be the future of money), blockchain has also proven to be useful across multiple industries. Besides the numerous merits that blockchain holds, transparency and security are some of the most significant factors that have been the secret behind the constant growth of this technology. All of this is well and good, but even blockchain experts understand that the technology could always use some improvements. For example, how can two people have access to one account? You simply share your private keys. Is it safe? Absolutely not; it would be a huge mistake. Your private keys, your crypto. Whoever holds the key holds the crypto. So, what now? The missing piece was found, so you never have to do this (again)! Single user single address is the past; now multiple user single account is the new reality The professional term for BlockBen’s CTO Andras Szabolcsi’s solution is a true and simple ‘non-interactive publicly verifiable distributed key generation and resharing’ (NPVDKG-RS) algorithm. We added not a multi-signature but a trustless key generation algorithm to a threshold signature scheme based on BLS. The proposed publicly verifiable secret share (PVSS) is very simple and uses a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof based on pairing-based cryptography. It may seem incredibly complicated at first, but essentially it is a digital signature solution that can generate digital keys in a distributed, trustless way. It allows people to independently verify the authenticity of a given piece of information on a purely mathematical basis. The trustless nature of the solution means that no external parties need to be trusted on the basis of a given word or promise. It is only the mathematical foundations that need to be trusted and tested. This way, we can verify that information or processes are credible and that they are up to previously set standards. Signatories do not need a central digital key distributor. Instead, they need to follow the instructions of a mathematical procedure. This is one of the solution's key features, and anyone can check the algorithm on Github. This means that from now on, any address can be managed or controlled by multiple users in a trustless; decentralized way, whether it's about asset control or just a validation of any information. BlockBen's own hybrid blockchain NATRIX has the solution for this real-life, common problem. 1. Why have you published the algorithm? We wanted to contribute to the open-source community! We believe in it, and we want to give something back because we've learned a lot from the community. In addition, the goal is that already existing systems, from crypto exchanges to traditional banking operators, should be able to implement the solution. That's what this interview is also all about; we want as many people as possible to know about the innovation, that a solution does exist, and that people don’t need to share their private keys anymore. 2. The Natrix blockchain was built to solve this century’s biggest financial challenges. Did that factor into your decision to build on it? As you will see, everything is connected in our house. The concept of Natrix has evolved with the development of BlockBen and the need for innovations both in the crypto and traditional financial sector. In 2018, we were faced with the fact that there is no blockchain platform that is a legally compliant account management system. If there is none, it has to be created! So, we built Natrix, the hybrid of the two worlds. The knowledge was already available within our company, which is why we were able to create this platform. We selected the best parts of the traditional finance and the crypto world and built a "Neo core banking" platform on top of it. 2.1 Really? Yes, we have created a neo0core banking platform on our blockchain platform to prove its power. And this is what BlockBen works on! There was no blockchain platform that could do this! So, we built one. You can also build a supervised financial system on it, which is in progress. Auditable, and legally acceptable, and one of the National Banks from Europe has already given EMI license to a financial institution that is going to be using Natrix and our blockchain-based neo-core banking platform. 3. What do you believe is BlockBen’s most unique selling point? Our blockchain’s (Natrix’s) platform token is a so-called value token: eBSO, available on Lbank and soon on Uniswap. It is capable of growth based on market demand and has an ever-increasing gold pool behind it. The more transactions that take place within the BlockBen ecosystem, the better it will be for the gold pool, as from every transaction, it receives remuneration. As the gold pool is increasing (currently 56.52 kg gold worth 3.06 million Euro), the base price of eBSO is also increasing, which means your token price cannot fall below this value. 4. User experience is one of the biggest problems of DeFi. Do you anticipate this to be an issue for BlockBen’s adoption hopes? User experience is very important, so we pay special attention to it. With a major update on Natrix, our BlockBen Wallet will also get a whole new interface: a much more modern, 100% user-friendly one. 5. Have you factored looming regulations into BlockBen’s future? We are already working in a highly regulated manner as an Estonian-registered fintech company since 2018. During this time, out of more than 2-3 thousand licensed firms, less than 100 have it now, so there has been a really high drop-out rate over the years, but our blockchain platform meets all requirements. We continuously renew our licenses, and very few companies in the sector can also claim to work with internal and external auditors. Regulations and transparency are key factors for us; we provide quarterly reports, an opportunity to connect on LinkedIn with our management team and last but not least, our roadmap tells a lot. 6. Is BlockBen the end goal? What other plans do you have for the platform’s future? BlockBen was just the beginning with its products, services and ever-evolving ecosystem. This year, a new company will go live on Natrix, a payment service provider (EMI licence) in the European Union, to operate entirely on blockchain. As new companies emerge on Natrix, the better will be for eBSO, our unique platform token, which we like to call a value token. The gold pool behind it will keep growing, and so will the base price of eBSO. Everything is interconnected!

Unlocking the True Potential of Blockchain 

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