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Authors:
(1) Revathy B S, Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560080, Karnataka, India and Corresponding author;
(2) Victor Mukherjee, Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India;
(3) Uma Divakaran, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, 678623, Kerala, India. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Free fermionic model 3 Many body quantum Otto cycle 4 Universal scalings in work output 5 Transverse Ising model as working medium 6 Conclusion and References 6 Conclusion We construct a many body quantum Otto cycle with a WM that undergoes a quantum phase transition. The non-unitary strokes of the cycle are powered by finite temperature baths, while the unitary strokes involve driving the WM close to the critical point. This driving leads to nonadiabatic excitations which can be quantified using relative excess energy that follows universal scalings with the rate of driving as well as the temperature of the cold bath. The excess energy can be linked to the output work of the engine which thus manifests the universal scalings shown by the excess energy. Notably, we show that higher values of the cold bath temperature TC allows one to operate the engine close to the adiabatic limit for lower values of τ2 ≈ τmin, which further follows universal scaling relations. This raises interesting questions regarding the importance of control methods such as shortcuts to adiabaticity [41], or bath engineering [23], for finite temperature quantum heat engines. Furthermore, our results for one-dimensional transverse Ising model WM suggest the existence of an optimal value of the cold bath temperature TC > 0, for operating the QHE with high work output at high power. These counterintuitive results stem from the dominance of thermal fluctuations over quantum fluctuations in finite-temperature quantum critical heat engines, for higher bath temperatures. Acknowledgements. R.B.S. and U.D. acknowledge the use of HPC facility Chandra at IIT Palakkad. U.D. acknowledges support from SERB (SPG/2022/000708). V.M. acknowledges support from SERB through MATRICS (Project No. MTR/2021/000055) and a Seed Grant from IISER Berhampur. Data Availability Statement. Any data that support the findings of this study are included within the article. References [1] Jochen Gemmer, Mathias Michel, and G¨unter Mahler. Quantum thermodynamics: Emergence of thermodynamic behavior within composite quantum systems, volume 784. Springer, 2009. [2] Robert Alicki and Ronnie Kosloff. Introduction to Quantum Thermodynamics: History and Prospects. Springer International Publishing, 2018. [3] Sai Vinjanampathy and Janet Anders. Quantum thermodynamics. Contemporary Physics, 57:545, 2016. [4] Johannes Roßnagel, Samuel T. Dawkins, Karl N. Tolazzi, Obinna Abah, Eric Lutz, Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler, and Kilian Singer. A single-atom heat engine. Science, 352(6283):325–329, 2016. [5] D. von Lindenfels, O. Grab, C. T. Schmiegelow, V. Kaushal, J. Schulz, Mark T. Mitchison, John Goold, F. Schmidt-Kaler, and U. G. Poschinger. Spin heat engine coupled to a harmonic-oscillator flywheel. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123:080602, Aug 2019. [6] John P. S. Peterson, Tiago B. Batalh˜ao, Marcela Herrera, Alexandre M. Souza, Roberto S. Sarthour, Ivan S. Oliveira, and Roberto M. Serra. Experimental characterization of a spin quantum heat engine. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123:240601, Dec 2019. [7] James Klatzow, Jonas N. Becker, Patrick M. Ledingham, Christian Weinzetl, Krzysztof T. Kaczmarek, Dylan J. Saunders, Joshua Nunn, Ian A. Walmsley, Raam Uzdin, and Eilon Poem. Experimental demonstration of quantum effects in the operation of microscopic heat engines. Phys. Rev. Lett., 122:110601, Mar 2019. [8] Obinna Abah and Eric Lutz. Optimal performance of a quantum otto refrigerator. Europhysics Letters, 113(6):60002, apr 2016. [9] Andreas Hartmann, Victor Mukherjee, Glen Bigan Mbeng, Wolfgang Niedenzu, and Wolfgang Lechner. Multi-spin counterdiabatic driving in many-body quantum otto refrigerators. Quantum, 4:377, 2020. [10] Thao P. Le, Jesper Levinsen, Kavan Modi, Meera M. Parish, and Felix A. Pollock. Spinchain model of a many-body quantum battery. Phys. Rev. A, 97:022106, Feb 2018. [11] Francesco Campaioli, Felix A. Pollock, and Sai Vinjanampathy. Quantum batteries - review chapter. arXiv: Quantum Physics, 2018. [12] Victor Montenegro, Marco G. Genoni, Abolfazl Bayat, and Matteo G. A. Paris. Quantum metrology with boundary time crystals. Communications Physics, 6(1):304, Oct 2023. [13] Karl Joulain, Jeremie Drevillon, Younes Ezzahri, and Jose Ordonez-Miranda. Quantum thermal transistor. Phys. Rev. Lett., 116:200601, May 2016. [14] Nikhil Gupt, Srijan Bhattacharyya, Bikash Das, Subhadeep Datta, Victor Mukherjee, and Arnab Ghosh. Floquet quantum thermal transistor. Phys. Rev. E, 106:024110, Aug 2022. [15] H. T. Quan, Yu-xi Liu, C. P. Sun, and Franco Nori. Quantum thermodynamic cycles and quantum heat engines. Phys. Rev. E, 76:031105, Sep 2007. [16] Ronnie Kosloff and Yair Rezek. The quantum harmonic otto cycle. Entropy, 19(4), 2017. [17] M. Campisi and R. Fazio. The power of a critical heat engine. Nat. Commun., 7:11895, 2016. [18] Thomas Fogarty and Thomas Busch. A many-body heat engine at criticality. Quantum Science and Technology, 6(1):015003, nov 2020. [19] Giulia Piccitto, Michele Campisi, and Davide Rossini. The ising critical quantum otto engine. New Journal of Physics, 2022. [20] Yu-Han Ma, Shan-He Su, and Chang-Pu Sun. Quantum thermodynamic cycle with quantum phase transition. Phys. Rev. E, 96:022143, Aug 2017. [21] Watanabe G. Yu YC Guan XW Chen, YY. and del Campo. An interaction-driven many particles quantum heat engine and its universal behavior. npj Quantum Inf, 5, 2019. [22] Revathy B.S, Victor Mukherjee, Uma Divakaran, and Adolfo del Campo. Universal finite-time thermodynamics of many-body quantum machines from kibble-zurek scaling. Phys. Rev. Res., 2:043247, 2020. [23] Revathy B.S, Victor Mukherjee, and Uma Divakaran. Bath engineering enhanced quantum critical engines. Entropy, 24(10), 2022. [24] Revathy B.S, Harsh Sharma, and Uma Divakaran. Improving performance of quantum heat engines by free evolution. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.07003, 2023. [25] Jacek Dziarmaga. Dynamics of a quantum phase transition: Exact solution of the quantum ising model. Phys. Rev. Lett., 95:245701, Dec 2005. [26] Victor Mukherjee, Uma Divakaran, Amit Dutta, and Diptiman Sen. Quenching dynamics of a quantum xy spin- 1 2 chain in a transverse field. Phys. Rev. B, 76:174303, Nov 2007. [27] K. Sengupta, Diptiman Sen, and Shreyoshi Mondal. Exact results for quench dynamics and defect production in a two-dimensional model. Phys. Rev. Lett., 100:077204, Feb 2008. [28] Maximilian Keck, Simone Montangero, Giuseppe E Santoro, Rosario Fazio, and Davide Rossini. Dissipation in adiabatic quantum computers: lessons from an exactly solvable model. New Journal of Physics, 19(11):113029, nov 2017. [29] Souvik Bandyopadhyay, Sudarshana Laha, Utso Bhattacharya, and Amit Dutta. Exploring the possibilities of dynamical quantum phase transitions in the presence of a markovian bath. Scientific Reports, 8(1):11921, 2018. [30] Bogdan Damski and Wojciech H. Zurek. Adiabatic-impulse approximation for avoided level crossings: From phase-transition dynamics to landau-zener evolutions and back again. Phys. Rev. A, 73:063405, Jun 2006. [31] Anatoli Polkovnikov, Krishnendu Sengupta, Alessandro Silva, and Mukund Vengalattore. Colloquium: Nonequilibrium dynamics of closed interacting quantum systems. Rev. Mod. Phys., 83:863–883, Aug 2011. [32] Adolfo Del Campo and Wojciech H Zurek. Universality of phase transition dynamics: Topological defects from symmetry breaking. International Journal of Modern Physics A, 29(08):1430018, 2014. [33] Amit Dutta, Gabriel Aeppli, Bikas K Chakrabarti, Uma Divakaran, Thomas F Rosenbaum, and Diptiman Sen. Quantum phase transitions in transverse field spin models: from statistical physics to quantum information. Cambridge University Press, 2015. [34] A. Polkovnikov and V. Gritsev. Breakdown of the adiabatic limit in low-dimensional gapless systems. Nature Physics, 4:477, June 2008. [35] C. De Grandi, V. Gritsev, and A. Polkovnikov. Quench dynamics near a quantum critical point: Application to the sine-gordon model. Phys. Rev. B, 81:224301, Jun 2010. [36] C. De Grandi, V. Gritsev, and A. Polkovnikov. Quench dynamics near a quantum critical point. Phys. Rev. B, 81:012303, Jan 2010. [37] Shusa Deng, Gerardo Ortiz, and Lorenza Viola. Dynamical critical scaling and effective thermalization in quantum quenches: Role of the initial state. Phys. Rev. B, 83:094304, 2011. [38] Pierre Pfeuty. The one-dimensional ising model with a transverse field. Annals of Physics, 57(1):79 – 90, 1970. [39] J. E. Bunder and Ross H. McKenzie. Effect of disorder on quantum phase transitions in anisotropic xy spin chains in a transverse field. Phys. Rev. B, 60:344–358, Jul 1999. [40] Elliott Lieb, Theodore Schultz, and Daniel Mattis. Two soluble models of an antiferromagnetic chain. Annals of Physics, 16(3):407 – 466, 1961. [41] Andreas Hartmann, Victor Mukherjee, Wolfgang Niedenzu, and Wolfgang Lechner. Many-body quantum heat engines with shortcuts to adiabaticity. Phys. Rev. Res., 2:023145, May 2020. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Revathy B S, Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560080, Karnataka, India and Corresponding author; (2) Victor Mukherjee, Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India; (3) Uma Divakaran, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, 678623, Kerala, India. Authors: Authors: (1) Revathy B S, Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560080, Karnataka, India and Corresponding author; (2) Victor Mukherjee, Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India; (3) Uma Divakaran, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, 678623, Kerala, India. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Free fermionic model 2 Free fermionic model 3 Many body quantum Otto cycle 3 Many body quantum Otto cycle 4 Universal scalings in work output 4 Universal scalings in work output 5 Transverse Ising model as working medium 5 Transverse Ising model as working medium 6 Conclusion and References 6 Conclusion and References 6 Conclusion We construct a many body quantum Otto cycle with a WM that undergoes a quantum phase transition. The non-unitary strokes of the cycle are powered by finite temperature baths, while the unitary strokes involve driving the WM close to the critical point. This driving leads to nonadiabatic excitations which can be quantified using relative excess energy that follows universal scalings with the rate of driving as well as the temperature of the cold bath. The excess energy can be linked to the output work of the engine which thus manifests the universal scalings shown by the excess energy. Notably, we show that higher values of the cold bath temperature TC allows one to operate the engine close to the adiabatic limit for lower values of τ2 ≈ τmin, which further follows universal scaling relations. This raises interesting questions regarding the importance of control methods such as shortcuts to adiabaticity [41], or bath engineering [23], for finite temperature quantum heat engines. Furthermore, our results for one-dimensional transverse Ising model WM suggest the existence of an optimal value of the cold bath temperature TC > 0, for operating the QHE with high work output at high power. These counterintuitive results stem from the dominance of thermal fluctuations over quantum fluctuations in finite-temperature quantum critical heat engines, for higher bath temperatures. Acknowledgements . R.B.S. and U.D. acknowledge the use of HPC facility Chandra at IIT Palakkad. U.D. acknowledges support from SERB (SPG/2022/000708). V.M. acknowledges support from SERB through MATRICS (Project No. MTR/2021/000055) and a Seed Grant from IISER Berhampur. Acknowledgements Data Availability Statement. Any data that support the findings of this study are included within the article. Data Availability Statement. References [1] Jochen Gemmer, Mathias Michel, and G¨unter Mahler. Quantum thermodynamics: Emergence of thermodynamic behavior within composite quantum systems, volume 784. Springer, 2009. [2] Robert Alicki and Ronnie Kosloff. Introduction to Quantum Thermodynamics: History and Prospects. Springer International Publishing, 2018. [3] Sai Vinjanampathy and Janet Anders. Quantum thermodynamics. Contemporary Physics, 57:545, 2016. [4] Johannes Roßnagel, Samuel T. Dawkins, Karl N. Tolazzi, Obinna Abah, Eric Lutz, Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler, and Kilian Singer. A single-atom heat engine. Science, 352(6283):325–329, 2016. [5] D. von Lindenfels, O. Grab, C. T. Schmiegelow, V. Kaushal, J. Schulz, Mark T. Mitchison, John Goold, F. Schmidt-Kaler, and U. G. Poschinger. Spin heat engine coupled to a harmonic-oscillator flywheel. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123:080602, Aug 2019. [6] John P. S. Peterson, Tiago B. Batalh˜ao, Marcela Herrera, Alexandre M. Souza, Roberto S. Sarthour, Ivan S. Oliveira, and Roberto M. Serra. Experimental characterization of a spin quantum heat engine. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123:240601, Dec 2019. [7] James Klatzow, Jonas N. Becker, Patrick M. Ledingham, Christian Weinzetl, Krzysztof T. Kaczmarek, Dylan J. Saunders, Joshua Nunn, Ian A. Walmsley, Raam Uzdin, and Eilon Poem. Experimental demonstration of quantum effects in the operation of microscopic heat engines. Phys. Rev. Lett., 122:110601, Mar 2019. [8] Obinna Abah and Eric Lutz. Optimal performance of a quantum otto refrigerator. Europhysics Letters, 113(6):60002, apr 2016. [9] Andreas Hartmann, Victor Mukherjee, Glen Bigan Mbeng, Wolfgang Niedenzu, and Wolfgang Lechner. Multi-spin counterdiabatic driving in many-body quantum otto refrigerators. Quantum, 4:377, 2020. [10] Thao P. Le, Jesper Levinsen, Kavan Modi, Meera M. Parish, and Felix A. Pollock. Spinchain model of a many-body quantum battery. Phys. Rev. A, 97:022106, Feb 2018. [11] Francesco Campaioli, Felix A. Pollock, and Sai Vinjanampathy. Quantum batteries - review chapter. arXiv: Quantum Physics, 2018. [12] Victor Montenegro, Marco G. Genoni, Abolfazl Bayat, and Matteo G. A. Paris. Quantum metrology with boundary time crystals. Communications Physics, 6(1):304, Oct 2023. [13] Karl Joulain, Jeremie Drevillon, Younes Ezzahri, and Jose Ordonez-Miranda. Quantum thermal transistor. Phys. Rev. Lett., 116:200601, May 2016. [14] Nikhil Gupt, Srijan Bhattacharyya, Bikash Das, Subhadeep Datta, Victor Mukherjee, and Arnab Ghosh. Floquet quantum thermal transistor. Phys. Rev. E, 106:024110, Aug 2022. [15] H. T. Quan, Yu-xi Liu, C. P. Sun, and Franco Nori. Quantum thermodynamic cycles and quantum heat engines. Phys. Rev. E, 76:031105, Sep 2007. [16] Ronnie Kosloff and Yair Rezek. The quantum harmonic otto cycle. Entropy, 19(4), 2017. [17] M. Campisi and R. Fazio. The power of a critical heat engine. Nat. Commun., 7:11895, 2016. [18] Thomas Fogarty and Thomas Busch. A many-body heat engine at criticality. Quantum Science and Technology, 6(1):015003, nov 2020. [19] Giulia Piccitto, Michele Campisi, and Davide Rossini. The ising critical quantum otto engine. New Journal of Physics, 2022. [20] Yu-Han Ma, Shan-He Su, and Chang-Pu Sun. Quantum thermodynamic cycle with quantum phase transition. Phys. Rev. E, 96:022143, Aug 2017. [21] Watanabe G. Yu YC Guan XW Chen, YY. and del Campo. An interaction-driven many particles quantum heat engine and its universal behavior. npj Quantum Inf, 5, 2019. [22] Revathy B.S, Victor Mukherjee, Uma Divakaran, and Adolfo del Campo. Universal finite-time thermodynamics of many-body quantum machines from kibble-zurek scaling. Phys. Rev. Res., 2:043247, 2020. [23] Revathy B.S, Victor Mukherjee, and Uma Divakaran. Bath engineering enhanced quantum critical engines. Entropy, 24(10), 2022. [24] Revathy B.S, Harsh Sharma, and Uma Divakaran. Improving performance of quantum heat engines by free evolution. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.07003, 2023. [25] Jacek Dziarmaga. Dynamics of a quantum phase transition: Exact solution of the quantum ising model. Phys. Rev. Lett., 95:245701, Dec 2005. [26] Victor Mukherjee, Uma Divakaran, Amit Dutta, and Diptiman Sen. Quenching dynamics of a quantum xy spin- 1 2 chain in a transverse field. Phys. Rev. B, 76:174303, Nov 2007. [27] K. Sengupta, Diptiman Sen, and Shreyoshi Mondal. Exact results for quench dynamics and defect production in a two-dimensional model. Phys. Rev. Lett., 100:077204, Feb 2008. [28] Maximilian Keck, Simone Montangero, Giuseppe E Santoro, Rosario Fazio, and Davide Rossini. Dissipation in adiabatic quantum computers: lessons from an exactly solvable model. New Journal of Physics, 19(11):113029, nov 2017. [29] Souvik Bandyopadhyay, Sudarshana Laha, Utso Bhattacharya, and Amit Dutta. Exploring the possibilities of dynamical quantum phase transitions in the presence of a markovian bath. Scientific Reports, 8(1):11921, 2018. [30] Bogdan Damski and Wojciech H. Zurek. Adiabatic-impulse approximation for avoided level crossings: From phase-transition dynamics to landau-zener evolutions and back again. Phys. Rev. A, 73:063405, Jun 2006. [31] Anatoli Polkovnikov, Krishnendu Sengupta, Alessandro Silva, and Mukund Vengalattore. Colloquium: Nonequilibrium dynamics of closed interacting quantum systems. Rev. Mod. Phys., 83:863–883, Aug 2011. [32] Adolfo Del Campo and Wojciech H Zurek. Universality of phase transition dynamics: Topological defects from symmetry breaking. International Journal of Modern Physics A, 29(08):1430018, 2014. [33] Amit Dutta, Gabriel Aeppli, Bikas K Chakrabarti, Uma Divakaran, Thomas F Rosenbaum, and Diptiman Sen. Quantum phase transitions in transverse field spin models: from statistical physics to quantum information. Cambridge University Press, 2015. [34] A. Polkovnikov and V. Gritsev. Breakdown of the adiabatic limit in low-dimensional gapless systems. Nature Physics, 4:477, June 2008. [35] C. De Grandi, V. Gritsev, and A. Polkovnikov. Quench dynamics near a quantum critical point: Application to the sine-gordon model. Phys. Rev. B, 81:224301, Jun 2010. [36] C. De Grandi, V. Gritsev, and A. Polkovnikov. Quench dynamics near a quantum critical point. Phys. Rev. B, 81:012303, Jan 2010. [37] Shusa Deng, Gerardo Ortiz, and Lorenza Viola. Dynamical critical scaling and effective thermalization in quantum quenches: Role of the initial state. Phys. Rev. B, 83:094304, 2011. [38] Pierre Pfeuty. The one-dimensional ising model with a transverse field. Annals of Physics, 57(1):79 – 90, 1970. [39] J. E. Bunder and Ross H. McKenzie. Effect of disorder on quantum phase transitions in anisotropic xy spin chains in a transverse field. Phys. Rev. B, 60:344–358, Jul 1999. [40] Elliott Lieb, Theodore Schultz, and Daniel Mattis. Two soluble models of an antiferromagnetic chain. Annals of Physics, 16(3):407 – 466, 1961. [41] Andreas Hartmann, Victor Mukherjee, Wolfgang Niedenzu, and Wolfgang Lechner. Many-body quantum heat engines with shortcuts to adiabaticity. Phys. Rev. Res., 2:023145, May 2020. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Quantum Critical Engine at Finite Temperatures: Conclusion and References

