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PayMongo Inc provides platform as a service. The Company offers platform for payments through credit cards, bank deposits, electronic wallets, and cash. PayMongo serves customers worldwide.

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Discovery Education completes acquisition of DreamBox Learning. Discovery Education completed its purchase of DreamBox Learning, a deal that combines two major players in the K-12 market.

K-12 Dealmaking: PATHWAYos Acquired; Discovery Completes Deal to Buy DreamBox

SINGAPORE-BASED educational-technology startup EDGE Tutor International announced on Monday the successful completion of its seed round that secured for it an undisclosed amount in funding, said founder and CEO Henry Motte-de la Motte.

Edtech startup receives fresh sources of funding

Baichuan AI, a Beijing-based AI startup, has closed a Series A1 funding round, raising USD 300 million from various investors including Chinese tech giants Alibaba Group, Tencent, and Xiaomi. Baichuan AI was one of eight entities approved by Chinese authorities for their large language model products. — 36Kr

Deals in brief: Game Theory, Skykraft, and Factorem raise fresh capital, DCG acquires Lamudi assets, multiple China and India deals, and more

The Vietnam-based automotive company has announced its merger with VinES Energy Solutions, the energy arm of parent company Vingroup. This merger was facilitated by Pham Nhat Vuong, chairman of Vingroup, who donated 99.8% of the energy arm’s shares to VinFast.

VinFast to merge with Vingroup’s energy arm ahead of fundraising endeavor

THE GOVERNMENT made a full award of the reissued Treasury bonds (T-bonds) it auctioned off on Tuesday as its average rate rose following an increase in US yields as consumer and producer inflation in the world’s largest economy picked up last month. The ...

Gov’t fully awards reissued seven-year bonds

The round was led by MV Partners and Seaborne Capital, and saw the participation of Kaya Founders, Ideaspace, Orvel Ventures, Lorinet Foundation, as well as individual investors Jojo Malolos (PayMongo), Paul Rivera (Kalibrr), and Mark Kooijman (Foxmont).

A Singapore-based tutorial company announced it was ready to hire “high-quality, online tutors” for clients across the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific immediately after it also disclosed a successful round of seed funding for its operation.

Singapore-based tutorial start-up ready to hire 100 Filipino tutors

It’s been an open secret among those who have been through its doors and sampled more than just the usual afternoon or evening delights—that Victoria Court actually serves quality Filipino food. And now,

BIZ BUZZ: Victoria Court’s open secret

Additionally, Kaya Founders, Ideaspace, Orvel Ventures, Lorinet Foundation, PayMongo CEO Jojo Malolos, Kalibrr CEO Paul Rivera, and Foxmont co-founder Mark Kooijman gave the globalizing startup a ...

Jojo Malolos Jojo is president and CEO of PayMongo, a Filipino fintech that offers online payments processing to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The company allows businesses in the Philippines to accept payments of all types over the Internet ...

Fintech firm bridges payment systems

"Having Ray Alimurung, Polly Nazareno and Alex Cabrera join our board is a tremendous gain for PayMongo. Their presence as Independent Directors brings to the board a broad set of skills, expertise, and experience that will guide the company in navigating ...

Industry Veterans Raymond Alimurung, Napoleon Nazareno, and Alexander Cabrera Join PayMongo as Independent Directors

