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Psychology of the Unconscious by C. G. Jung, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . TRANSLATOR’S NOTE here TRANSLATOR’S NOTE That humanity is seeking a new message, a new light upon the meaning of life, and something tangible, as it were, with which it can work towards a larger understanding of itself and its relation to the universe, is a fact I think none will gainsay. Therefore, it has seemed to me particularly timely to introduce to the English-speaking world Dr. Jung’s remarkable book, “Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido.” In this work he has plunged boldly into the treacherous sea of mythology and folklore, the productions of the ancient mind and that of the common people, and turned upon this vast material the same scientific and painstaking method of psychologic analysis that is applied to the modern mind, in order to reveal the common bond of desire and longing which unites all humanity, and thus bridge the gaps presumed to exist between ancient and widely separated peoples and those of our modern time. The discovery of this undercurrent affecting and influencing ancient peoples as well as modern serves as a foundation or platform from which he proceeds to hold aloft a new ideal, a new goal of attainment possible of achievement and which can be intellectually satisfying, as well as emotionally appealing: the goal of . moral autonomy This book, remarkable for its erudition and the tremendous labor expended upon it, as well as for the new vilight which it sheds upon human life, its motives, its needs and its possibilities, is not one for desultory reading or superficial examination. Such an approach will prevent the reader from gaining anything of its real value; but for those who can bring a serious interest and willingness to give a careful study to it the work will prove to be a veritable mine capable of yielding the greatest riches. The difficulties in translating a book such as this are almost insuperable, but I have tried faithfully to express Dr. Jung’s thought, keeping as close to the original text as possible and, at the same time, rendering the difficult material and complicated German phrasing as simply and clearly as the subject-matter would allow. In all this work I owe much to Miss Helen I. Brayton, without whose faithful assistance the work would never have been completed. I wish to acknowledge my gratitude to Mr. Louis Untermeyer, whose help in rendering the poetic quotations into English verse has been invaluable, and to express as well my gratitude to other friends who have assisted me in various ways from time to time. B. M. H. New York, 1915. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. C. G. Jung (2021). Psychology of the Unconscious. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/65903/pg65903-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE

is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Translator's Preface. Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoyevsky [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. A few words about Dostoevsky himself may help the English reader to understand his work. Dostoevsky was the son of a doctor. His parents were very hard-working and deeply religious people, but so poor that they lived with their five children in only two rooms. The father and mother spent their evenings in reading aloud to their children, generally from books of a serious character. Though always sickly and delicate Dostoevsky came out third in the final examination of the Petersburg school of Engineering. There he had already begun his first work, “Poor Folk.” This story was published by the poet Nekrassov in his review and was received with acclamations. The shy, unknown youth found himself instantly something of a celebrity. A brilliant and successful career seemed to open before him, but those hopes were soon dashed. In 1849 he was arrested. Though neither by temperament nor conviction a revolutionist, Dostoevsky was one of a little group of young men who met together to read Fourier and Proudhon. He was accused of “taking part in conversations against the censorship, of reading a letter from Byelinsky to Gogol, and of knowing of the intention to set up a printing press.” Under Nicholas I. (that “stern and just man,” as Maurice Baring calls him) this was enough, and he was condemned to death. After eight months’ imprisonment he was with twenty-one others taken out to the Semyonovsky Square to be shot. Writing to his brother Mihail, Dostoevsky says: “They snapped words over our heads, and they made us put on the white shirts worn by persons condemned to death. Thereupon we were bound in threes to stakes, to suffer execution. Being the third in the row, I concluded I had only a few minutes of life before me. I thought of you and your dear ones and I contrived to kiss Plestcheiev and Dourov, who were next to me, and to bid them farewell. Suddenly the troops beat a tattoo, we were unbound, brought back upon the scaffold, and informed that his Majesty had spared us our lives.” The sentence was commuted to hard labour. One of the prisoners, Grigoryev, went mad as soon as he was untied, and never regained his sanity. The intense suffering of this experience left a lasting stamp on Dostoevsky’s mind. Though his religious temper led him in the end to accept every suffering with resignation and to regard it as a blessing in his own case, he constantly recurs to the subject in his writings. He describes the awful agony of the condemned man and insists on the cruelty of inflicting such torture. Then followed four years of penal servitude, spent in the company of common criminals in Siberia, where he began the “Dead House,” and some years of service in a disciplinary battalion. He had shown signs of some obscure nervous disease before his arrest and this now developed into violent attacks of epilepsy, from