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Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . TURPENTINE AND ITS PRODUCTS. here TURPENTINE AND ITS PRODUCTS. By Edward Davies, F.C.S., F.I.C. In treating this subject it is necessary to limit it within comparatively narrow bounds, for bodies of the turpentine class are exceedingly numerous and not well understood. In this definite class turpentine means the exudation from various trees of the natural order Coniferæ, consisting of a hydrocarbon, C10H16, and a resin. The constitution of the hydrocarbons in turpentine from different sources, though identical chemically, varies physically, the boiling point ranging from 156° C. to 163° C., the density from 0.855 to 0.880, and the action on polarized light from -40.3 to +21.5. They are very unstable bodies in their molecular constitution, heat, sulphuric acid, and other reagents modifying their properties. The resins are also very variable bodies formed probably by oxidation of the hydrocarbons, and as this oxidation is more or less complete, mixtures are formed very difficult to separate and study. Turpentine as met with in commerce is mainly derived from , yielding French turpentine, and , furnishing most of the American turpentine. The latter is obtained from North and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. In Hanbury and Fluckiger's Pharmacographia there is a full description of the manner in which the trees are wounded to obtain the turpentine. Besides these there are Venice turpentine from the larch, , Strassburg turpentine from , and Canada balsam from . Pinus maritima Pinus australis Pinus Larix Abies pectinata Pinus balsamea The crude American turpentine is a viscid liquid of about the consistence of honey, but varying to a soft solid, known as gum, thus, according to the amount of exposure which it has undergone, it contains about 10 to 25 per cent. of "spirits," to which the name of turpentine is commonly given, the rest being resin, or as it is usually called, rosin. In Liverpool almost all the spirits of turpentine comes from America, so that it is almost impossible to get a sample of French. The terpene from American turpentine is called austraterebenthene. It possesses dextro-rotatory polarization of +21.5. Its density is 0.864. Boiling point 156° C. In taking the boiling point of a commercial sample of spirits it is necessary to wait until the thermometer becomes steady. Not more than 5 per cent. should pass over before this takes place, and then there is not more than two or three degrees of rise until almost all is distilled over. The liquids of lower boiling point do not appear to have been much studied. In French spirits they seem to be of the same composition as the main product, but with more action on polarized light. French spirits of turpentine is mainly composed of terebenthene. The boiling point and sp. gr. are the same as those of the austraterebenthene, but the polarization is left handed and amounts to -40.5. Isomeric modifications. Heated to 300° C. in a sealed tube for two hours, it becomes an isomeric compound, boiling at 175° C., while the density is lowered, being only 0.8586 at 0° C. The rotatory power is only -9°. It oxidizes much more rapidly. It is called isoterebenthene and has a smell of essential oil of lemons. By the action of a small quantity of sulphuric acid, among other products terebene is formed. It has the same boiling point and sp. gr. as terebenthene, but is without action on polarized light. Austraterebenthene forms similar if not identical bodies. Polymers. One part of boron fluoride BF3 instantly converts 160 parts of terebenthene into polymers boiling above 300° C., and optically inactive. H2SO4 does the same on heating and forms diterebene C20H32. Terchloride of antimony does the same, and also produces tetraterebene C40H64, a solid brittle compound formed by the union of four molecules of C10H16. It does not boil below 350° C. and decomposes on heating. Compound with H2O. Terpin C10H182HO is formed when 1 volume of spirits of turpentine is mixed with 6 of nitric acid and 1 of alcohol, and exposed to air for some weeks. Crystals are formed which are pressed, decolorized by animal charcoal, and recrystallized from boiling water. Compounds with HCl. When a slow current of HCl is passed through cooled spirits of turpentine, two isomeric compounds are formed, one solid, and one liquid. The lower the temperature is kept, the more of the solid body is produced. To obtain the solid body pure it is pressed and recrystallized from ether or alcohol. It is volatile and has the odor of camphor. It is called artificial camphor, and has the composition C10H16HCl. There is also a compound with 2HCl. Oxidation products. By passing air into spirits of turpentine oxygen is absorbed. It was thought at one time that ozone was produced, but Kingzett's view is that camphoric peroxide is formed C10H14O4, and that in presence of water it decomposes into camphoric acid and H2O2. This liquid constitutes the disinfectant known as "sanitas," which possesses the advantages of a pleasant smell and non-poisonous properties. C10H18O2 may be obtained by exposing spirits of turpentine in a flask full of oxygen with a little water. Camphor C16H16O has been made in small quantity by oxidizing spirits of turpentine. Terebenthene belongs to the benzene or aromatic series, which can be shown from