In 2021, hosted the first-ever awards!! HackerNoon Startup of the Year The goal of this campaign was to give recognition to the hardworking startups who pulled through the pandemic -- growing and thriving (despite all of the challenges). More than 44,000 startups were nominated all across the globe! They were selected from over 4,553 cities, with a total number of * cough * “4 billion” votes. Insane, right? To see who is a winner in each respective city, visit and pick a city. The name at the top of the list is the winner. (Compromised awards are under review. Cities with tie votes will be updated to have two winners!) startups.hackernoon.com The will announce the winners per region in their respective cities. Startups Winners Announcement series Here are the winners in the : Asia region Top Startup Cities in East Asia Seoul The Startup of the Year in is with 377 votes! Seoul dable Central is the Startup of the Year! It came out ahead with 121 votes. UpNow Central Sheung Wan came out as the Startup of the Year in with 154 votes. Votee Sheung Wan Tokyo The Startup of the Year in is with 41 votes! Tokyo ACES Wan Chai The Startup of the Year in is with 54 votes! Wan Chai Zetl Osaka, Japan In , is the winner! Osaka Nanophoton Taiwan came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Tico Taiwan Dongcheng, China In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Dongcheng Waiju Taipei came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Tico Taipei Akasaka In , is the winner! Akasaka WAKUWAKU Chuo In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Chuo GO-NET Ginza came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Netyear Ginza Kanazawa In , is the winner! Kanazawa Granzella Minami-aoyama In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Minami-aoyama Tokyo6 Entertainment Shibuya came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Hupro Japan Shibuya Toranomon In , is the winner! Toranomon Small Worlds Toshima In , is declared the Startup of the Year! 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Delhi EkAnek Networks Karachi, Pakistan The winner in is Karachi Bykea Ahmedabad, India In , is the winner Ahmedabad MageComp Dhaka, Bangladesh The winner in is Dhaka SOLshare Islamabad, Pakistan In Islamabad, is declared the Startup of the Year! TAG Gurgaon, India In , the Startup of the Year is Gurgaon ixigo Bengaluru, India In , is the winner! Bengaluru Prakshep Private Limited Haryana, India couldn’t be beaten for Startup of the Year in ! Footprints Childcare Haryana Kolkata, India In , is the winner! Kolkata Wow! Momo New Delhi, India In , is declared the Startup of the Year! New Delhi Rusk Media Indore, India The winner in is Indore Chattar Patar Kormangala In , is the winner Kormangala Sanctum Technologies Ghaziabad came out as the Startup of the Year in Craftfurnish.com Ghaziabad! Mohali In , the Startup of the Year is Mohali DataKund Mysore The Startup of the Year in is Mysore Excelsoft Karnal came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Dunar Karnal Kolhapur In , is the winner! Kolhapur Zanvar Group Patiya In , the Startup of the Year is Patiya Kloud Project Kathmandu In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Kathmandu Vairav Technology Bangalore City, India In is the winner! Bangalore City, PagarBook Ernakulam The winner in is Ernakulam Epixel Solutions Colombo, Sri Lanka couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in MAs Foods Colombo Andheri, India When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year! Andheri DoorMint Kanpur, India came out as the Startup of the Year in ! ServiceWalaa Kanpur Faisalabad In , is the winner! Faisalabad DigiKhata Nasik The Startup of the Year in is Nasik Sahyadri Farms Patna came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Asvin Tech Patna Chennai, India In , is the winner! Chennai Agnikul Cosmos Faridabad, India In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Faridabad UClean Panjim, India The winner in is Panjim TempoGO Ranchi, India In , is the winner Ranchi Osam Dairy Surat, India In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Surat Wishbook Thane, India In , is the winner! Thane Delight Foods Trivandrum, India came out as the Startup of the Year in ! GenRobotic Trivandrum Vijayawada, India In , the Startup of the Year is Vijayawada Eruvaka Technologies Visakhapatnam, India In , Ltd is declared the Startup of the Year! Visakhapatnam Greenline Labs Pvt Ahmadabad In , is the winner! Ahmadabad KiwiQA Services Bandra came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Car Club Bandra Bombay In , is the winner! Bombay Locobuddy Mobile Technology (Sportobuddy) Cochin In , the Startup of the Year is Cochin Tuttifrutti Interactive Gandhinagar In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Gandhinagar Kroop AI Guwahati In , the Startup of the Year is Guwahati GNRC Hospitals Jamshedpur In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Jamshedpur Intelliber Kabul The winner in is Kabul Miracle Shop (Vocinno Technology) Karur In , is the winner Karur Karur Vysya Bank Kochi The winner in is Kochi BestDoc Kozhikode In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Kozhikode OfficeKit HR Ludhiana In , the Startup of the Year is Ludhiana Trendy Beat Network Madhapur In , is the winner! Madhapur Head Digital Works Mangalore When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year Mangalore Hangyo Nagpur came out as the Startup of the Year in ! UPrudence Agro Nagpur Rawalpindi The Startup of the Year in is Rawalpindi Pro Options Marketing Rishikesh came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Descatuk Rishikesh Secunderabad couldn’t be beaten for Startup of the Year in Prakriti Biosystems Engineering Secunderabad Tirupur In , is the winner! Tirupur Tubeknit Fashions Udupi The winner in is Udupi Krishitantra Top Startup Cities in Southeast Asia Singapore, Singapore The Startup of the Year in is with 6556 votes! Singapore Cake DeFi Hanoi, Vietnam is the Startup of the Year! It came out ahead with 683 votes. DeFi For You Hanoi Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia came out as the Startup of the Year in with 109 votes! Trambellir Kuala Lumpur Pasig, Philippines When it comes to , . is the Startup of the Year with 110 votes! Pasig Quickreach Inc Bangkok, Thailand couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in , it won with 60 votes! Perception Codes Bangkok Johor Bahru In , the Startup of the Year is . Johor Bahru AGR1 Bandung, Indonesia In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Bandung Prosa Portugal The winner in is . Portugal SCEMAI Tangerang, Indonesia In , is the winner Tangerang Yummy Corp Jakarta, Indonesia In , is the winner! Jakarta Tokocrypto Dki Jakarta, Indonesia In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Dki Jakarta Limakilo Bangkok Metropolis In , is the winner! Bangkok Meticuly Medan The winner in is ! Medan DIKA Manila, Philippines In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Manila PawnHero Phnom Penh, Cambodia In , the Startup of the Year is Phnom Penh vKirirom Bali In , is the winner! Bali Radius App Penang When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year Penang EasyParcel Surabaya came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Super Surabaya Setiabudi, Indonesia The Startup of the Year in is Setiabudi Chilibeli Cebu City came out as the Startup of the Year in MiCab Cebu City! Jawa couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in DAUR Jawa Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam In , is the winner! Ho Chi Minh City Pharmacity Selangor, Malaysia is the Startup of the Year! BabyDash Selangor Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia In , is the winner! Jakarta Pusat StickEarn Semarang When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year! Semarang Food Bear Petaling Jaya, Malaysia The winner in is . Petaling Jaya Deemples Kebayoran Baru, Indonesia couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in ! Yogrt Kebayoran Baru Kuningan The winner in is . Kuningan Prinzio Bukit Merah came out as the Startup of the Year in ! DC Alliance Bukit Merah Huai Khwang In , the Startup of the Year is . Huai Khwang AppMan Co.,Ltd Kuta In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Kuta Gringgo Mandaluyong came out ahead as the Startup of the Year! Work Inspire Mandaluyong Midview City In , is the winner! Midview City BioMers Phuket The Startup of the Year in is ! Phuket Sapahn Yangon, Myanmar The winner in is . Yangon Wave Money Denpasar When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year! Denpasar Revasi Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand The winner in is . Nakhon Ratchasima Siam Lottery co., Ltd Taguig, Philippines In , is the winner! Taguig PayMongo Bogor came out as the Startup of the Year in ! TIRANYX Bogor Senai, Malaysia won as the Startup of the Year. Nutrition Technologies Senai Bekasi Kota couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in ! 8villages Bekasi Kota Top Startup Cities in Middle East Tel Aviv, Israel The Startup of the Year in is with 1,065 votes! Tel Aviv hyro Beirut, Lebanon is the Startup of the Year! It came out ahead with 1,276 votes. Hovi Digital Lab Beirut Riyadh, Saudi Arabia With 350 votes, came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Flicron Riyadh Tel Aviv-yafo, Israel When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year with 167 votes! Tel Aviv-yafo Cymbio Haifa, Israel couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in , it won with 183 votes! Pico Haifa Amman, Jordan In , with 141 votes, is the winner! Amman Edexy Dubai, United Arab Emirates In , the Startup of the Year is with 74 votes. Dubai Ziina Doha, Qatar In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Doha SkipCash Tehran, Iran The winner in is . BeyondBoard AR Tehran Jerusalem, Israel In , is the winner! Jerusalem SolidBlock Rishon Le Zion The Startup of the Year in is ! Rishon Le Zion Passparto Ness Ziona, Israel is the Startup of the Year! Soapy Ness Ziona Kuwait, Kuwait came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Brapper Shop Kuwait Manama, Bahrain couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in ! Doctori Manama Lod, Israel is the winner in ! Phinergy Lod Agudat Israel, Israel When it comes to is the Startup of the Year with [vote ] votes! Agudat Israel, Aqaurius Engines Beersheba, Israel In , the Startup of the Year is . Beersheba Visual Estate Ltd Giv'atayim, Israel In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Giv'atayim WSC Sports Modi'in, Israel The winner in is . Modi'in Loginno Nazareth, Israel In , is the winner! Nazareth AR Guide In Medical Ramat Gan, Israel The Startup of the Year in is . Ramat Gan Datos Health Baghdad When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year! Baghdad Mishwar Khobar In , the Startup of the Year is . Khobar Garage Misgav couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in ! Eden Shield Misgav Sharjah came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Bookends Sharjah Affula In , the Startup of the Year is . Affula eMotion Technologies Bene Beraq, Israel In , is the winner Bene Beraq Reflectiz Caesarea, Israel In , the Startup of the Year is . Caesarea CardiacSense Dubayy In , is declared the Startup of the Year! Dubayy North Ladder Muscat couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in ! iLab Marine Muscat Tirat Carmel In , the Startup of the Year is . Tirat Carmel PassCall Advanced Technologies Hod Hasharon, Israel The winner in is . Hod Hasharon Idomoo Holon, Israel came out ahead as the Startup of the Year! OptimalPlus Holon Jeddah, Saudi Arabia When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year! Jeddah Arabian Combustion Technologies Ramat Hasharon, Israel is the Startup of the Year! Lumen Ramat Hasharon Al Khobar came out as the Startup of the Year in ! Swyft Al Khobar Bet Shemesh In , is the winner! Bet Shemesh Degania Medical Binyamina When it comes to , is the Startup of the Year! Binyamina OncoHost Makkah In , the Startup of the Year is Makkah Scimagine Or Akiva Last but not least, couldn’t be beaten for Startup in the Year in the city of ! WMT Or Akiva More Information: If you’re a winner, please answer ! If you’re a reader, participant, just a curious individual, consider answering one of our interviews . this interview here Read the FAQs about or . Startups here here To see all of the winners you may visit , pick any city and view the name that appears at the top. this site If you’re interested in partnering with us, we invite you to look through some of these or reach out to our business department. unique sponsorship options Perhaps creating your very own tickles your fancy or maybe you have a whole new idea for how we can partner! writing contest Thank you to all of our sponsors! We truly appreciate your contribution to the tech world and thus the future! The Startups Awards are sponsored by: , , , , , , , , , , Blockster Brex FreeCodeCamp LaunchDarkly Coil Udacity Udemy Vercel Asia Pacific Transgender Network Bybit Everscale Network The post was written by Kushal Tamrakar and Valerie Ejegi, edited by Hang Ngo. If you have any questions or concerns or would like to report a discrepancy please email ellen@hackernoon.com.