which he suffered for the rest of his life. The fits occurred three or four times a year and were more frequent in periods of great strain. In 1859 he was allowed to return to Russia. He started a journal—“Vremya,” which was forbidden by the Censorship through a misunderstanding. In 1864 he lost his first wife and his brother Mihail. He was in terrible poverty, yet he took upon himself the payment of his brother’s debts. He started another journal—“The Epoch,” which within a few months was also prohibited. He was weighed down by debt, his brother’s family was dependent on him, he was forced to write at heart-breaking speed, and is said never to have corrected his work. The later years of his life were much softened by the tenderness and devotion of his second wife. In June 1880 he made his famous speech at the unveiling of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow and he was received with extraordinary demonstrations of love and honour. A few months later Dostoevsky died. He was followed to the grave by a vast multitude of mourners, who “gave the hapless man the funeral of a king.” He is still probably the most widely read writer in Russia. In the words of a Russian critic, who seeks to explain the feeling inspired by Dostoevsky: “He was one of ourselves, a man of our blood and our bone, but one who has suffered and has seen so much more deeply than we have his insight impresses us as wisdom... that wisdom of the heart which we seek that we may learn from it how to live. All his other gifts came to him from nature, this he won for himself and through it he became great.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022, from Fyodor Dostoyevsky. 2001. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554-h/2554-h.htm#link2HCH0016 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Crime and Punishment: Translator's Preface

The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE Since the appearance of the author’s Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses, and Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory, much has been said and written about Freud’s works. Some of our readers have made an honest endeavour to test and utilise the author’s theories, but they have been handicapped by their inability to read fluently very difficult German, for only two of Freud’s works have hitherto been accessible to English readers. For them this work will be of invaluable assistance. To be sure, numerous articles on the Freudian psychology have of late made their appearance in our literature; but these scattered papers, read by those unacquainted with the original work, often serve to confuse rather than enlighten. For Freud cannot be mastered from the reading of a few pamphlets, or even one or two of his original works. Let me repeat what I have so often said: No one is really qualified to use or to judge Freud’s psychoanalytic method who has not thoroughly mastered his theory of the neuroses—The Interpretation of Dreams, Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, and who has not had considerable experience in analysing the dreams and psychopathological actions of himself and others. That there is required also a thorough training in normal and abnormal psychology goes without saying. The Interpretation of Dreams is the author’s greatest and most important work; it is here that he develops his psychoanalytic technique, a thorough knowledge of which is absolutely indispensable for every worker in this field. The difficult task of making a translation of this work has, therefore, been xiiundertaken primarily for the purpose of assisting those who are actively engaged in treating patients by Freud’s psychoanalytic method. Considered apart from its practical aim, the book presents much that is of interest to the psychologist and the general reader. For, notwithstanding the fact that dreams have of late years been the subject of investigation at the hands of many competent observers, only few have contributed anything tangible towards their solution; it was Freud who divested the dream of its mystery, and solved its riddles. He not only showed us that the dream is full of meaning, but amply demonstrated that it is intimately connected with normal and abnormal mental life. It is in the treatment of the abnormal mental states that we must recognise the most important value of dream interpretation. The dream does not only reveal to us the cryptic mechanisms of hallucinations, delusions, phobias, obsessions, and other psychopathological conditions, but it is also the most potent instrument in the removal of these. I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to Professor F. C. Prescott for reading the manuscript and for helping me overcome the almost insurmountable difficulties in the translation. A. A. BRILL. New York City. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Sigmund Freud (2021). The Interpretation of Dreams. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/66048/pg66048-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE

Totem and Taboo by Sigmund Freud, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION When one reviews the history of psychoanalysis one finds that it had its inception in the study of morbid mental states. Beginning with the observation of hysteria and the other neuroses Professor Freud gradually extended his investigations to normal psychology and evolved new concepts and new methods of study. The neurotic symptoms were no longer imaginary troubles the nature of which one could not grasp, but were conceived as mental and emotional maladjustments to one’s environment. The stamp of degeneracy impressed upon neurotics by other schools of medicine was altogether eradicated. Deeper investigation showed conclusively that a person might become neurotic if subjected to certain environments, and that there was no definite dividing line between normal and abnormal. The hysterical symptoms, obsessions, doubts, phobias, as well as hallucinations of the insane, show the same mechanisms as those similar psychic structures which one constantly encounters in normal persons in the form of mistakes in talking, reading, writing, forgettin, dreams and wit. The dream, always highly valued by the populace, and as much despised by the educated classes, has a definite structure and meaning when subjected to analysis. Professor Freud’s monumental work, The Interpretation of Dreams , marked a new epoch in the history of mental science. One might use the same words in reference to his profound analysis of wit Faulty psychic actions, dreams and wit are products of the unconscious mental activity, and like neurotic or psychotic manifestations represent efforts at adjustment to one’s environment. The slip of the tongue shows that on account of unconscious inhibitions the individual concerned is unable to express his true thoughts; the dream is a distorted or plain expression of those wishes which are prohibited in the waking states, and the witticism, owing to its veiled or indirect way of expression, enables the individual to obtain pleasure from forbidden sources. But whereas dreams, witticisms, and faulty actions give evidences of inner conflicts which the individual overcomes, the neurotic or psychotic symptom is the result of a failure and represents a morbid adjustment. The aforementioned psychic formations are therefore nothing but manifestations of the struggle with reality, the constant effort to adjust one’s primitive feelings to the demands of civilization. In spite of all later development the individual retains all his infantile psychic structures. Nothing is lost; the infantile wishes and primitive impulses can always be demonstrated in the grown-up and on occasion can be brought back to the surface. In his dreams the normal person is constantly reviving his childhood, and the neurotic or psychotic individual merges back into a sort of psychic infantilism through his morbid productions. The unconscious mental activity which is made up of repressed infantile material for ever tries to express itself. Whenever the individual finds it impossible to dominate the difficulties of the world of reality there is a regression to the infantile, and psychic disturbances ensue which are conceived as peculiar thoughts and acts. Thus the civilized adult is the result of his childhood or the sum total of his early impressions; psychoanalysis thus confirms the old saying: The child is father to the man. It is at this point in the development of psychoanalysis that the paths gradually broadened until they finally culminated in this work. There were many indications that the childhood of the individual showed a marked resemblance to the primitive history or the childhood of races. The knowledge gained from dream analysis and phantasies , when applied to the productions of racial phantasies, like myths and fairy tales, seemed to indicate that the first impulse to form myths was due to the same emotional strivings which produced dreams, fancies and symptoms . Further study in this direction has thrown much light on our great cultural institutions, such as religion, morality, law and philosophy, all of which Professor Freud has modestly formulated in this volume and thus initiated a new epoch in the study of racial psychology. [7] [8] I take great pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to Mr Alfred B. Kuttner for the invaluable assistance he rendered in the translation of this work. A. A. BRILL. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Sigmund Freud (2021). Totem and Taboo. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/41214/pg41214-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION

Introduction to the Concept of Artificial Intelligence The recent corporate fiasco that ridiculed , the unicorn behind the famous ChatGPT, gave rise to the craziest interpretations. the board of OpenAI Reuter's recently circulated a rumor claaiming that OpenAI engineers achieved a major milestone by developing an AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) named Q* (Q Star). This AGI supposedly possesses autonomous reasoning and decision-making capabilities. However, the field of AI is serious business, and there's an urgent need to inform the public, especially in the context of investments. To get insights on this, we'll turn to the Incomplete Singularity expert, Nissam Gorma. “Artificial Intelligence”, the word has been on everybody’s lips since the ChatGPT boom. Let's be honest: as ChatGPT is the first AI-based tool with which the public can easily access, i.e. requiring no effort of research, training, or prior analysis to interact with it; it mainly drives ROI-enhancement fantasies of 99.9% of the finance industry, whose frenzy lazily pivots according to the latest trendy tech concept.  Exit blockchain, exit Metaverse, exit Web3: brace for the landing of AI! You are launching a startup focusing on an AI skateboard, an AI toaster, or an AI refrigerator? You will raise your seed round without any difficulty! Are you setting up a VC fund focusing on AI skateboards, toasters, and refrigerators? You too will have LPs (Limited Partners) running to you to invest in no time! Very few have seriously studied the subject from a mathematical, algorithmic, or academic point of view. Very few know what AI really is, but everyone wants to invest! There are two categories of investors Private investors, professional or institutional, small or large... In reality, there are only two kinds of investors in tech - I am voluntarily limiting myself to a sector that I have been navigating for many years - and my feeling is that it is already one too many categories: there are those who work and those who don't. Oddly, it is often “the other one” who we hear moaning about its losses and demanding compensation when the first scams collapse. But the other