its connection with cymene. Cymene is methylpropyl-benzene, and can be made from terpenes by removing two atoms of H. It has not yet been converted again into terpene, but the connection is sufficiently proved. The presence of CH3 in terpenes is shown by their yielding chloroform when distilled with bleaching powder and water. The resin is imperfectly known. It was supposed to consist of picric and sylvic acids. It is also stated to contain abietic anhydride C44H62O4, but it is difficult to understand how a compound containing C44 can be produced from C10H16. The most probable view is that it is the anhydride of sylvic acid, which is probably C20H30O2. The dark colored resin which is obtained when the turpentine is distilled without water can be converted into a transparent slightly yellow body by distillation with superheated steam. A small portion is decomposed, but the greater part distills unchanged. It is used in making soap which will lather with sea water. When distilled alone, various hydrocarbons, resin oil and resin pitch, are obtained. I find that commercial spirits of turpentine varies in sp. gr. from 0.865 to 0.869 at 15° C. The higher sp. gr. appears to be connected with the presence of resinous bodies, the result of oxidation. The boiling point is very uniform, ranging from 155° C. to 157° C. at 760 mm. Taking these two points together, it is hardly possible to adulterate spirits of turpentine without detection. I give the figures for a few imitations or adulterations: Sp. gr. B.P. No. 1 0.821 137° C. No. 2 0.884 165° C. No. 3 0.815 150° C. No. 4 0.895 156° C. There is a considerable difference in the flashing point, no doubt due to the longer or shorter exposure of the crude turpentine, by which more or less of the volatile portion escapes. Read at a meeting of the Liverpool Chemists' Association. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16972/pg16972-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

TURPENTINE AND ITS PRODUCTS

Let’s face it: digitization is overhauling the entire healthcare structure towards improved productivity and boosting business operations cost-effectively. And there is absolutely nothing you can do about it other than jump on the bandwagon. A Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) system is one of such solutions offered by the technology sector to help improve the healthcare industry. Statistics show that the global RPM software market will be worth well over . Now, that’s a lot of zeros. $1.7billion by 2027 So, what exactly is an RPM tool? Why do you even have to take the time to learn about it? What’s in it for you? Don’t worry; we've got you covered. First, let’s understand what RPM is precisely. What is a Remote Patient Monitoring Software? Also known as remote patient management or remote physiologic monitoring (yes, I know, that’s a lot of “remote”), RPM software helps to enhance access to real-time data. With RPM tools, healthcare centers can electronically track and capture health-related data from patients everywhere and anywhere. This data is then used to regulate the patients' medical condition virtually. Now, you see, with simple RPM software, healthcare centers can serve more patients and effectively offer medical solutions in an upgraded manner. No more appointments except when necessary, nor is there a need for constant checkups. Either of these would congest doctors' calendars, giving them little to no time to prioritize. These are a snippet of what RPM software can do for healthcare organizations. However, there is more, a lot more than you can imagine. Let’s check that out next! How a Remote Patient Monitoring Software Benefits Healthcare Providers and Patients Easy access to patient data - collection and retrieval of health records are now easier said and done! With RPM tools, access to patient data has never been easier. Since patients are connected to the system, they can send any of these details: blood pressure blood sugar levels weight heart rate vital signs All of these and more without coming in for a check-up. Now here are two ways this will help healthcare providers function better. One. Laboratory specialists are not suffocated running these tests. Without any doubt, every patient is important, but some need urgent or critical medical care. With results coming directly to doctors, they can conveniently spot priorities. Thus, this improves data-driven medical decisions. An RPM software cuts the time and effort docs spend to run these tests on their own. Oh, not to worry, RPM systems are specially built to help patients record their health data themselves. So, accuracy isn’t a problem. Now, two. RPM software makes it easy to retrieve and compare patients' statistics right in the comfort of a sofa! So, you see, it doesn’t only cut down the process of attending to a patient but also helps in analyzing patient data as they come. For instance, healthcare providers could compare the previous week's patient vitals and the current data. Here is an overview of the efficiency that comes with just this one action: You don’t have to locate the patient. Instead, access them right there on your RPM system! You don’t have to flip a huge pile of paperwork comparing vital signs. Instead, an RPM software solution will bring the data to you with a click or two! And what about misplaced test results? RPM systems come with backup software! You can