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The emergence of (LLMs) has been nothing short of a technological marvel. These mammoth models, such as GPT, BERT, RoBERTa, and others, have reshaped our understanding of natural language processing and transformed industries ranging from healthcare to entertainment. Large Language Models Yet, for all their genius, LLMs have a fundamental limitation: they are general-purpose models, which makes them akin to versatile Swiss army knives. While they can handle a myriad of tasks with admirable competence, the true mastery lies in task-specific performance. This is where the concept of fine-tuning steps in, promising to unlock their full potential. In this exploration, we delve into the fascinating journey of fine-tuning LLMs for specialized tasks. We will explore the landscape of chatbots, language translation, and sentiment analysis, illuminating the nuanced process behind each adaptation. This journey aims to reveal not just the 'how' but also the 'why' of fine-tuning. The Art of Fine-Tuning resembles sculpting a raw block of marble into a masterpiece. It starts with selecting a base model — often a pre-trained LLM like GPT-3.5 from openAI, Falcon, LLAMA2, and Mistral from Hugging face transformers library — as the foundation. This base model has already been trained on vast swaths of text, saturating it with a deep understanding of language. Fine-tuning an LLM In the process of finetuning, it adapts to specific tasks through a process of focused training. Imagine, for instance, crafting a chatbot capable of realistic, context-aware conversations. Fine-tuning involves feeding the model with task-specific data and objectives, allowing it to refine its responses gradually. Let us then embark on a journey through three distinct applications of fine-tuning: Chatbots, where we'll unveil the strategies behind crafting chatbots that feel human; Language Translation, which would allow us to explore how LLMs can seamlessly switch between languages and dialects; and finally, with Sentiment Analysis, we'll delve into the mechanics of sentiment analysis and how fine-tuning refines it. As we unravel the art and science of fine-tuning LLMs for specialized tasks, it becomes clear that this process is the key to unlocking their full potential. It's not just about having a Swiss army knife, but more about sharpening each blade to perfection for a specific purpose. The Fine-Tuning Process Fine-tuning is a process where we start with pre-trained models as our initial foundation and then train these models with custom data to tweak some of the model parameters. This helps refine the model’s representations and weights, aligning them more closely with the requirements of the downstream task. In this chapter, we will explore the art of fine-tuning with transformers trainer which helps us in training these pre-trained models, and Optuna, a versatile hyperparameter search framework, for finding the parameters that will give the best performance on your downstream task. Let’s assume a text classification problem, the data consists of two features namely “text” and “labels”. Given the text, our task is to Since we are using the transformers library for training, we have to convert the data into format. classify it into one of the labels. ds.arrow_dataset.Dataset Once data is set up, load the tokenizer and foundation model for the downstream task. The above code imports a tokenizer for our language model. It takes either a Namespace from Huggingface repo like “bert-base-uncased” above or a path to the vocab files required by the tokenizer if you have saved any previously using the save_pretrained method, as input. Similarly, we import our initial model and it’s config using the above code. Now, our tokenizer, data, and the initial model have all been set up. It’s time to tokenize our data using a tokenizer since tokenized data is the input for model training and not the raw data. The above code tokenizes the training data. After tokenizing, we have to remove the text column since it is of no use from now on — we only use tokens. If you have the length of the sequence that is more than the accepted model’s sequence length, you must truncate; and if the max sequence length of custom data is less than the accepted model’s sequence length, then you can pad all the sequences with the padding parameter as shown above. This results in getting all the sequences with a constant length. Similar code can be used for tokenizing validation data and test data which we will use for evaluation and inference. Once training, validation, and test data have been set up, we need to create a function that helps in reporting metrics for every epoch. Let’s call it compute_metrics. The above function takes the predictions from the trainer and it calculates accuracy, recall, and precision for every epoch and it is shown in stdout. How Optuna works We create an Optuna study that corresponds to an optimization task, i.e. a set of trails. Optuna requires an objective function to quantify the performance of a model with specific hyperparameters. The main purpose of this function is to guide the hyperparameter optimization process. It optimizes by conducting trials, each representing a unique combination of hyperparameters. Each trial will have fixed hyperparameters, and these are passed to the objective function to calculate the objective. It aims to find the set of hyperparameters that minimizes or maximizes this objective function, depending on whether it represents a loss or a score/metric. Each trial information is logged in the study, and this information can be saved to a database or in local storage. You can convert it into a data frame as well. Best trial and best parameter values are also stored in the study. One can view them using study.best_trial. Now, let’s define our