Meet the Winners of Startups in Asia

Why is an SSH tunnel into AWS EC2 needed? Before I tell you why it's needed, I'd like to share why I had to do it. The answer is simple: to locally test things in our ML Codebase. Now, coming to why it's needed: Amazon DocumentDB is a managed database service that is designed to be secure. This simply means that the database is hosted privately onto something called Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC). In simple terms, I like to think of it as Amazon's own private internet. So DocumentDB can be directly accessed by any AWS service within the same VPC or any other with the required permissions. SSH tunneling is needed when we want to access DocumentDB resources from outside the cluster's VPC, here on our local machine. To access DocumentDB from your local machine, you typically need to go through a bastion host (EC2 instance) using SSH. This extra layer of security ensures that your database connection is not directly exposed to the internet, reducing the risk of unauthorized access. What is SSH Tunneling? SSH tunneling, also known as "port forwarding," is a technique used to secure and encrypt communication between two computer systems over an unsecured network, such as the Internet. It involves creating a secure channel (tunnel) through which data can be transferred between a local and a remote machine. In simple terms, it's establishing a VPN. In our context: The local machine is the one running your Python script. The remote machine is an EC2 instance in your AWS environment. The SSH tunnel allows secure communication between your local machine and the EC2 instance, providing a secure pathway for data to travel. Once the tunnel is established, you can use it to connect to DocumentDB securely, as if it were running on your local machine. Code Before diving into the code, you will need a few important constants. I suggest storing them as environment variables for security purposes. # SSH tunnel configuration
SSH_HOST=ec2-x-x-x-x.region.compute.amazonaws.com
SSH_USER=ec2-user
SSH_KEY_PATH=path to ec2-host-key-pair.pem file
LOCAL_BIND_PORT=3000 # any port of your choice

# MongoDB server configuration
MONGO_HOST=replica_db_name.*.*.docdb.amazonaws.com
MONGO_PORT=27017
MONGO_USERNAME=your_monogdb_username
MONGO_PASSWORD=your_monogdb_password

MONGO_DB_NAME=YOUR_DB_NAME
MONGO_COLLECTION_NAME=YOUR_DEFAULT_COLLECTION_NAME

# db parameters dict
DB_PARAMS = {
    "host": '127.0.0.1',
    "port": LOCAL_BIND_PORT,
    "username": MONGO_USERNAME,
    "password": MONGO_PASSWORD,
} : is the public IP for your EC2 instance running in the same VPC as your DocumentDB. SSH_HOST : path to your key-pair.pem file. This is used to authenticate your SSH connection to the EC2 instances. SSH_KEY_PATH NOTE: Whitelist your IP Address in your EC2 Security Groups before running the code. from pymongo import MongoClient
from sshtunnel import SSHTunnelForwarder


tunnel = SSHTunnelForwarder(
            (SSH_HOST, 22),
            ssh_username=SSH_USER,
            ssh_pkey=SSH_KEY_PATH,
            remote_bind_address=(MONGO_HOST, MONGO_PORT),
            local_bind_address=('127.0.0.1', LOCAL_BIND_PORT)
        )

# start the tunnel
tunnel.start()

# get mongo client
client = MongoClient(
                directConnection=True,
                **DB_PARAMS
        )

# do something
db = client[MONGO_DB_NAME]
collection = db[MONGO_COLLECTION_NAME]

documents = list(collection.find(some_query))
print(documents)

# stop the tunnel and close the client
client.close()
tunnel.stop()

client=None How does this work? Here is a simple picture to describe it: The figure presents a simplified overview of SSH tunneling. The secure connection over the untrusted network is established between an SSH client and an SSH server. This SSH connection is encrypted, protects confidentiality and integrity, and authenticates communicating parties. The SSH connection is used by the application (our Python code) to connect to the application server (Mongo/DocDB Server). With tunneling enabled, the application contacts a port (= 3000) on the local host ('127.0.0.1') that the SSH client listens on. The SSH client then forwards the application over its encrypted tunnel to the server (EC2 Instance). The server then connects to the actual application server (DocumentDB) - usually on the same machine or in the same data center as the SSH server. The application communication is thus secured without having to modify the application or end-user workflows. References - by ssh.com What is SSH Tunneling? AWS Docs: , , Link 1 Link 2 Link 3 StackOverflow Post Also published . here

SSH Tunneling to AWS EC2 and Connecting to DocumentDB with Python

Python is a known modular language which imports many useful operations from its standard library. Of course, it isn’t possible to program Python without using it. It has become an excellent alternative for many programmers because it is an open source program which was developed under an OSI license. You can download, install and run it on any computer without any charge. It is available in various builds and supports around 21 different operating systems making it have universal appeal. Python Database Drivers Packages and Projects Below is a python database drivers library list which would be useful for any programmer interested in python: redis-py 3.5.x will be the last version of redis-py that supports Python 2. The 3.5.x line will continue to get bug fixes and security patches that support Python 2 until August 1, 2020. redis-py 4.0 will be the next major version and will require Python 3.5+. This package contains a pure-Python MySQL client library, based on . redis-p y - The Redis Python Client. PyMySQL - Pure Python MySQL driver compatible to mysql-python. PEP 249 Most public APIs are compatible with mysqlclient and MySQLdb. NOTE: PyMySQL doesn't support low level APIs _mysql provides like data_seek, store_result, and use_result. You should use high level APIs defined in . But some APIs like autocommit and ping are supported because doesn't cover their usecase. PEP 249 PEP 249 asyncpg is a database interface library designed specifically for PostgreSQL and Python/asyncio. asyncpg - A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio asyncpg is an efficient, clean implementation of PostgreSQL server binary protocol for use with Python's asyncio framework. You can read more about asyncpg in an introductory . blog post asyncpg requires Python 3.5 or later and is supported for PostgreSQL versions 9.2 to 12. psycopg2 - The most popular PostgreSQL adapter for Python. Psycopg is the most popular PostgreSQL database adapter for the Python programming language. Its main features are the complete implementation of the Python DB API 2.0 specification and the thread safety (several threads can share the same connection). It was designed for heavily multi-threaded applications that create and destroy lots of cursors and make a large number of concurrent INSERTs or UPDATEs. This project adds Python 3 support and bug fixes. I hope this fork is merged back to MySQLdb1 like distribute was merged back to setuptools mysqlclient - mysql-python fork supporting Python 3. A modern, feature-rich and highly-tunable Python client library for Apache Cassandra (1.2+) and DataStax Enterprise (3.1+) using exclusively Cassandra's binary protocol and Cassandra Query Language v3. cassandra-python-driver - Python driver for Cassandra. Motor is a full-featured, non-blocking driver for Python and applications. motor - The async Python driver for MongoDB. MongoDB Tornado asyncio A simple database interface for that builds on top of to provide a Python DB-API ( ) interface to . pymssql - A simple database interface to Microsoft SQL Server. Python FreeTDS PEP-249 Microsoft SQL Server A developer-friendly library for Apache HBase. HappyBase - The official Python client for MongoDB. PyMongo A supercharged SQLite library built on top of apsw. It is a feature-packed Python package and for utilizing SQLite in Python by . SuperSQLite Plasticity It is intended to be a drop-in replacement to Python's built-in , but without any limitations. It offers unique features like and . SQLite API remote streaming over HTTP bundling of extensions like JSON, R-Trees (geospatial indexing), and Full Text Search SuperSQLite is also packaged with pre-compiled native binaries for SQLite and all of its extensions for nearly every platform as to avoid any C/C++ compiler errors during install. More published at : https://reposhub.com/python