side of the story is: as long as it bites, they pull the line - especially in the US startup ecosystem. Money, more money, and even more money… until resounding scandals, damages costing billions of dollars, as in the case of Theranos in biotech, and more recently with FTX in crypto-assets, to name only two. In this context, “work” therefore means: doing the research and analysis required to be able to make investment decisions with rock-solid conviction supported by logical and numerical reasoning, and to acquire the ability to understand with sufficient depth the fundamentals of the underlying sector. Doing the job requires a few thousand hours (at minimum) spent reading, discussing, traveling to trade shows, or attending specialized conferences. To continue with the full disclosure we have been setting up with this piece: asking interns to do the research and producing a 6-bullet-points summary will only be proven useful in bars – and will be far from having done the job. Therefore, how can we educate people on a scientific subject in constant technological evolution, linked to another highly complex technological disruption (quantum computing), which requires dozens of hours of evangelization? “World of the Machines” is a new project launching this week that aims at engaging with the general public in a fun way about AI and its consequences. We will come back to this in detail in the coming weeks. Let’s stick to the prerequisites first. The Halo Effect Tim Urban brilliantly analyzes the halo effect to which the terms Artificial Intelligence and Singularity are victims: practically no one evaluates them from their academic definitions, but rather from the chaotic premises of their concrete and material reality, or from the fanciful interpretation that is made of them in the entertainment industry (e.g. films, SF novels). The judgment we have of these terms mainly comes from the symbolic halo that they radiate. These terms are therefore ultimately never used for the definition they carry but overused even before becoming a reality. Thus, it is difficult to hope for engineering correct reasoning on these subjects… Artificial Intelligence - when “the work is not done” - is Terminator, Hal in 2001: A Space Odyssey, more recently the android Ava in Ex Machina, or the hologram Joi in Blade Runner 2049. It is also the “neural engine” introduced by Apple in its series of type A chips (starting with the A15 Bionic in the iPhone 13 when it was released in 2021), or the autopilot of Tesla cars (based on algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks, and Reinforcement Learning). Singularity is the entity in Mission Impossible – Dead Reckoning, Alphie in The Creator, or more recently Q* in the “secret part” of the OpenAI labs. It is difficult to understand what AI is actually capable of in real life. But also, does the Singularity, this human brain reproduced in a program running on a silicon chip already (or will) exist? Do not confuse fiction with reality Have the most relevant assessment possible with current accessible knowledge, and separate manipulated concepts from their exact definition Educate yourself and grow your discernment on these subjects That’s “doing the job”. Investing even one cent in this sector without having overcome this threshold would simply be irresponsible. AI: What is it ? really John McCarthy, who coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” in 1956, complained that “as soon as it works, no one calls it AI anymore.” Which makes the term “AI” seem more like a mythical prediction of the future than a concept destined to become a reality. The term also often evokes a pop concept from the second half of the 20th century which never came to life. Ray Kurzweil explains that he often hears that AI "ran out of steam" in the 1980s. A phenomenon he compares to the claim that the Internet was dead during the collapse of Internet companies in the early 2000s (the dot-com bubble). Two decades later, we know what the Internet has become: we can therefore have an idea of what AI can become. Again, AI is really no joke. To clarify things between the initial definition of 1956, the definition revised in the light of current advances, and the “ideal” definition of what the concept could become in the future, experts had to create a cluster of subcategories falling within the framework of what we call Artificial Intelligence. Among them are: ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence) which would define the current technological state; AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) which would define the state relayed by the rumor concerning Q* escaping from OpenAI labs; and the feared but futuristic ASI (Artificial SuperIntelligence), capable of taking control of everything connected, from nuclear missile launch silos to the doors of high-security prisons and the entire global banking system, or the access to the global energy grid as well as industrial, military and medical infrastructures… We understand that it starts getting complicated. Singularity: What is it ? really This term was initially used in mathematics and physics to designate a system evolving towards a state of infinitely small, infinitely dense, infinitely hot, in short, a “limit” state that no longer responds to fundamental laws. It was in 1993 that it was coined by Vernor Vinge in his eponymous essay (The Coming Technological Singularity) and then defined the "moment in the history of humanity from which intelligence (as a capacity for reasoning and decision relevance) of our technology will become superior to ours.” Subsequently, the term will be confused with the moment in history from which such intelligence appears, and after that simply as this kind of intelligence - provided that it is unique because nothing allows us to affirm today that only one Singularity would prevail… Furthermore, it is important to note that it has never been fixed