New Market Research Report Study on Citation Checker Market by Type and Applications now Available at Infinitybusinessinsights.com. This report will help the viewer in Better Decision Making.

Citation Checker Market Growth 2023 Size, Share, Trends, and Forecasts 2030 | Scribbr, CitationMachine, Recite, BibMe

I’m concerned with the difficulty of writing purely original words these days under the constant, accusatory eyes of “similarity-detection” tools.

Does AI make it impossible to write an ‘original’ sentence?

Major Key Players in the Citation Checker Market: Scribbr, CitationMachine, Recite, BibMe, Copyleaks, Plagiarism Checker X, BrightLocal, Trinka, Formatically ...

Citation Checker Market Likely to Enjoy Remarkable Growth Prospects with Scribbr, Recite, BibMe

The best plagiarism checkers make it simple and easy to identify whether a piece of writing contains content taken from other published works. This has become especially important in academia ...

Best plagiarism checker of 2023

College enrollment is shrinking and ChatGPT gaining. But Andrew Grauer, CEO of Course Hero parent Learneo, has cash and a strategy that might keep him up with the changes.

Course Hero Is Graduating—Just In Time

Troy Segal is an editor and writer. She has 20+ years of experience covering personal finance, wealth management, and business news. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered Investment Adviser ...

Operational Risk: Overview, Importance, and Examples

Cons: Primarily focused on academic writing. Access to the plagiarism checker is available to users who upload documents to the Scribbr website, with limited free access. Pros: Integrated with the Grammarly writing assistant, providing grammar checks and ...

Is Grammarly Plagiarism Checker Good? A Detailed Comparison

Some of the Major top players describe in the research are Wordy, ProofreadingServices.com, Scribendi Inc., Express Proofreading, Vappingo, ProofreadingPal, Wordvice, Editage.com, Enago, Scribbr, Global English Editing Get a Sample PDF of report @ https ...

Proofreading and Editing Services Market Research Size 2023-2029

Scribbr

scribbr

Everything You Need for Your Journey Into the World of Generative AI

Turn your bad drawings into detailed works of art Have you ever had a hard time translating your scribbled drawings into detailed and clear images? Fear not, is here to help! This AI model can take your rough sketches and turn them into fully realized images with a high level of detail. In this guide, we’ll explore the ins and outs of ControlNet Scribble, learn how to use it, and even find other similar models using Replicate Codex. ControlNet Scribble About the ControlNet Scribble Model ControlNet Scribble is an image-to-image created by the developer . As mentioned earlier, it can take your rough sketches and turn them into highly detailed images. This model uses a technique called deep learning, which involves training the model on large amounts of data to allow it to learn patterns and relationships within the data. ControlNet Scribble is based on a neural network architecture that has been optimized to produce high-quality outputs. AI model jagilley According to the Replicate Codex website, ControlNet Scribble is ranked at 5 out of all the models on the platform. This means that it is a popular and widely used model that has been highly rated by its users. Additionally, its creator jagilley is ranked 3 out of all the creators on the platform, making them a highly respected and experienced developer in the AI space. Understanding the Inputs and Outputs of ControlNet Scribble Inputs ControlNet Scribble requires the following inputs: An image file: This is the sketch or scribbled drawing that you want to turn into a detailed image. Prompt string: This is a short phrase or sentence that provides additional information or context about the image you want to generate. Num_samples: This parameter specifies the number of samples to generate. Higher values may cause out-of-memory errors. Image_resolution: This parameter specifies the image resolution to be generated. Ddim_steps: This parameter sets the number of steps for the optimization process. Scale: This parameter sets the guidance scale. Seed: This parameter sets the seed for the random number generator. Eta: This parameter sets the eta for DDIM. A_prompt: This parameter specifies the added prompt. N_prompt: This parameter specifies the negative prompt. Outputs The output of ControlNet Scribble is an array of image URLs that represent the detailed images generated from the input sketches. A Step-by-Step Guide to Using ControlNet Scribble If you want to use ControlNet Scribble, you can interact directly with the model’s demo on Replicate via their UI. Here’s a step-by-step guide to using ControlNet Scribble via the Replicate API: Step 1: Install the Replicate Node.js Client First, you need to install the Replicate Node.js client. You can do this using the following command: npm install replicate Step 2: Authenticate with Your API Token Next, you need to authenticate with your token. You can do this by setting your API token as an environment variable: API export REPLICATE_API_TOKEN=[token] Step 3: Run the Model Finally, you can run the model using the following code: import Replicate from "replicate";