objective function. The first step is defining our hyperparameter space in a dictionary as is shown below: Since we are using a transformer trainer, we will use this dictionary to define training arguments. One can find the training arguments . Each hyperparameter has been defined in a specific range using Optuna’s trial object. here So, the next step is to set up the training and evaluation code: The above code takes the train data, validation data and the training arguments that we defined previously and initiates the training process when the execution reaches . Then evaluation is done with method. trainer.train() trainer.evaluate() We predict the results for test data and store them in the variable. Since we are concerned about “recall” in this particular case, let’s return to test recall from the objective. Since this is a metric, we have to maximize the objective function. test_results The next is creating the Optuna study and starting the hyperparameter optimization job: This will create a new Optuna study with the name . Since we are returning a metric from the objective function, our direction is to “maximize” the objective function. will trigger the hyper-parameter optimization process and once it’s completed, one can view the best trial and see the parameters that are performing well. hyperprameter_optimization_bert study.optimize() Applications of Fine-Tuned LLMs The expert-level Large Language Models (LLMs), trained on vast datasets and meticulously refined, exhibit a remarkable versatility that extends across multiple facets of Natural Language Understanding, Content Generation, Specialized Domains, and, crucially, Ethical Considerations. In the arena of , fine-tuned models have proven their mettle in diverse applications. Firstly, they stand out in sentiment analysis, decoding the nuanced emotional tones embedded in textual content with remarkable accuracy. Fine-tuned LLMs are indispensable tools when analyzing public sentiment toward a political event or product feedback for market research. Moreover, they are good in language translation and multilingual tasks, exceeding language barriers to facilitate global communication and collaboration. Natural Language Understanding becomes an art form when fine-tuned LLMs are employed. They possess the uncanny ability to generate creative content, whether it be generating compelling narratives, poetic verses, or even witty advertisements. Industries like advertising and marketing have embraced these models, utilizing their capacity to create persuasive and engaging content that resonates with audiences deeply emotionally. Content Generation In , fine-tuned LLMs have cut out a niche of their own. They undergo fine-tuning to serve as diagnostic tools in the medical field, offering assistance in early disease detection and patient care. Simultaneously, their abilities extend to legal document analysis, parsing through extensive legal texts with precision, speeding up the work of legal professionals while ensuring accuracy and compliance. Specialized Domains Real-world examples of enterprises using LLM-based AI search engines are , which has refined LLMs by using targeted fine-tuning with a specialized set of legal documents, which has boosted the pace of data collection and analysis and unveiled the information concealed within documents. LawGeex and , IN-D AI However, as we tread into the future, cannot be overlooked. It is imperative that we address concerns related to misuse and biases in these fine-tuned models, since the list of concerns is quite long: it might be misinformation, plagiarism, privacy concerns, security threats, and even dehumanization of communication. Ensuring transparency, fairness, and accountability in their deployment is thus paramount. The responsible use of LLMs must be guided by ethical principles to multiply their potential while minimizing unintended consequences. Ethical Considerations Challenges and Limitations Continuing the topic of ethical concerns, fine-tuning does not absolve models of biases inherent in the data; in fact, it can amplify them. A model trained on biased data can lead to contradictory results, raising ethical concerns. However, they are not the only thing that should be kept a close eye on. Although fine-tuning in itself involves feeding the model with task-specific data and objectives,  one of the primary challenges in this process is still obtaining this very data. High-quality, labeled datasets are crucial for training models to achieve peak performance in specialized tasks. However, many domains lack the necessary volume of data or represent niche topics where data collection is exhausting. This scarcity restricts the model's ability to generalize well to real-world scenarios. Another concern is overfitting. When a model is fine-tuned on limited data, it might perform exceptionally well on that specific data but fail to generalize to unseen examples. Overfitting is particularly problematic with LLMs due to their capacity to memorize vast amounts of information. Other than that, fine-tuning LLMs demands considerable computational power. Training large models on specific tasks not only requires specialized hardware but also results in significant energy consumption and costs. For researchers and organizations with limited resources, this poses a barrier to achieving the full potential of LLMs. As one ventures deeper into the age of AI, the precision offered by fine-tuned LLMs could bring a true revolution to the industries, from healthcare diagnostics to bespoke content creation. Yet, with great promise comes the imperative to navigate the nuanced complexities involved, ensuring both efficiency and ethical integrity. By acknowledging these challenges, the community can work collaboratively to develop solutions that tame the power of LLMs while minimizing potential drawbacks.