Top 10 Python Database Drivers Packages and Projects

Building a Serverless Microservice CRUD RESTful API with MongoDB

I recently had a project, where I needed to create references to one collection in another collection. Referencing databases or collections is a common need with data. With document based databases, creating these references is fairly straight forward if you are creating the data from scratch, but sometimes becomes a little more complicated if you already have collections, and need to retroactively create references between the collection items, which was my case. My project involves text from speeches, and I’ll briefly explain my scenario, and how I solved it with Python, and hopefully go over some tools that you can integrate into your own projects. Here’s the basic scenario: 1 — Relationships Between Collections: In my case, I have speeches in one collection. Then, I have information in a separate collection. In each ‘speech’, a speaker might reference any number of topics that a user might want more information on. Each record in the information collection is basically a small paragraph describing a specific topic, while the speeches are long, and cover multiple topics. So the relationship between the two collections should be One to Many, or Many to Many, since one talk will reference multiple topics, and one topic will be associated with multiple speeches. Since I’ll be working with a document based database, I won’t be using tables, but I’ll use python to add and create these relationships. The first thing I thought of doing was, if I found a match, to actually add that entire info section to the first database. That structure might look like this: Solution 1 — Combining two collections into one collection: However, this isn’t a great idea, and you can quickly see why. That’s a ton of text in each collection. If a user has to fetch the entire database, or even only one entry at a time, the load times could be pretty large, and wouldn’t be a good user experience. A better solution would be to only add the references from one database to the other. This is similar to the way that SQL databases work anyway, by simply adding the id of a referenced collection to the first collection or table. So we’d basically be adding those same references in a mongo database. The new structure would look like this: Solution 2 — Adding References from One Collection to another Collection: Now, the process of actually finding those connections could be a process as well. Typically, in an SQL database, you would have a join table for these many to many relationships. For example, we might have a table of topics. And if a speech contains a topic in that table, and an information record also contains that topic, we would link the information and the speech through the joined topics table. I’ll do a similar scheme with Python, but instead of a table, or even a second database, I’ll just have an array or list of the topics I’ll search for, add the connections to each collection, and then I can get rid of the list, or save it for later use. But either way, I don’t need to add that list as a separate collection. Here’s what that process might look like in pseudo code: Identifying Related collections with a “Join” Collection: You can see here, my general thought process on this is to have this array, and most likely I would start by looping through the speeches collection. Then, if any topic is in the array of topics, I would then loop through the information collection…if that topic is also found in any of those records, I would take the ID from the information collection, and add it in a reference object within the speeches collection. Pretty simple stuff. There are at least a couple of ways to get started with this process, and it depends largely on where your collections are stored. If they are stored in an online database like mlab, then we would need to import requests to access the database. However, if they are stored in a local database, or in a json file, we could simply access them locally, or read from a json file. Reading from a local database: import pymongofrom pymongo import MongoClientclient = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')db = client.politicsspeeches = db.speeches If we already have the database, but it’s stored locally, here’s how we would access that in python. We would need to import pymongo, and MongoClient, and then access our database, and then the collection we want. Here, our current collection, speeches, is now saved as the variable called , and at this point we can loop through it as we please. speeches Reading from a JSON file: import jsonwith open('speeches.json') as f:speeches = json.load(f) If our data is stored as a JSON file, we could simply import json, and then use the with open command and access our data that way. Here, our data is now saved in the variable , and we could loop through that as needed. speeches Reading from an online database: import requestsimport jsonspeeches = requests.get("online/database/speeches/url") If however, we are trying to access the database from online, we would import requests and also import json. Here, our speeches are saved in the variable speeches, and we could loop through them by using something like, : for i in speeches.json() At this point, if we’ve imported our speeches, wherever they are, we would also need to import our collection of topical information using a similar method. Looping through the data: There are probably a lot of ways to do this as well, but assuming our topic list isn’t too large, we could probably quickly extract the keywords and topics we wanted to search for in both speeches and topical information collections. It may be easier to do this manually. Or there are also great APIs for extracting keywords from large amounts of data, which may be an option. Now, let’s assume the data structure for our speeches and topical information is the same. Something like this for speeches: Database Structure: {"_id": "54893893","title":"speech on the economy","text":"...blab, blah, blah...","references": []} And then a similar structure for topical information: {"_id": "HEJENSHENAH","topic":"speech on the economy","text":"...blab, blah, blah...",} We could set up our loop in python, which could look like this: Basic Python For Loop: for s in speeches:speechArr = s['text'].split(" ")for i in speechArr:if i in topics:for info in information:infoArr = info['text'].split(" ")for x in infoArr:if x == i:s['references'].append(info["_id"]) Now, there are probably simpler and more efficient ways to do this than what I came up with, but basically we loop through the text of the speech, broken up into an array. If any of the words match a word in topics, then we loop through the topical information collection and see if the text in any of those paragraphs also matches the current topic. If there is a match, we add the id of that record to the references array in our current speeches record. If we had an array in our code, at we could push the modified data into a new array, which we could then write to a new database, save as a new JSON file, or update a current database with. import jsonwith open('speeches.json') as f:speeches = json.load(f) newSpeeches = [] for s in speeches:speechArr = s['text'].split(" ")for i in speechArr:if i in topics:for info in information:infoArr = info['text'].split(" ")for x in infoArr:if x == i:s['references'].append(info["_id"]) newSpeeches.append(s) Inside this loop, we could also do other things to each record in the collection. For example, if we wanted to add fields in our collection, we could do that inside the for loop. We could do that, inside our loop with the following line of code: i[‘new_field’] = [] if we wanted the new field to be a list. Then, we could append data to the list inside our collection. At this point, after looping through the data, we could either push the new collection up to an online database, or save it to a local file, which is contained in our variable, newSpeeches. Inserting into a local collection: In a previous example, I mentioned how you could access a local database. If that was our method and we want to now insert the new record into a local database, we could do that this way: speechObject_id = speeches.insert_one(speechObject).inserted_id We would need to make sure we are writing to the appropriate variables here. Saving to a local JSON file: If we opened a JSON file, or even if we used another method, we may want to save the new collection to a local JSON file. I think this is a good idea, as you’ll have a backup if something happens to a deployed database. Here’s how you would do that: speeches = [] with open('myspeech.json', 'w') as outfile:json.dump(speeches, outfile) If all of our newly referenced collections are being stored in the speeches variable, then we would use that, and write a new json file with that information, obviously needing to import json here. There are obviously a lot of ways that we could tweak this, and probably a lot of things I did wrong, or that might improve this process, so if you have any feedback, or want to point out all of my many mistakes, feel free! Thanks! https://www.linkedin.com/in/ethanjarrell/

