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Western Digital to separate HDD and flash memory businesses

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The spin-off flash business will adopt a new business name and Western Digital will focus on hard drive sales.

Western Digital to Spin Off Flash Business Into New Company

"Our HDD and Flash businesses are both well positioned to capitalize on the data storage industry's significant market dynamics, and as separate companies, each will have the strategic focus and resources to pursue opportunities in their respective markets.

Western Digital to Form Two Independent Public Companies Focused on Data Storage Growth in HDD and Flash Markets

Western Digital Corp. said it’s splitting itself into two separate public companies, both focused on data storage. The company will separate its HDD and flash businesses to better position each franchise for growth and to build innovative technology products,

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Last year, nearly visited the website of Planned Parenthood, a nonprofit that many people turn to for very private matters like sex education, access to contraceptives, and access to abortions. 200 million people What those visitors may not have known is that as soon as they opened plannedparenthood.org, some two dozen ad trackers embedded in the site alerted a slew of companies whose business is not reproductive freedom but gathering, selling, and using browsing data. See our data here: GitHub The Markup ran and found 28 ad trackers and 40 third-party cookies tracking visitors, in addition to so-called “session recorders” that could be capturing the mouse movements and keystrokes of people visiting the homepage in search of things like information on contraceptives and abortions. The site also contained trackers that tell Facebook and Google if users visited the site. Planned Parenthood’s website through our Blacklight tool The Markup’s scan found Planned Parenthood’s site communicating with companies like Oracle, Verizon, LiveRamp, TowerData, and Quantcast—some of which have made a business of assembling and selling access to masses of digital data about people’s habits. Katie Skibinski, vice president for digital products at Planned Parenthood, said the data collected on its website is “used only for internal purposes by Planned Parenthood and our affiliates,” and the company doesn’t “sell” data to third parties. “While we aim to use data to learn how we can be most impactful, at Planned Parenthood, data-driven learning is always thoughtfully executed with respect for patient and user privacy,” Skibinski said. “This means using analytics platforms to collect aggregate data to gather insights and identify trends that help us improve our digital programs.” Skibinski did not dispute that the organization shares data with third parties, including data brokers. A a localized website specifically for people in the Gulf region, including Texas, —churned up similar results. Blacklight scan of Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast— where abortion has been essentially outlawed Planned Parenthood is not alone when it comes to nonprofits, some operating in sensitive areas like mental health and addiction, gathering and sharing data on website visitors. , The Markup scanned more than 23,000 websites of nonprofit organizations, including those belonging to abortion providers and nonprofit addiction treatment centers. Using our Blacklight tool The Markup used the to identify nonprofits that have filed a tax return since 2019 and that the agency as focusing on areas like mental health and crisis intervention, civil rights, and medical research. IRS’s nonprofit master file categorizes We then examined each nonprofit’s website as publicly listed in . We found that about 86 percent of them had third-party cookies or tracking network requests. By comparison, when The Markup did a in 2020, we found 87 percent used some type of third-party tracking. GuideStar survey of the top 80,000 websites About 11 percent of the 23,856 nonprofit websites we scanned had a Facebook pixel embedded, while 18 percent used the Google Analytics feature. “Remarketing Audiences” The Markup found that 439 of the nonprofit websites loaded scripts called session recorders, which can monitor visitors’ clicks and keystrokes. Eighty-nine of those were for websites that belonged to nonprofits that the IRS categorizes as primarily focusing on mental health and crisis intervention issues. “As a user of this website, by sharing your information with them, you probably don’t assume that this sensitive information is shared with third parties and definitely don’t assume that your keystrokes are recorded,” Gunes Acar, a privacy researcher who copublished a , said. “The more sensitive the website is, the more worried I am.” 2017 study on session recorders Tracy Plevel, the vice president of development and community relations at Gateway Rehab, one of the nonprofits with session recorders on its site, said that the nonprofit uses trackers and session recorders because it needs to stay competitive with its larger, for-profit counterparts. The more sensitive the website is, the more worried I am. Gunes Acar, privacy researcher “As a nonprofit ourselves, we are up against for-profit providers with large advertising budgets as well as the addiction treatment brokers who grab those seeking care with similar online advertising tactics and connect them with the provider who is offering the greatest ‘sales’ compensation,” Plevel said. “Additionally we know user experience has a big impact on following through on treatment. When someone is ready to commit to treatment, we need to ensure it [is] as easy as possible for them before they get frustrated or intimidated by the process.” Other nonprofits had a significant number of trackers embedded on their sites as well. The Markup on The Clinic at Sharma-Crawford Attorneys at Law, a Kansas City legal clinic that represents low-income people facing deportation. found 26 ad trackers and 50 third-party cookies Rekha Sharma-Crawford, the board president of The Clinic, wrote in an emailed statement, “We take privacy and security concerns very seriously and will continue to work with our web provider to address the issues you have identified.” Save the Children, a humanitarian aid organization founded more than 100 years ago, had 26 ad trackers and 49 third-party cookies. March of Dimes, a nonprofit started by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that focuses on maternal and infant care, had more than 29 ad trackers on its site and 58 third-party cookies. City of Hope, a Californian cancer treatment and research center, had 25 ad trackers and 47 third-party cookies. Results of Blacklight scans of the homepages of Save the Children, March of Dimes, and City of Hope performed on Oct. 19, 2021. Paul Butcher, associate vice president of global digital strategy at Save the Children, said in an emailed statement that the organization “takes data protection very seriously.” Butcher also wrote that Save the Children collects some data through ad trackers “to improve user experience” and that the organization is in the process of revamping its data retention policies and recently hired a new head of data. March of Dimes and City of Hope did not respond to requests for comment. State-Level Privacy Laws Miss Nonprofits While health data is governed by HIPAA, and FERPA regulates educational records, there are no federal laws governing how websites track their visitors. Recently, a few states—California, Virginia, and Colorado—have enacted consumer privacy laws that require companies to disclose their tracking practices and allow visitors to opt-out of data collection. But nonprofits in two of those states, California and Virginia, don’t need to adhere to the regulations. Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR), who has proposed his , said that nonprofits accrue a large amount of potentially sensitive data. own federal privacy legislation “Nonprofits store incredibly personal information about things we’re passionate about, from political causes and social views to which charitable causes we care about,” Wyden said in an emailed statement. “If a data breach reveals someone donates to a domestic violence support group or an LGBTQ rights organization or the name of their mosque, any of that information could be incredibly private.” Nonprofit leaders, however, argue that they lack the infrastructure and funding to comply with privacy law requirements and must gather and share information on donors in order to survive. “One of the most substantive and impactful uses of data by nonprofits has been our fundraising,” said Shannon McCracken, the CEO of The Nonprofit Alliance, an advocacy group made up of nonprofits and businesses. “Without the ability to cost-effectively reach prospective new donors and current donors, then nonprofits can’t continue to be as impactful as they are today.” But purposeful or not, privacy experts say, nonprofits are feeding personal information to data brokers and tech giants like Facebook and Google. “A nonprofit might share your phone number and name with LiveRamp. Tomorrow, a for-profit entity can then reuse that same data to target you,” said Ashkan Soltani, a privacy expert, and former chief technologist at the Federal Trade Commission. “The data flows that go into these third-party aggregators and data brokers come often from nonprofits as well.” Soltani, who was appointed executive director of the California Privacy Protection Agency on Oct. 4, helped draft the California Consumer Privacy Act, which was originally introduced with the nonprofit exemptions. A nonprofit might share your phone number and name…. Tomorrow, a for-profit entity can then reuse the same data to target you. Ashkan Soltani, California Privacy Protection Agency Many major nonprofits work with data brokers to help organize and analyze their data, Jan Masaoka, CEO of the California Association of Nonprofits, said. “People that have big donor lists use them extensively, pretty much all of them use one of the services,” Masaoka said. “They don’t keep it in-house, pretty much everybody keeps it with one of these services.” She noted that Blackbaud is a company that nonprofits often turn to. The ’s marketing material promotes a that combines donor data from more than 550 nonprofits with public information on millions of households. registered data broker co-op database Blackbaud didn’t respond to a request for comment. Because of a lack of funds, nonprofits also rely on third-party platforms—which also happen to be data brokers—to manage their data’s security and privacy, McCracken said. But these kinds of companies aren’t immune to cyberattacks either: Blackbaud in which hackers stole passwords, Social Security numbers, and banking information, according to a . disclosed a ransomware attack in 2020 Securities and Exchange Commission filing Hundreds of were affected, along with more than 13 million people, according to the Identity Theft Resource Center. charitable organizations, schools, and hospitals “They rely on this kind of problematic ecosystem to achieve their work, and as a result, they share number lists, email addresses, or browsing behavior with third-party advertising companies and subject their members to risk,” Soltani said. The Exception Unlike its predecessors in California and Virginia, Colorado’s privacy bill doesn’t have an exemption for nonprofits. In both California and Virginia, the bills’ main supporters gave nonprofits an exemption as a political maneuver. Alastair Mactaggart, a real estate developer and founder of Californians for Consumer Privacy, who was the driving force behind the California Consumer Privacy Act, said his proposal was already facing opposition from tech giants and didn’t want a political showdown with nonprofits, too. “You gotta take the first step, so we figured this was the one that would be the easiest to bounce off,” Mactaggart said. “Eventually, I hope that the big nonprofits are included as well.” David Marsden, the state senator who introduced the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, echoed that sentiment, reflecting that the law wasn’t perfect but still a good start. “Does this pick up everybody that it should, or exempt everybody who needs an exemption? Probably not, but it comes pretty close,” Marsden said. “We were able, with this bill, to get it passed without people getting up and objecting to what we were trying to do.” Colorado state senator Robert Rodriguez, who co-sponsored the state’s privacy bill, said he didn’t include an exemption for nonprofits because he felt that any entity that had data on more than 100,000 people should have to follow privacy protections. He also didn’t understand why other states had exemptions. “Someone that has over 100,000 records is a good size,” he said in an email. “They should have some protections or requirements to follow.” Correction This story has been updated to correct the title of Paul Butcher at Save the Children. He is the associate vice president of global digital strategy. Written by: and Alfred Ng Maddy Varner This article was and was republished under the license. originally published on The Markup Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives

How Come So Many Nonprofit Websites Have Ad Trackers?

To make a product that sells, you have to know what your potential customers actually want. And to successfully sell that product, the one you so diligently fitted to your customers’ needs, you need to know their priorities. This is why we’ve conducted a survey to find out what apps Mac users like, why, and what they value most when making a decision to purchase an app. Let’s dive into the Mac Apps Trends Report 2021. Key Takeaways While you can read the full report by clicking the link at the bottom of this article, you might want to browse through these highlights of the most exciting findings. This will help you successfully navigate the wealth of information within the report and make sense of it very easily, but also assess if you need to spend time studying the full report or can maybe skip this one. Just like with our product Setapp, we are just trying to save the audience some time and make them more productive;) 1. Average Mac user utilizes 12 apps a day While this may seem like a lot, note that our survey showed that the average number of installed apps is 31, so 12 is a little over a third of installed apps. This means if your app is suitable for frequent use, you might want to take that into account when developing or improving your product, as well as share that in your marketing materials. 2. On average, users spent $36/year on Mac apps Our survey showed that users spent around $36 on Mac apps in the last 12 months. This is much lower than Sensor Tower data for iOS users as . According to their assessment, US iPhone users spent an average of $138 on apps in 2020. The number is projected to increase to $180 in 2021. reported by TechCrunch 3. One-time licenses are appealing According to our findings, it looks like users prefer one-time licenses for their apps. 36% of respondents said they favor paying once and getting the app for indefinite use. Note that the majority did not have a preference at all (38%), so diversifying your payment options might be the most optimal way after all. 4. Mac app users care about security most of all Our survey showed that most respondents prioritize the security of an app over anything else. 57% said security is the most important factor when choosing a new Mac app. Features, user experience, and privacy were also listed as some of the top priorities. 5. The main reason to buy a Mac app — it does what it says An app’s purpose, i.e. it does what it says, was chosen by our respondents as their key reason to buy. 50% chose that option. The next most popular reason was the price that fits one’s budget, nothing surprising there. What you should pay attention to though is that availability of a free trial is important to 38% of the surveyed users, while online reviews are of note only for 14%. Even recommendations garnered a mere 24%. 6. Price is the biggest reason to reject an app Well, that’s probably not much of a shocker, but still. Make sure you investigate the purchasing capacity of your target audience and are confident your asking price is not only fair with regards to your product, value, and production and maintenance costs, but also your customers’ budgets. If you charge too much and people just can’t afford it, it’s a purchase discourager for 42% of the people we surveyed. By the way, 38% said that if there’s a free alternative for an app they’d likely decide not to buy. And to add to my previous point about highlighting how often your users can utilize the app, 38% of the surveyed said if they don’t plan to use an app regularly, they are less likely to purchase it. 7. Mac users prefer apps designed specifically for Mac Another curious finding in our survey is that Mac users really love it when an app was designed for Mac specifically. My take is that not only initial app development should be targeted at Mac users, but you also need to update your product regularly, in time with any major macOS updates. 8. Apple Silicon And finally, Apple Silicon. Our findings show that for more than 70% of users native support for Apple Silicon Macs is important or somewhat important. And since the market is going to be saturating more and more with M1 devices, it’s high time to update your app with M1 chip support. Curious to study all the details yourself? Here’s . the link to our full report