const replicate = new Replicate({
  auth: process.env.REPLICATE_API_TOKEN,
});const output = await replicate.run(
  "jagilley/controlnet-scribble:435061a1b5a4c1e26740464bf786efdfa9cb3a3ac488595a2de23e143fdb0117",
  {
    input: {
      image: "path/to/your/image/file",
      prompt: "a short phrase or sentence that describes your image",
      num_samples: "1",
      image_resolution: "512",
      ddim_steps: 20,
      scale: 9,
      seed: 0,
      eta: 0,
      a_prompt: "best quality, extremely detailed",
      n_prompt: "longbody, lowres, bad anatomy, bad hands, missing fingers, extra digit, fewer digits, cropped, worst quality, low quality"
    }
  }
); You can specify the path to your input image file, as well as the prompt and other parameters, in the input object. Once you run the model, the output will be an array of image URLs that you can use to view the generated images. If you’re not comfortable with coding, you can still use ControlNet Scribble via the demo link provided earlier. The UI is user-friendly and allows you to input the necessary parameters and generate images without any coding. Taking it Further — Finding Other Image-to-Image Models with Replicate Codex Replicate Codex is a great resource for discovering AI models that cater to various creative needs, including image generation, image-to-image conversion, and much more. It’s a fully searchable, filterable, tagged database of all the models on Replicate, and also allows you to compare models and sort by price or explore by the creator. It’s free, and it also has a digest email that will alert you when new models come out so you can try them. If you’re interested in finding similar models to ControlNet Scribble, here’s how you can do it: Step 1: Visit Replicate Codex Head over to Replicate Codex to begin your search for similar models. Step 2: Use the Search Bar Use the search bar at the top of the page to search for models with specific keywords, such as “image-to-image” or “drawing.” This will show you a list of models related to your search query. Step 3: Filter the Results On the left side of the search results page, you’ll find several filters that can help you narrow down the list of models. You can filter and sort models by type (Image-to-Image, Text-to-Image, etc.), cost, popularity, or even specific creators. By applying these filters, you can find the models that best suit your specific needs and preferences. For example, if you’re looking for an image restoration model that’s the cheapest, you can just search and then sort by cost. Conclusion In this guide, we’ve explored the ControlNet Scribble model, learned how to use it, and even discovered other similar models using Replicate Codex. I hope this guide has inspired you to explore the creative possibilities of AI and bring your imagination to life. Thanks for reading! Subscribe for more! Also published here.

Converting Sketches to High-Quality Images with ControlNet Scribble AI

Google’s latest A.I. experiment is a web-based drawing tool called that converts your rough scribbles and doodles into beautiful, symmetrical icons/clipart that you can download for free. It works on your phone, computer or tablet and uses artificial intelligence to guess and suggest a more polished icon or symbol to replace your drawing. AutoDraw The program uses the same technology found in — an online game developed by Google that uses neural network artificial intelligence to guess what a user has drawn (it’s like playing Pictionary against a computer). The Al learns from each drawing, increasing its ability to guess correctly in the future.   AutoDraw also lets you draw freehand, without suggestions. Just like any other basic drawing app, you can fill and resize objects, change colors, add text in different fonts, draw polygonal shapes, etc. Quick. Draw!

Google’s AI Based AutoDraw Turns Your Rough Scribbles Into Beautiful Icons For Free

Fortune Cookies For The Fortune 500? Waymo Thinks So — But Should You?

Fortuinkoekies vir die Fortune 500? Waymo dink so - maar moet jy?

¿Galletas de la suerte para las empresas Fortune 500? Waymo cree que sí, pero ¿debería hacerlo usted?

Bonbon Fortune pou Fortune 500 la? Waymo panse konsa - Men, ou ta dwe?

フォーチュン 500 企業向けのフォーチュン クッキー? Waymo はそう考えています — でも、あなたもそう思うべきでしょうか?

Fortune Cookies dla Fortune 500? Waymo tak uważa — ale czy Ty też powinieneś?

د فارچون 500 لپاره فارچون کوکیز؟ وایمو داسې فکر کوي - مګر تاسو باید؟

Biscoitos da sorte para a Fortune 500? Waymo pensa assim — mas você deveria?

Fursecuri Fortune pentru Fortune 500? Waymo crede că așa - dar tu ar trebui?

Колачићи среће за Фортуне 500? Ваимо тако мисли - али да ли бисте требали?

Fortune Cookies för Fortune 500? Waymo tycker det - men borde du det?

ፎርቹን ኩኪስ ን ፎርቹን 500? ዋይሞ ከምኡ ይሓስብ — ግን ክትገብሮ ኣለካ ድዩ?

Swikhukhi Swa Fortune Swa Fortune 500? Waymo U Ehleketa Sweswo — Kambe Xana U Fanele?

