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Page 1 of Jul 27 1889 Issue of Waukesha Journal in Waukesha, Wisconsin

[103] Several other ultrasound based systems are also available. TIVUS (Cardiosonic, Tel Aviv, Israel) utilizes high intensity ultrasound delivered endoluminally, and is currently undergoing ...

Renal Sympathetic Denervation: Indications, Contemporary Devices and Future Directions

Read an issue on 27 Jun 1922 in Washington, Indiana and find what was happening, who was there, and other important and exciting news from the times. You can also check out other issues in The Washington Herald. We use Optical Character Recognition (OCR ...

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SoniVie’s recent clinical trial of TIVUS (therapeutic intravascular ultrasound) shows encouraging results for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). “The TROPHY1 study was our first human study in patients with pulmonary arterial ...

New System Could Hold Promise for Patients Suffering from Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

WASHINGTON (AP) — President Joe Biden and House Speaker Kevin McCarthy declared they had a productive debt ceiling discussion late Monday at the White House, but there was no agreement and ...

No debt ceiling agreement in White House meeting, though Biden and McCarthy call talks productive

Researchers from the University of Arkansas have begun researching how Arkansas-grown rice might be used to improve the flavor profiles of non-alcoholic beer, which has been growing in popularity in recent years. Scott Lafontaine, assistant professor of ...

Scott Lafontaine

U of A System Division of Agriculture

jasmine rice

TiVUS

tivus

Meet the Winners of Startups in North and Central America

A Legion of Sway: How Influencer Marketing Boosted Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2

Application Containerization: How CTOs Can Drive Business Transformation

অ্যাপ্লিকেশন কন্টেইনারাইজেশন: সিটিও কীভাবে ব্যবসায়িক রূপান্তর চালাতে পারে

Anwendungscontainerisierung: Wie CTOs die Geschäftstransformation vorantreiben können

Contenedorización de aplicaciones: cómo los CTO pueden impulsar la transformación empresarial

Conteneurisation des applications : comment les CTO peuvent piloter la transformation de l'entreprise

एप्लिकेशन कंटेनरीकरण: सीटीओ किस प्रकार व्यवसाय परिवर्तन को आगे बढ़ा सकते हैं

アプリケーションのコンテナ化: CTO がビジネス変革を推進する方法

애플리케이션 컨테이너화: CTO가 비즈니스 혁신을 추진하는 방법

Contêinerização de aplicativos: como os CTOs podem impulsionar a transformação dos negócios

Контейнеризация приложений: как технические директора могут стимулировать трансформацию бизнеса

Uygulama Konteynerizasyonu: CTO'lar İş Dönüşümünü Nasıl Sağlayabilir?

Containerization ứng dụng: Làm thế nào CTO có thể thúc đẩy chuyển đổi kinh doanh

应用程序容器化：首席技术官如何推动业务转型

Calling All Writers: Learn What the Opt-Out Writing Contest is All About From The Āut Labs' Team

Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . A VELOCIPEDE FEAT EXTRAORDINARY. here A VELOCIPEDE FEAT EXTRAORDINARY. Two intrepid velocipedists, M. le Baron Emanuel de Graffenried de Burgenstein, aged twenty years and six months, and a member of the Society of Velocipede Sport, of Paris, has accomplished, with M. A. Laumaillé d'Angers, the greatest distance that has been made with a velocipede in France. Leaving Paris on March 16, they returned on the 24th of April, after having traveled a distance of more than three thousand miles. Their route extended through a part of the west, the middle, and the south of France, Italy, and southern Switzerland. They traveled through Orléans, Tours, Poitiers, Angoulême, Bordeaux, Montauban, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseilles, Toulon, Nice, Menton, San-Remo, Genoa, Turin, Milan, the Simplon—where they barely escaped destruction by an avalanche—Vevay, Berne, Lausanne, Geneva, Dijon, Troy, and Provins. The longest distance that they accomplished in a single day, was between Turin and Milan, a distance of 90 miles, which they made in 9-1/2 hours. Superior Excellence of American Goods. The , of Birmingham, England, remarks with regard to American competition, that "perhaps the most humiliating feature of the business for British manufacturers is the fact that their competitors are prevailing, not through the cheapness, but through the excellence of their goods. Time was when English workmanship ranked second to none, and the names of our great manufacturing firms were a guarantee for the sterling quality of the goods they turned out; but competitions, trades unions, piece work, short hours, and other incidents of the 'march of progress' have altered all that. Complaints, received by hardware merchants from their customers abroad, are not confined to the goods of second class firms. Manufacturers who have obtained a world-wide reputation for their products are frequently convicted of sending out scamped and unfinished work, and they do not venture to deny the impeachment, pleading only that the most vigilant must be sometimes at fault, and that their men, unfortunately, are not to be depended upon. In other cases it is the merchants or their customers who are to blame for the inferior quality of the articles by cutting prices so low as to preclude the possibility of honest work, thinking, probably, that anything is good enough for a foreign or colonial market. But whatever the cause, the fact is now undeniable, that a great deal of the manufactured produce shipped from this country of late years has been of a very low standard, and that the American manufacturers have consequently had an easy task in beating it." Post Petroleum Oils as Lubricators. Oils from petroleum are now produced suitable for nearly every mechanical process for which animal oils have heretofore been used, not excepting those intended for cylinder purposes. A serious objection attaching to the animal oils is present in petroleum. If, through the exhaust steam, some of the oil be carried into the boiler, foaming or priming is the consequence, but the same thing happening in the case of petroleum is rather a benefit than otherwise, for it not only does not cause foaming, but it prevents incrustation or adhesion of the scale or deposit, and this aids in the preservation of the boiler, and is perhaps the best preventive of the many everywhere suggested. Often, in removing the cylinder head and the plate covering the valves of an engine, we see evidences of corrosion or action on the surfaces, differing entirely from ordinary wear, and the engineer is generally at a loss how to account for it. According to the general impression grease or animal oil is the preservative of the metal, and is the last thing suspected of being the cause of its general disintegration. The reason of this is that vegetable and animal oils consist of fatty acids, such as stearic, magaric, oleic, etc. They are combined with glycerin as a base, and, under ordinary conditions, are neutrals to metals generally, and on being applied they keep them from rusting by shielding them from the action of air and moisture. But in the course of time the influence of the air causes decomposition and oxidation, the oils become rancid, as it is called, which is acid, and they act on the metals. What happens at the ordinary temperature slowly goes on rapidly in the steam cylinder, where a new condition is reached. The oils are subjected to the heat of high pressure steam, which dissociates or frees these acids from their base, and in this condition they attack the metal and hence destroy it. This applies as well to vegetable as to oils of animal origin, fish or sperm oil included. Petroleum and oils derived therefrom (generally called mineral oils) are entirely free from this objection. Petroleum contains no oxygen, and hence it cannot form an acid, and therefore cannot attack metal. It is entirely neutral, and so bland that it may be and is used medicinally as a dressing to wounds and badly abraded surfaces where cerates of ordinary dressing would give pain.— Coal Trade Journal. Influence of Light on Plants and Animals. Professor Paul Bert, who has recently devoted a great deal of attention to the study of the influence of light on animals and plants, denies that the leaves of the sensitive plant close on the approach of evening, the same as if they had been touched by the hand. On the contrary, he finds that from 9 in the evening, after drooping, they expand again and attain the maximum of rigidity at 2 in the morning. What is commonly called the "sensitiveness" of plants is but the external manifestations of the influences of light. Professor Bert placed plants in lanterns of different colored glass; those under the influence of green glass drooped in the course of a few days as completely as if placed in utter darkness, proving that green rays are useless, and equal to none at all. In a few weeks all plants without exception thus treated died. It has been proved by the experiments of Zimiriareff that the reducing power of the green matter of plants is proportionate to the quantity of red rays absorbed, and Bert shows that green glass precisely intercepts these colored rays, and that plants exist more or less healthily in blue and violet rays. In the animal world phenomena of a directly opposite nature are found, and of a more complex character. Here the light acts on the skin and the movements of the body, either directly or through the visual organs. M. Pouchet has shown the changes in color that certain animals undergo, according to the medium in which they live. For instance, young turbots resting on white sand assume an ashy tint, but when resting on a black bottom become brown; when deprived of its eyes the fish exhibits no change of color in its skin; the phenomenon, therefore, seems to be nervous or optical. Professor Bert placed a piece of paper with a cut design on the back of a sleeping chameleon; on bringing a lamp near the animal the skin gradually became brown, and on removing the paper a well defined image of the pattern appeared. In this case the light acted directly, and without nervous intervention. If, however, the eye of the chameleon be extracted, the corresponding side of the animal becomes insensible to the influence of the light. Professor Bert's conclusion, therefore, is that the circulation in the transparent layers of the skin must be affected by light. According to Dr. Bouchard a sunstroke is the effect of the direct action of light upon the skin, produced by the blue and violet rays. The heat producing rays have no part in such accidents, as proved by the fact that workmen exposed to intense heats do not feel their fatal effect. Professor Bert, in a series of experiments on a variety of animals, found that none avoided light, but all rather sought it; and the lowest forms, like the highest, absorbed the same rays. As regards intensity of color, however, there was a difference, some being more partial to one ray than another. Thus the microscopic daphne of the pond preferred yellow; violet was less in request; spiders seemed to enjoy blue rather than red rays—so resembling people suffering from color blindness. No two persons are sensible to the same shades or tones, while absorbing the same light; and this would seem to indicate that the retina possesses a selective power. New Mechanical Inventions. An improved Weighing Scale has been patented by Hosea Willard, of Vergennes, Vt. The object of this invention is to economize time in ascertaining the weight of an article by avoiding the necessity for shifting the poise on the scale beam. It consists in providing a scale beam with a number of dishes suspended from different points on said beam, and representing or corresponding with different weights, so that the weight of an