Basic Database Interaction-Python

Part 2— cleaner: a story about how to write a program that cleans raw data Preamble In , I’ve defined the infrastructure of this project, drawing the whole picture and gathering all the pieces.Now it’s time to write the first program: the Cleaner! Introduction — Part 1 The only thing the Cleaner has to do is to parse raw CSV files into ready-to-use CSV files by removing useless data and metadata.The result will be used by the Collector ( ). part 3 Journey In this article, I cover the second part of this journey: Part 1: Introduction Part 2 (this part): Cleaner Part 3: Collector Part 4: Goxfer Part 5: Conclusions Setup it first! Cleaner will be a program, so I need to setup the docker container first!As I mentioned in the previous article, I don’t want to have anything installed on my system, so I’m going to update the setup-python service inside the docker-compose.yml file that will be called just once at the beginning, by adding a new : Python command That’s good!I defined the setup service just to make the Python development environment ready.Further more, I told docker-compose to build image (that will be used in other services) from this Python Dockerfile: data.python3:1 Fixing versions makes your system predictable and deterministic: don’t rely on latest versions. Python container has only the python package manager ( ) installed and a generic used to pass commands from outside: pip entrypoint Now, let’s try this container and install a new project’s dependency: !Yay, it will be the Python driver for .To do this, I need to get inside the setup container and launch “ ” and “ ” commands, so I can have the dependency installed and every file needed by pip to define the : pymongo MongoDB pip install pip freeze requirements.txt # first, build the image$ docker-compose build # --rm will remove the container after its execution$ docker-compose run --rm setup bash And then, from inside the container: # don't forget to initialize, so the project's dependencies will be stored locally$ virtualenv .$ source ./bin/activate # install and freeze# no need to mark a specific pymongo version during the setup phase$ pip install pymongo$ pip freeze > requirements.txt All right, the setup is done!If I need to restore the environment on another system, no problem, docker-compose will do the same for me: $ docker-compose run --rm setup-python Cleaner: hands on! Finally, the core of this article. Data! Yay!This is the first part of the project I’m going to code: .This tool has to read from a folder full of CSV files and then write to another folder the resulting cleaned files.I need to go from this sample: the cleaner # this is a header row Date  Account Name Number Description  Notes  Memo Category Type Action Reconcile  To With Sym  From With Sym  To Num.  From Num.  To Rate/Price  From Rate/Price # this is a data row"04/06/2016","Abbigliamento","","maglietta","","","Sbilancio-EUR","T","","N","€ 5,00","","5,00","","","" # another data row, part of the previous one"","","","","","","Abbigliamento","S","","N","€ 5,00","","5,00","","1,00","" # another data row, part of the previous one"","","","","","","Sbilancio-EUR","S","","N","","-€ 5,00","","-5,00","","1,00" to this: # header rowDate,Account Name,Description,To Num. # just one data row04/06/2016,Abbigliamento,maglietta,"5,00" Let’s do this with Python!The very first thing to do is to define the (where the cleaner gets the raw CSV data) and the (where the cleaned data will be stored).Let’s create a samples folder (the source) and a cleaned folder (the destination).By the way, I want the user to have the opportunity to specify its own directories: so, I’m gonna use with the defaults listed above, one called and the other one called .But first, I’m going to create the service inside the docker-compose.yaml: source folder destination folder environment variables SOURCE_FOLDER CLEANED_FOLDER cleaner Cleaner will use the same docker image of the service because it’s actually the same.After defining the environment variables, I need to mount the whole root folder inside the container so when the command gets executed it will find .So, let’s add an empty cleaner.py inside src folder: setup-python python/src/cleaner.py $ touch python/src/cleaner.py Now, Let’s define the procedure: what should the cleaner do? define the CSV (like “Date”, “Description”, etc.) columns indexes required retrieve the from the environment source and dest folders the dest folder (I want to have it cleaned from previous iterations) restore/create from the source folder read the files list for each raw file, inside the dest folder create a new cleaned file It’s time to write it down! Looking at the samples above (raw and cleaned), I can say that the columns needed are: (index: 0) Date (index: 1) Account Name (index: 3) Description (index: 12) To Num. I’m gonna put them inside constants: Then, let’s get the source and dest folders from environment vars, with : os.getenv Restore/create procedure can be defined as rmdir and mkdir in sequence, with and : shutil.rmtree os.makedirs Reading the CSV raw files is quite easy with and : listdir list comprehension Now, the big part!Scan each raw file, parse it and create a new cleaned file inside the dest folder, with and : csv.reader csv.writer CSV files are opened and parsed with csv.reader.Then, the cleaned file is created inside the dest folder.In the end, each row of the CSV file is parsed and only those having the field not empty are taken. DATE_COLUMN Ok, also the cleaner is ready to be used.And that’s the whole source code: Let’s try: $ docker-compose run --rm cleaner When the execution terminates, the dest folder has been filled with cleaned data, like the previous expected sample listed above. Great job! End of part 2 Now, I have got a cleaner program that let me convert raw unreadable data into fresh cleaned data, ready to be used.I wanted to produce this intermediate step because I want to check if the cleaned data is reliable or not; in fact, the next program will be the collector and it will use this transformed data to do the job. If you enjoyed this article don’t forget to share it!See you in ! Part 3: Collector Spoiler Source code is already available here: https://github.com/wilk/from-csv-to-buxfer

From CSV to Buxfer: an unexpected journey — Cleaner

SOLID design principles are the most important design principles you need to know to write clean code. Having a solid command over SOLID principles is an indispensable skill for any programmer. They are the foundation on which other design patterns are developed. In this article, we will tackle the SOLID design principles using some real-life examples and understand their importance. Together with Polymorphism, Abstraction, and Inheritance, SOLID Principles are really important to be good at objective-oriented programming. Why Are SOLID Principles Important? SOLID principles are important for multiple reasons: SOLID principles allow us to write clean & maintainable code: When we start a new project, initially the code quality is good because we have a limited set of features that we implement. However, as we incorporate more features the code starts becoming cluttered. SOLID Principles build upon the foundations of Abstraction, Polymorphism, and Inheritance and lead to design patterns for common use cases. Understanding these design patterns helps to implement common use cases in programming. SOLID Principles help us write clean code which improves the testability of the code. This is because the code is modular and loosely coupled. Each module can be developed independently and tested independently. Let’s now explore each of the SOLID principles in detail with real-world examples. 1. Single Responsibility Principle S in SOLID principles stands for Single Responsibility Principle. The Single Responsibility Principle states that a class should have only a single reason to change. This limits the number of places we need to make changes when incorporating additional requirements in our project. Each class should have exactly one reason to change. For example, let’s say we are designing a banking application in Java where we have a class that allows basic operations like debit, credit, and . The method takes an enum called (like Email, SMS, etc.) and sends the update with the appropriate medium. We will write the code for that as shown below. SavingsAccount sendUpdates sendUpdate NotificationMedium public class SavingsAccount {
    public int balance;
    public String name;

    public SavingsAccount(int initialBalance, String name) {
        this.balance = initialBalance;
        this.name = name;
        System.out.println("Created a savings account with balance = " + initialBalance);
    }