Mac Apps Trends in 2021: Useful Consumer Insights

Most freight operators today don’t need to be persuaded in the importance of technologies. At the same time, freight transportation still languishes on the way to automation. The reasons lie both in the complexity of the industry and the lack of digital awareness. When it comes to the digitization of logistics, common ideas are mostly located on two poles: on one hand, technologization is viewed just as a chance to minimize paperwork and phone calls. Another extremity is represented by latest contraptions, such as driverless trucks and cargo drones. Whereas for the majority of freight operators their pressing issues are somewhere in the middle — and so are the IT solutions for their business. To help the two to meet, we have analyzed a bulk of logistics sites and figured out 5 most commonly mentioned problems freight forwarders encounter. And we have sorted out some technical which can be applied right away to simplify the transportation process. tools 1. Supply Chain Management Routing is a complicated decision. So is finding the finest pricing and service level. Cost structure and the need to provide accurate quotes to customers is another issue that might cause troubles. But supported by , complicated issues become simple. technology The best way to simplify planning, routing and cost estimates is implementing (TMS). A survey conducted by , Inc. shows that TMS software is becoming a key technology for large shippers, brokers, 3PLs, and freight operators. About 91% of forwarders operating 20 trucks or more are using TMS in 2018, compared to 62% in 2005. transport management system InMotion Global Still, the situation leaves much to be desired for small fleets. Only 33% of motor carriers operating under 10 trucks are using TMS today. In this regard, one more statistical result from InMotion should be taken into account. Their study over 12 years has shown that companies resisting TMS are those which are most likely to go out of business. TMS helps to collect and analyze big data and turn it into actionable, value-added information. It increases visibility and shapes planning. Many operators today use electronic data interchange (EDI) and application programming interface (API). EDI is a computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard electronic format. It allows minimization of manual documentation delivery thus saving loads of time. 2. Transparency Transparency is the biggest customer demand for cargo companies today. Customers want to know where their delivery is at any time. Tracking cargo relocation is also important for the fleet manager: it is the basis for providing accurate information about estimated time of arrival and re-routing if necessary. There exist two types of vehicle location tracking: cellular and satellite. Cellular tracking uses driver’s cell phone location based on cell tower data. GPS tracking is the checkup of location via global positioning system. The technology recognizes longitude, latitude, ground speed, and course direction of the vehicle. Both types of tracking can be integrated into your software so that you can see cargo location on a map with the help of geographic information system (GIS). Data stored on the server may be accessed from a mobile app both by the drivers and by the dispatchers. 3. Velocity Speed is not a bonus anymore. More and more clients of cargo companies consider it a must-have and want their shipping to be provided in several days. And though cargo hyperloop is still a bit of pipe dream, digitization of logistics already brings in certain enhancements. Keeping delivery on time implies not only thorough route development but the ability to react quickly in case of unforeseen circumstances. Technology ensuring faster decision making provides important value to transportation. A web-based logistic service quickly analyzes the base of available vehicles, enhances scheduling and minimizes shipment downtime. Embedded GPS warns about traffic jams and road repairs via Google or Yandex Maps. Apps like Trucker Path also facilitate transportation process by providing information about stops, gas stations, navigation and so on. 4. Security Safety and security have been freight forwarders’ concern for many years, but recently security has become an overriding issue. You can keep an eye on freight during transportation with the help of TMS and monitoring devices. Useful options here include electronic seals and geofencing. Electronic seals are high-alert devices which send an instant alert to the security team if a container or a transport vehicle seals are breached. Geofencing is a software feature that uses GPS or radio frequency identification to set an invisible perimeter around a specific geographic location. A geofence can be placed around the route that the vehicle is intended to follow. If it strays, a wireless alert is generated by the mobile device and an alarm is triggered in the corresponding software application. The forwarders can also benefit from using mobile applications like Trucker App or CoPilot Live Truck which are built around driving community. They warn drivers about unexpected conditions, propose safe and reliable truck-legal routes on the basis of vehicle size, weight, and load type and help to create custom route profiles for easy switching between vehicles. 5. Human Factor Unless you are a lucky possessor of an autonomous fleet, human interaction will always stay an issue for you. Indeed, these are drivers who you trust your business to when on road. The three points managers encounter here include driver shortage and retention, job performance and meeting «compliance, safety, accountability» regulations. What they have in common is and its analysis. driver-dispatcher communication Drivers of heavy vehicles must take necessary breaks and not drive for too long. The violation of set periods of work and rest is a subject to penalty in the countries of EU, The USA and Russia. To meet this demand, electronic logging apps and devices are used. Electronic logging item transmits data by means of wireless web services and email, creates alerts if there are violations or errors in the logbook, and generates vehicle inspection reports in case any damage to a vehicle has occurred. Vehicle telematics, that is, sensors located throughout a vehicle, also communicate a wide array of data, like engine diagnostics, in-cabin temperature, door opening, idle time, and driver shift patterns, to back-office systems. Operators use such information for developing an efficient vehicle maintenance program, ensuring driver assistance, introducing best practices for drivers, enhancing velocity, and improving safety. Case of Implementation With all technical innovations mentioned, the question arises how to implement them into your work as a freight operator — especially if you are not UPS, DHL or FedEx, who have in-house software development centers. It’s not obligatory to follow the path of and invent new Shippo on your own. You certainly don’t need to be jack-of-all-trades to keep the power on modern freight transportation. Trust your pains to other specialists and take an advantage of a ready product. Laura Behrens Let’s, for example, have a look at how most of above-mentioned features are implemented in service by IT company Stfalcon.com. The service connects cargo owners with forwarders within one system for transportation of grains and oilseeds. It allows cargo owners publish their request, and freight forwarders, in case of truck availability, respond to it. Several forwarders can cooperate to complete one order. SmartSeeds Apart from web-based TMS, it includes mobile apps for cargo owners, forwarders, and drivers and allows user verification, request management, tariff setting, statistics review, messaging, and notifications. In order to monitor vehicle relocation, a GPS sensor is installed on each truck. Thus, both a cargo owner and a freight operator follow the process of transportation. GPS coordinates are periodically sent to GIS and analyzed. So, any route deviations, switches between geo-zones, signal losses or downtimes are immediately detected. A separate GIS was developed for this project to ensure independence from external agents. The mobile app allows drivers to track the progress and exchange information with the support service in case of unexpected circumstances. Originally published at stfalcon.com .