article may be ascertained by placing it in one or more of said dishes and observing which dish is depressed. William John, of Rigdon, Ind., has patented an improved Tire Setting and Cooling Apparatus, by which the tire may be set by one person, easily and quickly, without burning the fellies, and without straining the wheel by the unequal cooling of the tire. Joseph A. Mumford, of Avondale, Nova Scotia, Canada, has patented an improved machine for Sawing and Jointing Shingles. This machine cannot be properly described without engravings. It has an ingenious feeding device, and its flywheel carries the jointing knives. Ill-balanced Production. The Philadelphia sensibly remarks that the popular complaint of over-production is a mistake. Though of a few things we make or mine too much, our main trouble arises from not producing enough, in variety if not in quantity. Record "The wants of mankind never can be satisfied. Every new means of supplying a want creates new wants. They grow by what they feed on. As long as humanity is so constituted, over-production, in a general and enlarged sense, is impossible. It is this impossible thing with which the reformers would deal who propose to work fewer hours each day, or fewer hours in the week. The trouble they deplore does not exist; the remedy they propose defeats itself. A man cannot get rid of his load by shifting it from his right hand to his left hand. Production will not be stopped by making men their own employers certain hours in the day or certain days in the week, instead of allowing them to pursue their usual avocations. "The real trouble, which the labor reformers seem incompetent to fathom, is that there is not enough diversity in employments. What is desired is more work in productive enterprises, a more diffused industry, and a closer commercial connection with those countries wherein we can make desirable exchanges both of our raw material and our manufactured products. Every miner that drops his pick and takes up a hoe, every idle man that turns himself into an earner of wages, every person that picks up some loose thread of employment, every capitalist that takes advantage of stagnating industry and cheap material to build a house or beautify or improve a country seat, or set on foot some new process of manufacture, does something toward working out the problem which is puzzling the economists. In good time the surplus iron and coal will be sold; new populations will want new railroads; recuperated capital will gather confidence and take hold of new enterprises, and the whole nation will move forward again to more assured prosperity and to vaster undertakings." Labor in Germany. The consul at Barmen reports that for agricultural labor the pay varies greatly, according to the proximity to or remoteness from manufacturing centers; and ranges from fifty-six cents a day in the neighborhood of Barmen to thirty-one cents a day in the lower Rhine valley, and as low as eighteen cents in parts of Silesia. At Barmen, Crefeld and Düsseldorf, carpenters, coppersmiths, plumbers, machinists and wagonsmiths earn fifty-one to seventy-five cents daily; saddlers and shoemakers forty-seven to fifty-two cents daily; bakers and brewers, with board and lodging, from $1.42 to $2.14 weekly, and without board from sixty cents a day to $4.28 a week; farm hands are paid from $107 to $215 yearly, with maintenance; railroad laborers from fifty-six to eighty-[Pg 90]three cents per day, and as high as ninety-five cents daily for piece work on tunnels; silk weavers can earn $2.15 to $2.85 a week per loom; factory women $2.15, and children $1 a week. Business and wages are very low. In good times wages are eighty per cent higher. The cost of the necessaries of life has increased some fifty per cent in thirteen years, although it is now but little higher than five years ago. A man and wife with two or three children can live in two or three rooms in a poor and comfortless manner for $275 a year, and to support such an establishment all the members have to work ten or twelve hours daily. For a family of six persons the cost is about $7 per week—an amount but few families can earn, as the depression of trade and the reduction of time allow few to do a full week's work, although wages are nominally a trifle higher than five years ago. Petroleum June Review. DRILLING WELL ACCOUNT. The low price of oil and large accumulation of stock in the producing regions have had the effect to lessen operations in this department during the month of June. The total number of drilling wells in all the districts, at the close of the month, was 266, which was 110 less than in the preceding month. Rigs erected and being erected 243, against 309 last month. The number of drilling wells completed during the month was 269, being 151 less than in May. Aggregate production of the new wells was 3,788 barrels, against 6,851 barrels in May. The total number of dry holes developed in the month was 22, against 42 in May. The operators in the great northern field (Bradford district) have curtailed operations to an extent which will compare favorably with the operators in the other portions of the producing regions, as will be seen by the following statement, namely: Number of wells drilling at the close of the month, 187, against 284 at the close of the previous month. Number of drilling wells completed in June, 193, against 346 in May. Number of rigs erected and being erected, 196, against 234 in May. PRODUCTION. The daily average production for the month was 40,575 barrels, being a decrease of 227 barrels. The new wells completed in June failed to make good the falling off of the old ones, by decreasing the daily average 227 barrels. Bradford district shows a daily average production of 16,000 barrels, being an increase of 1,280 barrels over last month. The aggregate production in June of all the other districts combined, with the aid of 76 new wells, decreased the daily average 1,507 barrels. SHIPMENTS. The shipments in June, out of the producing regions, were 174,225 barrels larger than in the preceding month. The total shipments of crude, and refined reduced to crude equivalent, by railroad, river and pipes to the following points, were 1,135,119 barrels: New York took 555,794 bbls. Pittsburg " 153,182 " Cleveland " 239,389 " Philadelphia " 73,426 " Boston " 29,266 " Baltimore " 26,623 " Richmond " 7,000 " Ohio River refiners took 5,200 " Other local points took 45,239 " Total shipments 1,135,119 " Included in the above shipments there were 140,299 barrels of refined from Titusville and Oil City, which is equal to 187,065 barrels of crude.— Stowell's Petroleum Reporter. Remarkable Poisoning of a Lake. A contributor to describes the remarkable poisoning of Lake Alexandrina—one of the bodies of water which form the estuary of the Murray river, Australia. This year the water of the river has been unusually warm and low, and the inflow to the lakes very slight. The consequence has been an excessive growth of a conferva which is indigenous to these lakes and confined to them. This alga, , is very light and floats on the water, except during breezes, when it becomes diffused, and being driven to the lee shores, forms a thick scum like green oil paint. Nature Nodularia spumigera This scum, which is from two to six inches thick, and of a pasty consistency, being swallowed by cattle when drinking, acts poisonously and rapidly causes death. The symptoms of the poisoning are stupor and unconsciousness, falling and remaining quiet (as if asleep), unless touched, when convulsions are induced, the head and neck being drawn back by a rigid spasm, subsiding before death. The poison causes the death of sheep in from one to six or eight hours; of horses, in from eight to twenty-four hours; of dogs, in from four to five hours; and of pigs in three or four hours. A shows the plant is rapidly absorbed into the circulation, where it must act as a ferment, and causes disorganization. As the cattle will not touch the puddle where the plant scum has collected and become putrid, all they take is quite fresh, and the poisoning is therefore not due to drinking a putrescent fluid full of bacteria, as was suggested. post mortem When the scum collects and dries on the banks it forms a green crust. When, however, it is left in wet pools it rapidly decomposes, emitting a most horrible stench, like putrid urine; but previous to reaching this stage it gives out a smell like that of very rancid butter. A blue pigment exudes from this decomposing matter, having some remarkable properties. It is remarkably fluorescent, being red by reflected and blue by transmitted light; it appears to be a product of the decomposition, and allied to the coloring matter found in some lichens. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2013). Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