SINGAPORE, September 11, 2024 - Hybrid cryptocurrency exchange GRVT (pronounced “gravity”), ZKsync’s first official Validium ZK Chain, is thrilled to announce its partnership with 16 leading industry market makers, including Galaxy Trading Asia Limited., Ampersan, Amber Group, IMC, Flow Traders, Pulsar, QCP, Selini, and more. The strategic alliance, bolstered by a commitment of $3.3 billion in monthly trading volume from over 40 institutional clients, reinforces GRVT as a trusted hub of liquidity and market stability, particularly during volatile market conditions. This achievement comes even before GRVT’s Mainnet launch, scheduled for Q4 this year, underscoring the market’s high anticipation and confidence in GRVT’s hybrid concept that combines the efficiency of TradFi with the secure settlement of blockchain technology. GRVT’s Open Beta Testnet is currently live, with more than 2.5 million users registered on waitlist. Sign up here now. Commitment to Deep Liquidity, Market Stability and Trader Confidence Amid the recent turbulence and the crypto market’s inherent volatility, the demand for deep liquidity and stable trading environments only grows stronger each day. GRVT’s collaboration with industry giants enables the exchange to handle large orders with minimal slippage, delivering tighter bid-ask spreads and lower trading costs for both retail and institutional traders. These measures are essential in maintaining a stable market environment, enhancing trader confidence and ensuring continuous, reliable trading activity. “We are deeply grateful for the trust our partners have placed in us,” said Hong Yea, Co-Founder and CEO of GRVT. “Making money in financial markets is challenging. GRVT envisions a platform where anyone can trade anything in one place. These collaborations are one of the very first and critical steps towards our mission to offer a convenient and efficient platform for deploying investment strategies, trading, and generating self-custodial wealth in an open, trustless environment through exchange liquidity, smart contracts, and community distribution.” John Cahill, Chief Operating Officer at Galaxy Trading Asia Ltd., said, “Platforms like GRVT are pushing the boundaries with innovative hybrid models that blend the strengths of TradFi and DeFi to offer deep liquidity and crucial infrastructure needed for efficient, secure trading across digital asset options and other derivatives. The commitment from leading industry players and the substantial liquidity being channeled into this space underscore the vast opportunities ahead.” Darius Sit, Founder and CIO of QCP, said, “A pressing need has emerged for solutions that address critical issues in asset safety, data privacy and trading efficiency. GRVT's approach offers a very promising path forward and we are thrilled to be part of the development of a more secure and efficient ecosystem.” Christophe de la Celle, Chief Commercial Officer at Selini Capital, said, “With the DEX landscape rapidly evolving, the competition among some remarkable incumbents is intensifying. Among the 2024 cohort of new challengers, GRVT stands out as a leader. Their approach is both professional and well-structured, with a strong focus on catering to both professional and retail traders. We are excited to partner with GRVT and look forward to the significant impact they will have upon their launch.” Daniel Ku, CEO at Ampersan, said, "Decentralised trading platforms will continue to be an important part in the growth of the crypto trading industry. They can bring diversification of counterparty risks while still allowing price discovery across many assets and product types. GRVT is well-positioned to address these needs within a scalable, high-frequency infrastructure. As a key market maker, Ampersan is excited to collaborate with GRVT in bringing a liquid and performant platform to the market.” Martin Cheung, Head of Options Trading at Pulsar, said, “Partnering with GRVT is an important step for Pulsar as we enhance our trading capabilities. GRVT’s innovative infrastructure is a refreshing complement to our trading needs, offering the agility and security that are essential in the crypto markets. Onboarding with GRVT will undoubtedly strengthen our existing strategies, helping us maintain our strong track record. Together, we are poised to become a key force within the crypto ecosystem, driving market efficiency and growth.” Michael Lie, Global Head of Digital Assets at Flow Traders, commented, “This new partnership is another step forward in increasing our proximity to innovation occurring in the digital assets space. GRVT’s approach combines the benefits of centralized and decentralized finance. This is particularly relevant for market makers and liquidity providers like Flow Traders, because we’re at the intersection of TradFi and DeFi and therefore deeply aware of the trade-offs that users face today. GRVT’s unique approach is a significant step forward in improving usability and accessibility for a broad range of users.” “As we look ahead, we’re excited about GRVT’s roadmap and the innovative developments we have in store, which will further strengthen our platform and continue to build confidence among our users and partners alike.” added Yea. For more information and to join the GRVT community, visit grvt.io. Disclaimer: Cryptocurrencies carry high risks. This content is not a distribution of, or an offer or solicitation to provide, financial services or products, nor a representation as to their suitability or legality for you. GRVT is not a regulated entity and your funds are not subject to regulatory protection. Before making any decision based on this content, please seek financial and legal advice, and carefully review GRVT’s Risk Disclosure and Disclaimer in full. Singapore users: GRVT is not licensed, approved, authorised, designated, recognised, registered or otherwise regulated under any legislation administered by the Monetary Authority of Singapore ("MAS"). As such, users will not have the benefit of any regulatory safeguards imposed by the MAS. About GRVT GRVT (pronounced “gravity”) is a hybrid derivatives exchange founded in 2022, offering off-chain order matching and on-chain settlements at an impressive 600,000 TPS. GRVT’s vision is to reinvent the global financial system from its core by leveraging blockchain technology, giving more people the power to generate and fully own their wealth without barriers. As the “Goldman Sachs of blockchain,” GRVT brings institutional expertise to decentralized finance. Our goal is to build an open, scalable marketplace—akin to the “Amazon of DeFi”—where individuals can easily access financial products.GRVT official website: https://grvt.io/ For media inquiries, contact: press@grvt.io Social and Community: X | LinkedIn | Telegram | Discord GRVT official website: https://grvt.io/ This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. SINGAPORE, September 11, 2024 - Hybrid cryptocurrency exchange GRVT (pronounced “gravity”), ZKsync’s first official Validium ZK Chain, is thrilled to announce its partnership with 16 leading industry market makers, including Galaxy Trading Asia Limited., Ampersan, Amber Group, IMC, Flow Traders, Pulsar, QCP, Selini, and more. The strategic alliance, bolstered by a commitment of $3.3 billion in monthly trading volume from over 40 institutional clients, reinforces GRVT as a trusted hub of liquidity and market stability, particularly during volatile market conditions. This achievement comes even before GRVT’s Mainnet launch, scheduled for Q4 this year, underscoring the market’s high anticipation and confidence in GRVT’s hybrid concept that combines the efficiency of TradFi with the secure settlement of blockchain technology. GRVT’s Open Beta Testnet is currently live, with more than 2.5 million users registered on waitlist. Sign up here now. Commitment to Deep Liquidity, Market Stability and Trader Confidence Amid the recent turbulence and the crypto market’s inherent volatility, the demand for deep liquidity and stable trading environments only grows stronger each day. GRVT’s collaboration with industry giants enables the exchange to handle large orders with minimal slippage, delivering tighter bid-ask spreads and lower trading costs for both retail and institutional traders. These measures are essential in maintaining a stable market environment, enhancing trader confidence and ensuring continuous, reliable trading activity. “We are deeply grateful for the trust our partners have placed in us,” said Hong Yea, Co-Founder and CEO of GRVT. “We are deeply grateful for the trust our partners have placed in us,” said Hong Yea, Co-Founder and CEO of GRVT. “Making money in financial markets is challenging. GRVT envisions a platform where anyone can trade anything in one place. These collaborations are one of the very first and critical steps towards our mission to offer a convenient and efficient platform for deploying investment strategies, trading, and generating self-custodial wealth in an open, trustless environment through exchange liquidity, smart contracts, and community distribution.” “Making money in financial markets is challenging. GRVT envisions a platform where anyone can trade anything in one place. These collaborations are one of the very first and critical steps towards our mission to offer a convenient and efficient platform for deploying investment strategies, trading, and generating self-custodial wealth in an open, trustless environment through exchange liquidity, smart contracts, and community distribution.” John Cahill, Chief Operating Officer at Galaxy Trading Asia Ltd., said, “Platforms like GRVT are pushing the boundaries with innovative hybrid models that blend the strengths of TradFi and DeFi to offer deep liquidity and crucial infrastructure needed for efficient, secure trading across digital asset options and other derivatives. The commitment from leading industry players and the substantial liquidity being channeled into this space underscore the vast opportunities ahead.” John Cahill, Chief Operating Officer at Galaxy Trading Asia Ltd., said, “Platforms like GRVT are pushing the boundaries with innovative hybrid models that blend the strengths of TradFi and DeFi to offer deep liquidity and crucial infrastructure needed for efficient, secure trading across digital asset options and other derivatives. The commitment from leading industry players and the substantial liquidity being channeled into this space underscore the vast opportunities ahead.” Darius Sit, Founder and CIO of QCP, said, “A pressing need has emerged for solutions that address critical issues in asset safety, data privacy and trading efficiency. GRVT's approach offers a very promising path forward and we are thrilled to be part of the development of a more secure and efficient ecosystem.” Darius Sit, Founder and CIO of QCP, said, “A pressing need has emerged for solutions that address critical issues in asset safety, data privacy and trading efficiency. GRVT's approach offers a very promising path forward and we are thrilled to be part of the development of a more secure and efficient ecosystem.” Christophe de la Celle, Chief Commercial Officer at Selini Capital, said, “With the DEX landscape rapidly evolving, the competition among some remarkable incumbents is intensifying. Among the 2024 cohort of new challengers, GRVT stands out as a leader. Their approach is both professional and well-structured, with a strong focus on catering to both professional and retail traders. We are excited to partner with GRVT and look forward to the significant impact they will have upon their launch.” Christophe de la Celle, Chief Commercial Officer at Selini Capital, said, “With the DEX landscape rapidly evolving, the competition among some remarkable incumbents is intensifying. Among the 2024 cohort of new challengers, GRVT stands out as a leader. Their approach is both professional and well-structured, with a strong focus on catering to both professional and retail traders. We are excited to partner with GRVT and look forward to the significant impact they will have upon their launch.” Daniel Ku, CEO at Ampersan, said, "Decentralised trading platforms will continue to be an important part in the growth of the crypto trading industry. They can bring diversification of counterparty risks while still allowing price discovery across many assets and product types. GRVT is well-positioned to address these needs within a scalable, high-frequency infrastructure. As a key market maker, Ampersan is excited to collaborate with GRVT in bringing a liquid and performant platform to the market.” Daniel Ku, CEO at Ampersan, said, "Decentralised trading platforms will continue to be an important part in the growth of the crypto trading industry. They can bring diversification of counterparty risks while still allowing price discovery across many assets and product types. GRVT is well-positioned to address these needs within a scalable, high-frequency infrastructure. As a key market maker, Ampersan is excited to collaborate with GRVT in bringing a liquid and performant platform to the market.” Martin Cheung, Head of Options Trading at Pulsar, said, “Partnering with GRVT is an important step for Pulsar as we enhance our trading capabilities. GRVT’s innovative infrastructure is a refreshing complement to our trading needs, offering the agility and security that are essential in the crypto markets. Onboarding with GRVT will undoubtedly strengthen our existing strategies, helping us maintain our strong track record. Together, we are poised to become a key force within the crypto ecosystem, driving market efficiency and growth.” Martin Cheung, Head of Options Trading at Pulsar, said, “Partnering with GRVT is an important step for Pulsar as we enhance our trading capabilities. GRVT’s innovative infrastructure is a refreshing complement to our trading needs, offering the agility and security that are essential in the crypto markets. Onboarding with GRVT will undoubtedly strengthen our existing strategies, helping us maintain our strong track record. Together, we are poised to become a key force within the crypto ecosystem, driving market efficiency and growth.” Michael Lie, Global Head of Digital Assets at Flow Traders, commented, “This new partnership is another step forward in increasing our proximity to innovation occurring in the digital assets space. GRVT’s approach combines the benefits of centralized and decentralized finance. This is particularly relevant for market makers and liquidity providers like Flow Traders, because we’re at the intersection of TradFi and DeFi and therefore deeply aware of the trade-offs that users face today. GRVT’s unique approach is a significant step forward in improving usability and accessibility for a broad range of users.” Michael Lie, Global Head of Digital Assets at Flow Traders, commented, “This new partnership is another step forward in increasing our proximity to innovation occurring in the digital assets space. GRVT’s approach combines the benefits of centralized and decentralized finance. This is particularly relevant for market makers and liquidity providers like Flow Traders, because we’re at the intersection of TradFi and DeFi and therefore deeply aware of the trade-offs that users face today. GRVT’s unique approach is a significant step forward in improving usability and accessibility for a broad range of users.” “As we look ahead, we’re excited about GRVT’s roadmap and the innovative developments we have in store, which will further strengthen our platform and continue to build confidence among our users and partners alike.” added Yea. “As we look ahead, we’re excited about GRVT’s roadmap and the innovative developments we have in store, which will further strengthen our platform and continue to build confidence among our users and partners alike.” added Yea. For more information and to join the GRVT community, visit grvt.io . grvt.io Disclaimer: Cryptocurrencies carry high risks. This content is not a distribution of, or an offer or solicitation to provide, financial services or products, nor a representation as to their suitability or legality for you. GRVT is not a regulated entity and your funds are not subject to regulatory protection. Before making any decision based on this content, please seek financial and legal advice, and carefully review GRVT’s Risk Disclosure and Disclaimer in full. Singapore users: GRVT is not licensed, approved, authorised, designated, recognised, registered or otherwise regulated under any legislation administered by the Monetary Authority of Singapore ("MAS"). As such, users will not have the benefit of any regulatory safeguards imposed by the MAS. About GRVT GRVT (pronounced “gravity”) is a hybrid derivatives exchange founded in 2022, offering off-chain order matching and on-chain settlements at an impressive 600,000 TPS. GRVT’s vision is to reinvent the global financial system from its core by leveraging blockchain technology, giving more people the power to generate and fully own their wealth without barriers. As the “Goldman Sachs of blockchain,” GRVT brings institutional expertise to decentralized finance. Our goal is to build an open, scalable marketplace—akin to the “Amazon of DeFi”—where individuals can easily access financial products.GRVT official website: https://grvt.io/ https://grvt.io/ https://grvt.io/ For media inquiries, contact: press@grvt.io press@grvt.io press@grvt.io Social and Community: X | LinkedIn | Telegram | Discord X X LinkedIn LinkedIn Telegram Telegram Discord Discord GRVT official website: https://grvt.io/ https://grvt.io/ This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here

