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Horrible aviation accidents and incidents occur all over the world annually. After a plane crashes or explodes, usually, one of the most important issues is finding the plane's flight recorder. Everyone is hoping it to be still intact and its stored data be retrievable. Unfortunately, this data is the only clue to discover the secret of the plane crash in many cases. In this article, we will show that such important and vital data can be sent to one or more blockchain networks during flight, in addition to storing on the plane's black box. Of course, the data encryption is done inside the aircraft and the blockchain technology will ensure the safety and accuracy of the stored data. This article was written in May 2020 by and in two editions in English and Persian. Somayyeh Gholami Mehran Kazeminia Persian Article Backup of the flight recorder's data A black box (flight recorder) is a device used for airplanes, ships, and helicopters, and despite its name, it has a bright orange color to make it easier to find after a crash. The flight recorder of aircraft is usually located at the tail of the aircraft, as this area is a low risk of collision. The aircraft's flight recorder has two parts; the first is the flight data recorder (FDR) which records and stores data about instructions sent to the aircraft's electronic system. The second part is the cockpit voice recorder(CVR) in the cockpit, which stores the pilot's conversations, wireless communications, and other types of sounds in the cockpit. The subject matter of this article is merely the feasibility study to create a backup on blockchain networks and there is no difference between the types of flight recorder data to do so in practice. In other words, if this proposal put into action, all information generated during the flight will be encrypted and immediately sent to blockchain networks in separate blocks. In this case, the chain of blocks is formed only based on the arrival time on the blockchain network, and later on, it is impossible to change or tamper with the contents of these blocks. Basically, in a blockchain network, the hashed contents of each block will be placed inside the following block, and with the slightest change in the contents of each block, the same block and all subsequent blocks will be invalid, and therefore no flaw or violation is possible. For more information on this topic, you can refer to the blockchain articles. The feasibility to create a backup It's been several years that airline passengers can use wifi to connect the internet easily during the flight. While the plane in the sky, the airline passengers check their email or stock market prices, post on social media, or even trade Bitcoin. But still, the file of the audio environment of the cockpit stored only and only in the flight recorder. That makes no sense at all because for whatever reason that plane crashed, the plane manufacturer, its owner, the country where the plane crashed, and plane occupants' families should be waiting to retrieve the flight recorder's information to find out the main cause or the culprit of the plane crash. Unfortunately, in many cases, the black box data is damaged when the plane crashed or exploded. In some cases, falls occur in impassable areas or deep oceans so it's arduous to find a black box. There are also often legal, political, and even military problems with finding and retrieving the black box information. So really, why this crucial information not sent to a safe place other than inside the plane? In the following, we will examine the answers to the likely arguments against this proposal. A- Only the moment of the crash is important, and when it crashes, the Internet is likely to shut down. That's why the backup will be incomplete and doesn't matter much. This argument is not compelling. A review of several recent crashes shows that from the beginning of the flight, all the pilot's conversations, the control tower, all the instructions sent by the pilot for the system, etc. can be of paramount importance. For this reason, in addition to complying with the protocol, pilots of passenger planes usually turn on the flight recorder manually even before the automatic recording of it started, to record the conversations with the control tower before turning on the aircraft engines. Meanwhile, by utilizing blockchain technology, such information is continuously encrypted in the airplane computers and prepared to be sent as the block. If the airline's internet is disconnected and reconnected intermittently for any reason, it's okay, after reconnecting a  few blocks will be sent with a time lag. But if the Internet would no longer be connected, for instance, when a crash or explosion occurs, one or more of the last blocks might never be sent. This is the main challenge of this approach, and you should keep an internet connection during or even after the crash. Of course, the status quo is maintained by this proposal, and the original version is still on the flight recorder(black box). But with a simple and inexpensive method, we were able to have a pretty complete backup. B- Sending the data out of the aircraft could jeopardize the data security, also the risk of manipulation far outweigh the benefit. This argument cannot be correct either because using blockchain technology, all information encrypted, and has a public and private key. It means, that only the holder of a private key can access confidential information which predetermined who has a private key, for example, the manufacturer or the owner of the aircraft or any other legal entity. Also, as mentioned earlier, no one can change or