A VELOCIPEDE FEAT EXTRAORDINARY

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE PRODUCTION OF FIRE. here THE PRODUCTION OF FIRE. In 1867 the Abbé Bourgeois found at Thenay, near Pont-levoy (Loir-et-Cher), in a marly bank belonging to the most ancient part of the middle Tertiary formation, fragments of silex which bore traces of the action of fire. This fire had not been lighted by accidental causes, for, says Mr. DeMortillet ( , p. 90), the causes of instantaneous conflagrations can be only volcanic fires, fermentations, and lightning. "Now, in the entire region there is no trace of volcanic action, and neither are there any traces of turfy or vegetable deposits capable of giving rise to spontaneous inflammations--phenomena that are always very rare and very exceptional, as are also conflagrations started by lightning. Well, in the Thenay marls, the pieces of silex that had undergone the action of fire were found disseminated at different levels, and this could not have been a simple accident, but was evidently something that had been done intentionally. There existed, then, during the Aquitanian epoch, a being who was acquainted with fire and knew how to produce it." Le Prehistorique Mr. De Mortillet supposes that this being was an animal intermediate between man and the monkey, which he calls the . anthropopithecus This precursor of man made use of fire for splitting silex and manufacturing from it instruments whose cutting edge he perfected by means of a series of retouchings produced by slight percussions upon one of the surfaces only. I shall not enter in this place upon a discussion as to the existence of an anthropopithecus or Tertiary man, whom every one does not as yet accept, but will confine myself to giving the facts as to the use of fire in the remotest epochs, incontestable proofs of which exist from the time at which Quaternary man made his appearance. How this was discovered is indicated, according to Aryan tradition, by the Vedic hymns. The ancestors of the Aryans, these tell us, had seen the lighting dart forth from the shock of black clouds. They had seen the spark that fired the forests issue from the friction of dry branches agitated by the storm. They took a branch of soft wood, , and passing a thong around a branch of hard wood, , they caused it to revolve rapidly in a cavity in the , and thus evoked the god , whom they nourished with libations of clarified butter, . arani pramontha arani Agni soma The , became the of the Greeks, the Titan who stole the fire, and it is from the Sanscrit that is derived the Latin , "fire," and the Greek Αγνος, "pure," and the of the Christians, who purifies all. Pramontha Prometheus Agni Ignis Agnus Dei Orientalists generally agree that the sign which is seen under the forms , , or , on a large number of objects of Aryan origin is a sort of sacred hieroglyphic, representing the or , formed of two pieces of soft wood fixed by four pins in such a way as not to revolve under the pressure of the Pramontha. arani svastika This process of producing fire is also found among a host of more or less savage peoples, and especially in India, where, during the last month of the great feast of sacrifices, the sacred fire must always be kindled three hundred and sixty times a day with nine different kinds of wood that are prescribed by the rite. Fig. 1 shows the arrangement in use among the Eskimos, and Fig. 2 that employed by the Indians of North America. In 1828 there still existed at Essen, in Hanover, an analogous apparatus designed to produce an alarm fire. This was a large, horizontal, round wooden bar whose extremities pivoted in two apertures formed in vertical posts, and which was provided with a cord that was wound around it several times. Several persons, by pulling on the ends of this cord, caused the bar to revolve alternately in one direction and the other, and the heat developed by the friction lighted some tow that had previously been inserted in one of the apertures in the post. It is certain that the alternate motion must have been produced directly by hand before being effected by cords. This simpler process is still in use in Tasmania, Australia, Polynesia, Kamtschatka, Thibet, Mexico, and among the Guanches of the Canary Isles, who are supposed to be the last representatives of the inhabitants of Atlantis, which sank under the waters at the close of the Quaternary epoch. Chamisso, who accompanied Kotzebue in his voyage, describes it as follows: "In the Caroline Islands, they rest a vertical piece of roundish wood, terminating in a point, and about a foot and a half in length and one inch in diameter, upon a second one fixed in the ground, and then give it a rotary motion by acting with the palms of the hands. This motion, which is at first slow and measured, is at length accelerated, while at the same time the pressure becomes stronger, whereupon the dust from the wood which has formed by friction and accumulated around the point of the movable piece begins to carbonize. This dust, which, after a fashion, constitutes a match, soon bursts into flame. The women of Eap are wonderfully dexterous in their use of this process." Fig. 3 shows another manner of obtaining fire by rotation which is employed by the Guachos, a half savage, pastoral people who inhabit the pampas of South America. Longitudinal friction must have preceded that obtained by rotation. It is still in use in most of the islands of Oceanica (Fig. 4), and especially in Tahiti and in the Sandwich Islands. In these latter, says again Chamisso, upon the fixed piece of wood they place another piece of the same kind, about the length of the palm, and press it obliquely at an angle of about 30 degrees. The extremity that touches the fixed piece is blunt, and the other extremity is held with the two hands, the two thumbs downward, in order to allow of a surer pressure. The piece is given an alternating motion, and in such a way that it shall always remain in the same plane inclined at an angle of 30 degrees, and form, through friction, a small groove from six to eight centimeters in length. When the dust thus produced begins to carbonize, the pressure and velocity are increased. Wood of a homogeneous texture, neither too hard nor too soft, is the best for the purpose. The Malays operate as follows: A dry bamboo rod, about a foot in length, is split longitudinally, and the pith which lines the inside is scraped off, pressed, and made into a small ball which is afterward placed in the center of the cavity of one of the halves of the tube. This latter half is then fixed to the ground in such a way that the cavity and ball face downward. The operator next fashions the other half of the tube into a straight cutting instrument like a knife-blade, which he applies transversely to the fixed half and gives an alternating motion so as to produce a sort of sawing. After a certain length of time, a groove, and finally a hole, is produced. The cutting edge of the instrument is then so hot that it sets on fire the ball with which it has come in contact. Some peoples, the Fuegians especially, procure fire by striking together two flints. In the Aleutian Islands these latter, having been previously covered with sulphur, are struck against each other over a small saucer of dry moss dusted with sulphur. The Eskimos employ for this purpose pieces of quartz and iron pyrites. In the Sandwich Islands recourse is had to a process that necessitates much skill. There is arranged in a large dry leaf, rolled into the shape of a funnel, a certain number of flints along with some easily combustible twigs. On attaching the leaf to the end of a rod, and revolving the latter rapidly, it is said that fire is produced. Processes that are based upon the clashing of two flint stones must be much more inconvenient of application than we would be led to suppose. We are, in fact, accustomed to see the flint and steel used, but here the spark is a bit of iron raised to red heat through a mechanical action that has violently detached it from the mass under the form of a small sliver. In the case of two flint stones, the light that is perceived is of an entirely different nature, for it is a phosphorescence which is produced, even by a very slight friction, not only between two pieces of silex, but also between two pieces of quartz, porcelain, or sugar; and that the heat developed is but slight is proved by the fact that the phenomenon may occur under water. Of course, fragments of stones may be raised to a red heat through percussion; but this does not often occur, so for this reason the Fuegians keep up with the greatest care the fires that they have lighted, and it is this very peculiarity that has given their country a characteristic aspect and caused it to be named Terra del Fuego (land of fire). When they change their residence they always carry with them a few lighted embers which rest in their canoes upon a bed of pebbles or ashes. The same thing occurs, moreover, among the Australians and Tasmanians, who employ, as we have just seen, the rotary process. There are women among these peoples whose special mission it is to carry day and night lighted torches or cones made of a substance that burns slowly like punk. When, through accident, the fire happens to get extinguished in a tribe, these people often prefer to undertake a long voyage in order to obtain another light from a neighboring tribe rather than have recourse to a direct production of it. We can understand from what is still taking place in these distant countries why the worship of fire should have existed among our ancestors, and why sacerdotal associations, such as the Brahmins of India, the Guebers of Persia, the Vestals of Rome, the priests of Baal in Chaldea and Phenicia should have been specially instituted for producing and preserving it. Plutarch narrates (Numa, chap. ii.) that when the sacred fire happened to go out, there was employed for relighting it a brass mirror that had the form of a cone generated by the hypothenuse of an isosceles rectangular triangle revolving around one of the sides of the right angle. In a poem upon stones attributed to Orpheus, it is said that the sacred fire was also lighted by a bit of crystal which concentrated the rays of the sun upon the material to be inflamed. This process must have been the one that was most usually employed before fire became common. In fact, a plano-convex crystal lens has been found among the ruins of Nineveh. Aristophanes, in the , puts on the stage a coarse personage named Strepsiades, who points out to Socrates how he must manage so as not to pay his debts: Clouds "Streps.--Hast thou seen among druggists that beautiful transparent stone that they employ for lighting a fire? "Socr.--Thou meanest glass. "Streps.--Yes. "Socr.--Well! what wouldst thou do with it? "Streps.--When the registrar shall have made out his summons against me, I will take the glass, and, placing myself thus in the sun, will cause his writing to melt." As well known, writing was then traced on waxen tablets. Servius (in ., xii., 200) affirms that men of ancient times, instead of lighting fire upon the altar themselves, in their sacrifices, caused it to descend from heaven. He adds, according to Pliny, Titus Livius, and several old Latin historians, that Numa, who was initiated into all the wisdom of Etruria, practiced this art with success, but that Tullius Hostilius, having desired to repeat the evocation, guided only by the books of Numa, did not accomplish all the formalities prescribed by the rite and was struck dead by lightning. Æn Is it not curious that twenty-four centuries afterward, in 1753, the physicist Reichman was killed by lightning in trying to repeat Franklin's experiment? This coincidence, however, is not the only one. Pliny (ii., 53) recounts that lightning was evoked by King Porsenna at the time when a monster named , who was ravaging the country, was directing himself toward the capital, Volsinies. Volta If we return to the Vedas, who had the habit of personifying all phenomena, we shall find that the fire Agni was the son of the carpenter who had manufactured the instrument by which it was produced, and of (magic). He took the name of Akta (anointed, [Greek: christos]) when, nourished by libations of butter, he had acquired his full development. The Persians attributed likewise to Zoroaster the power of causing fire to descend from heaven through magic. Saint Clement of Alexandria ( ., lib. iv.) and Gregory of Tours ( , i., 5) speak of this. However this may be, the marvelous art was lost at an early date, for it was at such a date that priests began to have recourse to tricks that were more or less ingenious for lighting their sacred fireplaces in an apparently supernatural manner.-- . Maya Recog Hist. de Fr. A. De Rochas, in La Nature About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE PRODUCTION OF FIRE