GRVT Secures 16 Top Market Makers And $3.3B Monthly Volume Ahead of Q4 Mainnet Launch

GRVT ukax 16 Jach’a Markachirinakaruw Segure Ukat $3.3B Phaxsi Volumen Q4 Mainnet Launch Nayraqata

জিআরভিটি Q4 মেইননেট লঞ্চের আগে 16 শীর্ষ বাজার নির্মাতা এবং $3.3B মাসিক ভলিউম সুরক্ষিত করে

GRVT assegura 16 millors fabricants de mercat i un volum mensual de 3,3 milions de dòlars abans del llançament de la xarxa principal del quart trimestre

GRVT asegura 16 creadores de mercado de primer nivel y un volumen mensual de 3300 millones de dólares antes del lanzamiento de la red principal del cuarto trimestre

GRVT-k 16 merkatu-sortzaile nagusi eta hileroko 3,3 milioi dolarreko bolumena bermatzen ditu Mainnet Q4 abiaraztearen aurretik

GRVT 16 بازارساز برتر و حجم ماهیانه 3.3 میلیارد دلار را قبل از راه اندازی Q4 Mainnet تضمین می کند

GRVT turvaa 16 parasta markkinatakaajaa ja 3,3 miljardin dollarin kuukausittaisen volyymin ennen neljännen kvartaalin julkaisua

GRVT sécurise 16 teneurs de marché de premier plan et un volume mensuel de 3,3 milliards de dollars avant le lancement du réseau principal au quatrième trimestre

GRVT osigurava 16 najboljih market makera i mjesečni promet od 3,3 milijarde USD prije pokretanja glavne mreže u četvrtom kvartalu

GRVT-ն ապահովում է 16 լավագույն շուկա ստեղծողների և $3,3 մլրդ ամսական ծավալը 4-րդ եռամսյակի Mainnet-ի մեկնարկից առաջ

GRVT、第4四半期のメインネットローンチに先立ち、トップマーケットメーカー16社と月間取引高33億ドルを確保

GRVT Inochengetedza 16 Vagadziri Vemusika Wepamusoro Uye $3.3B Pamwedzi Vhoriyamu Pamberi peQ4 Mainnet Launch

This interview series celebrates all the phenomenal . Well-Deserved, Champion. HackerNoon sits down with Jett Prescott of PennyFly Entertainment: Startups of the Year Winners [ ] https://hackernoon.com/startups-of-the-year-2023-winners-north-america As the founder of PennyFly Entertainment, what does it mean for you to win this title? I am a long-time tech nerd and reader of HackerNoon, so it truly means a lot. Before PennyFly was even an idea, I graduated from Penn State with a bachelor’s degree in Cyber Security and was certified to work with the NSA. I fully expected my life would be immersed in all things hacking and counter-hacking, but shortly after graduating, what began as a hobby, writing and performing music turned into a serious career pursuit. Following label offers after moving to LA, I made the decision to stay independent while networking within the industry to build a team around me. This undertaking became much bigger than myself, snowballing into helping more and more artists, and today, we’ve worked with over 170 different artists at all career stages. As PennyFly grew, I began to wonder if I would ever utilize any of that education or if it was an unfortunate waste of time and money…thankfully, it wasn’t. Everything came full circle as blockchain and AI-driven solutions continued to dominate multiple major industries. My understanding of these technologies allowed PennyFly to integrate them into our services and workflows and ultimately expanded what we do into a new company division, as we have now catered to over a dozen web3-based projects. Big shoutout to our CTO, Dr. Harry Malinski, and CMO, Skye Ruedas, for spearheading these efforts! Tell us how your startup is changing the world. I often tell people we’re not exactly “reinventing the wheel” when it comes to artist services. We have mentored under some of the best marketing professionals in the industry and are simply offering the same major-label caliber services you would typically get from signing a larger label deal - Having been around for nearly seven years, we continue to be one of the only true label services agencies in the world that can replicate these niche services under one roof (and without the 360-style strings attached). In the past two years, we have seen increasingly heavy interest from artists outside of the US in need of our services, as they are unable to find what we do anywhere else. what truly makes us different is that we don’t gate-keep these services behind contracts that take ownership, rights, and freedoms away from artists. What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? I feel incredibly blessed to be working alongside such passionate and driven individuals - but most of all, we’ve developed strong friendships over the years and consider each other family. As our artists know well, we are far from the stereotypical “corporate” vibes you see with most companies, especially other marketing agencies and labels. This goes a very long way when it comes to cultivating the right atmosphere for artists to thrive. While we are very results-driven and don’t take shortcuts, we’re also all close friends who enjoy hanging out at the end of a long day…from gaming to watching sports or streaming the latest South Park, we always make time to have some fun. Speaking of family, my wife Raye has been such an integral part of PennyFly becoming what it is today; she is an absolute powerhouse when it comes to dialing in the right branding for our artists, from web development to digital design. In contrast, Harry Malinski’s wife, Melody, has been a huge asset on the administrative side and is growing into a larger creative-driven role to complement our evolving needs in-house. What sets you apart from the competition? It really comes down to our unique combination of proven marketing techniques with real accessibility. We don’t do 360 deals or require artists to sign unfavorable contracts in order to get the same teams and services they would otherwise get from well-known labels. It is also entirely up to the artist whether or not they’d like to publicly mention involvement with us - some artists opt for a “silent partnership” where we support them behind the scenes without the portrayal of having been officially “signed”. There are pros and cons to both approaches, as plenty of artists also prefer the opposite, which is why we ultimately leave it up to them. The only thing that really matters to us is ensuring our artists are comfortable, motivated, and inspired to succeed. Lastly, we seem to be the only company in our niche that showcases a long-form compilation of testimonials featuring a wide variety of artists we’ve worked with, all on camera talking about their experience working with us. We treat our artists like family, which leads not only to success but also to having a lot of fun along the way. How do you or your company intend to embrace the responsibility of this title in 2024? What goals are you looking forward to accomplishing? We are simply going to continue doing what we do best: offering great teams to great artists. The traction we gain with our clients continues to speak for itself, and we are growing every week. A major focus for us in 2024 will be scaling up everything we do. This means building out our departments with additional teams to handle more artists without compromising our attention to detail, ability to deliver, and overall results. As our Director of Project Management, Carter Perran has been invaluable in leading successful recruitment efforts and keeping everyone on track. Are there any artists you are particularly excited about? Absolutely. One of our biggest passions is working with artists who have incredible talent and potential but need the right exposure to build a truly engaged fanbase. We are expecting big things from Tanya Mezh, Kiraly, J. Lauryn, Amelia Milo, CasPark, and Laura Warshauer, whom we’ve all thoroughly enjoyed working with. There are also some exciting new partnerships in the works as we speak! 2023 has been another crazy year, especially in tech with the Generative AI takeover - is this a trend you are concerned about? This really is an interesting topic that has many nuances to it. On one hand, we’ve seen an incredible improvement with some of our services that are now supported by AI. From increased efficiency to better results, it’s hard to argue with the advantages these AI tools provide when utilized properly. On the other hand, we can’t forget the value brought by real artists, musicians, and writers. There is a human element that will always transcend machines attempting to reproduce that human feel. Currently, getting the most out of these AI solutions still requires a skilled, intelligent professional to gather some of what the AI produces in order to shape the final result into something practical and presentable. Any words of wisdom you’d like to share with us? Whether you are an artist in the early stages of your career or already established, remember that the #1 thing to always focus on is consistency. Staying power is everything. Artists we work with who find the most success in the quickest timeframes remain incredibly consistent in their music release schedules and social media presence. Even if you have an entire team behind you, work ethic is everything - this cannot be overstated enough. If you embody these values throughout your craft and your content and remain true to your authentic self, you can accomplish anything you set your mind to. Overnight success is years in the making as they say, so don’t get discouraged if things don’t take off as quickly as you expect them to. Stay the course and keep going. The ones who win are the ones who simply refuse to give up. Startups of The Year is HackerNoon’s Flagship community-driven event celebrating startups that survived and thrived in 2023. 30,000 startups across 4200+ cities and six continents participated this year to be crowned the best startup in their city. See our global winners announcement . here Companies that blog more get 67% more leads - Jumpstart your company’s blogging journey by purchasing our . Business Blogging Package