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Let's learn about via these 57 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Ico /Learn Repo Talk-in' 'bout, hey now hey now I-ko, I-ko, un-day
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I bet-cha five dol-lars he'll kill you dead, jock-a-mo fee na-né Also, Initial Coin Offerings. 1. 3 Things Not to Do When Bitcoin is Going Down Photo by Ian Stauffer on Unsplash 2. Understanding IBCO: Can Another Crypto-Funding Mechanism Yield Accountable Results? TLDR: IBCO is the new primitive for crypto projects funding, solving for the main issues of ICOs such as lack of accountability, lack of liquidity and flawed price discovery mechanics for the token itself. 3. My Journey in CryptoCollectibles (so far) A journey marked by crypto collectibles and highlights of lessons learned along the way. 4. Are NFTs the Next ICO Fraud? Want to buy virtual artwork for $1.98M? 5. Why Metaverses are the Next Big Trend After NFTs The Metaverse is a rocket ship that will propel the popularity and application of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies to a whole new level. 6. Top 75+ ICO Marketing Agencies There are many stages to launching an ICO and the needs of the business vary depending at what stage they’re on. For each of these stages we’ve highlighted what services are needed and organized our Top 75 list according to their offered services across five main categories: 7. Raising Funds for Blockchain Projects is a Long and Winding Road Raising funding for blockchain projects presents many challenges. This article lists some of them. 8. 10-Step Checklist for Assessing an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Project Dye to the growing demand for educating new crypto investors, we’ve put together the following, 10 definitive factors for assessing a successful ICO project. 9. From Utility to Security: The U2S Model for Converting Shitcoins into Securities During the ICO era, a countless number of projects managed to rapidly raise capital in a short period of time. You probably know about those that managed to raise capital and just disappeared, never building a product promised to investors while their utility tokens became a burden for investors. It’s hard to admit but there is nothing you can do to change the historical outcome. 10. Top 3 Things You Need to Know About Initial Game Offerings (IGOs) IGO become one of the latest crypto trends in the crypto space with the rise of blockchain games or GameFi, and here are top 3 things you need to know about it. [11. 2017 Vs 2020 in crypto: any chance to replicate "success"?](https://hackernoon.com/2017-vs-2020-in-crypto-any-chance-to-replicate-success-ocm3zdo) It is not a big secret, that a lot of market players are trying to compare the current situation on the crypto market with the phenomenon we saw in 2017. Back then, in October, the BTC price was 2 times lower and ICO made the market super attractive for scammers (so as  DeFi now). Should we really be prepared for a rally starting from now? 12. Top 5 Methods of Running an Effective Cryptocurrency Exchange Anti Danilevski, KickEX CEO and founder, talks about Top 5 Methods of Running an Effective Cryptocurrency Exchange based on his own experiences in the field. 13. Number of STOs May Double While IEOs Will Almost Triple By Q4 2019 With regulators clamping down uncontrolled blockchain funding, I expect the number of ICOs to drop 90% from 980 registered in Q1 2018 to around 100–110 in Q4 2020. At the same time, regulatory compliance would allow STOs and IEOs to flourish. 14. My Blockchain Adventures in Africa In December 2017 I had an opportunity to discover the Kenyan based Nurucoin ICO and write up a spotlight article on it. As sometimes happens, I develop an affinity for the person/company that I talked to when putting these articles together and in this case, I kept in contact with CEO Isaac Muthui. I would answer questions for him and point out information to him that would be helpful for his project. After a couple months he invited me to come and visit their company in Kenya, they were interested in my opinions on technology they were building. I agreed to come because, why not, a trip to Africa. I wasn’t compensated for the trip or for this article, but my expenses were covered, I mention that in the interest of full disclosure. What I discovered in Kenya and about Isaac and the goals for Nurucoin, got me thinking in some extremely big pictures. 15. "Experience Imposes the Strongest Psychological Inertia" - Andrey Sergeenkov, Noonies Nominee Andrey Sergeenkov from Russia has been nominated for a 2020 Noonie in the Future Heroes, Technology, and Decentralization categories. Andrey has been nominated for four separate awards and is anxiously awaiting the day when DeFi becomes mainstream. 16. Mr. Market Meets Mr. ICO Ben Graham was a towering intellect. He wrote a book which has inspired legions of hedge fund managers and smaller investors to wealth, and quite interestingly, they all took the basic concepts laid out in this book, but applied them in radically different ways. Warren Buffett is Ben Graham’s best known pupil, but there are legions of others, the so-called “Super Investors of Graham and Doddsville”. 17. Get Used to Building a .Net core MVC Application on Mac Visual Studio Creating .Net MVC project using Visual Studio Mac 18. Saving Cryptocurrency from Scammers: Interview with Crypto Vigilante I think the ICO run is past us. We will not see a crazy market like we did in 2017. Scammers are very sophisticated and are always coming up with new ways to scam. 19. Can IDOs #RightTheWrongs of ICOs and IEOs? Crypto startups are stacking up to launch their IDOs on DEX platforms like Polkastarter, DuckSTARTER, SpacePort, BSCPad and a few other leading platforms. 20. A Safer Way of Investing in IDOs with Priority Projects Priority Projects - Kommunitas' way of making IGOs less risky and promoting high quality projects. 21. Life After ICO: 4 New Ways to Launch a Token The history and end of the ICO hype are well known: many projects turned out to be unfeasible or fraudulent, and many people lost their money. 22. What Crypto Should You Invest In? When you work in the blockchain space, you'll hear one question again and again, whether it's from your barber, your friends, or a social media DM: 23. Founder Interviews: Mohammad Mazen of Burency It is no longer a secret that the United Arab Emirates are technology pioneers, and their action plan for the development of Blockchain technology within companies and government has become a clear priority. 24. Blockchains for Crowdfunding It is no secret that Crowdfunding hold a tremendous potential in helping entrepreneurs and creators in pushing their projects forwards and gathering much needed financial resources. In 2018, The crowdfunding market size was valued at 10.2 billions dollars and was set to almost triple by 2025. 25. Everything Changes and Nothing Does… In the past few months, I have met and spoken to many people from the blockchain space. Enthusiasts, professionals, enthusiasts who pretended to be experts, people who were predicting the future of the decentralization and those who were super excited to hear about it for the first time… Moon and Lambo guys, crypto traders, blockchain startup founders…. people from the traditional finance who were telling me to run away before it’s too late because all this is just a bubble… 26. All About Initial DEX Offerings and Why They Matter A new method of investing in crypto startups is on the rise. Learn what an IDO is and how DeFi users and new projects are leveraging IDOs to reach new heights. 27. As ICOs Wane, Big Money Squeezes Out The Little Guy In 2017, the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) exploded onto the global scene and upended the traditional method of funding an early-stage business. For a while, many believed that we were witnessing the dawn of a more egalitarian financial era; one where anyone with a good idea and the ability to make it a reality could access easy money and a shot at success. As it turned out, it was too good to be true. 28. Looking Back At The Companies That Led To The ICO Boom One popular narrative about 2017's ICO mania says it was fueled by naive investors duped into throwing money at projects that were either incapable or had no intention, of delivering. 29. BTC, ETH, ICOs, and now - DeFi: How far Have We Come? Bitcoin caught the attention of technologists and anarchists alike following the 2008 Global recession. Ethereum took Bitcoin’s ‘Digital Gold’ status and gave us smart contracts. ICOs took smart contracts and gave us supply chain management solutions for problems that we never knew existed. 