Next week, the US will hold a presidential election. At that time, we will vote not for a presidential candidate but for an impression of the candidate we see on TV and at campaign events, read about in newspapers and blogs, and hear about from our friends and family. Like Plato’s shadows on the cave wall, our impressions will reflect only whatever somebody chooses to show us. Modern politics overwhelms us with images crafted and cultivated to fit what we want to see rather than the truth. We latch onto the fragment of reality that we perceive. We never see the full picture. Outside of a few insiders, nobody has enough information to make an informed decision about anybody they vote for. I certainly don’t. Who’s good? Who’s bad? You may think the answers are obvious. Often, it’s not so easy to tell. The devil you don’t know or the other devil you don’t know For example, Congressman Tom Emmer, one of crypto’s most powerful advocates in Congress. He’s the guy who yelled at SEC Chairman Gary Gensler for missing the FTX fraud, among other grievances. Did you know FTX was one of the biggest donors to Tom Emmer’s campaign and gave almost $3 million to the GOP’s Congressional Leadership Fund while Emmer was in charge of it? Did you also know that Emmer was one of several Congresspeople who wrote a letter to Gensler asking him to stop investigating FTX (among other crypto entities)? If you support crypto and politicians, have you ever asked Emmer how he feels about protecting a scam? Taking money from a fraudster? Did he give the money back? Or, do you not care because Emmer says nice things about crypto and criticizes people you dislike? Because he shares your views? If you don’t support crypto and politicians, do you support Gensler’s nonsensical application of obsolete financial rules to stifle a new technology with arbitrary lawsuits and bizarre standards? Or, do you not care about people trying to build or use crypto, so you ignore it? Presidents don’t matter for your financial markets Why does market performance always seem disconnected from politics? The crypto market crashed more than 50% several times under Biden. It crashed more than 70% several times under Trump. Obama was even worse — multiple crashes of 80% or more. On the flip side, it went up 100% after Biden took office, 2,500% after Trump took office, and 5,500% after Obama took office. Seems fishy until you compare that with legacy assets. People make a big deal about the economy under one party or the other, but the economy — like crypto — seems to do whatever it wants regardless of who’s in office. Look at the stock market performance under Republicans and Democrats, adjusted for GDP. Red is Republican, blue is Democrat. Can you see any trend? Neither can I. You can extend this to the wider economy. Let’s do GDP. I counted the number of negative half-years in white: What about inflation? Same. What about employment? Same. What about budget deficits? For statistical consistency, we’ll calculate it as a percentage of GDP. Same. What about oil prices? Same. From a purely investing perspective, you get no advantage or disadvantage under Democrats and Republicans. On the whole, the US economy and its major assets perform as well or as poorly under one as the other. You can take these charts and move the boxes one or two years forward to account for the lag between a change of party and the results of their actions. You’ll get the same result. Know what matters Am I saying presidential elections don’t matter? No. They matter a lot. Every election carries high stakes for your business, employment opportunities, living standards, moral or religious beliefs, mental health, and many aspects of your life. But presidents can’t save your marriage, get you to lose that extra 10 pounds, or fix your financial problems. For people who work in crypto, you won’t find a better friend than Trump. That’s important for people trying to run businesses, build crypto apps, and create new tokens. What about the rest of us? Doesn’t matter. Sure, government policies can tinker around the edges, but crypto is a global asset. Prices come from buyers, sellers, and circumstances beyond any president’s control. The past two years saw a wave of innovation from non-US talent and US companies working abroad. Thousands of new projects have been launched. Hundreds more are waiting for market conditions to improve. Oddly enough, crypto is bigger under Biden now than Trump and Obama. Bitcoin’s hit three new all-time highs! For all those reasons, vote your conscience, not your crypto portfolio. If neither presidential candidate resonates with you, write somebody in. You can scribble “Bitcoin” on your ballot. Most likely, you live in a state where your presidential vote doesn't matter — any of the 43 states painted red or blue in the image below. Partisanship has already made your decision irrelevant. Why not vote for somebody or something you want? You have nothing to lose. I dive more deeply into this topic in a recent post, The US Presidential Election Matters for You, Not Your Crypto Portfolio. https://cryptoiseasy.beehiiv.com/p/the-us-presidential-election-matters-for-you-not-your-crypto-portfolio?embedable=true Mark Helfman publishes the Crypto is Easy newsletter. He is also the author of three books and a top Bitcoin writer on Medium and Hacker Noon. Learn more about him in his bio and connect with him on Tealfeed. Next week, the US will hold a presidential election. At that time, we will vote not for a presidential candidate but for an impression of the candidate we see on TV and at campaign events, read about in newspapers and blogs, and hear