Meet PennyFly Entertainment, Startups of the Year Winner (Malibu, CA)

Students Are Being Labeled "High-Risk" Because of Their Race and Income in Wisconsin

উইসকনসিনে তাদের জাতি এবং আয়ের কারণে ছাত্রদের "উচ্চ-ঝুঁকি" হিসাবে চিহ্নিত করা হচ্ছে

In Wisconsin werden Studenten aufgrund ihrer Rasse und ihres Einkommens als „hochriskant“ eingestuft

Los estudiantes están siendo etiquetados como "de alto riesgo" debido a su raza e ingresos en Wisconsin

Dans le Wisconsin, les étudiants sont qualifiés de « à haut risque » en raison de leur race et de leurs revenus

विस्कॉन्सिन में छात्रों को उनकी जाति और आय के कारण "उच्च जोखिम" का लेबल दिया जा रहा है

ウィスコンシン州で人種と収入を理由に学生が「高リスク」のレッテルを貼られている

위스콘신 주에서는 인종과 소득 때문에 학생들이 "고위험"으로 분류되고 있습니다

Os alunos estão sendo rotulados de “alto risco” por causa de sua raça e renda em Wisconsin

Студентов в Висконсине относят к группе высокого риска из-за их расы и доходов

Wisconsin'de Öğrenciler Irkları ve Gelirleri Nedeniyle "Yüksek Riskli" Olarak Etiketleniyor

Học sinh đang bị gắn mác "Rủi ro cao" vì chủng tộc và thu nhập của họ ở Wisconsin

威斯康星州的学生因种族和收入而被贴上“高风险”标签

In 2016, when I began advocating for a switch from WhatsApp and Telegram to Signal in conversations with colleagues, friends, and family, I made a startling discovery: the vast majority of people, especially those outside the cybersecurity field, seemed largely indifferent to the crucial role of cryptography in our everyday lives. This apathy was particularly pronounced during discussions about Facebook's plans to integrate its messaging platforms with WhatsApp. The concern here stems from the different approaches to privacy and security adopted by these platforms despite them utilizing the same end-to-end encryption protocol developed by . WhatsApp, operating under Facebook, has been scrutinized for its potential use of metadata, raising questions about user privacy. On the other hand, Signal's open-source nature and minimal data collection practices are generally perceived as more secure and private, underscoring its commitment to user privacy. Open Whisper Systems Telegram, another popular messaging app, offers end-to-end encryption only in its 'Secret Chats' feature and not in regular chats or group chats. This critical distinction is important for users to understand when selecting a messaging platform based on their privacy needs. This scenario underscores a broader issue: the public's lack of awareness about the critical importance of robust cryptographic practices in safeguarding our digital interactions. It seems that many fail to recognize that cryptography forms the bedrock of our online communications, whether it's for personal conversations, financial transactions, or sensitive data sharing. As I engaged more in these discussions, it became clear that a fundamental understanding of how our data is protected—or possibly exposed—is vital due to our increasing reliance on digital platforms. If you are contemplating a switch from WhatsApp to Signal or wondering about Telegram's position in this context, a comprehensive comparison of these platforms is available in . This piece thoughtfully explains the nuanced differences in how these apps manage end-to-end encryption and user data, highlighting the intricacies of cryptography in everyday use. this article on CyberNews Cryptography ignorance is a bliss for Government regulators In the halls of the European Union, a bill has sparked significant debate with its aim to weaken end-to-end encryption, ostensibly to combat child sexual abuse. Despite some good intentions, this legislative effort is mired in controversy due to its potential impact on the privacy rights of EU citizens. A detailed analysis by Riana Pfefferkorn at Stanford's Center for Internet and Society, available , delves into the complexities of this issue. The EU's draft Child Sex Abuse Regulation suggests that online service providers proactively scan their services, including private communications, for abusive material, a major shift from current laws that allow for voluntary detection. here This proposal has triggered dissent among EU member states, underscoring the tension between child protection and the rights of over 447 million EU citizens. The bill's approach to end-to-end encryption, a cornerstone of digital privacy and security, has raised significant legal and technical concerns. End-to-end encryption safeguards communications from external surveillance, but poses challenges for law enforcement in detecting illegal activities. The ongoing debate in the EU highlights how a lack of public understanding of cryptography can be exploited by regulators. Policies lacking a comprehensive grasp of encryption and its implications risk inadvertently undermining the foundational principles of privacy and security. An informed discussion, considering both the technical realities of encryption and the legal frameworks governing digital rights, is essential. In Australia, the government has passed an unprecedented law that poses a significant threat to global privacy. Known as the TOLA Act, this 2018 legislation compels tech companies to provide Australian authorities with access to encrypted messages, essentially mandating the creation of backdoors. Despite a recent review proposing additional safeguards and oversight mechanisms, the law's core mandate, particularly regarding access to encrypted communications, remains largely intact. This move has serious implications, as it not only compromises the security of communications within Australia but also sets a dangerous precedent globally. The law's broad scope and potential for misuse raise significant concerns among privacy advocates and security experts. More details about this concerning development, including the recent review's findings, can be found in this article by the . Foundation for Economic Education Similarly, the United Kingdom is on the cusp of adopting policies that could significantly weaken encryption worldwide. The Online Safety Bill, ostensibly designed to enhance online safety, paradoxically risks making individuals less secure online. The recently passed bill mandates that tech companies weaken their encryption services, potentially exposing users to increased cyberattacks and privacy violations. The far-reaching implications of these legislative actions are explored in greater depth by the and . Electronic Frontier Foundation The Conversation Panama Papers and the Value of Cryptography in Journalism and Advocacy The Panama Papers were a groundbreaking revelation in the world of investigative journalism, showcasing the transformative power of encryption in the fight against global corruption. In 2016, over 11.5 million documents were leaked from Mossack Fonseca, the world's fourth-largest offshore law firm, uncovering the intricate financial dealings of the elite. The leak revealed the identities of individuals and entities involved in potentially illicit activities across more than 214,000 offshore companies. Encryption was crucial in this process, as it protected the identity of the whistleblower, known as "John Doe," and ensured the secure and confidential transmission of this sensitive data. This case demonstrated how strong encryption is not only a technical tool but a fundamental enabler of privacy, democratic principles, and journalistic integrity. In an era where digital security and privacy are increasingly under threat, the story of the Panama Papers serves as a potent reminder of the essential role of encryption. Bastian Obermayer, the investigative journalist who brought the Panama Papers to light, emphasizes this in for Euroviews. He recounts how the insistence on strictly encrypted communication was a lifeline for the whistleblowers, enabling them to safely share information that would shake the world. this article As Obermayer points out, without strong encryption, the risks to both the source and the journalists would have been exponentially greater. The investigation into the Panama Papers not only brought to light financial crimes and global corruption but also highlighted how encryption empowers individuals to challenge powerful entities and expose injustice. However, this crucial tool for maintaining privacy and enabling transparency is facing legislative challenges globally, from the UK's Online Safety Bill to the US's EARN IT Act and the EU's Child Sexual Abuse Regulation proposals. Encryption, as Obermayer asserts, is a massive asset for democracy. It allows for private conversations, which are essential for a healthy public discourse and investigative journalism. The Panama Papers are a testament to the power of encryption in giving a voice to the voiceless and standing up against injustice. It's a narrative that emphasizes the need to not only understand but also to defend strong encryption – for it is in this technology that the strength of our democracies and the protection of our fundamental freedoms lie. Cryptography 101: Public key cryptography (PKC) and the RSA algorithm In the following paragraph, I will share a series of resources for people of different backgrounds interested in learning more about cryptography. However, the world would already be in a better place if most people had a basic understanding of two of the pillars of modern cryptography: public key cryptography (PKC) and the RSA Algorithm. In 1976, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, and Ralph Merkle revolutionized electronic communication security by developing public key cryptography (PKC). This innovative method forms the cornerstone of modern secure communication, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of our digital interactions. : The Essence of PKC At the core of cryptographic security are two types of keys: private and public. These keys are essential to asymmetric encryption, a method where different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting messages. Public and Private Keys This key is confidential and exclusively known to the user. It's never shared and is used primarily for two purposes: decrypting data encrypted with the corresponding public key and signing digital documents to authenticate the sender's identity. Private Key: Contrasting with the private key, the public key is openly shared and available to anyone. It is utilized to encrypt data that can only be decrypted by the matched private key, thus ensuring that only the intended recipient can access the transmitted information. Public Key: Building on PKC Principles The RSA algorithm, developed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, is one of the first and most widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms. It builds upon the principles of PKC established by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle. This algorithm is a fundamental technology behind many secure systems we depend on today, from HTTPS protocols on the internet to secure email communication. The RSA Algorithm: RSA functions by generating two large prime numbers in secret and multiplying them to produce a public number. The security of RSA hinges on the difficulty of factoring this large public number back into its prime components. Functionality: RSA is integral in various applications, including digital signatures, secure data transmission, and encryption of sensitive information. Its extensive use is a strong indicator of its effectiveness and security. Use Cases: RSA, while robust, confronts challenges like increasing computational capabilities and the potential impact of quantum computing, underscoring the need for continuous development in cryptographic methods. Challenges and Limitations: The Significance of PKC and RSA Understanding the basics of PKC and the RSA algorithm is crucial for anyone involved in cybersecurity or digital privacy. These concepts are practical tools safeguarding our digital lives, not merely theoretical ideas. Their comprehension clarifies much of the encryption we encounter daily and empowers us to make more informed decisions about our digital security. Resources to Become Cryptography-Savvy The journey to becoming a cryptography-savvy user is a path of continuous learning and engagement. Whether you're a novice with no technical background or someone looking to deepen existing knowledge, the world of cryptography offers an array of resources to explore. Here's a guide to help you navigate this journey, categorized for different levels of expertise. For Beginners (No Technical Skills Required): A comprehensive introduction to cryptography's history and principles. " " by Simon Singh: The Code Book A user-friendly online course covering the basics of cryptography. Khan Academy's : Cryptography Course Engaging talks that make complex concepts in cryptography accessible. TED Talks on Cryptography: Intermediate Level (Some Technical Background Helpful): Delves deeper into cryptographic principles and digital applications. " " by Keith Martin: Cryptography: The Key to Digital Security, How It Works, and Why It Matters Intermediate-level courses offering deeper insights into cryptography. : Coursera's Cryptography Courses Advanced Level (Technical Skills Required): A classic text for those with a solid technical background. " " by Bruce Schneier: Applied Cryptography Find it on Amazon Challenging courses for an in-depth understanding of advanced topics. MIT : OpenCourseWare's Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Courses Build real-world cryptography knowledge and explore modern algorithms. This book is ideal for deepening your understanding of advanced cryptography concepts and applications. “ " by Massimo Bertaccini: Cryptography Algorithms: A guide to algorithms in blockchain, quantum cryptography, zero-knowledge protocols, and homomorphic encryption Online Forums and Communities: Engage with communities on Reddit for insights and discussions. : Cryptology Subreddits and Online Forums For practical understanding, explore projects related to cryptography on GitHub. : GitHub Repositories Staying Updated: Blogs and Newsletters: Keep up with the latest developments by following leading cryptography blogs ( and subscribing to newsletters. ) Bruce Schneier's Blog Remember, becoming knowledgeable in cryptography is about more than just learning; it's about understanding its societal impact, advocating for digital rights, and ensuring security. Share your insights and learnings with your network to contribute to a more informed community. How I Protect My Data In my pursuit of digital privacy and security, I carefully select platforms renowned for their robust encryption and commitment to user privacy. However, I am acutely aware that in the dynamic world of technology, no solution is ever permanent. Changes in company ownership or philosophy can alter the landscape, requiring constant vigilance and readiness to adapt. My primary choice for instant messaging is . Praised for its end-to-end encryption, Signal ensures that my communications remain confidential. As an open-source platform, it undergoes regular scrutiny by the cybersecurity community, enhancing its trustworthiness. Signal's commitment to privacy is not just about robust technology; it's also about a philosophy that values user privacy above all else. Signal for Instant Messaging: Signal For email, I rely on . Based in Switzerland, a country known for its strong privacy laws, ProtonMail offers end-to-end encrypted email services. This means that not even ProtonMail can access the contents of my emails, ensuring complete privacy. Their use of open-source encryption and their transparent operational policies align with my personal security requirements. ProtonMail for Email Communications: ProtonMail Beyond these platforms, I am also exploring decentralized solutions, particularly blockchain-based communication tools. Decentralization offers a unique advantage by removing the single point of control or failure, which is a vulnerability in centralized systems. Exploring Decentralized Solutions: One such example is , a blockchain-based chat platform. Status operates on the Ethereum blockchain, providing not only messaging services but also a crypto wallet and a decentralized web browser. Its open-source and peer-to-peer protocol offers transparency and security, resonating with my approach to digital privacy. The platform's commitment to user sovereignty and data protection, free from corporate oversight or governmental interference, presents a promising alternative in the ever-changing digital landscape. Status In conclusion, while platforms like Signal and ProtonMail currently meet my privacy and security needs, I remain open and attentive to the developments in decentralized solutions like Status. The digital world is in constant flux, and staying informed and flexible is key to ensuring the enduring safety and privacy of my data. Understanding Cryptography: Protecting Your Privacy Rights In this rapidly evolving digital age, the significance of cryptography extends far beyond the realms of specialized cybersecurity professionals. It touches the lives of every individual who interacts with the digital world. While becoming an expert in cryptography may not be feasible or necessary for everyone, having a fundamental understanding of its principles and implications is crucial. This knowledge empowers us to make informed decisions about our digital privacy and security and to critically assess the policies and technologies that govern our online interactions. As we have explored, cryptography is not just a tool for safeguarding data; it's a cornerstone of our digital rights and freedoms. Whether it’s choosing secure communication platforms, understanding the legislative landscape, or simply staying informed about the latest developments in encryption and privacy, every step you take toward understanding cryptography strengthens your position in the digital world. Remember, in the fight for digital privacy and freedom, awareness is your greatest ally. You don't need to be an expert, but understanding the basics of cryptography and staying informed about how it impacts your life is a step towards a more secure and private digital future.