A Detailed Guide to Fine-Tuning for Specific Tasks

44,000 startups. 4,553 cities. “4 billion votes” It was such a blessing to get to know so many of your ideas and innovations from every corner of the world in 2021. The startup community amazed all of us with your hard work and persistence despite all of the challenges that we faced globally throughout last year. Not gonna lie, the competition got our hearts racing like Eurovision. We won’t let you wait for much longer, below are long-awaited results! ✨✨✨ To see who is a winner in each respective city, visit and pick a city. The name at the top of the list is the winner. (Compromised awards are under review.) startups.hackernoon.com The will announce the winners per region in their respective cities. Startups Winners Announcement Series 🔥 Central Europe Central Europe has always caught our attention with the talented pool of people in tech community. But were they able to get through 2021 despite the pandemic? Let’s cheers to the most outstanding amongst 4,500+ startups who have been working hard this year: Basel, Switzerland An overwhelming vote for ~ in their mission of helping machinery companies drive more service revenues from their installed base MachiQ Software Berlin, Germany We have with a whooping 538 votes! Let’s support Plan A with its mission to help companies to measure, monitor and reduce their environmental footprint. Plan A Düsseldorf, Germany It doesn’t get any easier with Kicking off in helping people organize online schedules more easily. EasyWeek! Geneva, Switzerland Manage code quality? We have to give props to for their startup! SonarSource Hamburg, Germany Taking over Hamburg is , an acoustic device to reduce noises in vehicle cabins. No more annoying sounds on the road 🚗 ReCalm Köln, Germany Small business? Hoping to manage your marketing campaign? is winning the vote! rankingCoach Lausanne, Switzerland is a Swiss-based company focused on cryptocurrency management solutions built for financial institutions. Metaco Leipzig, Germany empowers companies to operate and utilize drones for the most effective industrial data applications. FlyNex Mainz, Germany is growing sustainable digital mobility startups! Next Mobility Labs Munich, Germany wins for top-line, high-security international Identity Management! ORY Stuttgart, Germany Remote desktop application? Ask anywhere. AnyDesk Vienna, Austria , an IT company enabling privacy-preserving big data applications in the digital age. Mostly AI Zug, Switzerland Way to go 1762 votes for the first provably live pure Proof-of-Stake (PoS) CBC-Casper blockchain designed for real-world applications. CasperLabs! Nyon Calling for robust data solutions for impact-driven organizations! Havuta LLC Zürich is revolutionizing small business lending to give easy access to capital to those who need it most: SMEs ✨ Teylor Heidelberg, Germany is an innovative HR startup providing a solution for fast and efficient recruiting of employees with simple job profiles. Talk'n'Job Stuttgart, Germany Congratulations for winning this title! AnyDesk Moving on to our buddies in... 🔥 Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is home to many familiar big names in our start-up world. Trace history for Miro, Telegram, and Grammarly and you know where they are from. Who is the next generation for Eastern European startups? Budapest, Hungary is a platform for mobile app development, enabling tens of thousands of developers to automate integration, testing, and deployment. Bitrise I__ __ stanbul, Turkey Leading here is - a brand new software intelligence platform- helps organizations deliver faster, high-quality products by connecting their DevOps tools. Oobeya Kraków, Poland is a human cloud platform that connects global enterprises with European software houses, offering tech talent as a service. Talent Alpha Kyiv, Ukraine 281 votes for , an AI powered app where people can swap faces in the videos, GIFs and images in just a few seconds. Reface Sofia, Bulgaria 387 votes for __ __378, leading Blockchain and DLT solutions company that specializes in helping enterprises and blockchain startups design, build and scale innovative solutions using Blockchain & DLT! LimeChain Warsaw, Poland is a next-generation blockchain document management software (DMS). DoxyChain Yerevan, Armenia Whoever clicked to vote for was sure a vote, because it ended up winning as a full-service software provider delivering Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning solutions for businesses. SmartClick smart Almaty Just like the name suggested, provides one pass to dozens of gyms and studios. 