How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition by Edwin Abbott Abbott, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PREFACE. here PREFACE. Almost every English boy can be taught to write clearly, so far at least as clearness depends upon the arrangement of words. Force, elegance, and variety of style are more difficult to teach, and far more difficult to learn; but clear writing can be reduced to rules. To teach the art of writing clearly is the main object of these Rules and Exercises. Ambiguity may arise, not only from bad arrangement, but also from other causes—from the misuse of single words, and from confused thought. These causes are not removable by definite rules, and therefore, though not neglected, are not prominently considered in this book. My object rather is to point out some few continually recurring causes of ambiguity, and to suggest definite remedies in each case. Speeches in Parliament, newspaper narratives and articles, and, above all, resolutions at public meetings, furnish abundant instances of obscurity arising from the monotonous neglect of some dozen simple rules. The art of writing forcibly is, of course, a valuable acquisition—almost as valuable as the art of writing clearly. But forcible expression is not, like clear expression, a mere question of mechanism and of the manipulation of words; it is a much higher power, and implies much more. Writing clearly does not imply thinking clearly. A man may think and reason as obscurely as Dogberry himself, but he may (though it is not probable that he will) be able to write clearly for all that. Writing clearly—so far as arrangement of words is concerned—is a mere matter of adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs, placed and repeated according to definite rules.[1] Even obscure or illogical thought can be clearly expressed; indeed, the transparent medium of clear writing is not least beneficial when it reveals the illogical nature of the meaning beneath it. On the other hand, if a man is to write forcibly, he must (to use a well-known illustration) describe Jerusalem as "sown with salt," not as "captured," and the Jews not as being "subdued" but as "almost exterminated" by Titus. But what does this imply? It implies knowledge, and very often a great deal of knowledge, and it implies also a vivid imagination. The writer must have eyes to see the vivid side of everything, as well as words to describe what he sees. Hence forcible writing, and of course tasteful writing also, is far less a matter of rules than is clear writing; and hence, though forcible writing is exemplified in the exercises, clear writing occupies most of the space devoted to the rules. Boys who are studying Latin and Greek stand in especial need of help to enable them to write a long English sentence clearly. The periods of Thucydides and Cicero are not easily rendered into our idiom without some knowledge of the links that connect an English sentence. There is scarcely any better training, rhetorical as well as logical, than the task of construing Thucydides into genuine English; but the flat, vague, long-winded Greek-English and Latin-English imposture that is often tolerated in our examinations and is allowed to pass current for genuine English, diminishes instead of increasing the power that our pupils should possess over their native language. By getting marks at school and college for construing good Greek and Latin into bad English, our pupils systematically unlearn what they may have been allowed to pick up from Milton and from Shakespeare. I must acknowledge very large obligations to Professor Bain's treatise on "English Composition and Rhetoric," and also to his English Grammar. I have not always been able to agree with Professor Bain as to matters of taste; but I find it difficult to express my admiration for the systematic thoroughness and suggestiveness of his book on Composition. In particular, Professor Bain's rule on the use of "that" and "which" (see Rule 8) deserves to be better known.[2] The ambiguity produced by the confusion between these two forms of the Relative is not a mere fiction of pedants; it is practically serious. Take, for instance, the following sentence, which appeared lately in one of our ablest weekly periodicals: "There are a good many Radical members in the House cannot forgive the Prime Minister for being a Christian." Twenty years hence, who is to say whether the meaning is " , i.e. members in the House," or "there are a good many Radical members of the House cannot &c."? Professor Bain, apparently admitting no exceptions to his useful rule, amends many sentences in a manner that seems to me intolerably harsh. Therefore, while laying due stress on the utility of the rule, I have endeavoured to point out and explain the exceptions. who and they all the Radical that The rules are stated as briefly as possible, and are intended not so much for use by themselves as for reference while the pupil is working at the exercises. Consequently, there is no attempt to prove the rules by accumulations of examples. The few examples that are given, are given not to prove, but to illustrate the rules. The exercises are intended to be written out and revised, as exercises usually are; but they may also be used for instruction. The books being shut, the pupils, with their written exercises before them, may be questioned as to the reasons for the several alterations they have made. Experienced teachers will not require any explanation of the arrangement or rather non-arrangement of the exercises. They have been purposely mixed together unclassified to prevent the pupil from relying upon anything but his own common sense and industry, to show him what is the fault in each case, and how it is to be amended. Besides references to the rules, notes are attached to each sentence, so that the exercises ought not to present any difficulty to a painstaking boy of twelve or thirteen, provided he has first been fairly trained in English grammar. vivâ voce The "Continuous Extracts" present rather more difficulty, and are intended for boys somewhat older than those for whom the Exercises are intended. The attempt to modernize, and clarify, so to speak, the style of Burnet, Clarendon, and Bishop Butler,[3] may appear ambitious, and perhaps requires some explanation. My object has, of course, not been to the style of these authors, but to show how their meaning might be expressed more clearly in modern English. The charm of the style is necessarily lost, but if the loss is recognized both by teacher and pupil, there is nothing, in my opinion, to counterbalance the obvious utility of such exercises. Professor Bain speaks to the same effect:[4] "For an English exercise, the matter should in some way or other be supplied, and the pupil disciplined in giving it expression. I know of no better method than to prescribe passages containing good matter, but in some respects imperfectly worded, to be amended according to the laws and the proprieties of style. Our older writers might be extensively, though not exclusively, drawn upon for this purpose." improve upon To some of the friends whose help has been already acknowledged in "English Lessons for English People," I am indebted for further help in revising these pages. I desire to express especial obligations to the Rev. J. H. Lupton, late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, and Second Master of St. Paul's School, for copious and valuable suggestions; also to several of my colleagues at the City of London School, among whom I must mention in particular the Rev. A. R. Vardy, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. * * * * * Before electrotyping the Fourth and Revised Edition, I wish to say one word as to the manner in which this book has been used by my highest class, as a collection of Rules for reference in their construing lessons. In construing, from Thucydides especially, I have found Rules 5, 30, 34, 36, 37, and 40_a_, of great use. The rules about Metaphor and Climax have also been useful in correcting faults of taste in their Latin and Greek compositions. I have hopes that, used in this way, this little book may be of service to the highest as well as to the middle classes of our schools. FOOTNOTES: [1] Punctuation is fully discussed in most English Grammars, and is therefore referred to in this book only so far as is necessary to point out the slovenly fault of trusting too much to punctuation, and too little to arrangement. [2] Before meeting with Professor Bain's rule, I had shown that the difference between the Relatives is generally observed the Shakespeare. See "Shakespearian Grammar," paragraph 259. [3] Sir Archibald Alison stands on a very different footing. The extracts from this author are intended to exhibit the dangers of verbosity and exaggeration. [4] "English Composition and Rhetoric," p. vii. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edwin Abbott Abbott (2007). How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22600/pg22600.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Almost every English boy can be taught to write clearly