about from our friends and family. Like Plato’s shadows on the cave wall, our impressions will reflect only whatever somebody chooses to show us. Modern politics overwhelms us with images crafted and cultivated to fit what we want to see rather than the truth. We latch onto the fragment of reality that we perceive. We never see the full picture. Outside of a few insiders, nobody has enough information to make an informed decision about anybody they vote for. I certainly don’t. Who’s good? Who’s bad? You may think the answers are obvious. Often, it’s not so easy to tell. The devil you don’t know or the other devil you don’t know For example, Congressman Tom Emmer, one of crypto’s most powerful advocates in Congress. He’s the guy who yelled at SEC Chairman Gary Gensler for missing the FTX fraud, among other grievances. Did you know FTX was one of the biggest donors to Tom Emmer’s campaign and gave almost $3 million to the GOP’s Congressional Leadership Fund while Emmer was in charge of it? Did you also know that Emmer was one of several Congresspeople who wrote a letter to Gensler asking him to stop investigating FTX (among other crypto entities)? If you support crypto and politicians, have you ever asked Emmer how he feels about protecting a scam? Taking money from a fraudster? Did he give the money back? Or, do you not care because Emmer says nice things about crypto and criticizes people you dislike? Because he shares your views? If you don’t support crypto and politicians, do you support Gensler’s nonsensical application of obsolete financial rules to stifle a new technology with arbitrary lawsuits and bizarre standards? Or, do you not care about people trying to build or use crypto, so you ignore it? Presidents don’t matter for your financial markets Why does market performance always seem disconnected from politics? The crypto market crashed more than 50% several times under Biden. It crashed more than 70% several times under Trump. Obama was even worse — multiple crashes of 80% or more. On the flip side, it went up 100% after Biden took office, 2,500% after Trump took office, and 5,500% after Obama took office. Seems fishy until you compare that with legacy assets. People make a big deal about the economy under one party or the other, but the economy — like crypto — seems to do whatever it wants regardless of who’s in office. Look at the stock market performance under Republicans and Democrats, adjusted for GDP. Red is Republican, blue is Democrat. Can you see any trend? Neither can I. You can extend this to the wider economy. Let’s do GDP. I counted the number of negative half-years in white: What about inflation? Same. What about employment? Same. What about budget deficits? For statistical consistency, we’ll calculate it as a percentage of GDP. Same. What about oil prices? Same. From a purely investing perspective, you get no advantage or disadvantage under Democrats and Republicans. On the whole, the US economy and its major assets perform as well or as poorly under one as the other. You can take these charts and move the boxes one or two years forward to account for the lag between a change of party and the results of their actions. You’ll get the same result. Know what matters Am I saying presidential elections don’t matter? No. They matter a lot. Every election carries high stakes for your business, employment opportunities, living standards, moral or religious beliefs, mental health, and many aspects of your life. But presidents can’t save your marriage, get you to lose that extra 10 pounds, or fix your financial problems. For people who work in crypto, you won’t find a better friend than Trump. That’s important for people trying to run businesses, build crypto apps, and create new tokens. What about the rest of us? Doesn’t matter. Sure, government policies can tinker around the edges, but crypto is a global asset. Prices come from buyers, sellers, and circumstances beyond any president’s control. The past two years saw a wave of innovation from non-US talent and US companies working abroad. Thousands of new projects have been launched. Hundreds more are waiting for market conditions to improve. Oddly enough, crypto is bigger under Biden now than Trump and Obama. Bitcoin’s hit three new all-time highs! For all those reasons, vote your conscience, not your crypto portfolio. If neither presidential candidate resonates with you, write somebody in. You can scribble “Bitcoin” on your ballot. Most likely, you live in a state where your presidential vote doesn't matter — any of the 43 states painted red or blue in the image below. Partisanship has already made your decision irrelevant. Why not vote for somebody or something you want? You have nothing to lose. I dive more deeply into this topic in a recent post, The US Presidential Election Matters for You, Not Your Crypto Portfolio . The US Presidential Election Matters for You, Not Your Crypto Portfolio The US Presidential Election Matters for You, Not Your Crypto Portfolio The US Presidential Election Matters for You, Not Your Crypto Portfolio https://cryptoiseasy.beehiiv.com/p/the-us-presidential-election-matters-for-you-not-your-crypto-portfolio?embedable=true https://cryptoiseasy.beehiiv.com/p/the-us-presidential-election-matters-for-you-not-your-crypto-portfolio?embedable=true Mark Helfman publishes the Crypto is Easy newsletter. He is also the author of three books and a top Bitcoin writer on Medium and Hacker Noon . Learn more about him in his bio and connect with him on Tealfeed . Crypto is Easy Crypto is Easy Crypto is Easy Medium Medium Medium Hacker Noon Hacker Noon Hacker Noon bio bio Tealfeed Tealfeed