literally recommend a medical plan for 10 patients in less than an hour. Do you want me to go on? Because there is so much more that you get with an RPM software integrated into your healthcare process. The perfect solution to monitor chronic conditions - Chronic problem? We've got you covered! An in the United States reports that approximately 133 million Americans suffer from one chronic condition or the other. Now, this isn’t exactly a good thing, and you can position your healthcare facility to help out in this situation thus, boosting your net patient revenue. empirical study of chronic disease How is this possible? Let me share some insight. With RPM software, healthcare providers will have daily updates of patients with chronic conditions. This will help them effectively regulate patients’ health so it won’t spiral into an irreversible situation. Here’s what happens: it becomes less complicated for doctors to treat a patient as they can nip the problem right at the bud. But it doesn’t end there. With RPM software collecting data, you’ve indirectly assured your patients of their safety. And they are confident that you got them covered. Besides that, RPM tools propel self-management and care protocols from patients. Both parties (healthcare providers and patients) do not have to keep up health checks. It’s like trying hard not to look at the alarm in the morning when it’s right there at your bedside. That’s exactly what having RPM software does for patients. An RPM software makes it easy to follow up with healthcare providers’ recommendations. Efficiency at a lower cost - support, education, and feedback at the tip of your fingers What about the cost? Imagine all the time and money that goes into educating patients on what to do and what not to do. What about how much patients have to spend on a checkup? Yes, I know health insurance is there, but it has some limitations. Health insurances don’t pay for everything. What about if a patient needs therapy? Or needs surgery not covered by the insurance company? Here is the point: patients will spend, which may be demotivating for some. The reports that 19% of households can not afford to pay their hospital bill immediately. U.S. Census Bureau Your healthcare organization can reduce this figure with RPM software, reaching more disadvantaged households. It goes both ways. The time and money you would spend being available for this checkup automatically stays as credit and not debit on your balance sheet. You and your patients save! Improved healthcare quality and revenue - who says healthcare centers can reach for the sky? Who says you can’t provide healthcare services to more than the number of patients you have registered now? Not us. With RPM software, you have people who use your service in places you may not be able to expand to in 10 years or more physically. See, globalization is getting bigger and bigger. And guess what, it only just got started. Technology is at the center of it all. So healthcare organizations can reach more patients in remote areas boosting their net patient revenue. Join the globalization bandwagon by integrating an RPM software into your facility. Do this to avoid being swept aside by technological disruptions in the healthcare industry that may make your health center irrelevant. With that, why don't we check some RPM software solutions out there? Most likely, you will get an insight into the model or application that is just perfect for your business. Some Types of Remote Patient Monitoring Software Solutions, Their Uses & Examples We will look at three different categories of RPM software and a couple of examples of each. Let’s dive right into that. 1. Cardiology Remote Patient Monitoring - medication management and titration Although there are many types of solutions within cardiology, medication management and titration are within the top 3. Let me tell you exactly why. Do you know that there are 10 or more classes of medications for blood pressure? One reason I am sure you must know is that two-drug combinations are more effective than one for regulating blood pressure (BP). Moreover, blood pressure treatment, especially high BPs, is ongoing. Medications are frequent and need changes now and then. Imagine scheduling checkups for every patient with high BPs, checking their BPs, setting up yet another appointment to check for improvement toward changes in medication. And this will happen a lot. Imagine all the physical hours spent on this. Again, now imagine if the patient missed a check-up forgetting to regulate their blood pressures. What about if a patient can send you their blood pressure levels daily and all you have to do is prescribe drugs, recommend a change of medication with one or two clicks? Medication management and titration RPM tools help a healthcare provider to prescribe and regulate medication based on patient data as they come. Here’s what happens: Doctors save physical hours spent on frequent checkups, hours sitting behind a desk to prescribe and augment medications. Patients’ conditions are monitored in real-time, ensuring they avoid any health escalations. Some examples of RPM for cardiology are ZOLL, VitalConnect, and Endotronix. 