that this intelligence would be based on ours. Indeed, it would logically suffer from the same defects and have difficulties overcoming ours. It is also probable that we do not have the capacity to understand the way in which such intelligence reasons: at most, we could understand or simply try to interpret its effects (what it affirms, what it decides). Finally, it has never been fixed either that this intelligence necessarily resides in a silicon-type material, or that it uses transistors. But then, what are we talking about? Just imagine that with the current knowledge about AI and Singularity, I only mention the information, publications, and research papers available to the general public. The situation would obviously be more nuanced (to say the least) should we have access to the highly classified military AI labs located somewhere in Asia and in the US; the equivalent to P4-type laboratories researching the deadliest viruses there are, and from which the Covid would have escaped according to the rumors (again)… “Doing the job” thus also means watching the latest videos from Boston Dynamics, then noticing that it was acquired by Google in 2013, then quickly taken over by SoftBank, but that it is now in the hands of Hyundai WIA, a corporation specializing in the design of ultra-sophisticated weapons, a subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Group, the automotive manufacturer well-known to the general public. To better understand what we're talking about, to help you "do the job" and not take at face value the announcements or rumors that will be accumulating over the coming weeks and months about AI and the emergence of one or more Singularity from the labs of this or that startup in need of 10-figure funding, I invite you after this first introductory part to follow the presentation of “World of The Machines”. The project launched this week, and its main protagonist is the “Incomplete Singularity” named Nissam Gorma. Through this fascinating “gamified” artistic and technological experience based on a unique connected fidget (for finger-gadget), the founding team aims to challenge the general public about what really is Artificial Intelligence, and most importantly what it will probably be capable of in a few years when it actually reaches the Singularity stage. Come back next week for part 2!

The Digital Antichrist—Part 1/3: Did ChatGPT Produce the First Non-organic Intelligence?

The amount of complexity in an engineering project was once limited by space more than anything else. How many gears you can fit in that clock? Pipes in that sewer system? Transistors on that chip? With near-infinite disk space, the limit is now our own minds. How many function names can you fit in that API? We’ve learned some things the hard way about this type of complexity. There’s a of how little you can get away with and an upper bound of how much can handle. lower bound your team When informed of the to walk between these bounds, to offer certain sacrifices of time and labor to the gods of complexity, some say: “Just quantify the monetary savings gained by doing so and we’ll hear you out.” Let’s say you do. Let’s say you present a research-backed of quantifying complexity. Your strategy takes into account the time it will eat up now, yet save later; it addresses the impact of complexity on cognitive load and code quality; it clearly lays out how process X and new hire Y will lose the company $1 this quarter but return $1.10 the next quarter, $1.30 the next, and so on, compounding indefinitely. You present this strategy, and still no dice. The complexity NIMBYs strike again. need way A NIMBY is a person who tries to seal off their neighborhood from the world like a zoo exhibit. When people move to their city and vote for housing and transit projects, NIMBYs say “not in my backyard.” Complexity NIMBYs likewise ignore reality by ignoring the lower and upper bounds of complexity in software projects and organizations. They make their immediate team’s work simpler by making the work of other teams (or worse, the users) more complex. They downsize, switch from in-house tools to shiny prepackaged ones, and shave requirements too much. They obtain millions of users before beginning to think of a solid monetization plan. They “80-20” everything. This counterintuitively makes things more complex over time, especially for those in the trenches of things later. maintaining or refactoring They’ve been supercharged by and low-code platforms. They can order smaller teams to make more things happen more quickly, meanwhile making the complexity issue infinitely worse. This just hides increasing amounts of complexity behind increasingly opaque tools. The illusion grows ever more vivid of having transcended both the upper and lower bounds of complexity, both the minimum amount inherent in any software project and the maximum amount allowed before it becomes a headache to explain things to a new developer. It’s like Wile E. Coyote running off two cliffs at once, not seeing the drop below him. AI code generation Why are people like this? As much as many people in the software industry like to read about behavioral economics and rationality, systemic pressures leave them laser-focused on the next quarter, the next deliverable, just as prone to as anyone, meaning if the benefit is far enough in the future then it’s considered worthless. It doesn’t help that the work to wrangle complexity has no customer-facing, ribbon-cutting ceremony at the end. hyperbolic discounting But as every software engineer knows, the complexity gods are unforgiving. Dealing with them may be a hard, boring, internal task, going against all of the hottest trends in programming, but the more it goes unaddressed in favor of generating more code, the more it becomes an abstract bomb that’s constantly exploding, annihilating both profit and productivity.

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