tamper with the data after storing it on the blockchain network. C- Technically, connecting the plane to the Internet and sending data out continuously is impossible or even costly. The above argument also is not credible at all. Internet service provider companies have made significant progress so far. Rising demand led the world's major airlines in cooperation with technology and telecommunication companies, to provide Wi-Fi Internet on board for a large number of planes. Even, Gogo(inflight internet provider) has recently promised its customers 5G technology, Albeit, some airlines have not equipped yet. There are two ways to connect to WiFi on the Internet. The first method is much like the way cell phones use it. It means that the plane has an antenna under its body and is connected to telecommunication towers located on the ground. The sending and receiving equipment is installed on the same telecommunication towers which serve for mobile phones. The only difference is that the equipment transmits waves to the sky and the planes. Along the way, the plane shifts connection among the nearest telecommunication towers to keep the Internet connection as much as possible and provide it to passengers. Of course, this method has a big problem, for example, if the plane is passing over the oceans and seas, the connection of passengers to the Internet will be cut off. But, the second method is through satellites. The planes are connected to the nearest satellite using an antenna above their bodies. This method has much fewer disconnection and interruption problems. Even, it is well thought out about aerodynamic issues of the antenna above the fuselage and these antennas work well. However, the quality or tariffs of airline internet are never to compete with the regular urban internet, and the regular urban internet will always be faster and cheaper. Nevertheless, today, it's possible to transmit the compressed and encrypted data of the plane to the reliable servers at a low cost. What are we waiting for? Somayyeh Gholami Mehran Kazeminia

Could A Periodic Relay of Flight Data To The Blockchain Make Flights Safer? [Deep Dive]

Replacing miners and block producers with smart contracts. Smart Blockchain is the new generation of Blockchain networks that will allow one or more smart contracts to collect accurate and flawless data from the successful transactions of a decentralized network at the moment of transaction occurrence, and simultaneously storing and registering these data in new blocks. Smart Blockchain needs neither the financial institution nor intermediary, in addition, there will be no task to do for miners and block producers in this technology. In other words, within Smart Blockchain, always one or more smart contracts like a financial institution, free of charge and automatically record and store transactions ‘data in new blocks. The authors of the article are Ms. Somayyeh Gholami and Mr. Mehran Kazeminia and it is written in Persian and English versions in April 2019. Persian Article How does Smart Blockchain work? In Smart Blockchain, one or more Block Producer Smart Contract (BPSC) is present in the decentralized network, and no successful transaction is performed without BPSC involvement. For a successful transaction in the network, first, the sender must send the cryptocurrency to the wallet of BPSC and then BPSC sends cryptocurrency automatically to the receiver. This simple action has led the BPSC to have all network transactions’ data accurately and flawlessly and then as an accurate and trust financial institution, record transactions’ data into a new block and add this new block to the end of the blockchain and so there will be no tasks to assign to miners and block producers. Smart Blockchain Also, Smart Blockchain provides the possibility to classify transactions based on subject. For example, it allows trading of several types of cryptocurrency in a network consists of independent blockchains. This will be done by increasing the number of BPSCs in the network. The limitation and also important point is that transactions can be assigned to separate BPSCs that their subjects are not related to each other. For example, if we want a smart contract to give an award for every 100 LIKEs, so the Likes’ transactions and cryptocurrencies’ transactions of such project should be stored and registered by the single BPSC and into single Blockchain. For more information, you can read the following article: The elimination of miners and block producers by using smart contracts What are the benefits of Smart Blockchain? At the moment of transactions occurrence, the correct and flawless data of transactions are stored and registered. In this case, there is no need to generate some alternatives from a block like what they do in Bitcoin network, Ethereum network, etc., and then the miners choose the correct and valid block by spending so much money, consuming huge power electricity and using a variety of proof mechanisms. Staggering power consumption is the result of the use of the proof-of-work mechanism or the proof-of-stake mechanism, or….. Which Smart Blockchain does not require any of them at all. Unfortunately, the electricity consumption of one single bitcoin’s transaction is 200,000 times more than electricity consumption of a one single VISA’s transaction. The annual electricity consumption used to store and register the entire Bitcoin’s transactions is more than 50 terawatts (1 TWh = 3 600 000 000 000 000 J) that is equal to the annual power consumption of a country with ten million populations. The study was published in October 2018 on global climate change, which showed that in less than three