Trump or Harris? Won’t Matter for Your Crypto Portfolio

The Isekai Archetypes of Computer Programming

AI is Actually Good at Understanding Documents

এআই আসলে নথি বোঝার ক্ষেত্রে ভালো

La IA es realmente buena para comprender documentos

L'IA est réellement efficace pour comprendre les documents

एआई वास्तव में दस्तावेजों को समझने में अच्छा है

AIは実は文書を理解するのが得意

AI რეალურად კარგია დოკუმენტების გაგებაში

AI dia tena tsara amin'ny fahazoana antontan-taratasy

AI este de fapt bun la înțelegerea documentelor

ИИ на самом деле хорошо понимает документы

AI mubyukuri nibyiza gusobanukirwa ibyangombwa

ШІ справді добре розуміє документи

AI thực sự giỏi trong việc hiểu tài liệu

Author:
(1) Sharif Elcott, equal contribution of Google Japan (Email: selcott@google.com);
(2) J.P. Lewis, equal contribution of Google Research USA (Email: jplewis@google.com);
(3) Nori Kanazawa, Google Research USA (Email: kanazawa@google.com);
(4) Christoph Bregler, Google Research USA (Email: bregler@google.com). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Background and Related Work
Method
Results and Failure Cases
Limitations and Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References 2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK The alpha-compositing equation is where 𝑖 ∈ {𝑟, 𝑔, 𝑏}, 𝐼𝑖 are red, green, and blue values at a pixel of the given image (given), 𝐹𝑖 are the foreground object color (unknown), 𝐵𝑖 are the background object color (unknown), and 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1] is the (partially unknown) "alpha matte", representing the translucency or partial coverage of the foreground object at the pixel. Typical images contain large areas that are relatively easily estimated to be solid "foreground" (𝛼 = 1) or "background" (𝛼 = 0), as well as smaller regions where the alpha value is fractional. The matte extraction problem requires finding the these fractional alpha values. The problem is underconstrained because there are only three known values 𝐼𝑟, 𝐼𝑔, 𝐼𝑏 but seven unknown values. Hair is the prototypical challenge for matte extraction due to its irregular coverage and translucency, though fractional alpha also generally appears along all object edges due to the partial coverage of a pixel by the foreground object. It is also necessary to estimate the unknown foreground color in the fractional alpha regions, since without this the foreground cannot be composited over a different background. Many methods assume that approximate demarcations of the solid foreground and background are provided, e.g. in the form of artist-provided "trimaps" [Rhemann et al. 2009] or scribbles [Levin et al. 2008]. While the research literature generally considers the problem of matte extraction from arbitrary natural backgrounds, in industry practice matte extraction from a greenscreen background is far from a solved problem and often requires an artist-curated combination of techniques to obtain the required quality [Erofeev et al. 2015; Heitman 2020]. LED walls remove the need for greenscreens in some cases, and are well suited for fast-paced television production, however they also have drawbacks: computationally expensive physical or character simulations are not possible due to the need for real-time playback in a game engine, bright backgrounds may introduce challenging light spill on the foreground physical objects [Seymour 2020], their cost is prohibitive for smaller studios, and the effects must be finished at the time of the principle shoot thus excluding the creative control and iterative improvement available in traditional post production. Progress on matte extraction algorithms has been greatly facilitated by datasets that include ground truth (GT) mattes [Erofeev et al. 2015; Rhemann et al. 2009]. The GT mattes have been obtained by different means including chroma keying from a greenscreen and photographing a representative toy object in front of a background image on a monitor (Fig. 1 (a)). Failure to closely approximate these GT mattes indicates a poor algorithm, but an exact match may be unobtainable for several reasons: 1) the chroma key itself involves an imperfect algorithm [Erofeev et al. 2015], 2) light from multiple locations can physically scatter though (e.g.) translucent hair to arrive at a single pixel; this cannot be simulated in a purely 2D matte extraction process, 3) the image gamma or color space used in the benchmarks is not always evident and using a different gamma will produce small differences. The underconstrained nature of matte extraction has been approached with a variety of methods [Wang and Cohen 2007]. One classic approach estimates the unknown alpha at a pixel based on similarity to the distributions of known foreground and background colors in solid regions [He et al. 2011; Mishima 1992]. Another prominent principle finds the unknown alpha value by propagating from surrounding known values [Aksoy et al. 2018; Levin et al. 2008]. These approaches often require solving a system involving a generalized Laplacian formed from the pixel affinities in the unknown region, which prevents real-time or interactive use. Deep learning (DL) approaches are used in recent research e.g. [Lin et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2021]. Much of this work focuses on providing alternate backgrounds for video meetings, and training databases consist of mostly forward-facing human heads. A state of the art method [Lin et al. 2020] demonstrates high-quality matte extraction on HD-resolution images at 60fps. Many DL methods adopt a combination of techniques, e.g. separate networks for overall segmentation and for fractional alpha regions, or other hybrid approaches. 2.1 Deep Image Prior The Deep Image Prior (DIP) [Ulyanov et al. 2018] demonstrates that the architecture of an untrained convolutional network provides a surprisingly good prior for tasks such as image inpainting and denoising. The key observation is that while a powerful DNN can fit arbitrary image structures such as noise, it is "easier" to fit natural image structures, as reflected in faster loss curve decay. Most experiments [Ulyanov et al. 2018] optimize the weights of a U-net [Ronneberger et al. 2015] that maps fixed random noise to a single output image. Uncorrupted features of the image are fit earlier in the optimization process, so early stopping results in a corrected (denoised or inpainted) image. The DIP has been successfully applied to other problems in image processing. Unsupervised coarse binary segmentation is demonstrated in [Gandelsman et al. 2019], based on a principle that it is easier (in terms of loss decay) to fit each component of a mixture of images with a separate DIP rather than using a single model. Concurrent with our work, [Xu et al. 2022] formulate a DIP approach to background matting. This problem scenario differs from our work in that it requires a clean plate, and hence is unsuitable for many VFX applications such as those that are filmed outdoors with a moving camera. Our work also uses the DIP. We focus on high-quality estimation of fractional alpha mattes and, in contrast to previous work, undertake the challenging case where no clean plate is available, instead relying only on trimaps that can be easily created during post-production. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Author: (1) Sharif Elcott, equal contribution of Google Japan (Email: selcott@google.com); (2) J.P. Lewis, equal contribution of Google Research USA (Email: jplewis@google.com); (3) Nori Kanazawa, Google Research USA (Email: kanazawa@google.com); (4) Christoph Bregler, Google Research USA (Email: bregler@google.com). Author: Author: (1) Sharif Elcott, equal contribution of Google Japan (Email: selcott@google.com); (2) J.P. Lewis, equal contribution of Google Research USA (Email: jplewis@google.com); (3) Nori Kanazawa, Google Research USA (Email: kanazawa@google.com); (4) Christoph Bregler, Google Research USA (Email: bregler@google.com). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Background and Related Work Method Results and Failure Cases Limitations and Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Background and Related Work Background and Related Work Method Method Results and Failure Cases Results and Failure Cases Limitations and Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Limitations and Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References 2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK The alpha-compositing equation is where 𝑖 ∈ {𝑟, 𝑔, 𝑏}, 𝐼𝑖 are red, green, and blue values at a pixel of the given image (given), 𝐹𝑖 are the foreground object color (unknown), 𝐵𝑖 are the background object color (unknown), and 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1] is the (partially unknown) "alpha matte", representing the translucency or partial coverage of the foreground object at the pixel. Typical images contain large areas that are relatively easily estimated to be solid "foreground" (𝛼 = 1) or "background" (𝛼 = 0), as well as smaller regions where the alpha value is fractional. The matte extraction problem requires finding the these fractional alpha values. The problem is underconstrained because there are only three known values 𝐼𝑟, 𝐼𝑔, 𝐼𝑏 but seven unknown values. Hair is the prototypical challenge for matte extraction due to its irregular coverage and translucency, though fractional alpha also generally appears along all object edges due to the partial coverage of a pixel by the foreground object. It is also necessary to estimate the unknown foreground color in the fractional alpha regions, since without this the foreground cannot be composited over a different background. Many methods assume that approximate demarcations of the solid foreground and background are provided, e.g. in the form of artist-provided "trimaps" [Rhemann et al. 2009] or scribbles [Levin et al. 2008]. While the research literature generally considers the problem of matte extraction from arbitrary natural backgrounds, in industry practice matte extraction from a greenscreen background is far from a solved problem and often requires an artist-curated combination of techniques to obtain the required quality [Erofeev et al. 2015; Heitman 2020]. LED walls remove the need for greenscreens in some cases, and are well suited for fast-paced television production, however they also have drawbacks: computationally expensive physical or character simulations are not possible due to the need for real-time playback in a game engine, bright backgrounds may introduce challenging light spill on the foreground physical objects [Seymour 2020], their cost is prohibitive for smaller studios, and the effects must be finished at the time of the principle shoot thus excluding the creative control and iterative improvement available in traditional post production. Progress on matte extraction algorithms has been greatly facilitated by datasets that include ground truth (GT) mattes [Erofeev et al. 2015; Rhemann et al. 2009]. The GT mattes have been obtained by different means including chroma keying from a greenscreen and photographing a representative toy object in front of a background image on a monitor (Fig. 1 (a)). Failure to closely approximate these GT mattes indicates a poor algorithm, but an exact match may be unobtainable for several reasons: 1) the chroma key itself involves an imperfect algorithm [Erofeev et al. 2015], 2) light from multiple locations can physically scatter though (e.g.) translucent hair to arrive at a single pixel; this cannot be simulated in a purely 2D matte extraction process, 3) the image gamma or color space used in the benchmarks is not always evident and using a different gamma will produce small differences. The underconstrained nature of matte extraction has been approached with a variety of methods [Wang and Cohen 2007]. One classic approach estimates the unknown alpha at a pixel based on similarity to the distributions of known foreground and background colors in solid regions [He et al. 2011; Mishima 1992]. Another prominent principle finds the unknown alpha value by propagating from surrounding known values [Aksoy et al. 2018; Levin et al. 2008]. These approaches often require solving a system involving a generalized Laplacian formed from the pixel affinities in the unknown region, which prevents real-time or interactive use. Deep learning (DL) approaches are used in recent research e.g. [Lin et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2021]. Much of this work focuses on providing alternate backgrounds for video meetings, and training databases consist of mostly forward-facing human heads. A state of the art method [Lin et al. 2020] demonstrates high-quality matte extraction on HD-resolution images at 60fps. Many DL methods adopt a combination of techniques, e.g. separate networks for overall segmentation and for fractional alpha regions, or other hybrid approaches. 2.1 Deep Image Prior The Deep Image Prior (DIP) [Ulyanov et al. 2018] demonstrates that the architecture of an untrained convolutional network provides a surprisingly good prior for tasks such as image inpainting and denoising. The key observation is that while a powerful DNN can fit arbitrary image structures such as noise, it is "easier" to fit natural image structures, as reflected in faster loss curve decay. Most experiments [Ulyanov et al. 2018] optimize the weights of a U-net [Ronneberger et al. 2015] that maps fixed random noise to a single output image. Uncorrupted features of the image are fit earlier in the optimization process, so early stopping results in a corrected (denoised or inpainted) image. The DIP has been successfully applied to other problems in image processing. Unsupervised coarse binary segmentation is demonstrated in [Gandelsman et al. 2019], based on a principle that it is easier (in terms of loss decay) to fit each component of a mixture of images with a separate DIP rather than using a single model. Concurrent with our work, [Xu et al. 2022] formulate a DIP approach to background matting. This problem scenario differs from our work in that it requires a clean plate, and hence is unsuitable for many VFX applications such as those that are filmed outdoors with a moving camera. Our work also uses the DIP. We focus on high-quality estimation of fractional alpha mattes and, in contrast to previous work, undertake the challenging case where no clean plate is available, instead relying only on trimaps that can be easily created during post-production. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Training-Free Neural Matte Extraction for Visual Effects: Background and Related Work