    public void debit(int amountToDebit) {
        // debit business logic
    }

    public void credit(int amountToCredit) {
        // credit business logic
    }  

    public void sendNotification(NotificationMedium medium) {
        if (medium == NotificationMedium.SMS) {
            // Send SMS here
        }
        else if (medium == NotificationMedium.EMAIL) {
           // Send Email here
        }
    }
} public enum NotificationMedium {
    SMS,
    EMAIL
} Now, if you look at the class above, it can change due to multiple reasons: SavingsAccount If there is any change in the core logic of class (like , , etc.). SavingsAccount debit credit If the bank decides to introduce a new Notification medium (let’s say WhatsApp). This is a violation of the Single Responsibility Principle in SOLID Principles. To fix, it we will make a separate class that sends the notification. Let’s refactor the code above according to the SOLID Principles public class SavingsAccount {
    public int balance;
    public String name;

    public SavingsAccount(int initialBalance, String name) {
        this.balance = initialBalance;
        this.name = name;
        System.out.println("Created a savings account with balance = " + initialBalance);
    }

    public void debit(int amountToDebit) {
        // debit business logic
    }

    public void credit(int amountToCredit) {
        // credit business logic
    }

    public void printBalance() {
        System.out.println("Name: " + name+ " Account Balance: " + balance);
    }

    public void sendNotification(Medium medium) { 
        Sender.sendNotification(medium, this);
    }
} public enum NotificationMedium {
    SMS,
    EMAIL
} public class Sender {
    public static void sendNotification(NotificationMedium medium, SavingsAccount account) {
        // extract account data from the account object
        if (medium == NotificationMedium.SMS) {
            //logic to send SMS here
        }
        else if (medium == NotificationMedium.EMAIL) {
            // logic to send Email here
        }
    }
} Now, since we have refactored the code, if there is any change in the or the format, we will change the class. However, if there is a change in the core logic of , there will be changes in the class. NotificationMedium Sender SavingsAccount SavingsAccount This fixes the violation that we observed in the first example. 2. Open/Close Principle The Open Close principle states that we should design the classes in such a way so that they are open for extension (in case of adding additional features) but closed for modification. Being closed for modification helps us in two ways: Many times, the original class source may not be even available. It could be a dependency consumed by your project. Keeping the original class unchanged reduces the chances of bugs. Since there might be other classes that are dependent on the class that we want to modify. To see an example of the Open Close Principle, let’s take a look at the example of a shopping cart (such as the one implemented on e-commerce websites). I am going to create a class called as which will contain a list of (s) that you can add to it. Depending on the type of item, and the taxation on it we want to create a method that calculates the total cart value inside the class. Cart Item Cart Classes should be open for extension and closed for modification import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Cart {
    private List<Item> items;
 

    public Cart() {
        this.items = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public void addToCart(Item item) {
        items.add(item);
    }

    public double calculateCartValue() {
        double value = 0.0;
        for(Item item: items) {
            if (item.getItemType() == GIFT) {
                // 8% tax on gift + 2% gift wrap cost
                value += (item.getValue()*1.08) + item.getValue()*0.02
            }
            else if (item.getItemType() == ItemType.ELECTRONIC_ITEM) {
                value += (item.getValue()*1.11);
            }
            else {
                value += item.getValue()*1.10;  
            }
        }
        return value;
    }
} @Getter
@Setter
public abstract class Item {
    protected double price;
    private ItemType itemType;    
    
    public double getValue() {
        return price;
    }
} public enum ItemType {
    ELECTRONIC,
    GIFT
} In the above example, method calculates the cart value by iterating over all the items inside the cart and invoking logic based on the type of item. calculateCartValue Although this code looks correct, it violates the SOLID Principles. Let’s say we need to add a new rule for a different type of item (say Grocery) while calculating cart value. In that case, we would have to modify the original class and write another condition inside it which checks for items of type . Cart else if Grocery However, with little refactoring, we can make the code adhere to the open/close principle. Let’s see how. First, we will make the class abstract and make concrete classes for different types of (s) as shown below. Item Item public abstract class Item {
    protected double price;
    
    
    public double getValue() {
        return price;
    }
} public class ElectronicItem extends Item {

    public ElectronicItem(double price) {
        super.price = price;
    }
    @Override
    public double getValue() {
        return super.getValue()*1.11;
    }
} public class GiftItem extends Item {
    public GiftItem(double price) {
        super.price = price;
    }

    @Override
    public double getValue() {
        return super.getValue()*1.08 + super.getValue()*0.02;
    }
} public class GroceryItem extends Item {

    public GroceryItem(double price) {
        super.price = price;
    }

    @Override
    public double getValue() {
        return super.getValue()*1.03;
    }
} Inside each concrete Item classes like , ,  and implement the method which contains the business logic for the taxation and value calculation. GroceryItem GiftItem ElectronicItem getValue() Now, we will make the class depend on the abstract class and invoke the method for each item as shown below. Cart Item getValue() import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Cart {
    private List<Item> items;

    public Cart(Payment paymentOption) {
        this.items = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public void addToCart(Item item) {
        items.add(item);
    }

    public double calculateCartValue() {
        double value = 0.0;
        for(Item item: items) {
            value += item.getValue();
        }
        return value;
    }
} Now, in this refactored code, even if new types of (s) are introduced, the class remains unchanged. Due to polymorphism, whatever is the actual type of the inside the , that class’s method would be invoked. Item Cart Item items ArrayList getValue() 3. Liskov’s Substitution Principle Liskov’s substitution principle states that in a given code, even if we replace the object of a superclass with an object of the child class, the code shouldn’t break. In other words, when a subclass inherits a superclass and overrides its methods, it should maintain consistency with the behavior of the method in the super class. For example, if we make the following classes and two classes and class. Now, let’s say we create a method called as within the Vehicle class, it can be overridden in class, but it will be unsupported in the class as doesn’t have an engine (see code sample below) Vehicle Car Bicycle startEngine() Car Bicycle Bicycle The subclass should maintain consistency with the behavior of the superclass when overriding methods. class Vehicle {
   public void startEngine() {
      // start engine of the vehicle
   }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
  @Override
  public void startEngine() {
    // Start Engine
  }
}

class Bicycle extends Vehicle {
  @Override
  public void startEngine(){ 
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Bicycle doesn't have engine");
  }
} Now, let’s say there is some code that expects an object of type vehicle and relies on the method. If, while calling that piece of code instead of passing an object of type we pass a object, it would lead to issues in the code. Since the (s) class’s method will throw an exception when the method is called. This would be a violation of the SOLID Principles (Liskov’s substitution principle) startEngine() Vehicle Bicycle Bicycle startEngine() To resolve this issue, we can create two classes and and have inherit from the class and have inherit from MotorizedVehicle NonMotorizedVehicle Car MotorizedVehicle Bicycle NonMotorizedVehicle class Vehicle {
}

class MotorizedVehicle extends Vehicle {
   public void startEngine() {
      // start engine here
   }
}

class Car extends MotorizedVehicle {
  @Override
  public void startEngine() {
    // Start Engine
  }
}

class NonMotorizedVehicle extends Vehicle {
   public void startRiding() {
     // Start without engine
   }
}