Most People Don't Care About Cryptography, and That's a Problem

অধিকাংশ মানুষ ক্রিপ্টোগ্রাফি সম্পর্কে চিন্তা করে না, এবং এটি একটি সমস্যা

Die meisten Menschen interessieren sich nicht für Kryptographie, und das ist ein Problem

A la mayoría de la gente no le importa la criptografía, y eso es un problema

La plupart des gens ne se soucient pas de la cryptographie, et c'est un problème

अधिकांश लोग क्रिप्टोग्राफी की परवाह नहीं करते, और यह एक समस्या है

ほとんどの人は暗号化について関心がありませんが、それが問題です

대부분의 사람들은 암호화에 관심이 없으며 이것이 문제입니다.

A maioria das pessoas não se importa com criptografia, e isso é um problema

Большинству людей плевать на криптографию, и это проблема

Çoğu İnsan Kriptografiyi Önemsemiyor ve Bu Bir Sorun

Hầu hết mọi người không quan tâm đến mật mã và đó là một vấn đề

大多数人不关心密码学，这是一个问题

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE NEW HARBOR OF VERA CRUZ. here THE NEW HARBOR OF VERA CRUZ. Besides the enormous engineering work of rendering navigable one of the mouths of the Mississippi Delta, and the continuous labor of developing the more original and still bolder project for an Isthmian ship railway, Mr. James B. Eads has been engaged in the design of new and extensive harbor works at Vera Cruz, which, when completed, will secure for that city a commodious and secure port. The accompanying plan shows the natural features of the locality, as well as the new works. The harbor is formed by the coast line from the Punta de la Caleta to the Punta de Hornos, and by La Gallega reef. From the first named point a coral reef, nearly dry at low water, extends out about 300 yards into the gulf, and a similar one of about the same length runs out from the Punta de Hornos. Between these is a bay 2,000 meters wide, and at its northwest end lies the city of Vera Cruz. The bay is partly inclosed by an island or reef—La Gallega—which, on the harbor front, has a length of 1,200 meters. Beyond this, and to the southeast, is another small island—the Lavendera reef. Between the end of this reef and that projecting from the Punta de Hornos is 320 meters wide. As will be seen from the plan the natural harbor is exposed to the gale from the north and northwest, while the formation affords general protection from the northeast and southeast thanks to five large coral reefs. Not unfrequently, however, heavy seas sweep through the wide channels between these small islands interfering seriously with vessels lying alongside the present limited wharfage. Northeast, La Gallega and Gallaguilla reefs run northward from the harbor for 3,300 meters and these with the main coast line, form a bay exposed to the full fury of the winds from the north, and when northern winds prevail rough water is driven through the passage between La Gallega and Caleta reefs with great violence, and sets up a rapid and dangerous current into the harbor. From the foregoing it will be seen that, while presenting some advantages, the natural harbor of Vera Cruz possesses many drawbacks and dangers which the design of Mr. Eads will completely remove. The leading features of the works about to be carried out are indicated on the plan. They comprise The construction of a sea wall between La Gallega and the Lavendera reefs, with an extension over the latter. The construction of a sea wall from Punta de la Caleta to La Gallega. This part of the work will be begun after the completion of the first wall to a height of at least 3 ft. above low water. A dike connecting the northern ends of the first two dikes with each other, and stretching across the southern part of La Gallega, to prevent the seas which sometimes break over this reef from entering the harbor. The wall between La Gallega and Lavendera will not only cut off the rough water during northerly gales, but will also effectually prevent the deposition of sand in the harbor, because the through passage to the northwest will be stopped. Passages closed by sluice gates will be formed through this wall at about low water level, so that at any time the harbor may be flushed out and stagnation prevented. After the construction of the inclosing walls the harbor will be dredged out and cleared of coral to a depth of 25ft. below low water. Following these works of primary importance comes the construction of a wooden roadway from the Hornos reef to the northwestern dike. This roadway will form the south front of the harbor, and the excavated material will be deposited on the space between the roadway and the existing bottom, so as ultimately to make it a permanent work with a masonry retaining wall fronting the harbor. The land between the roadway and the city would also be reclaimed to the extent of more than 740,000 square yards. The construction of wooden piers at right angles to the roadway, which would be extended to run around the harbor as trade required it, for ships to be alongside for loading and unloading. The construction of these short piers would be similar to those used in New York and other United States ports, and they might afterward be replaced by masonry if the increase in trade justified so large an expenditure. The erection of a lighthouse, at or near the eastern end of the Lavendera sea wall of a second on the eastern side of La Gallaguilla reef, and of another on the west side of La Blanquilla reef. These houses will be furnished with distinctive signals to enable steamers running in before another to run with safety between La Gallaguilla and La Blanquilla as soon as the Lavendera light is seen between the other two. The width of deep water at the entrance between the Lavendera and Hornos reefs will be 1,000 ft. The estimated cost of these extensive works is ten millions of dollars, a large sum for the Mexican Republic to expend in harbor improvements at one port but it will doubtless be found a profitable investment as it will tend greatly to promote trade, and so increase indefinitely the commerce of the port. Mr. Eads' plan having been approved by the Mexican Government the work was formally commenced on the 14th of last August. Plans were also furnished by him at the request of the Government, for deepening the mouth of the Panuco River upon which is located the city of Tampico, the Gulf terminus of the Mexican central railway system.—Engineering. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE NEW HARBOR OF VERA CRUZ

Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1 by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . She Is Made General-in-Chief here She Is Made General-in-Chief It was indeed a great day, and a stirring thing to see. She had won! It was a mistake of Tremouille and her other ill-wishers to let her hold court those nights. The commission of priests sent to Lorraine ostensibly to inquire into Joan’s character—in fact to weary her with delays and wear out her purpose and make her give it up—arrived back and reported her character perfect. Our affairs were in full career now, you see. The verdict made a prodigious stir. Dead France woke suddenly to life, wherever the great news traveled. Whereas before, the spiritless and cowed people hung their heads and slunk away if one mentioned war to them, now they came clamoring to be enlisted under the banner of the Maid of Vaucouleurs, and the roaring of war-songs and the thundering of the drums filled all the air. I remembered now what she had said, that time there in our village when I proved by facts and statistics that France’s case was hopeless, and nothing could ever rouse the people from their lethargy: “They will hear the drums—and they will answer, they will march!” It has been said that misfortunes never come one at a time, but in a body. In our case it was the same with good luck. Having got a start, it came flooding in, tide after tide. Our next wave of it was of this sort. There had been grave doubts among the priests as to whether the Church ought to permit a female soldier to dress like a man. But now came a verdict on that head. Two of the greatest scholars and theologians of the time—one of whom had been Chancellor of the University of Paris—rendered it. They decided that since Joan “must do the work of a man and a soldier, it is just and legitimate that her apparel should conform to the situation.” It was a great point gained, the Church’s authority to dress as a man. Oh, yes, wave on wave the good luck came sweeping in. Never mind about the smaller waves, let us come to the largest one of all, the wave that swept us small fry quite off our feet and almost drowned us with joy. The day of the great verdict, couriers had been despatched to the King with it, and the next morning bright and early the clear notes of a bugle came floating to us on the crisp air, and we pricked up our ears and began to count them. One—two—three; pause; one—two; pause; one—two—three, again—and out we skipped and went flying; for that formula was used only when the King’s herald-at-arms would deliver a proclamation to the people. As we hurried along, people came racing out of every street and house and alley, men, women, and children, all flushed, excited, and throwing lacking articles of clothing on as they ran; still those clear notes pealed out, and still the rush of people increased till the whole town was abroad and streaming along the principal street. At last we reached the square, which was now packed with citizens, and there, high on the pedestal of the great cross, we saw the herald in his brilliant costume, with his servitors about him. The next moment he began his delivery in the powerful voice proper to his office: “Know all men, and take heed therefore, that the most high, the most illustrious Charles, by the grace of God King of France, hath been pleased to confer upon his well-beloved servant Joan of Arc, called the Maid, the title, emoluments, authorities, and dignity of General-in-Chief of the Armies of France—” Here a thousand caps flew in the air, and the multitude burst into a hurricane of cheers that raged and raged till it seemed as if it would never come to an end; but at last it did; then the herald went on and finished:—“and hath appointed to be her lieutenant and chief of staff a prince of his royal house, his grace the Duke of Alencon!” That was the end, and the hurricane began again, and was split up into innumerable strips by the blowers of it and wafted through all the lanes and streets of the town. General of the Armies of France, with a prince of the blood for subordinate! Yesterday she was nothing—to-day she was this. Yesterday she was not even a sergeant, not even a corporal, not even a private—to-day, with one step, she was at the top. Yesterday she was less than nobody to the newest recruit—to-day her command was law to La Hire, Saintrailles, the Bastard of Orleans, and all those others, veterans of old renown, illustrious masters of the trade of war. These were the thoughts I was thinking; I was trying to realize this strange and wonderful thing that had happened, you see. My mind went travelling back, and presently lighted upon a picture—a picture which was still so new and fresh in my memory that it seemed a matter of only yesterday—and indeed its date was no further back than the first days of January. This is what it was. A peasant-girl in a far-off village, her seventeenth year not yet quite completed, and herself and her village as unknown as if they had been on the other side of the globe. She had picked up a friendless wanderer somewhere and brought it home—a small gray kitten in a forlorn and starving condition—and had fed it and comforted it and got its confidence and made it believe in her, and now it was curled up in her lap asleep, and she was knitting a coarse stocking and thinking—dreaming—about what, one may never know. And now—the kitten had hardly had time to become a cat, and yet already the girl is General of the Armies of France, with a prince of the blood to give orders to, and out of her village obscurity her name has climbed up like the sun and is visible from all corners of the land! It made me dizzy to think of these things, they were so out of the common order, and seemed so impossible. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2874/pg2874-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