2. Pulmonology Remote Patient Monitoring - COPD management The Center for Disease Control and Prevention that 16 million Americans have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD currently sits as the third leading cause of disease death in the U.S. reports It is an incurable condition but it can be managed to avoid any escalation towards death. Pulmonology RPM software can help doctors and patients work together physically and virtually to manage the patients’ heart conditions. Pulmonologists can conveniently create a plan combining medications rehabilitation, monitoring, and support. With the aid of RPM, a doctor can ensure this plan is followed diligently, spot problems before they surface from the patient data, and offer recommendations to mitigate the issues. This leads to higher quality healthcare - something healthcare centers want to be known for. An example of the RPM for COPD management is Prevounce Pulmonology RPM Module. 3. Endocrinology Remote Patient Monitoring - glucose monitoring The National Diabetes Statistics, as cited by the s that 34.2 million people have diabetes. This is approximately 10.5% of the U.S population. CDC, report The primary cause of diabetes, a chronic disease needing ongoing medications, is linked to our glucose levels. People with diabetes even require that blood sugar levels be tested at least 2-3 times a day. An RPM software will inarguably make the situation more manageable. Rather than simply run the test and wait for their next check-up or appointment, RPM tools allow healthcare providers and patients to collaborate in real-time. The patient's glucose levels are constantly monitored, and they don’t have to wait around for an appointment. Nor wait until the situation gets out of hand before they seek your center. A healthcare provider gets to conveniently and efficiently help its patients regulate their blood sugar levels to manage their diabetes conditions. A good example of RPM for endocrinologists is the TimeDoc Health RPM. With all of these, we’ve seen how very transformative implementing an RPM software will be for any healthcare provider. Now, here comes the most critical question: how do you get started? Sure, you could simply contact any healthcare software developer in the middle of Antarctica to get the job done, and they will do exactly as you want. However, there is so much that you can get from a professional software development company that will get you more than what you need. Using these criteria: - get more than what your competition has. Set the trend with an RPM tool that revolutionizes your service delivery. Disruptive RPM solution - build a tool that will be useful now and in the years to come saving you cost for upgrades. Scalability - we don’t want regulatory bodies clamping down on your healthcare center, would we now? Healthcare regulatory compliance With these yardsticks, our experts put together just 3 software development firms to help your business take 101% advantage of what technology offers through sound RPM systems. Let’s check them out. Top 3 Remote Patient Monitoring Software Developers 1. Altoros Labs Altoros Labs is one of the leading healthcare software development firms specializing in building RPM systems. With over 20 years in the technology industry, Altoros Labs has served more than 700 clients worldwide, with some of them being top healthcare providers. Their RPM solutions are specially designed to: ensure better clinical outcomes; lower your healthcare running cost and cut medical bills for patients; improve your medical workers’ productivity; boost patient engagement; automate data gathering processes; secure these data; and promote patient healthcare self-management. They prioritize all of these while ensuring that the RPM system is HIPAA-compliant. Reach out to Altoros Labs , and their 400+ software experts will work towards building a custom RPM software. A system that will complement your business needs in more ways than one or maybe two. here 2. ScienceSoft ScienceSoft is another one of the top software development companies building customized RPM systems for healthcare providers. Founded way back in 1989, Sciencesoft started as a small AI company and later established itself in the software development industry after switching to IT services in 2002. Like Altoros Labs, they are also HIPAA compliant. With ScienceSoft, here is what you get: RPM solution consulting; RPM software development services tailored to your needs; HIPAA and HITECH compliance; and so much more. Reach out to ScienceSoft to get started with your RPM needs. here 3. LeewayHertz LeewayHertz, a software development company that is 100+ strong ensures the development of RPM tools that enables healthcare centers to provide both traditional and virtual care. By developing RPM systems that offer real-time data provisions, LeewayHertz can help your healthcare center connect with more patients. Here is LeewayHertz’s checklist that guides their development of RPM software: it must enable convenient access to medical assistance; increase patients and doctors’ engagement; leads to better utilization of medical resources at your disposal Reach out to LeewayHertz for your RPM solutions. here The Bottom Line Technological disruption in the healthcare industry is just getting started. So it’s a no-brainer not to take advantage of this opportunity because it doesn’t only make your healthcare center function better. It also helps you reduce costs and cut unnecessary and time-consuming processes. So, what do you say? Yay or nay?

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