1FIT Debrecen got all the coders ranked figured out! CodersRank Kharkiv is complete solution digital assets management! Pics.io Minsk, Belarus with 243 votes is the first blockchain-powered sports media platform. Scorum Moscow, Russian Federation 1 e-grocery company in Russia with 26 votes and #1 on our HackerNoon board for Minsk. SberMarket Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation leads this area as a personal finance application that rewards responsible spending and savings. CoinKeeper Kazan, Russian Federation Smelling a sweet victory? 3d App designers for flower bouquets is in the house! Flowito Western Europe 🔥 Brexit? Pandemic? It seems like startups in Western Europe still keep their spirits regardless. Startups in Western Europe that stood out in votes this year go to: Antwerp is on a streak! As a bug bounty platform, it ensures online security through a crowd-sourced platform for computer experts. intigriti Belfast A record-breaking 10,003 votes? is an independent coffee shop. Come grab a coffee! Bobs & Berts Birmingham What’s happening in Birmingham? We have , an innovative UK-based advanced lithium battery developer aiming to accelerate the global shift to cleaner. Aceleron Bordeaux 30 is an open-source web framework for building modern apps and websites with Vue.js. NuxtJS Boulogne-billancourt is a software company that provides an in-store analytics platform to optimize operations. DiGEiZ Brighton In for some jam? offers musical education services. BIMM Bristol Another tasty victory for Western Europe is enabling the strongest digital encryption on the internet. KETS Quantum Security Brussels A fashionable win for , a social fashion network. You scan barcodes in fashion shops and see every influencer wearing those outfits! Share your wishlist with your friends and earn cashback. SCANDALOOK Cardiff is a technology company developing end-to-end digital connectivity for the point-of-care diagnostics market. Bond Digital Health London A whooping number of 1085 vote__ __ offers hardware based cyber-security solution for authentication and encryption in a wired local network. Crypto Quantique Edinburgh Hopping up on the crypto movement, just launched last year but they are already rocking it at making crypto accessible to everyone. Zumo Ghent 5379 votes for ! A Belgian InsurTech startup that helps insurance providers all over the world to better connect with their digital customers. WeGroup Glasgow specializes in single-cell analysis transforming the life sciences. Biomage Paris Show some love in the city of love for , a sports platform that is connected to a mobile sports coaching application. AirFit Aberystwyth enables artificial intelligence, data science & digital innovation solutions for the agriculture, biotech & life sciences industries. Agxio Norwich Congratulations for the amazing win of 1124 votes! WATR Charleroi Congratulations for your amazing win! Hirering Gibraltar Give a round of applause to Fortknoxter! Waltham Abbey is ruling the area with its amazing 72 votes! RPAIR Antwerpen Rocking up Antwerpen area is the rising startup ! Willow Egham What’s happening in Egham? Proudly announcing winning the Noonies this year! ATA.ONE Leicester Leicester is calling the name of as the winner for the region! DeadHappy Macclesfield Who else but ? Congratulations on dominating the award! AeroCloud Northern Europe 🔥 Want to listen to some music? Spotify. Need some games to kill time? Candy Crush. What about a quick call to someone you haven’t seen in a long time? Skype. These are all startups that originated from Northern Europe! Noonies, let’s take a look at the upcoming generation of startups from Northern Europe that hopefully will see an even bigger and brighter future. Gothenburg, Sweden Shipping was never made for small shippers, so took on the mission to built an end-to-end logistics platform to empower small businesses to spend less time and money on shipping and more time on growing their businesses. Sendify The Netherlands provides a virtual platform for many kinds of conferences and events. Let's Get Digital Helsinki, Finland A curated collection of public basketball courts in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area called . Everyone is welcome to submit to their local court. Koripallopaikat Lund, Sweden develops an antibiotic-free, safe and effective treatment of vaginal fungal infections. Gedea Biotech Luxembourg, Luxembourg 🚀 is a job-matching platform that connects developers and tech experts with CTOs and team leads from the best tech companies across Europe. 