class Bicycle extends NonMotorizedVehicle {
  @Override
  public void startRiding(){ 
    // Start riding without the engine.
  }
} 4. Interface Segregation Principle The “I” in SOLID Principles stands for the Interface Segregation Principle. The Interface segregation principle states that rather than having bigger interfaces that force implementing classes to implement unused methods, we should have smaller interfaces and have classes implemented. This way, classes only implement the relevant methods and remain clean. Divide your interfaces into multiple smaller interfaces rather than one big interface. For example, let’s look at the built-in Collections framework in Java. Among other data structures, Java also provides and data structure, LinkedList ArrayList class implements the following interface(s): , , , , , and . ArrayList Serializable Cloneable Iterable Collection List RandomAccess class implements , , , , , , and . LinkedList Serializable Cloneable Iterable Collection Deque List Queue That’s quite a lot of interfaces! Rather than having so many interfaces, Java developers could have combined , , , , , and into one interface, let’s say interface. Now, both and classes could have implemented this new interface. Serializable Cloneable Iterable Collecton List RandomAccess IList ArrayList LinkedList IList However, since does not support random access, it could have implemented the methods in the interface and could have thrown when somebody tries to call it. LinkedList RandomAccess UnsupportedOperationException However, that would be a violation of the Interface Segregation principle in SOLID Principles as it would “force” the LinkedList class to implement the methods inside the interface even though not required. RandomAccess Therefore, it is better to split the interface based on the common behavior and let each class implement many interfaces rather than one big interface. Dependency Inversion Principle The Dependency Inversion Principle states that classes at the upper level shouldn’t directly depend on the classes at the lower level.  This causes a tight coupling b/w the two levels. Instead of that, lower classes should provide an interface on which the upper-level classes should depend. Depend on interfaces rather than classes For example, let’s continue with the example we saw above and enhance it to add some payment options. Let’s assume we have two types of payment options with us and . Now, in the class, we want to add a method to which would calculate the cart value and initiate the payment based on the supplied payment. method. Cart DebitCard Paypal Cart placeOrder To do this, we could have added dependency in the example above by adding the two payment options as fields inside the class. However, that would tightly couple the class with and class. Cart Cart Cart DebitCard Paypal Instead of that, we would create a interface and have both the and classes implement the interfaces. Now, the class will depend on the interface, and not the individual payment types. This keeps the classes loosely coupled. Payment DebitCard Paypal Payment Cart Payment See the code below. public interface Payment {
    void doPayment(double amount);
}



public class PaypalPayment implements Payment {
    @Override
    public void doPayment(double amount) {
        // logic to initiate paypal payment
    }
}


public class DebitCardPayment implements Payment {
    @Override
    public void doPayment(double amount) {
        // logic to initiate payment via debit card
    }
}



import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Cart {
    private List<Item> items;

    private Payment paymentOption;


    public Cart(Payment paymentOption) {
        this.items = new ArrayList<>();
        this.paymentOption = paymentOption;
    }

    public void addToCart(Item item) {
        items.add(item);
    }

    public double calculateCartValue() {
        double value = 0.0;
        for(Item item: items) {
            value += item.getValue();
        }
        return value;
    }

    public void placeOrder() {
        this.paymentOption.doPayment(calculateCartValue());
    }
} If you are interested in learning more about object-oriented programming, GoF design patterns, and low-level design interviews, then do check my highly rated course Object Oriented Programming + Java Design Patterns

SOLID Principles In Java: A Beginner's Guide

জাভাতে সলিড প্রিন্সিপলস: একটি বিগিনারস গাইড

SOLID-Prinzipien in Java: Ein Leitfaden für Anfänger

Principios SOLID en Java: una guía para principiantes

Principes SOLID en Java : guide du débutant

जावा में ठोस सिद्धांत: एक शुरुआती मार्गदर्शिका

Java の SOLID 原則: 初心者ガイド

Java의 SOLID 원칙: 초보자 가이드

Princípios SOLID em Java: um guia para iniciantes

Принципы SOLID в Java: руководство для начинающих

Java'da SOLID İlkeleri: Yeni Başlayanlar İçin Kılavuz

Nguyên tắc RẮN trong Java: Hướng dẫn cho người mới bắt đầu

Java 中的 SOLID 原则：初学者指南

I will omit to discuss here well-known and widely used test design techniques such as Equivalence Classes, Boundary Value Testing, and Pairwise Testing, I will discuss other, less common techniques. You can also read my article about . issues with combinatorial test design techniques Decision Table Testing Decision Tables are an excellent tool for documenting requirements and describing the functionality of an application. These tables are very convenient for describing the business logic of the application, and in addition to that, they can serve as a solid foundation for creating test cases. If the tested application lacks proper documentation, it is a good reason to use Decision Tables. Presenting requirements in a compact and simple form makes it quite easy to create test cases. Approach: Decision Tables describe the logic of the application based on the entities (properties/conditions) of the system state. Each decision table should only describe one state of the system. rule 1 rule 2 … rule N Entities Property 1 … Property M Actions Action 1 … Action P Entity (Property) from 1 to M represents various properties of the system; they are presented in the table as input data that can be entered into the system. Actions from 1 to P are actions that can occur with the specified combination of entities. Depending on the combination of all input data of entities, actions take on the necessary values. Each rule defines a unique set of input data for all properties that lead to the execution of specific actions. After composing the decision table, it is usually possible to simplify the table, for example, by removing some or all of the impossible scenarios. Then, the table can be transformed into test cases. State-Transition Testing State-transition testing, like decision table testing, is a valuable tool for documenting requirements and describing the structure and design of a system. Unlike Decision tables testing, which describes a specific system state, State-Transition testing describes how these states of the system can change. Diagrams define all events that occur during the operation of the application and how the application responds to these events. Approach: There are two types of visual representations of this technique: State-Transition Diagrams State-Transition Tables State-Transition Diagrams As an example, let's consider the reservation of airline tickets. It operates roughly as follows: Initially, customers provide the airline with information for reservation - departure location, destination, date, and time of departure. An airline employee serves as the interface between the customer and the ticket reservation system, using the information provided by the customer to create a reservation. After that, the customer's reservation is in the "Made" state. Additionally, after creating the reservation, the system starts a timer. When the timer expires, and the reserved ticket has not been paid for, the system cancels the reservation for that ticket. The circle represents the state of the airline ticket reservation system, the "Made" state. The arrow indicates a transition to the "Made" state. The description below the arrow ("get_info") is an event originating from outside the system. The command in the description below the arrow (after "/") signifies that the system performed some action in response to the event - in this case, initiating a timer. The black circle indicates the start/entry point of the diagram. If the timer does not expire, and we have paid for the reserved ticket, the system enters the "Paid" state. This is depicted by the arrow labeled "payMoney" and the transition from the "Made" state to the "Paid" state. (represented as a circle on the diagram) This is the state of the system where it awaits one or more events. The state remembers the input data received so far and indicates how the system will react to the received events. Events can trigger actions and/or lead to a change in state. State : (represented on the diagram as an arrow) This represents a transition from one state to another, occurring due to an event. Transition : (represented as a rectangle above the arrow) An event is something that causes the application to change its state. Events can come from outside the application, such as through the application's user interface. Simultaneously, the application itself can generate events, for example, an event like "timer expired." When an event occurs, the application may stay in the same state, change state, or perform an action. Events can have parameters; for instance, the "pay_money" event may have parameters such as "Cash," "Check," "DebitCard," or "CreditCard." Event : (represented after "/" in the label above the transition) This is an action initiated by a change in state. It could be actions like "print ticket," "display on screen," etc. Typically, actions create outputs that serve as the system's output data. Actions occur during transitions; states themselves are passive. Action : is shown on the diagram as a black dot. The entry point is shown on the diagram as a "bullseye" symbol. The exit point State-Transition Tables State-transition tables are tables that consist of four columns: Current State, Event, Action, and Next State. The advantage of State-Transition Tables is that they define all possible State-Transition scenarios, not just the correct ones. Therefore, State-Transition Tables often lead to the discovery of undefined, undocumented State-Transition combinations, which are better to identify before writing the code. State-Transition Diagrams can be easily used for creating test cases. It is necessary to create a set of test cases that should cover all transitions at least once. From State-Transition Tables, it is also relatively straightforward to generate test cases. One needs to go through all valid combinations (if time allows or risks do not prohibit, it's possible to go through all invalid combinations as well). Orthogonal Arrays How many combinations exist for the pair of values "1" and "2"? {1,1}, {1,2}, {2,1}, and {2,2}. An orthogonal array is a two-dimensional array with a special property - in any two columns of the array, all combinations of values in those columns are present. That is, if you take any two columns from the orthogonal array, where values can only be "1" or "2", you will find the following rows for those columns - {1,1}, {1,2}, {2,1}, and {2,2}. As an example, consider a system with three input parameters, each of which is binary (i.e., takes the value "1" or "2"). rows variable 1 variable 2 variable 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 5 2 2 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 1 2 8 2 2 2 Orthogonal Array is represented as - L_4(2^3), where L_4 indicates that the orthogonal array has four rows, and (2^3) indicates that the array has three columns, with values that can be either "1" or "2". rows variable 1 variable 2 variable 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 L_4, where 4 is the number of rows 2^3, where 2 is the maximum value (== 2, 3, …, N) and 3 is the number of columns Orthogonal Array - is a two-dimensional array with the following property: choose any two columns of the array, and you will find all combinations of values in those columns. Using orthogonal arrays: Identify variables (number of input data). It is necessary to select input data, any combinations of values which can logically exist. Determine the number of values each variable can take. By the time the number of values is determined, other test design techniques should have already been applied to reduce the number of values (e.g., boundary values, equivalence classes, and any others). Determine an orthogonal array where there will be a column for each variable (the column of the orthogonal array has as many value options as the variable). Project the testing task onto the orthogonal array. Write test cases. AllPairs Algorithm The essence of the AllPairs algorithm is that there is no need to test all combinations of values for all variables. Instead, it focuses on testing all combinations of values for each pair of variables. As a QA professional, understanding these nuances is important. While theoretical in some cases, understanding the complexity of combinatorial test design techniques  allows QA professionals to effectively test the complicated business logic of apps and deliver high-quality software to their users.