decades, Bitcoin mining could increase global temperatures more than 2 degrees Celsius. Fortunately, Smart Blockchain transactions and regular Visa Card transactions won’t differ on power consumption. The data stored by the BPSC is flawless because it is registered at the moment of the transaction occurrence automatically and without human interference. Smart Blockchain simply can end the nightmare of spending extra tens TWh electricity. Smart Blockchain By using Smart Blockchain, we should no longer be concerned about the fees of miners and block producers. BPSCs will automatically and freely carry out all the tasks of the miners. Also, Smart Blockchain scalability is not comparable to available one and can compete with the speed of Visa’s transactions. For additional information, you can read the following article: Bitcoin mining; Big little lies What is the use of Smart Blockchain? In networks like Ethereum, EOS, etc. which is possible to register and deploy the smart contracts, simply we can set up a dedicated blockchain for each new smart contract. In this way, as soon as the new smart contract is launched, a BPSC will be launched, and from the very beginning, all of the transactions of a smart contract will be stored and registered into the BPSC’s ledger. In this case, the dedicated blockchain will not need any data from Ethereum blockchain, EOS, etc., and it will work independently. Meanwhile, at coding, this BPSC can be coded and launched separately, or BPSC codes can be imported into the desired smart contract codes. First use: For each Ethereum networks, EOS, and etc. that allow registering and deploying the smart contracts, the whole existing Blockchains can be replaced with Smart Blockchain. To do this, after launching a dedicated BPSC into the network, the precise and final status of all existing wallet is to be made available to the BPSC, Also thereafter all the subsequent network transactions will be done via BPSC. Second use: If we want to use Smart Blockchain for networks such as Bitcoin which is not possible to set up any smart contract, we should first launch a new decentralized network that allows registration and deployment of smart contracts like the Ethereum network. Then, in this new network, we design and activate a block producer smart contract BPSC. After assuring of the functionality of BPSC on the new network, we must ask all Bitcoin owners to get the equivalent of their bitcoin, from the new Blockchain’s cryptocurrency, and at the same time, their initial bitcoin should be burned. These are done by the BPSC of a network, and the BPSC can record the initial balance of any wallet in the network and begin its work immediately. Third use: Smart Blockchain Smart Blockchain can be used to launch entirely new blockchain and certainly everything can be designed from scratch. Meanwhile, regarding the Smart Blockchain’s features, we might soon see one or more non-decentralized global networks that include all types of cryptocurrencies and smart contracts with independent blockchain. For more information, you can read the following article: Fourth use: Smart Blockchain; The rescue of Bitcoin and saving electricity more than 50TWh per year A simple example of Smart Blockchain We design Smart Blockchain on an active network; it means Ethereum Network and describe how the BPSC works: In the first stage, by registering and deploying a smart contract, we create one million AKA Token of the ERC20 type at once and all tokens will be in the wallet of the contract (AKA wallet). In this example, we want to set up a new blockchain to record transactions of these one million AKA Tokens. The new smart blockchain is completely independent and does not require main Ethereum’s blockchain data. It means that if the Ethereum blockchain was stopped for any reason, for example, the miners and block producers stopped working; the new Smart Blockchain will continue to work. The registration and deploying of the BPSC (Block Producer Smart Contract) is the next step. This contract has several main functionalities: AKA Tokens can be sent from the wallet of the senders only to the wallet of BPSC, and the BPSC will instantaneously send the token to the original receiver. By this simple method, BPSC, in the role of an accurate and trusted financial institution, will have transactions’ data. For data of each successful transaction, the BPSC ledger will be updated immediately. At the desired time interval, the BPSC adds new transactions’ data to the end of the chain as a new block. Smart Blockchain Assume that all AKA tokens are purchased by four persons in equal numbers. So you need to send two hundred fifty thousand AKA Token to each buyer. Of course, for doing this, first, the AKA tokens should be sent to the wallet of BPSC and BPSC will immediately send them to the wallet of the buyers. Now the BPSC can update its entire ledger and record the data of these transactions in the first block. In continuation, if one of the owners of Aka Token, for example, sells 100,000 Aka Tokens to another, the seller will still send the 100,000 Aka Token to BPSC and BPSC immediately sends Aka Tokens to the buyer. Anyway, no transaction is considered as a successful transaction without BPSC involvement, which is why BPSC can continuously update its ledger and record transactions’ data in the new blocks. Here’s the end of the article and we’re waiting for your comments. You can also use the link below for more information and access to the latest developments in Smart Blockchain Technology: Smart Blockchain Technology April 3, 2019 Somayyeh GholamiMehran Kazeminia | | Website Twitter Telegram

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