30. The Magic of Altcoins: How do I Know if a Coin is Worthy of Attention? There are more and more altcoins. But how do you know it's not a scam? How do you know if a coin is worth paying attention to? We tell you in this column. 31. How Does Pandemic Impact Company Valuation With the pandemic induced havoc, how is that the stock market is not down more? And what effect will the economic downturn have on the valuation of startups? 32. The IEO Gamble: Does it Raise Capital or only Trouble? Graphics by Regex SEO 33. Applying Complexity Theory to Valuation The last of three articles on corporate valuations and capital structures. 34. What Do Regulators and Investors Want To See In Your White Papers? In September 2017, the Office of Financial Conduct Authority of the UK (FCA) issued a warning about the risks associated with the ICO. In particular, they directly pointed out to the weak level of White Papers, and did describe it like the risk of the “imperfect documentation”. 35. Interview with @MarvinSteinberg On Asset Tokenization, Startups, Investors and More The concept of asset tokenization is still in its formative state, as companies are just coming to terms with the idea of capitalizing on blockchains to distribute shares and assets to interested investors. While this is a given, the concept is looking ever more likely to hit the ground running in 2020. This eventuality is bound to contribute to the potency of STOs as a fundraising mechanism for startups and established companies. 36. The Ugly Truth Behind IEOs and What to Expect in 2020 Let’s face it, you won’t be able to conduct a successful IEO unless you have a fully-operational and fully compliant prototype and unless you’ve clinched a listing deal with a major exchange with actual liquidity within its community of retail investors, and traders. 37. MO’s Algorithm: Efficient Way to Solve Offline Range Query Problems MO’s Algorithm aka Square Root Decomposition, a very efficient and easy technique to solve Range Query Problems (RQP). For MO’s Algorithm to work, the RQP has to be offline. In this post, we will understand about RQP, Offline RPQ, Naive Approach to solve RQP and an Efficient Approach using MO’s Algorithm. What is Range Query Problem? 38. Looking Back At ICOs At The Time Of The DeFi Hype Train Although I have been in the blockchain space for more than 3 years, I am not from tech, which is probably why this  post will be looking more into the story and the human aspects of ICOs. 39. IEO (Initial Exchange Offering): What Kind of Beast Is It? In 2016, ICO became the main way of financing innovation and blockchain startups. The first project, released on ICO, was Mastercoin in 2013. After it, thousands of projects attracted funding through the emission of tokens. According to ICODATA in 2017, the volume of investments raised through ICO (Initial Coins Offerings) were more than $6.2 billion, in 2018 — about $8 billion. After analyzing the data from the TokenData, it can be concluded that in 2018, unfortunately majority of the projects turned out to be a scam. 40. GAME of CRYPTOS  [Chapter 5 ] - The Token Apocalypse It is the year of the Lord of 2017. 41. How To Identify Scam ICOs Scammers are nothing new. They have been around us for ages utilizing different mediums and resources to set traps. Progressing civilization and advancement in technologies create different loopholes that later get exploited and we, the people, pay the price. Crypto is one such universe, full of scams that are hard to spot. 42. Did Your Shitcoin Break the Law? [Part 2] In the movie Alladin, Jafar wishes to be a genie because of their incredible might and power. Alladin proclaims, “You wanna be a genie? You got it!” 43. Working Towards a Sustainable Ecosystem Beyond Tokenization Many industries are on the brink of the next technological revolution in record keeping. Ten years after Bitcoin made its splash, we’re seeing many inspired by some of the benefits promised by the technology outside of the money use case: 44. IEOs are a Crypto Has-Been While some endorse IEOs, Kick Ecosystem’s CEO Danilevski argues that they’re a dangerous scam enterprise which will soon be replaced by the much more secure STOs and honest utility token sales. 45. Crypto Staking: Assessing the Risks and Profitability of USD Neutrino, Cosmos and others Crypto industry keeps generating new investment tools – only to be discarded  in disappointment a year or two later. The latest trend is staking - delegating coins to to earn validation rewards on the blockchain. Is it a legitimate passive income scheme? And what should you choose - regular PoS coins like Cosmos or stakable stablecoins? 46.  "IEO Will Continue to be Mainstream Even With IDO And DeFi on The Rise" - Kiana Shek The current push for DeFi has not only changed the way we engage with our everyday financial needs but has also introduced new means of accessing, supporting, and investing in new projects. Tagged as Initial DEX Offerings (IDO), the possibility of bypassing restrictions when identifying and investing in projects has improved crypto funding. However, this does not mean that other models of crowdfunding have become redundant. For what is worth, Initial Exchange Offering (IEO) is still the go-to option for projects that prefer to capitalize on established launchpads and introduce a more diverse array of crypto products not necessarily restricted to the financial sector. 47. Is Binance Launchpad a Breeding Ground for Pump and Dumps? Back in 2017, Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) were all the rave. Much like Initial Public Offerings, (IPO), ICOs act as a way to raise funds by selling a quantity of cryptocurrency in the form of coins to speculators and investors. 48. What Is a (Crypto)Coin Burn? Bitcoin is the main cryptocurrency many people know, understand, and are familiar with. It is also one of the few digital currencies that has no individual or group that is in charge of the blockchain project. What has come about since Bitcoin was created is a cryptocurrency ecosystem where there are a number of companies in charge of blockchain token projects. 49. The ICO to STO Evolution is Complete. So, What’s the Difference? In the blockchain industry, there is now a lot of talk about replacing the ICO with a new, more legitimate method of attracting investment, called an STO. However, this definitely is not something completely new. During the heyday of the ICO, entering the market with security tokens was not very popular, and even now, many projects, and the investors themselves, do not always understand the difference. In this article, I will explain what makes an STO and an ICO fundamentally different. 50. Making Sense of the Difference Between IPO, ICO, IEO, and STO? The advent of blockchain technology gave life not only to a new profitable financial asset, but also a new business model of funding startups. An increasing number of new companies are trying to use cryptocurrency to finance their projects. Unlike an IPO, which is a traditional and widely accepted form of external financing, STO, IEO, and ICO allow companies to start fundraising at a much earlier stage of development and the latter two avoid strict regulatory control. Already today, as a result of ICO, more than 1000 cryptocurrencies appeared on the market, and their number continues to grow. The practice of ICO has become so widespread that, in the opinion of many experts, it began to resemble the events of the dotcom boom of the late 90s and could lead to the same destructive consequences. 51. What is tokenomics and how it can make or break your ICO Imagine you are the ruler of a small country. All residents of your country use the barter system to trade goods and services. Now you find barter to be a cumbersome process because of the following reasons: 52. WTF is Exchange Staking? Introduction 53. How to Find the Best IDOs (Part 1) How to find the best IDOs 54. They Told us ICOs are Dead. We Beg to Differ. ICO or Initial Coin Offering is a type of fundraising done with cryptocurrencies. Modeled after the traditional IPO (Initial Public Offering), ICOs are ways for startup cryptocurrency companies to sell their underlying token in exchange for Bitcoin, Ether or Fiat. 55. Can the Combination of STO + IEO Become the New Step in Crowdfunding Evolution? Content of the Article: 56. Unraveling The Budget Of A Crypto Startup: Behind The Secrecy In project management, there are several key success criteria for the possible implementation of any project: from building a plant, developing a software product, opening a new supermarket to something else. They are time, budget and quality. 57. CRYPTO REVIEW- SUBSTRATUM (SUB) Fundamentals Check: Thank you for checking out the 57 most read stories about Ico on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