Business English: A Practice Book by Rose Buhlig is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . WORD ANALYSIS here WORD ANALYSIS To learn English words thoroughly we must spend some thought on the way in which they are made up, on the language from which they have been derived, and on the changes in meaning made by adding prefixes and suffixes. Three important influences in building the English have been the Anglo-Saxon, the Greek, and the Latin languages. The simplest words in the language are Anglo-Saxon. The following exercises illustrate how words have been multiplied by Anglo-Saxon prefixes and suffixes. Name as many words as you can that make use of each of the following prefixes. Give only such as are recognizable English words without the prefix. Exercise 46 —aboard a —misjudge mis —becalm be —unknown un —foretell fore —uproot up Give the meaning of each of the prefixes used above. What part of speech does each prefix make? Exercise 47 Using the following Teutonic suffixes, form English words. Be careful that the root taken alone is an English word. —kingdom dom —goodness ness —manhood hood —friendship ship What does each suffix mean? What part of speech does it make? Exercise 48 As above, form words using the following suffixes: —darken en —fearful ful —golden en —smoothly ly —sweetish ish —childlike like —fearless less —lonesome some Define each suffix. What part of speech does it make? Exercise 49—Greek Roots Below is given a list of common Greek roots with the English meaning of each. Form words using one or more of the roots for each word, and define the words you make. For instance, give the meaning of , , and . telephone telegraph monarch Greek English Greek English —hear phon —time chron —far tele —circle cycl —write graph —earth geo —see scop —government polit —small micro —rule cra —one mono —people demo —chief arch —water hydro —measure metr —many poly —pressure, weight baro —riches pluto How many names of modern inventions have you made? Exercise 50 What words belonging to your vocabulary end in the following suffixes? Choose only such as have an English word for the root. Adjective Suffixes able, ible—able to be, fit to be
Readable, fit to be read. al, eal, ial—relating to, having to do with ant, ent—being, inclined to ate—having the quality of, inclined to ic—like, relating to ive—relating to, of the nature of, belonging to ory, ary—relating to ous—full of, abounding in Verb Suffixes ate—to make fy, ify—to make ise, ize—to make Noun Suffixes age—condition, act, collection of ance, ancy, ence, ency—state of being ary, ory—one who, place where, that which ant, ent—one who ist, ite—one who ion, sion, tion—act of, state of being ity, ty—quality of being ment—that which, act or state of being or, er, ar—one who try—state of tude, itude—condition of being ure—condition of being, that which The following is a list of the more commonly used Latin prefixes: Exercise 51 a, ab—away from 1. , —away from a ab 2. —toward ad 3. —before ante 4. —against anti 5. —two, twice bi 6. —around circum 7. —together with, against con 8. —against contra 9. —from, apart from, down from de 10. —apart, not dis 11. —through dia 12. —out of ex 13. , —into in en —to cause to be en 14. , —not in un 15. —between inter 16. —toward the inside intro 17. —one mono 18. —not non 19. —in the way of, against ob 20. —through per 21. —before pre 22. —after post 23. —before pro 24. —again, back re 25. —half, partly semi 26. —away from se 27. —under, below sub 28. —above, more than super 29. —across trans 30. —one uni Exercise 52 Analyze the following words, telling prefix, root, suffix, part of speech, and meaning: business package truthfulness unsuccessful useless anteroom workmanlike agreement prefix monotone nervousness uniformity beautify breakage disrespectful misguidance semicircle pleasant perfection crystallize kingship sameness progressive precaution incase subway undeniable imaginary enrich disown displeasure supernatural pianist readmit endurance melodious bicycle adjuster reaction interlineal Exercise 53 When the prefixes , , and are used to form English words, the final consonant of each is often changed to the initial consonant of the root to which it is joined. ad con in assumes the forms , , , , , , , , , , assimilating the with the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed; as, Ad ab ac af ag al an ap ar as at d ab-breviate al-literation ar-rest ac-cept al-lot as-sign ac-cumulate an-nex as-sist af-fect an-nounce at-tract af-flict ap-position at-tribute ag-gregate ap-prove at-tune assumes the forms , , , by assimilation; it takes the form before and it drops the before a vowel; as, Con col cor com com p; n col-lateral com-mercial com-pose col-lect cor-relate co-operate com-mission cor-respond co-ordinate assumes the forms , , , by assimilation and takes the form of before . In il im ir im p il-lusion im-migrate ir-ruption im-port Exercise 54—Peculiar Adjective Endings The suffixes and are sometimes troublesome because it is difficult to know which ending to write. As a rule, if the new word was made from another English word, the ending is , as . The words ending in are derived from the Latin, and, as a rule, the ending cannot easily be separated from the root and still leave the latter an English word. Examples are: able ible able blamable ible divisible intelligible digestible audible visible permissible flexible incredible possible terrible horrible indelible The suffixes and must also be carefully noted. No rule can be given for using one rather than the other. Whenever in doubt, consult a dictionary. Note the following: ant ent ant ent important independent pleasant convalescent triumphant competent luxuriant convenient stagnant confident The endings and , where and are often confused, are illustrated in the following: eous ious e i eous ious hideous delirious miscellaneous impious courteous studious The endings and are shown in the following: cious tious cious tious conscious fictitious precious superstitious delicious cautious gracious ambitious suspicious nutritious The endings and are illustrated in the following: gious geous gious geous religious courageous Exercise 55—Peculiar Noun and Verb Endings Nouns in and ance ence: ance ence acceptance intelligence appearance reference annoyance patience acquaintance negligence remittance diligence ignorance residence Nouns in , , and sion cion tion: sion cion tion exclusion coercion acquisition aversion suspicion precaution Verbs in , , and ise yze ize: ise yze ize advise analyze baptize supervise paralyze recognize Verbs in , , and ceed sede cede: ceed sede cede exceed supersede concede proceed intercede succeed precede Exercise 56 What other words can you form from the following? Explain what prefixes or suffixes you use in each case and what part of speech you form. success consider real change please doubt publish attend occur apply regular satisfy emphasize industry operate assess second busy practice resist expense distribute organ define depend locate work sense attract install desire preside effect vital count sign Exercise 57 There are many words the meanings of which are easily confused. The spelling and the definitions of such must be mastered. Analysis in this exercise and in the one following does not require separation into prefix, root, and suffix, but it necessitates a careful study of the words, first, to note the difference in spelling; second, to consult a dictionary, if necessary, for the difference in meaning. Define each word clearly. Use each in a sentence to illustrate its meaning. accept—except common—mutual add—annex complementary—complimentary advice—advise continual—continuous affect—effect contraction—abbreviation after—afterward contradiction—denial ascend—assent currant—current assure—promise defective—deficient attain—obtain deprecate—depreciate benefit—advantage effective—efficient brief—concise eligible—illegible center—middle eminent—prominent claim—maintain expect—hope combine—combination intelligent—intelligible Exercise 58 As above, define each word carefully and use it in a sentence to illustrate its meaning. healthful—healthy proficient—efficient inventory—invoice proscribe—prescribe invite—invitation purpose—propose last—latest quiet—quite later—latter recommend—recommendation liable—likely—apt refer—allude loose—lose repair—fix need—want requirement—requisite—requisition perspective—prospective respectfully—respectively positive—definite scarcely—hardly practicable—practical stationary—stationery precede—proceed therefore—accordingly principal—principle 500 SPELLING WORDS\Lesson 1 business losing surprising height receive loosely Saturday depth believe across Wednesday eighth wholly whether excellent daily obliged describe exercise earnest Lesson 2 attached decision probable seize attacked buying usable siege gentlemen studying salable friend although relying desirable Messrs. thoroughly occasion honorable nickel Lesson 3 disappoint knew acquittal stopped disappear design occurrence referred disapprove forty compelling planned disagree fourth beginning swimming anxious purpose permitted submitted Lesson 4 all right persuade Norwegian variety already pursued possession prairie tongue prepared accumulate neighbor separate repaired dissatisfy soldier crystal necessary dissolve shoulder Lesson 5 their awkward opportunity scheme advise mucilage development schedule advice familiar statistics accurately laboratory peculiar accidental efficient until similar competent Spaniard Lesson 6 policy patient merchandise conscious rough ancient mercantile precious disease partial scarcity suspicion balance facial indebted physician decease ambitious estimate caution Lesson 7 ascend noticeable vengeance emergency assent serviceable address compliance minute manageable salary reference conceal exchangeable currency apparel immense advantageous withhold typical Lesson 8 edition especially appreciate imitate addition pamphlet essential initial identify illustrate eligible official illegal February legible curtain nuisance punctual illegible adjacent Lesson 9 later crystallize lieutenant lenient latter neutralize anthracite naphtha weighed conceit bituminous liquid destroy catarrh rheumatism gauge indelible colonel influential sieve Lesson 10 duly interfered analyze attorneys durable transferred analysis specialty mutual reconcile paralyze sympathy bargain accidental banana campaign misspell irregular molasses mattress Lesson 11 ached designate vicinity recognize social available guardian technical forfeit adequately celebrate hygiene opposite subordinate porcelain angel parallel sufficient poultice angle Lesson 12 society associate rumored remittance sirloin definitely courtesy remuneration laborer spherical obstinacy restaurant visitor commercial financial government souvenir permissible sapphire acquaintance Lesson 13 quite appropriate convenient knowledge least distinguish exaggerate principal, a written mysterious confidential stationary, a among appearance endeavoring judgment psalm conference immediately implement Lesson 14 assure greatly embarrassment auxiliary expect grateful organization conciliate prompt deserve advertisement principle, n eliminate bureau assessment stationery, n illuminate deficient accommodate parenthesis Lesson 15 coupon indispensable measure proprietor length innumerable condemn transient vehicle investigate security persistent customer incandescent liniment signature costumer effervescent mosquito mischievous Lesson 16 canal company's repetition sulphur channel real estate abbreviated benefited liquid equivalent unabridged unanimous recent assignment assurance itemize trough extravagant pneumatic calcimine Lesson 17 precede freight authority leisure proceed achieve mortgage neuralgia procession between specimen dyspepsia precision imagine solicitor substantial extinguish autumn coöperates passenger Lesson 18 merely mechanical preliminary omitted cashier permanent miscellaneous omission urgent prominent subscription committee hesitate precaution incredible commission anchored interval anticipation precisely Lesson 19 specify preparation athletics deceit equity coincidence excursion receipt accrue irresolute suggestion obstacle concrete vaccination courageous promissory summary glycerine concession compulsory Lesson 20 deficit sceptical anniversary rhythm mansion conscience presumption rhubarb mention interruption guaranteed fatigue reckoned approximately prejudice synopsis license avoirdupois privilege emphatic Lesson 21 scholar Elkhart industrious collision scissors Memphis hideous delusion career Niagara artificial oxygen sincere Raleigh cantaloupe martyr chiffonier Oregon unscrupulous apology Lesson 22 receipt Cincinnati sovereign chemical welfare Des Moines committee frontier feigned Decatur ingredients fulfilled chord Dubuque counterfeit facsimile scythe Alleghany responsible identical Lesson 23 exceed Paducah foreign Cheyenne succeed Eau Claire solemnity metallic secede Peoria assassinate nauseated immigrant Savannah pneumonia invariably emigrant Manila diphtheria injurious Lesson 24 adoption Minneapolis fraudulent mahogany scientific Indianapolis negligence corduroy guidance Syracuse diligence Schenectady syllable Milwaukee ridiculous duplicate Fort Wayne Valparaiso comparative reënforce Lesson 25 Duluth Massachusetts preferable periodical Missouri Connecticut preferred insertion Wisconsin enthusiastic publicity excursion luxurious acknowledgment prevailing plateau twelfth professional damageable tragedy About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Rose Buhlig (2011). Business English: A Practice Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38046/pg38046-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