👾 nexten.io Malmö, Sweden Feeling studious, Noonies? __ __e is a tool for Google Classroom, that enables formative matrix assessment towards course learning objectives directly. StudyBe Oslo, Norway is the platform supports a unified API across all connected device categories, removing significant friction for app developers. Domos Labs Reykjavík, Iceland __ __s is a mobile-first technologically advanced neo-bank. Indo service #S__ __ tockholm, Sweden is the biggest blockchain start-up in Sweden. Double winner of the most prestigious nomination in Nordics 'NyTeknik 33-listan', winner of the Deloitte Fast 50, and now Noonies Award! ChromaWay AB T__ __ allinn, Estonia Passing 1000 votes is a fully digital and decentralized ecosystem for all actors in supply chain. OBORTECH Vilnius, Lithuania is an easy-to-use money app for cards and accounts. Via Genome, users can open a business or a merchant account or a personal one with dedicated IBANs, access transfers, exchange currency, process payments, and manage the funds. Genome Aalborg Digura A legaltech offering tenants fast, digital and reliable legal assistance Aarhus Partisia Market Design provides secure, simple, efficient solutions for auctions and exchanges realizing the potential of the market. Helsingborg is a hi-tech company developing cardiac occlusion devices and other vascular implants. Occlutech Tallinna is an AI-powered system for marketing automation in social networks. POSTOPLAN 🔥 Southern Europe Southern Europe’s economy went through a hard time this year due to a huge reduction in tourism. But our startups are of course always headstrong, from Spain to Italy and all the way through Greece. Who are the heroes rising amidst changes of Southern Europe? Skopje is a versatile software development company that solves the business challenges of SMBs, big brands, and brave hearts with awesome ideas. CodeChem Sliema Sounds like just a relaxing exhale. is a holistic health and wellbeing app built to allow users work on the development of their physical, mental and spiritual health Few Tajonar is a company of experienced business & industry entrepreneurs offering solutions to industries based on cutting-edge technologies. das-Nano Tarragona is a technology-based company focusing on the production of integrated microsystems. IMICROQ Terni is an ICT-based integrated solution that is able to modulate, respond, assist and learn to control most home activities. Mind Tirana is a video content and e-commerce platform for the Balkans built on top of an Albanian language specialized search engine. Gjirafa Torino develops and commercializes algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence to increase the autonomy of small satellite missions. AIKO T__ __ orres Buy online groceries like you would buy offline with personalized picking as fast as in 4 hours with Vedras 360hyper! Trento is a music-based platform built around streaming platforms that allow users to discover new emerging artists and make new friends. Brots 2021, what a YEAR. Congratulations to all of the startups that made it to the top winning list for Europe! Stay tuned for Startup awards in 2022 and let’s cheers to a new year of more innovative ideas, bold innovations, and robust creations from you, Europe 🌷 More Information: If you’re a winner, please answer ! If you’re a reader, participant, just a curious individual, consider answering one of our interviews . this interview here Read the FAQs about or . Startups here here To see all of the winners you may visit , pick any city and view the name that appears at the top. this site If you’re interested in partnering with us, we invite you to look through some of these or reach out to our business department. unique sponsorship options Perhaps creating your very own tickles your fancy or maybe you have a whole new idea for how we can partner! writing contest Thank you to all of our sponsors! We truly appreciate your contribution to the tech world and thus the future! The Startups Awards are sponsored by: , , , , , , , , , , Blockster Brex FreeCodeCamp LaunchDarkly Coil Udacity Udemy Vercel Asia Pacific Transgender Network Bybit Everscale Network This post was written by An Le and edited by Natasha Nel. If you have any questions or concerns or would like to report a discrepancy please email ellen@hackernoon.com.