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Even though the Harry Potter film series ended 13 years ago and the book series ended over 15 years ago, the Harry Potter universe still has a massive chokehold on pop culture. Spin-off movies and video games are still being made. Universal Studios theme parks across the world have specific sections dedicated to the world of Harry Potter; the franchise is still a big deal. However, it could be intimidating to a newcomer who never got around to reading the books or watching the movies. Well, don’t fret. I’m here to help with that. Here are all of the Harry Potter movies in chronological order. The Harry Potter Movies in Order Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 1
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 2 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) We begin our journey in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. The first movie in the series, this film lays out all the groundwork for the next 7 movies by introducing the audience to the world of Harry Potter. We follow Harry as he too learns of the secret magic world, finds out he’s a wizard, and enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. But it’s not all fun and games for Harry and his new friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. The threat of the mysterious evil and once-powerful wizard Lord Voldemort looms in the air. So, the three friends go on an adventure to obtain the Philosopher’s Stone before it can be used by Voldemort and his loyalists. 2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) It’s Harry’s second year in Hogwarts, and he feels like he has a much better grasp on the magical world after a year. But there are still plenty of things to learn and plenty of secrets to uncover, specifically in Hogwarts. There is rumored to be a secret chamber within the school that houses an ancient creature. After that creature starts taking victims, it’s up to Harry and his friends to find out the secret of the chamber and how to defeat the creature. Along the way, they’ll find out more about the history of Hogwarts and a mysterious student of the past, Tom Riddle. 3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Philosopher Stones and ancient creatures are one thing, but a serial killer escaping from a super prison specifically to kill you is on a whole other level. Sirius Black has broken out of Azkaban Prison and Harry Potter and the entirety of Hogwarts is put on high alert. To protect the students, Dementors, creatures that serve as Azkaban’s prison guards are sent out to Hogwarts to keep an eye out for Sirius. Even though they’re supposed to protect the students, they are terrifying; specifically, to Harry. He’ll have to overcome his fear of the Dementors, find Sirius before he finds him, and still pass his classes. He is still a teenager in school after all. 4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) If you thought that Hogwarts was the only magical school in the world, you wouldn’t be alone in thinking that. I did too. As it turns out, however, there are plenty of other schools out there. They often compete with each other in an event called the Triwizard Tournament. One student from each school will compete in the tournament and take on dangerous obstacle after dangerous obstacle. Well, it’s supposed to be one student per school. The other two schools chose their champions, and Hogwarts chose its champion in the form of Cedric Diggory. But these movies are called Harry Potter, not Cedric Diggory, so I think you know how this turns out. Harry is unceremoniously and surprisingly added to the tournament, and he has no choice but to compete in the Triwizard Tournament. 5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) After the shocking events of the Goblet of Fire, the mood and atmosphere in Hogwarts changes dramatically. Harry publicly declares that Voldemort is back and puts everyone on edge. But there are many people, including a lot of his fellow students, who don’t believe him and think it’s just fear-mongering. That’s not the only change in Hogwarts, however, as there’s a new a Defence Against the Dark Arts Professor named Dolores Umbridge who acts as a dictator. With Voldemort returning and Dolores having a stronghold on the school, Harry Potter and his friends take it upon themselves to prepare against the Dark Lord. 6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Now that it’s unmistakable that Voldemort has returned, preparations have started to defeat him. Professor Slughorn has a memory of Voldemort that he keeps close to his chest, preventing anyone from knowing what it’s about. Although it’s shrouded in secrecy, it can be inferred that it must be extremely important for Slughorn to be so protective about it. But there’s another mystery afoot. Actually, there’s two. One is about an old book, and the other is about Harry’s old rival, Draco Malfoy. Harry comes across an old textbook that has unique spells scribbled on it by someone calling themselves the Half-Blood Prince. Meanwhile, Draco starts acting suspiciously, and Harry suspects he’s working for Voldemort. Harry will have to find the truth behind the Half-Blood Prince and Draco before the end of the year. 7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) It’s Harry’s final year of school, but he won’t be attending. How could he? Voldemort is growing stronger by the second, and he’s seemingly taken over the Magic World. So, Harry, Hermione, and Ron go on a journey to try to weaken the Dark Lord. The one way to do that is by hunting down and destroying Voldemort’s Horcruxes. The Horcruxes are pieces of Voldemort’s soul; as long as he has at least one Horcrux, he remains unkillable. But along the way, they’ll come across a fairy tale that ends up being true: The Deathly Hallows. Three powerful items that can make the user invincible. These three items are the Elder Wand, the Invisibility Cloak, and the Resurrection Stone. 8. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) This is the end. The culmination of 10 years and 8 films. One final battle between Harry and his allies against Voldemort and his Death Eaters. And of course, it has to take place in Hogwarts. There’s really not much to say about this film other than the fact that it’s an amazing movie and a satisfying conclusion to this 8-film saga. It answers questions that fans have had for years, wraps up storylines, and gives a great farewell to our trio of heroes. You won’t be disappointed. Read More 1. Apple Opens the Emulation Floodgates... Potentially 2. The MCU Phase 4 Movies in Order 3. The MCU Phase 3 Movies in Order Feature image source Even though the Harry Potter film series ended 13 years ago and the book series ended over 15 years ago, the Harry Potter universe still has a massive chokehold on pop culture. Spin-off movies and video games are still being made. Universal Studios theme parks across the world have specific sections dedicated to the world of Harry Potter; the franchise is still a big deal. However, it could be intimidating to a newcomer who never got around to reading the books or watching the movies. Well, don’t fret. I’m here to help with that. Here are all of the Harry Potter movies in chronological order. The Harry Potter Movies in Order Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 2 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 2 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) We begin our journey in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. The first movie in the series, this film lays out all the groundwork for the next 7 movies by introducing the audience to the world of Harry Potter. We follow Harry as he too learns of the secret magic world, finds out he’s a wizard, and enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. But it’s not all fun and games for Harry and his new friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. The threat of the mysterious evil and once-powerful wizard Lord Voldemort looms in the air. So, the three friends go on an adventure to obtain the Philosopher’s Stone before it can be used by Voldemort and his loyalists. 2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) It’s Harry’s second year in Hogwarts, and he feels like he has a much better grasp on the magical world after a year. But there are still plenty of things to learn and plenty of secrets to uncover, specifically in Hogwarts. There is rumored to be a secret chamber within the school that houses an ancient creature. After that creature starts taking victims, it’s up to Harry and his friends to find out the secret of the chamber and how to defeat the creature. Along the way, they’ll find out more about the history of Hogwarts and a mysterious student of the past, Tom Riddle. 3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Philosopher Stones and ancient creatures are one thing, but a serial killer escaping from a super prison specifically to kill you is on a whole other level. Sirius Black has broken out of Azkaban Prison and Harry Potter and the entirety of Hogwarts is put on high alert. To protect the students, Dementors, creatures that serve as Azkaban’s prison guards are sent out to Hogwarts to keep an eye out for Sirius. Even though they’re supposed to protect the students, they are terrifying; specifically, to Harry. He’ll have to overcome his fear of the Dementors, find Sirius before he finds him, and still pass his classes. He is still a teenager in school after all. 4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) If you thought that Hogwarts was the only magical school in the world, you wouldn’t be alone in thinking that. I did too. As it turns out, however, there are plenty of other schools out there. They often compete with each other in an event called the Triwizard Tournament. One student from each school will compete in the tournament and take on dangerous obstacle after dangerous obstacle. Well, it’s supposed to be one student per school. The other two schools chose their champions, and Hogwarts chose its champion in the form of Cedric Diggory. But these movies are called Harry Potter, not Cedric Diggory, so I think you know how this turns out. Harry is unceremoniously and surprisingly added to the tournament, and he has no choice but to compete in the Triwizard Tournament. supposed 5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) After the shocking events of the Goblet of Fire, the mood and atmosphere in Hogwarts changes dramatically. Harry publicly declares that Voldemort is back and puts everyone on edge. But there are many people, including a lot of his fellow students, who don’t believe him and think it’s just fear-mongering. That’s not the only change in Hogwarts, however, as there’s a new a Defence Against the Dark Arts Professor named Dolores Umbridge who acts as a dictator. With Voldemort returning and Dolores having a stronghold on the school, Harry Potter and his friends take it upon themselves to prepare against the Dark Lord. 6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Now that it’s unmistakable that Voldemort has returned, preparations have started to defeat him. Professor Slughorn has a memory of Voldemort that he keeps close to his chest, preventing anyone from knowing what it’s about. Although it’s shrouded in secrecy, it can be inferred that it must be extremely important for Slughorn to be so protective about it. But there’s another mystery afoot. Actually, there’s two. One is about an old book, and the other is about Harry’s old rival, Draco Malfoy. Harry comes across an old textbook that has unique spells scribbled on it by someone calling themselves the Half-Blood Prince. Meanwhile, Draco starts acting suspiciously, and Harry suspects he’s working for Voldemort. Harry will have to find the truth behind the Half-Blood Prince and Draco before the end of the year. 7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) It’s Harry’s final year of school, but he won’t be attending. How could he? Voldemort is growing stronger by the second, and he’s seemingly taken over the Magic World. So, Harry, Hermione, and Ron go on a journey to try to weaken the Dark Lord. The one way to do that is by hunting down and destroying Voldemort’s Horcruxes. The Horcruxes are pieces of Voldemort’s soul; as long as he has at least one Horcrux, he remains unkillable. But along the way, they’ll come across a fairy tale that ends up being true: The Deathly Hallows. Three powerful items that can make the user invincible. These three items are the Elder Wand, the Invisibility Cloak, and the Resurrection Stone. 8. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) This is the end. The culmination of 10 years and 8 films. One final battle between Harry and his allies against Voldemort and his Death Eaters. And of course, it has to take place in Hogwarts. There’s really not much to say about this film other than the fact that it’s an amazing movie and a satisfying conclusion to this 8-film saga. It answers questions that fans have had for years, wraps up storylines, and gives a great farewell to our trio of heroes. You won’t be disappointed. Read More 1. Apple Opens the Emulation Floodgates... Potentially Apple Opens the Emulation Floodgates... Potentially Apple Opens the Emulation Floodgates... Potentially 2. The MCU Phase 4 Movies in Order The MCU Phase 4 Movies in Order 3. The MCU Phase 3 Movies in Order The MCU Phase 3 Movies in Order Feature image source Feature image source source

How to Watch the Harry Potter Movies in Order

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