WORD ANALYSIS

The Mythical 10x Programmer. A Creature as Elusive as Bigfoot. Developers love to debate whether 10x programmers really exist. Search “10x programmer” on , and you’ll find many heated online debates on the topic. Expect nuggets of wisdom such as “ .” HackerNews Being a “real” 10X programmer is like being a savant. It’s about being […] SMART We’re not going to weigh in on the debate of the 10x programmer. At least not in relation to individual talent. Instead, we want to look at it from the perspective of modern development tools. What is a 10x Programmer? A 10x programmer is a software developer that outperforms the average programmer in terms of productivity by at least 10x. There are a few difficulties in identifying 10x programmers, starting with the very fundamental problem that it’s difficult to measure software engineering productivity. Usually, it’s easy to compare two workers’ performance through output metrics: Worker 1 produces 2 widgets per hour. Worker 2 produces 20 widgets per hour. Worker 2 is 10x as productive as Worker 1. But in software development, it’s much harder to measure output or productivity. It could be measured in many different ways. For example, lines of bug-free code, number of production-ready features released, lines of readable and maintainable code, amount of work completed in the last sprint or epic as shown in a burndown chart, to give just a few examples. But as written elsewhere, . Especially lines of code is highly unreliable and can differ substantially across different programming languages, for example. lines of code or any purely output-related metrics are hardly an accurate, nor a recommended measure for software developers’ productivity Plus, software development is a team sport: finding out whether code is bug-free or production-ready first requires testers to ascertain whether there are bugs or not. And whether or not code is considered readable is very much in the eye of the beholder (and again somewhat dependent on the programming language used). Moreover, software development defies conventional logic in that the a software engineer produces, the better. less In our example above, Worker 2 is clearly more productive. But in software development, the same cannot be said for two programmers. If Programmer 1 writes 5 lines of code in an hour and Programmer 2 writes 50 lines of code per hour, is Programmer 2 ten times more productive than Programmer 1? Probably not. Maybe Programmer 2’s coding style is just more verbose. Or maybe Programmer 1 was using a more readable and less wordy programming language such as Python, whereas Programmer 2 was writing code in JavaScript or C#. The author of “ “, the author Robert C. Martin says about his experience writing code: Clean Code – A Handbook of Agile Software Craftmanship “The first rule of functions is that they should be small. The second rule of functions is that they should be smaller than that. This is not an assertion that I can justify. I can’t provide any references to research that shows that very small functions are better. What I can tell you is that for nearly four decades I have written functions of all different sizes. I’ve written several nasty 3,000-line abominations. I’ve written scads of functions in the 100 to 300 line range. And I’ve written functions that were 20 to 30 lines long. What this experience has taught me, through long trial and error, is that functions should be very small.” Moreover, software development is also unusual in that the reuse of code is generally encouraged and comes at zero cost. Open-source libraries, packages, or application development frameworks all provide solutions to common coding challenges. And these free helpers are usually developed and maintained by the brightest and smartest in the industry: React was originally developed and is maintained by Meta. Material UI, the design library, implements Google’s Material Design. In what other industries do industry leaders open-source their secret ingredients to make them available to the general public? Lastly, with tools such as GitHub’s co-pilot, developers can produce code ever faster by writing just a few comments. Reuse of code is so highly encouraged that in “ “, the author Titus Winters writes that Software Engineering at Google “ ” If you’re writing it from scratch, you’re doing it wrong. He goes on to say that at Google, custom code is considered a liability. A necessary liability as we cannot do without code, but a liability nevertheless: “Code is simply a maintenance task to someone somewhere down the line. Much like the fuel that an airplane carries, it has weight, though it is, of course, necessary for that airplane to fly.”. What Does This Say About a 10x Programmer? A 10x programmer is a problem-solver using code as their primary tool. However, it’s hard to determine what exactly a 10x Programmer is, or what the term stands for in terms of measurable output or metrics. The way that software development works makes it hard to find any objective standard for a quantifiable measurement of the 10x programmer. So instead of obsessing over 10x programmers, let’s think about software engineering productivity as a whole and how it has evolved over time. How To Achieve 10x Software Engineering Productivity Let’s look at an impressive engineering project – this time in civil engineering – to draw some comparisons with software engineering. Remember the story of the ? If not, we recommend watching the video first before continuing to read. 30-story hotel built in China in just 15 days Here are three lessons we can learn from the video regarding software engineering. Pre-built components help increase productivity in complex engineering processes. The video certainly calls to mind the motto we just mentioned from Titus Winters’ book on Software Engineering at Google: “ If you’re writing it from scratch, you’re doing it wrong!” By compiling and assembling pre-built elements that others have created, the construction crew was able to a 30-story building in just 15 days. This calls to mind frameworks, libraries or packages in software development. Software development frameworks or libraries, such as Ruby on Rails, Laravel or React, increase software developers’ productivity by providing pre-built, open-source standards for application development. By providing a structure and starting point for creating, deploying and maintaining your application, frameworks allow developers to focus on creating applications quickly. These frameworks and libraries are essentially higher levels of abstractions compared to traditional development. By providing anything ranging from authentication to prebuilt UI components and everything in between, frameworks are predefined, best-practice solutions to common software development challenges. Not everybody in your software engineering team needs to be a 10x programmer to achieve 10x outcomes. Better tools and processes can create outcomes that even a team of highly-talented 10x programmers would struggle to achieve. For example, the team members of the construction crew are more likely not all 10x construction engineers. Nor will every software team only consist of highly talented team members. Every development team consists of a mix of more or less junior and senior developers. To unlock a software engineering team’s productivity, making sure that the team follows a clear set of instructions, and communicates well is probably more important than having a team of superstar 10x programmers. Agile and quick iteration, as opposed to the traditional waterfall project management methodology, can go a long way toward making sure teams perform well and rectify errors quickly. The trade-off in writing code and producing software is between the speed of development and customizability. Expect to sacrifice some customization in return for faster speed of development. But also expect that this trade-off will be less and less pronounced in the future. For example, low-code tools such as Five currently excel in the rapid development of custom applications that would usually require a lot of boilerplate code. To give some examples, , all usually share a similar set of requirements and features, such as forms, permissions, charts, workflows, or notifications. internal tools, departmental apps, or operations software In Five, these commonly used application features can all be created quickly and without writing (or with significantly less) code than in traditional development. Low-code attempts to take the pain out of development by easing common tasks used in most web projects, without taking the joy out of development. 10x Programmers: Conclusion What is the overall conclusion regarding 10x programmers? Process improvements, be it through better dev tools and approaches, such as low-code solutions, management techniques, or even organization culture, can trump individual skills and help increase software engineering productivity. As mentioned above, a 10x programmer can be defined as a problem-solver. In software development, solving problems oftentimes comes down to choosing the right tool for the problem at hand. Last but not least, on a team level, software engineering is best managed as an process. And outcomes are driven by making this process as efficient as possible. engineering Also published . here