57 Stories To Learn About Ico

Let's learn about via these 6 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Token Sale /Learn Repo 1. The KingSwap Project - An Introduction 🛡⚔️A new 🤴🏼King’s in town to claim his right to the DEX throne⚔️🛡. 2. How to Launch a Token With Instant Liquidity [Coders Needed] In this article, I present a new fair-launch method for fungible tokens that instantly and permanently locks up a large portion of the supply in an AMM. 3. A Hidden Crypto Goldmine: CoinList Token Sales CoinList has an excellent lineup of token sales. They vet each project and provide a good opportunity for investors to get in early on exciting crypto startups. 4. The Next Version Of Colony is Called Old Colony And It Makes Sense Which confusingly, is old Colony. Colony of the Whitepaper. Colony as advertised. Colony as it always should have been 5. How SeedOn Is Bringing Smart Contracts to Equity Crowdfunding SeedOn is using smart contract technology to create a blockchain-based escrow system for crowdfunding platforms.SeedOn is a crowdfunding platform 6. IEO (Initial Exchange Offering): What Kind of Beast Is It? In 2016, ICO became the main way of financing innovation and blockchain startups. The first project, released on ICO, was Mastercoin in 2013. After it, thousands of projects attracted funding through the emission of tokens. According to ICODATA in 2017, the volume of investments raised through ICO (Initial Coins Offerings) were more than $6.2 billion, in 2018 — about $8 billion. After analyzing the data from the TokenData, it can be concluded that in 2018, unfortunately majority of the projects turned out to be a scam. Thank you for checking out the 6 most read stories about Token Sale on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