Meet the Winners of Startups in Europe

Blockdegree-- an --has launched a Blockchain Foundational Video Programme-- Study Blockchain in 60 minutes. This is a highly rigorous programme specially designed for everyone to learn all about blockchain technology and its use cases in just an hour. This programme is also suitable for students with no prior background in coding. esteemed member of the US Education Blockchain Action Network Curated as an engaging video series, this course aims to give business professionals and enthusiasts interested in blockchain technology a solid understanding of how blockchain technology is redefining the world, one use case and industry at a time. Blockdegree collaborated with Ms.Soh Wan Wei, the founder of , Singapore’s First Bitcoin and Blockchain Education Portal, on this initiative. Ms.Wan Wei is also currently serving as Senior Lecturer at Blockdegree. IKIGUIDE “We are thrilled to have the opportunity to work with Ms.Wan Wei, who is such a passionate bitcoin and blockchain educator. Study Blockchain in 60 minutes is an incredibly robust programme that goes through the fundamental concepts of revolutionary blockchain technology. We want to educate and nurture all participants of this course to be able to identify and leverage the massive opportunities the blockchain industry provides,” proclaims Ritesh Kikkad, co-founder of Blockdegree and XinFin’s XDC network “Bitcoin and blockchain technology are both inevitable movements in the foreseeable future. In a matter of five to ten years, blockchain technology will be so prevalent in the lives of the layperson. It is our full intention to give our students at Blockdegree a distinctive head start,” Ms.Wan Wei comments. “To cater to the needs of as many busy professionals and students as possible, we designed this 60minutes course to help them build the right foundations in blockchain so that graduates will be able to vicariously thrive and navigate in this new world marked by rapid disruption.” Study Blockchain in 60minutes is available on-demand on the Blockdegree platform. This makes it accessible to the user anytime, anywhere, and takes just 60minutes to complete. All graduates will receive a certificate upon conclusion of the course, jointly granted by Blockdegree and IKIGUIDE. They can then display it on their LinkedIn page or social media platforms, which will significantly boost their career opportunities in this fast-changing world. About Blockdegree Powered by , is a blockchain-based certificate issuance & verification platform for universities & the government. It also enables easy access to the distributed ledger technology to the institution. Blockdegree Platform also provides free training material and paid blockchain certification. XinFin Network Blockdegree About IKIGUIDE ( ) is Singapore’s First Bitcoin and Blockchain Education Portal. We believe in serving the masses by empowering them-- via blockchain and cryptocurrency education-- to be on the right side of change. IKIGUIDE www.ikiguide.com We believe that blockchain education should be easily accessible to all, and a non-technical background should never be a hindrance to leveraging the massive opportunities that blockchain technology offers. We are also committed to our mission of banking the unbanked and underbanked. We do so by providing blockchain scholarships to deserving and ambitious students in developing economies. Join us in the blockchain revolution, one education at a time! Here is an invite to our FREE facebook group “Blockchain for Non-Techies”: http://bit.ly/StudyBlockchain

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