10x Programmers: The True Way to Increase Software Engineering Productivity

A collection of poems and random notes: In sum, swell doggerel Well she used to love me but that's all over now... I quit humming my tune and continued my monologue. For those with the unbridled temerity to inquire of her name, she goes by Simile, Simile Metaphor... She worked at a club downtown. That's where I met her, at "The Hatbox". She was a "dancer", that's what she called it anyway. And it was good. Hell, it was better than good. It was great. Till we emptied the account. Then she split. Took the jewelry too. She was like that. Has anybody seen my baby? Has anyone seen my gal? Tales of heartache and desire. Distrust and lust. She sounded SO sincere. I couldn't help it, I just had to believe, know? Aw crap! Now I'm cryin again. Damn! Sniff. I mean she could be as fine as the rose and just as sweet, but damn, she could be mean as the thorns too. Maybe that was part of it. The idea that I could tame the tough girl. Make her into a lady, know? The hull seemed to tremble just so slightly as the retros fired their quick little bursts, the servos reacting in instants to every stimulus. We were coming down. Down in Territory. Donco was pissed. It was the umpteenth time he'd heard about Simile and my tale gave him unpleasant memories. That way sometimes, know? But hey, he would never SAY he was pissed. Nah. Then I could refuse to listen to HIS monologue, and that simply wasn't gonna happen. Nah. We were kinda honor bound to listen stoically to each other's sad and tawdry refrain. Same repeated sad repartee. This is why we don't date chicks that work at clubs, dance for a living. A Ho is A ho, you know... Ya know? Good riddance! I believe that we are not alone in the universe. I believe there are civilizations out there both more advanced and less sophisticated than ours. But, I also know that there are a LOT of "hoax" videos about UFOs. I just don't think that all these videos show UFOs in the sense of alien craft. Once upon a time I was driving in Kentucky. Long straight stretch of road. This very bright object/light came in from what was to me the left horizon and traversed about halfway across the hemisphere moving incredibly fast. Then it turned 90 degrees. No curving turn. No slowdown. If there are species beyond our ken, their technology will appear as magic. And barring accident I don't think for the most part that we'll know when they arrive(d). If they land in my front yard I may poop in me undies first, but I am nonetheless determined to ask for a ride. You know if there are such advanced species what could they gain from us? Well suppose that they brought "us" here to begin with.
Suppose that propagating their species this way was part of their "program" and that this dispersion, diaspora galactica, is intended to insure survival and gain trade partners, where the trade is to be in ideas, in concepts and in thoughts, not in material objects; that is, once we ascend to that level. IF we ascend to that level... In a dream I saw her, the Jade Lady. She was at the temple. With a snake. They said it was her familiar. I don't know. I ran. But my feet would not move. I was consumed by the snake. In the pit of holy fire I became her consort. Then I awoke. And I have had this fever and chills ever since the dream. What could it be doctor? Take advantage of the machine, USE the machine, make it yield to your advances. But don't let the machine by itself just generate random effects. I am seeking edification about PhotoShop and I've been playing a lot with filters. But what is REALLY the cat's meow is a drawing tablet. You just "draw" except it's on the screen. And it's fast. And forgiving. Oooops! Just UNDO. It appears that most of what I can do with pencil ink or paint can be done on the machine. I peeped some of ur stuff. Don't give up "handmade" on REAL media. But it IS fun. I am grateful for the toys and some talent God gave me. This made me miss the hashhish. The member of Abu'l-Haylukh remained In erection for thirty days, sustained By smoking hashish. Abu'l-Hayjeh deflowered in one night Eighty virgins in a rigid rite, After smoking hashish. Felah the Negro did jerk off his yard For all of a week; hashish kept it up hard. The Negro Maymum, with opiate, Without stopping to ejaculate, Futtered for fifty consecutive days. Allah bepraise him for having fulfilled Such a task! But then, fresh vigor instilled, Obliged to furnish ten days more-- Making sixty days of coition his score-- He fain went on and finished the chore. During this ordeal Maymum, in bed, Smoked what held up his penis head: Hashish! -- Quoted in The Cradle of Erotica, Edwardes & Masters, pg. 96. Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it. Mahatma Gandhi Dalai Lama said "Some people automatically associate morality and altruism with a religious vision of the world. But I believe it is a mistake to think that morality is an attribute only of religion. We can imagine two types of spirituality: one tied to religion, while the other arises spontaneously in the human heart as an expression of love for our neighbors and a desire to do them good." "I cant explain myself, because im not myself you See..."
-alice This song is one of the best ever. Just gives me chills. “Comin Back To me”, Jefferson Airplane The summer had inhaled and held its breath too long
The winter looked the same, as if it never had gone
And through an open window where no curtain hung
I saw you, I saw you, comin' back to me One begins to read between the pages of a look
The shape of sleepy music, and suddenly you're hooked
Through the rain upon the trees, that kisses on the run
I saw you, I saw you, comin' back to me You can't stay and live my way
Scatter my love like leaves in the wind
You always say you want to go away But I know what it always has been, it always has been A transparent dream beneath an occasional sigh
Most of the time I just let it go by
Now I wish it hadn't begun I saw you, yes I saw you, comin' back to me Strolling the hills overlooking the shore
I realize I've been here before
The shadow in the mist could have been anyone I saw you, I saw you, comin' back to me Small things like reasons are put in a jar
Whatever happened to wishes wished on a star?
Was it just something that I made up for fun?
I saw you, I saw you, comin' back to me Word! They lie about marijuana. Tell you pot-smoking makes you unmotivated. Lie! When you're high, you can do everything you normally do, just as well. You just realize that it's not worth the f*cking effort." (Bill Hicks) Real ligion "God has come in different ways that the many might be saved. There are many paths to the gates of Heaven." from the Book of Bob (BoB) 1:1 I cannot find any reference to this or similar phrasing. Therefore I claim it as the first verse in the Book of Bob. Bob has a peculiar take on forgiveness he'd like to share. In the Lord's Prayer we ask for forgiveness for something. In most people's familiar it is trespass. That's because this version came from England, where trespass was one of the worst transgressions.
In other traditions its our indebtedness, from Europe, where monetary debt was not good. We ask for forgiveness as we forgive others. But here's the rub: if you cut me I can forgive you or not as I choose. But if you cut Jack, only Jack and God can forgive you. I cannot forgive you for cutting Jack. In fact, if I PRESUME to forgive you for cutting Jack, I am committing hubris.
Peace&OneLove! For the grace of God that brings salvation has appeared to all men. It teaches us to say 'No' to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and godly lives in this present age, while we wait for the blessed hope the glorious appearing of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, who gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness and to purify for himself a people that are his very own, eager to do what is good.
~~ Titus 2:11-14
Finding the good, doing the good not to get into heaven, but because of the joy in having already gotten my ticket.
This phrase, "For the grace of God that brings salvation has appeared to all men." is and holds one of the most important concepts about my belief system. In my mind "to all men" doesn't mean just those who accept Christ as their savior. And somebody said "God has come in different ways that the many might be saved." And this doesn't contradict the notion that some may not come unto the Father except by Jesus. My Father sends whom He will to every man. And if He comes for you, however He may appear, you'd best accept the gift. I'd guess that perspective is not altogether acceptable to some. LikeYeah! "Shrooms" as the popular phrase goes is a very nice high. Now they are experimenting with psilocybin for mental illness, with Ritalin being used as the control drug for some of the subjects. Now Ritalin have you seeing people in the trees. One of the few drugs that provoked paranoia in the LabRat. My limited experience indicates that there is a tendency for lingering aspects of the trip. I'd probably gobble a handful if they were in front of me. In me old age I used to wash em down with beer. Ah well... You can make your little head do amazing tricks, and it isn't that difficult. Some tricks, like associations, may seem contrived but after you have done this a few times it becomes background process, so you don't have to focus on the remembering so much. My House And my house shall have places to lie, perchance then to nap and to dream.
In my house, I shall know heaven. Roly Poly, tickle my holey There were four old whores of Baltimore,
Drinking beer and wine,
The topic of conversation was,
"Mine is bigger than thine." Chorus : Roly Poly, tickle my holey, smell of of my slimey flue,
Then drag your nuts across my guts,
I'm one of the whorey crew. The first old whore from Baltimore said,
"Mine's as big as the air,
The birds fly in, the birds fly out,
And never tickle a hair." Midnight sweat. Soaking wet.
Worst one yet.
Can't forget.
Vietnam vet. winking eye winking eye soft lover's sigh, winking eye
sweet lips
silk glove, soft winking eye, winked its eye
lover's trips
soft like a sigh too shy, winked its eye
lover's trips
soft like a sigh, never no til ya try
smooth hips
lover's trips
winked its eye, soft lover's thigh
smooth lipped love,
before the sigh, winked its eye
soft, like a sigh too shy, winked its eye
lover's trips
soft love, never know til ya try, winked its eye
smooth hips, lover's trips
before the sigh winked its eye
sweet lips
winked its thigh before the sigh, sweet eye
lover's trips
like a cry before the sigh, soft thigh
lover's trips
soft, love, too shy to sigh, winked its eye
smooth hips
lover's trips
soft lover's thigh,
soft silk glove never no til ya try
before the sigh winked its eye
lover's trips
soft lover's sigh, never know til ya try
sweet lips, lover's trips my computer wrote this in 1985! Fart proudly crepitu superbe some random verses the dragon is at the door with his fiery roar because he wants more Listen my children and you shall hear
A warning that needs to be made clear.
Out here on the highway the risk is near;
No locks nor latches should allay your fear,
You see the highwaymen are already here,
And they want what you hold so very dear.
So, wanna buy some protective cyber gear? i saw the uber geek
he was quite unique
one strange freak let me tell ya how it's gonna be
yes lord jesus is the one for me
he came along and he set me free
of this earthly sin and misery It was a wondrous machine
Both concave and convex
So it would suit either sex
But oh what a mess to clean The thug monkey The thug monkey has come down from on high,
I tell you the monkey is no more in the sky,
Instead he has come to abide with you and I.
Monkey hopes you will believe him bye and bye
So chin up there's no reason for you to cry,
Monkey said so and you know he wouldn't lie.
Soon everyone will have a slice of the pie,
And Branson and Bezos won't be allowed to fly
With resources stolen from you and another guy. livin the blues livin the blues with a jazz flavor
that's the kind of music I savor
play some more and win my favor In the space between the stars, Out there someplace way past Mars, They say you run out of whiskey bars Along the freeways filled with cars, Those long and cold concrete scars. But it's ok cause we got mason jars Full of the kindest of blunt cigars. Oh my honey, my do good honey, If only we had all his money, Why then the things we could do! Save the world for me and you! Doesn't matter about his plan,
He simply doesn't understand
This great egalitarian opportunity
To do some real good for our community. No mere mortal needs that much dough,
Surely that much we all should know.
If he doesn't appreciate our scheme,
Take his funds to finance our dream. Because what is truly important here
Is the agenda we hold so near and dear,
And we need to make that really clear! I saw a place I saw a place
there was blue sky over a city of gold
a fever dream
or at the least that is what I am told
no reality
would dare be so beautiful nor so bold
and now you see
I am become quite cynical and quite old
and what I think
is that it has all been bought and sold Logins are fascinating! So let's consider the idea of the Magic Link (ML). A user wants to login to your site or app using an ML. The first part of the ML protocol involves the user's request to do an ML login. Does a user want to use an ML, and if so how do they let us know that? Let's assume the user has to request an ML login to initiate the protocol, though you could just send ML's to all your clients for say an ad campaign. So for example to request an ML a user could provide an Email or an SMS address, or if the system preregisters users perhaps their user name, maybe even an ID or address for a connected key fob device or special host. This request for an ML could be a user entry or automata provided. The second part of the protocol is our response or reply to an ML request. To respond to the user's request for an ML we need some address or means of contacting the user to provide or deliver that ML (or other info, say an error message) to them. Do we even know who they are, or for that matter do we care beyond the simple contact information needed to send the ML? grammatically speaking for f*ck's sake The singular form of the apostrophe has an implied yet not explicit plurality for the possessor f*ck. So while the textual expression is singular there is an embodiment of plurality that can not be overlooked. This is frequently an issue in the interpretation of idiomatic speech or expressions. ☺ the cowboy Now babe don't come all undone
It's just a cowboy with his gun
Looking for some hit and run
And other kinds of good clean fun I loved her just the same Though her duralon finish
Had begun to diminish
I loved her just the same
For that I'll take the blame
But her gears had started to strip
They could no longer get a grip
And she really started to flip
So then I called the factory
They offered nothing satisfactory
I am so tired of trying to explain
To get poor service again and again
For a product that just went insane Hail Proud Mary!
Not very pretty,
'n her lip is hairy;
yeah she is scary,
one ugly fairy. being a genius is rather like being a high powered battery.
nothing happens until you connect it to something. ;-) "The man represented all that was wrong with the world, a shining avatar of evil so bright, Jill wanted to slam the door and spend the next hour and a half on her knees." Conkluzion Hope you have njoyed this collection of letters deranged into words. When the fever is upon me I frequently wax prolific with such doggerel. As always, Comments, Criticisms, and Suggestions are welcome.

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