6 Stories To Learn About Token Sale

Let's learn about via these 39 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Ieo /Learn Repo 1. How to Select a Crypto Exchange for Beginners to Crypto Choosing a crypto exchange to start trading cryptocurrencies can be difficult. Picking the right one requires you to consider these factors to suit your needs. 2. Number of STOs May Double While IEOs Will Almost Triple By Q4 2019 With regulators clamping down uncontrolled blockchain funding, I expect the number of ICOs to drop 90% from 980 registered in Q1 2018 to around 100–110 in Q4 2020. At the same time, regulatory compliance would allow STOs and IEOs to flourish. 3. Life After ICO: 4 New Ways to Launch a Token The history and end of the ICO hype are well known: many projects turned out to be unfeasible or fraudulent, and many people lost their money. 4. IEO and Trading Bots to Help You Win Each Battle Post by Tim Kozak, Head of Technology at Intellectsoft Blockchain Lab 5. The IEO Gamble: Does it Raise Capital or only Trouble? Graphics by Regex SEO 6. The ICO to STO Evolution is Complete. So, What’s the Difference? In the blockchain industry, there is now a lot of talk about replacing the ICO with a new, more legitimate method of attracting investment, called an STO. However, this definitely is not something completely new. During the heyday of the ICO, entering the market with security tokens was not very popular, and even now, many projects, and the investors themselves, do not always understand the difference. In this article, I will explain what makes an STO and an ICO fundamentally different. 7. 10-Step Checklist for Assessing an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Project Dye to the growing demand for educating new crypto investors, we’ve put together the following, 10 definitive factors for assessing a successful ICO project. 8. Why Social Media is not for Marketing? 9. Is Binance Launchpad a Breeding Ground for Pump and Dumps? Back in 2017, Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) were all the rave. Much like Initial Public Offerings, (IPO), ICOs act as a way to raise funds by selling a quantity of cryptocurrency in the form of coins to speculators and investors. 10. Are Exchanges Manipulating the Price on Initial Exchange Offerings? Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs) are a relatively new method of distributing cryptocurrency tokens during the startup crowdfunding stage. As described in the article, IEOs are closely related to ICOs. However, IEOs use exchange(s) as part of the distribution model. 11. What Happened to the Ico? How ICOs evolved into IEOs and IDOs. What are Initial DEX Offerings and how do they compare to other models of crypto crowdfunding. 12. The yet another Asian story - ICO Scam Disclaimer: This article was posted on JUNE 11, 2019. The Story of Bitsdaq 13. Digital Asset Company Damex Introduces IEO and Smart Finance App Damex is an established digital asset platform that has just announced the launch of its IEO, and smart finance application. 14. Token Valuation Done Right: A DCF Model To Value Perlin's Native Network Token The following post is a walkthrough on the methodology we followed to value Perlin's native network token, the PERL. The report and post were authored by @eliasimos, Senior Research Analyst at Decentral Park. 15. Finding Trust and Value in BNB (Binance Coin) - A Noob's perspective !! Let’s start with a disclaimer. I am a big fan of the Binance and it’s various ecosystem. You may find this article a little tilted in favour of Binance. I do hold BNB and I won’t be paid for this article. 16. CRYPTO REVIEW- SUBSTRATUM (SUB) Fundamentals Check: 17. Are Crypto Airdrops Broken? The concept of airdrops has been around as a marketing tool just about forever. Both upstart companies and well-established brands use the airdrop approach to drive awareness and engagement, encourage trial and purchase, and target likely buyers. In the non-crypto world, it appears as free trials, direct mail offers, bundled package inserts, or even Costco aisle samples. I vividly remember as a child how excited I got when the March of Dimes would include a dime in their direct mail as an incentive to open the envelope and hopefully donate. (Hey, a dime was a lot back when I was a kid!) 18. Crypto Staking: Assessing the Risks and Profitability of USD Neutrino, Cosmos and others Crypto industry keeps generating new investment tools – only to be discarded  in disappointment a year or two later. The latest trend is staking - delegating coins to to earn validation rewards on the blockchain. Is it a legitimate passive income scheme? And what should you choose - regular PoS coins like Cosmos or stakable stablecoins? 19. IEO Marketing Checklist After working with crypto and blockchain startups from all over the world, I noticed the huge gap between ICO marketing and IEO marketing. In this article, I would like to share my experience and insights working at Guerrilla Buzz with some of the most interesting and innovative blockchain companies to help you plan and execute the best marketing campaign for your IEO. 20. IEOs are a Crypto Has-Been While some endorse IEOs, Kick Ecosystem’s CEO Danilevski argues that they’re a dangerous scam enterprise which will soon be replaced by the much more secure STOs and honest utility token sales. 21. The Regulatory Standpoint of Digital Asset Offering 2017 will continue to evoke different memories for different individuals. As for the crypto space, it remains one of the critical moments in the history of cryptocurrency. To some, 2017 was the year that crypto millionaires came to the fore, while others still revel in the unprecedented publicity that spurred the numerous innovative movement that has come to define the space. 22. How to attract more investments with a Pre-IEO Today we will look at some strategies for raising additional investment funds before the main round of an IEO. Toward the end of the article, you’ll find a step-by-step practical guide on how to do a Pre-IEO. 23. The Ugly Truth Behind IEOs and What to Expect in 2020 Let’s face it, you won’t be able to conduct a successful IEO unless you have a fully-operational and fully compliant prototype and unless you’ve clinched a listing deal with a major exchange with actual liquidity within its community of retail investors, and traders. 24. “With IDO’s on Early Stages, IEO’s Continue to be The Mainstream For Raising Funds” - Kiana Shek If you have been keeping up with the latest developments in crypto; BTC is only a tip of the iceberg. This year saw the rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), which is now a hot topic amongst the crypto community and stakeholders including regulatory authorities. 25. Unraveling The Budget Of A Crypto Startup: Behind The Secrecy In project management, there are several key success criteria for the possible implementation of any project: from building a plant, developing a software product, opening a new supermarket to something else. They are time, budget and quality. 26. Hybrid Trading Platforms - Meet Your Newest Competitor Digital asset trading platforms or cryptocurrency exchanges have been a hot topic in the blockchain industry and will continue to be so as long as the industry exists. According to statistics, there are about 2004 Listed cryptocurrencies on CoinMarketCap, which are tradable in about 14287 markets with a total market cap of USD 222.8 Billion, this creates a daily trade volume of USD 14 Billion. 27. Can IDOs #RightTheWrongs of ICOs and IEOs? Crypto startups are stacking up to launch their IDOs on DEX platforms like Polkastarter, DuckSTARTER, SpacePort, BSCPad and a few other leading platforms. 28.  "IEO Will Continue to be Mainstream Even With IDO And DeFi on The Rise" - Kiana Shek The current push for DeFi has not only changed the way we engage with our everyday financial needs but has also introduced new means of accessing, supporting, and investing in new projects. Tagged as Initial DEX Offerings (IDO), the possibility of bypassing restrictions when identifying and investing in projects has improved crypto funding. However, this does not mean that other models of crowdfunding have become redundant. For what is worth, Initial Exchange Offering (IEO) is still the go-to option for projects that prefer to capitalize on established launchpads and introduce a more diverse array of crypto products not necessarily restricted to the financial sector. 29. Interview With Kristof De Spiegeleer: We Need a New Internet Which is Not Owned by a Few Kristof De Spiegeleer is a serial entrepreneur who is the co-founder and chairman of the ThreeFold Foundation, where he is building the next generation of IT infrastructure, leveraging the power of the blockchain. 30. The Future Of Email on The Blockchain Launches An IEO To Accelerate Its Development SafePost, the innovative and secure solution alternative to traditional emails and document storage (a market of more than $ 200 billion / year with more than 3.5 billion users), will hold its first-ever Initial Exchange Offering (IEO) through the P2PB2B launchpad from March
16th to April 19th, 2020. 31. How IEOs help Crypto Exchanges boost their Native Token price Cryptocurrency exchanges actively use native tokens for promoting and strengthening their market position. After issuing its own assets, new platforms attract a seed capital, and the ones already experienced get to increase capitalization. As for traders, they receive benefits of interest or good discounts on fees, which in turn represents an effective way for an exchange to expand its customer base. 32. WTF is Exchange Staking? Introduction 33. Can the Combination of STO + IEO Become the New Step in Crowdfunding Evolution? Content of the Article: 34. Making Sense of the Difference Between IPO, ICO, IEO, and STO? The advent of blockchain technology gave life not only to a new profitable financial asset, but also a new business model of funding startups. An increasing number of new companies are trying to use cryptocurrency to finance their projects. Unlike an IPO, which is a traditional and widely accepted form of external financing, STO, IEO, and ICO allow companies to start fundraising at a much earlier stage of development and the latter two avoid strict regulatory control. Already today, as a result of ICO, more than 1000 cryptocurrencies appeared on the market, and their number continues to grow. The practice of ICO has become so widespread that, in the opinion of many experts, it began to resemble the events of the dotcom boom of the late 90s and could lead to the same destructive consequences. 35. What makes or breaks an IEO? Initial Exchange Offerings are becoming much more popular compared to Initial Coin Offering these times. The ICO craze that was the Summer of 2017 has long passed us, but there are still more and more being promoted every single day. 36. An Overview of IEOs in 2019 To Understand What 2020 Might Hold In just over a year since it became popular, IEO (Initial Exchange Offering) managed to replace ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) as the fundraising system of choice for a majority of blockchain enterprises. 37. Blockchain Marketing The Definitive Insights Guide [2019] Being a marketer in the blockchain world is hard. High competition, dozens of different channels to be active in, High PR costs, and the ban of Google, Twitter, and Facebook make the whole marketing strategy extremely challenging. 38. Are IEOs a Passing Fad or Are Their True Value Yet to Be Unlocked? 2019 has been the year of IEOs. With less than 2 months to go before we march into 2020, I think it’s a safe claim to make now. What’s surprising here is that barely a year ago, crypto pundits had almost unanimously declared that 2019 would be the year of STOs. But when has the crypto market ever listened to the mandate of the people? So what started as a novelty in January, had become a rage by the middle of the year. And although the intensity has reduced a bit now, there is no sign of the IEO chariot stopping. 39. IEO (Initial Exchange Offering): What Kind of Beast Is It? In 2016, ICO became the main way of financing innovation and blockchain startups. The first project, released on ICO, was Mastercoin in 2013. After it, thousands of projects attracted funding through the emission of tokens. According to ICODATA in 2017, the volume of investments raised through ICO (Initial Coins Offerings) were more than $6.2 billion, in 2018 — about $8 billion. After analyzing the data from the TokenData, it can be concluded that in 2018, unfortunately majority of the projects turned out to be a scam. Thank you for checking out the 39 most read stories about Ieo on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