She Is Made General-in-Chief

The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Marse Tom Tramples His Chance here Marse Tom Tramples His Chance The holy passion of Friendship is of so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring a nature that it will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money. —Pudd’nhead Wilson’s Calendar. Consider well the proportions of things. It is better to be a young June-bug than an old bird of paradise. —Pudd’nhead Wilson’s Calendar. It is necessary now, to hunt up Roxy. At the time she was set free and went away chambermaiding, she was thirty-five. She got a berth as second chambermaid on a Cincinnati boat in the New Orleans trade, the . A couple of trips made her wonted and easy-going at the work, and infatuated her with the stir and adventure and independence of steamboat life. Then she was promoted and became head chambermaid. She was a favorite with the officers, and exceedingly proud of their joking and friendly way with her. Grand Mogul During eight years she served three parts of the year on that boat, and the winters on a Vicksburg packet. But now for two months she had had rheumatism in her arms, and was obliged to let the wash-tub alone. So she resigned. But she was well fixed—rich, as she would have described it; for she had lived a steady life, and had banked four dollars every month in New Orleans as a provision for her old age. She said in the start that she had “put shoes on one bar’footed nigger to tromple on her with,” and that one mistake like that was enough; she would be independent of the human race thenceforth forevermore if hard work and economy could accomplish it. When the boat touched the levee at New Orleans she bade good-by to her comrades on the and moved her kit ashore. Grand Mogul But she was back in a hour. The bank had gone to smash and carried her four hundred dollars with it. She was a pauper, and homeless. Also disabled bodily, at least for the present. The officers were full of sympathy for her in her trouble, and made up a little purse for her. She resolved to go to her birthplace; she had friends there among the negroes, and the unfortunate always help the unfortunate, she was well aware of that; those lowly comrades of her youth would not let her starve. She took the little local packet at Cairo, and now she was on the home-stretch. Time had worn away her bitterness against her son, and she was able to think of him with serenity. She put the vile side of him out of her mind, and dwelt only on recollections of his occasional acts of kindness to her. She gilded and otherwise decorated these, and made them very pleasant to contemplate. She began to long to see him. She would go and fawn upon him, slave-like—for this would have to be her attitude, of course—and maybe she would find that time had modified him, and that he would be glad to see his long-forgotten old nurse and treat her gently. That would be lovely; that would make her forget her woes and her poverty. Her poverty! That thought inspired her to add another castle to her dream: maybe he would give her a trifle now and then—maybe a dollar, once a month, say; any little thing like that would help, oh, ever so much. By the time she reached Dawson’s Landing she was her old self again; her blues were gone, she was in high feather. She would get along, surely; there were many kitchens where the servants would share their meals with her, and also steal sugar and apples and other dainties for her to carry home—or give her a chance to pilfer them herself, which would answer just as well. And there was the church. She was a more rabid and devoted Methodist than ever, and her piety was no sham, but was strong and sincere. Yes, with plenty of creature comforts and her old place in the amen-corner in her possession again, she would be perfectly happy and at peace thenceforward to the end. She went to Judge Driscoll’s kitchen first of all. She was received there in great form and with vast enthusiasm. Her wonderful travels, and the strange countries she had seen and the adventures she had had, made her a marvel, and a heroine of romance. The negroes hung enchanted upon the great story of her experiences, interrupting her all along with eager questions, with laughter, exclamations of delight and expressions of applause; and she was obliged to confess to herself that if there was anything better in this world than steamboating, it was the glory to be got by telling about it. The audience loaded her stomach with their dinners, and then stole the pantry bare to load up her basket. Tom was in St. Louis. The servants said he had spent the best part of his time there during the previous two years. Roxy came every day, and had many talks about the family and its affairs. Once she asked why Tom was away so much. The ostensible “Chambers” said: “De fac’ is, ole marster kin git along better when young marster’s away den he kin when he’s in de town; yes, en he love him better, too; so he gives him fifty dollahs a month—” “No, is dat so? Chambers, you’s a-jokin’, ain’t you?” “’Clah to goodness I ain’t, mammy; Marse Tom tole me so his own self. But nemmine, ’tain’t enough.” “My lan’, what de reason ’tain’t enough?” “Well, I’s gwine to tell you, if you gimme a chanst, mammy. De reason it ain’t enough is ’ca’se Marse Tom gambles.” Roxy threw up her hands in astonishment and Chambers went on— “Ole marster found it out, ’ca’se he had to pay two hundred dollahs for Marse Tom’s gamblin’ debts, en dat’s true, mammy, jes as dead certain as you’s bawn.” “Two—hund’d—dollahs! Why, what is you talkin’ ’bout? Two—hund’d—dollahs. Sakes alive, it’s ’mos’ enough to buy a tol’able good second-hand nigger wid. En you ain’t lyin’, honey?—you wouldn’t lie to yo’ ole mammy?” “It’s God’s own truth, jes as I tell you—two hund’d dollahs—I wisht I may never stir outen my tracks if it ain’t so. En, oh, my lan’, ole Marse was jes a-hoppin’! he was b’ilin’ mad, I tell you! He tuck ’n’ dissenhurrit him.” He licked his chops with relish after that stately word. Roxy struggled with it a moment, then gave it up and said— “Dissen him?” whiched “Dissenhurrit him.” “What’s dat? What do it mean?” “Means he bu’sted de will.” “Bu’s—ted de will! He wouldn’t treat him so! Take it back, you mis’able imitation nigger dat I bore in sorrow en tribbilation.” ever Roxy’s pet castle—an occasional dollar from Tom’s pocket—was tumbling to ruin before her eyes. She could not abide such a disaster as that; she couldn’t endure the thought of it. Her remark amused Chambers: “Yah-yah-yah! jes listen to dat! If I’s imitation, what is you? Bofe of us is imitation —dat’s what we is—en pow’ful good imitation, too—yah-yah-yah!—we don’t ’mount to noth’n as imitation ; en as for—” white niggers “Shet up yo’ foolin’, ’fo’ I knock you side de head, en tell me ’bout de will. Tell me ’tain’t bu’sted—do, honey, en I’ll never forgit you.” “Well, —’ca’se dey’s a new one made, en Marse Tom’s all right ag’in. But what is you in sich a sweat ’bout it for, mammy? ’Tain’t none o’ your business I don’t reckon.” ’tain’t “’Tain’t none o’ my business? Whose business is it den, I’d like to know? Wuz I his mother tell he was fifteen years old, or wusn’t I?—you answer me dat. En you speck I could see him turned out po’ en ornery on de worl’ en never care noth’n’ ’bout it? I reckon if you’d ever be’n a mother yo’self, Valet de Chambers, you wouldn’t talk sich foolishness as dat.” “Well, den, ole Marse forgive him en fixed up de will ag’in—do dat satisfy you?” Yes, she was satisfied now, and quite happy and sentimental over it. She kept coming daily, and at last she was told that Tom had come home. She began to tremble with emotion, and straightway sent to beg him to let his “po’ ole nigger mammy have jes one sight of him en die for joy.” Tom was stretched at his lazy ease on a sofa when Chambers brought the petition. Time had not modified his ancient detestation of the humble drudge and protector of his boyhood; it was still bitter and uncompromising. He sat up and bent a severe gaze upon the fair face of the young fellow whose name he was unconsciously using and whose family rights he was enjoying. He maintained the gaze until the victim of it had become satisfactorily pallid with terror, then he said— “What does the old rip want with me?” The petition was meekly repeated. “Who gave you permission to come and disturb me with the social attentions of niggers?” Tom had risen. The other young man was trembling now, visibly. He saw what was coming, and bent his head sideways, and put up his left arm to shield it. Tom rained cuffs upon the head and its shield, saying no word: the victim received each blow with a beseeching, “Please, Marse Tom!—oh, please, Marse Tom!” Seven blows—then Tom said, “Face the door—march!” He followed behind with one, two, three solid kicks. The last one helped the pure-white slave over the door-sill, and he limped away mopping his eyes with his old ragged sleeve. Tom shouted after him, “Send her in!” Then he flung himself panting on the sofa again, and rasped out the remark, “He arrived just at the right moment; I was full to the brim with bitter thinkings, and nobody to take it out of. How refreshing it was! I feel better.” Tom’s mother entered now, closing the door behind her, and approached her son with all the wheedling and supplicating servilities that fear and interest can impart to the words and attitudes of the born slave. She stopped a yard from her boy and made two or three admiring exclamations over his manly stature and general handsomeness, and Tom put an arm under his head and hoisted a leg over the sofa-back in order to look properly indifferent. “My lan’, how you is growed, honey! ’Clah to goodness, I wouldn’t a-knowed you, Marse Tom! ’deed I wouldn’t! Look at me good; does you ’member old Roxy?—does you know yo’ old nigger mammy, honey? Well, now, I kin lay down en die in peace, ’ca’se I’se seed—” “Cut it short, ——— it, cut it short! What is it you want?” “You heah dat? Jes the same old Marse Tom, al’ays so gay and funnin’ wid de ole mammy. I ’uz jes as shore—” “Cut it short, I tell you, and get along! What do you want?” This was a bitter disappointment. Roxy had for so many days nourished and fondled and petted her notion that Tom would be glad to see his old nurse, and would make her proud and happy to the marrow with a cordial word or two, that it took two rebuffs to convince her that he was not funning, and that her beautiful dream was a fond and foolish vanity, a shabby and pitiful mistake. She was hurt to the heart, and so ashamed that for a moment she did not quite know what to do or how to act. Then her breast began to heave, the tears came, and in her forlornness she was moved to try that other dream of hers—an appeal to her boy’s charity; and so, upon the impulse, and without reflection, she offered her supplication: “Oh, Marse Tom, de po’ ole mammy is in sich hard luck dese days; en she’s kinder crippled in de arms en can’t work, en if you could gimme a dollah—on’y jes one little dol—” Tom was on his feet so suddenly that the supplicant was startled into a jump herself. “A dollar!—give you a dollar! I’ve a notion to strangle you! Is your errand here? Clear out! and be quick about it!” that Roxy backed slowly toward the door. When she was half-way she stopped, and said mournfully: “Marse Tom, I nussed you when you was a little baby, en I raised you all by myself tell you was ’most a young man; en now you is young en rich, en I is po’ en gitt’n ole, en I come heah b’lievin’ dat you would he’p de ole mammy ’long down de little road dat’s lef’ ’twix’ her en de grave, en—” Tom relished this tune less than any that had preceded it, for it began to wake up a sort of echo in his conscience; so he interrupted and said with decision, though without asperity, that he was not in a situation to help her, and wasn’t going to do it. “Ain’t you ever gwine to he’p me, Marse Tom?” “No! Now go away and don’t bother me any more.” Roxy’s head was down, in an attitude of humility. But now the fires of her old wrongs flamed up in her breast and began to burn fiercely. She raised her head slowly, till it was well up, and at the same time her great frame unconsciously assumed an erect and masterful attitude, with all the majesty and grace of her vanished youth in it. She raised her finger and punctuated with it: “You has said de word. You has had yo’ chance, en you has trompled it under yo’ foot. When you git another one, you’ll git down on yo’ knees en for it!” beg A cold chill went to Tom’s heart, he didn’t know why; for he did not reflect that such words, from such an incongruous source, and so solemnly delivered, could not easily fail of that effect. However, he did the natural thing: he replied with bluster and mockery: “ give me a chance— ! Perhaps I’d better get down on my knees now! But in case I don’t—just for argument’s sake—what’s going to happen, pray?” You’ll you “Dis is what is gwine to happen. I’s gwine as straight to yo’ uncle as I kin walk, en tell him every las’ thing I knows ’bout you.” Tom’s cheek blenched, and she saw it. Disturbing thoughts began to chase each other through his head. “How can she know? And yet she must have found out—she looks it. I’ve had the will back only three months, and am already deep in debt again, and moving heaven and earth to save myself from exposure and destruction, with a reasonably fair show of getting the thing covered up if I’m let alone, and now this fiend has gone and found me out somehow or other. I wonder how much she knows? Oh, oh, oh, it’s enough to break a body’s heart! But I’ve got to humor her—there’s no other way.” Then he worked up a rather sickly sample of a gay laugh and a hollow chipperness of manner, and said: “Well, well, Roxy dear, old friends like you and me mustn’t quarrel. Here’s your dollar—now tell me what you know.” He held out the wild-cat bill; she stood as she was, and made no movement. It was her turn to scorn persuasive foolery, now, and she did not waste it. She said, with a grim implacability in voice and manner which made Tom almost realize that even a former slave can remember for ten minutes insults and injuries returned for compliments and flatteries received, and can also enjoy taking revenge for them when the opportunity offers: “What does I know? I’ll tell you what I knows. I knows enough to bu’st dat will to flinders—en more, mind you, ” more! Tom was aghast. “More?” he said. “What do you call more? Where’s there any room for more?” Roxy laughed a mocking laugh, and said scoffingly, with a toss of her head, and her hands on her hips— “Yes!—oh, I reckon! you’d like to know—wid yo’ po’ little ole rag dollah. What you reckon I’s gwine to tell for?—you ain’t got no money. I’s gwine to tell yo’ uncle—en I’ll do it dis minute, too—he’ll gimme dollahs for de news, en mighty glad, too.” Co’se you five She swung herself around disdainfully, and started away. Tom was in a panic. He seized her skirts, and implored her to wait. She turned and said, loftily— “Look-a-heah, what ’uz it I tole you?” “You—you—I don’t remember anything. What was it you told me?” “I tole you dat de next time I give you a chance you’d git down on yo’ knees en beg for it.” Tom was stupefied for a moment. He was panting with excitement. Then he said: “Oh, Roxy, you wouldn’t require your young master to do such a horrible thing. You can’t mean it.” “I’ll let you know mighty quick whether I means it or not! You call me names, en as good as spit on me when I comes here po’ en ornery en ’umble, to praise you for bein’ growed up so fine en handsome, en tell you how I used to nuss you en tend you en watch you when you ’uz sick en hadn’t no mother but me in de whole worl’, en beg you to give de po’ ole nigger a dollah for to git her som’n’ to eat, en you call me names— , dad blame you! Yassir, I gives you jes one chance mo’, and dat’s , en it las’ on’y a half a second—you hear?” names now Tom slumped to his knees and began to beg, saying— “You see, I’m begging, and it’s honest begging, too! Now tell me, Roxy, tell me.” The heir of two centuries of unatoned insult and outrage looked down on him and seemed to drink in deep draughts of satisfaction. Then she said— “Fine nice young white gen’l’man kneelin’ down to a nigger-wench! I’s wanted to see dat jes once befo’ I’s called. Now, Gabr’el, blow de hawn, I’s ready … Git up!” Tom did it. He said, humbly— “Now, Roxy, don’t punish me any more. I deserved what I’ve got, but be good and let me off with that. Don’t go to uncle. Tell me—I’ll give you the five dollars.” “Yes, I bet you will; en you won’t stop dah, nuther. But I ain’t gwine to tell you heah—” “Good gracious, no!” “Is you ’feared o’ de ha’nted house?” “N-no.” “Well, den, you come to de ha’nted house ’bout ten or ’leven to-night, en climb up de ladder, ’ca’se de sta’r-steps is broke down, en you’ll find me. I’s a-roostin’ in de ha’nted house ’ca’se I can’t ’ford to roos’ nowhers’ else.” She started toward the door, but stopped and said, “Gimme de dollah bill!” He gave it to her. She examined it and said, “H’m—like enough de bank’s bu’sted.” She started again, but halted again. “Has you got any whisky?” “Yes, a little.” “Fetch it!” He ran to his room overhead and brought down a bottle which was two-thirds full. She tilted it up and took a drink. Her eyes sparkled with satisfaction, and she tucked the bottle under her shawl, saying, “It’s prime. I’ll take it along.” Tom humbly held the door for her, and she marched out as grim and erect as a grenadier. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/102/pg102-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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