39 Stories To Learn About Ieo

FastAPI is a modern Python web framework for building APIs. It is fast, easy to use, and enables the creation of robust and scalable APIs. Some of its features are: Uses and under the hood for blazing-fast performance. Starlette Pydantic Minimizes boilerplate with a simple declaration of routes and inputs. Great editor support and easy-to-remember syntax. It automatically generates OpenAPI schemas and docs. If you want to learn more, check out the . In this article, we will talk about how FastAPI endpoints can be secured using JWT. FastAPI docs provides a very secure way to authenticate endpoints. Some of its features are: JWT(JSON Web Token) JSON-encoded access tokens that are cryptographically signed. Contains claims like issuer, expiry, subject, etc. Verifiable as they are signed using a secret key. Useful for securely transmitting information between parties. If you want to learn more about JWT and see how they work, check out jwt.io After covering these basics, let’s get started with the coding part. Install fastapi, uvicorn, python-jose, and passlib. $ pip install fastapi uvicorn python-jose[cryptography] passlib[bcrypt] is an ASGI web server for Python. It is the recommended server for FastAPI. Uvicorn Python-jose to generate and verify the JWT tokens. You can also use PyJWT. Passlib handles password hashes. Import necessary packages: from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI, Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing_extensions import Annotated Define test db and secret. test_db = {
    "testuser": {
        "username": "testuser",
        "full_name": "Test User",
        "email": "testuser@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "$2b$12$PQO42dMponRoPGWyt5co5OiZCQJcpKDFxet8n5MnkUHNNHAg/mioS",
    }
}

# openssl rand -hex 32
SECRET_KEY = "380e91edcddfe3c0733585523c7bf4b80c9e6d720787142ed9da5e6c37a29185"
ALGORITHM = "HS256"
TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES = 30 This will be used to sign JWT. Don’t use this key; generate a new one. To generate a new key, run this in the terminal. SECRET_KEY $ openssl rand -hex 32 Algorithm will be (HMAC with SHA-256). HS256 Create models: class Token(BaseModel):
    access_token: str
    token_type: str


class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: Union[str, None] = None


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str Before we move ahead, let’s first talk about the password workflow in Layman’s terms. A user will enter a username and password and click login. The client will make an API call with that username and password, and the backend will verify whether the username exists and the password matches with the one in DB. The backend will generate a token (jwt for this article) with an expiry date and return it to the client. After login, the user will use that token in the Authorization header to make subsequent API calls. Now, create passlib’s CryptContext instance and oauth scheme. pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="login") When we create an instance of the class we pass in the parameter. This parameter contains the URL that the client (the frontend running in the user's browser) will use to send the and in order to get a token. OAuth2PasswordBearer tokenUrl username password FastAPI Security Here, is a relative URL. tokenUrl Now, create the login endpoint. The client will call this endpoint to authenticate. @app.post("/login", response_model=Token)
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    """Login method to authenticate"""
    
    user = authenticate_user(test_db, form_data.username, form_data.password)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Incorrect username or password",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )

    access_token_expires = timedelta(minutes=TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)
    access_token = create_access_token(
        data={"sub": user.username}, expires_delta=access_token_expires
    )

    return {"access_token": access_token, "token_type": "bearer"}


def authenticate_user(db, username: str, password: str):
    user = get_user(db, username)
    if not user or not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
        return False
    return user


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def verify_password(plain_password, hashed_password):
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)


def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta):
    to_encode = data.copy()
    expire = datetime.utcnow() + expires_delta
    to_encode.update({"exp": expire})

    encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(to_encode, SECRET_KEY, algorithm=ALGORITHM)
    return encoded_jwt Here, we are using , which is a class dependency provided by FastAPI. It has a form body with a username, password, and some other fields that we don’t need for this article. OAuth2PasswordRequestForm Let’s go through the rest of the code. The client calls the login method, which takes the username and password and tries to find the user in DB, then it matches the password with the one in db using passlib. After verifying the request, it creates a jwt token with username and expiry, which it returns to the user. The method creates an encoded jwt that uses , , and data, which has a username and expiry to generate the token. create_access_token SECRET_KEY ALGORITHM to_encode Let’s try to fetch the current user after logging in. @app.get("/user/current/", response_model=User)
async def current_user_profile(current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)]):
    """Fetch current user"""

    return current_user This endpoint would return current user data. It all looks good so far, but we need a way to test it. Run this in the terminal: $ uvicorn main:app --reload And head to http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs You should see something like this: Click on Authorize, and a pop-up will open. Add and as password and click Authorize. It would authorize the user. After this, try the endpoint to fetch the current user data. Click on to run it. You can open the Chrome dev tools, and check that it only sent the bearer token this time. testuser password /user/current/ Try it Out If you have made it so far, Congratulations! Here’s the full code below: from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI, Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing_extensions import Annotated

# openssl rand -hex 32
SECRET_KEY = "380e91edcddfe3c0733585523c7bf4b80c9e6d720787142ed9da5e6c37a29185"
ALGORITHM = "HS256"
TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES = 30

test_db = {
    "testuser": {
        "username": "testuser",
        "full_name": "Test User",
        "email": "testuser@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "$2b$12$PQO42dMponRoPGWyt5co5OiZCQJcpKDFxet8n5MnkUHNNHAg/mioS",
    }
}

class Token(BaseModel):
    access_token: str
    token_type: str

class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: Union[str, None] = None

class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None

class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str

pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="login")

app = FastAPI()

def verify_password(plain_password, hashed_password):
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)

def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)

def authenticate_user(db, username: str, password: str):
    user = get_user(db, username)
    if not user or not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
        return False
    return user

def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta):
    to_encode = data.copy()
    expire = datetime.utcnow() + expires_delta
    to_encode.update({"exp": expire})

    # use jwt to create a token   
    encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(to_encode, SECRET_KEY, algorithm=ALGORITHM)
    return encoded_jwt

async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
        username: str = payload.get("sub")
        if username is None:
            return status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
        token_data = TokenData(username=username)
    except JWTError:
        return JWTError
    user = get_user(test_db, username=token_data.username)
    return user

@app.post("/login", response_model=Token)
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    """Login method to authenticate"""

    user = authenticate_user(test_db, form_data.username, form_data.password)

    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Incorrect username or password",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )

    access_token_expires = timedelta(minutes=TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)
    access_token = create_access_token(
        data={"sub": user.username}, expires_delta=access_token_expires
    )

    return {"access_token": access_token, "token_type": "bearer"}

@app.get("/user/current/", response_model=User)
async def current_user_profile(current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)]):
    """Fetch current user"""
    
    return current_user Feel free to reach out in comments for any questions or suggestions. Thank you! [1] FastAPI documentation — FastAPI Security https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/

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