An Analysis of Combinatorial Test Design Techniques

কম্বিনেটরিয়াল টেস্ট ডিজাইন টেকনিকের একটি বিশ্লেষণ

Eine Analyse kombinatorischer Testdesigntechniken

Un análisis de las técnicas de diseño de pruebas combinatorias

Une analyse des techniques de conception de tests combinatoires

कॉम्बिनेटोरियल टेस्ट डिज़ाइन तकनीकों का विश्लेषण

組み合わせテスト設計手法の分析

조합 테스트 설계 기법 분석

Uma análise de técnicas de design de testes combinatórios

Анализ методов комбинаторного проектирования тестов

Kombinatoryal Test Tasarım Tekniklerinin Analizi

Phân tích các kỹ thuật thiết kế thử nghiệm tổ hợp

组合测试设计技术分析

POPULAR ADMIRATION FOR GREAT THIEVES

How to Accept Crypto Payments in a Classic Commerce App

If you write code with .NET Core, one day, you will have to configure your application. There is great documentation by Microsoft . here I want to share with you what you really need to write an ordinary application. I’m going to use .NET Core 5. Let’s assume we want to create a simple Web API project. First of all, you have to understand that configuration itself is presented by the interface: IConfiguration public interface IConfiguration
{
  string this[string key] { get; set; }
  IEnumerable<IConfigurationSection> GetChildren();
  IChangeToken GetReloadToken();
  IConfigurationSection GetSection(string key);
} It is useful to know that an instance of the is already injected in file, and you can use the property to access the whole configuration: IConfiguration Startup.cs Configuration public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
{
  Configuration = configuration;
}

public IConfiguration Configuration { get; } Simple example This might work fine if you need a connection string. Let’s use the file, which is a default setup for the .NET Core Web API application. Here is the code which is generated when you create this type of project: appsetting.json {
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*"
} Let’s assume we want to add a connection string section. file could now look like the following. The connection string here is just a sample. You might use the proper one for your database: appsetting.json {
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*",
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "DefaultConnection": "Server=YOURSERVERNAME; Database=YOURDATABASENAME; Trusted_Connection=True; MultipleActiveResultSets=true"
  }
} Now we can access the connection string as follows. Let’s assume we have some class that inherits the interface, and we would like to instantiate it with the connection string from the configuration: UserService IUserService public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
  var defaultConnectionString = Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection");
  services.AddScoped<IUserInterface>(x => new UserService(defaultConnectionString));
  // another code follows here  
} Advanced example However, it might be a bit overwhelming to use the whole configuration instance. The better approach is to introduce your own configuration class. Let’s assume you need to integrate a payment system into your application. Here are the steps you need to make. First of all, we need to add a new section to the : PaymentOptions appsettings.json {
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*",
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "DefaultConnection": "Server=YOURSERVERNAME; Database=YOURDATABASENAME; Trusted_Connection=True; MultipleActiveResultSets=true"
  },
  "PaymentOptions": {
    "Host": "https://host.com",
    "ApiKey": "hV79DIyA8WEH3AE2N1RDgVDHyEgTPnYC"
  }
} We need to introduce the corresponding C# class: public class PaymentOptions
{
  public string Host { get; set; }
  public string ApiKey { get; set; }
} Now we can inject an instance of the in the file: PaymentOptions Startup.cs public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) 

{
  // another code follows here
  services.Configure<PaymentOptions>(Configuration.GetSection(nameof(PaymentOptions)));
  // another code follows here
} After that, we can use an instance of the in any class constructor to access payment options through the default dependency injection mechanism. PaymentOptions How to set different values for different environments? By default, and files are created for the new project. It means that you could follow the pattern to create a configuration file for different environments and switch between them. The pattern for the configuration file name is . appsettings.json appsettings.Development.json appsettings.[Environment name].json You can set different values for the configuration properties in different files. To switch between different environment configurations, you have to set the environment variable. ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT How to add a custom JSON file? Sometimes it happens that you need to add a configuration file with the custom name or path. It can be easily done in file. You just need to call method for the instance of . Program.cs ConifugureAppConfiguration() IHostBuilder public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
  Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
    // attach additional config JSON files
    .ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>
    {
      config.AddJsonFile("secret/appsettings.secret.json", optional: true);
      config.AddJsonFile("config/appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true);
    })
    .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder => { webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>(); }); There are a couple of important things to notice, using property means that if a configuration was changed, the platform would reload it in runtime. Another thing is that the configuration file might be . reloadOnChange optional Summary Configuration of the .NET Core application is very simple and can be done very fast. You have the power of the JSON files to create a configuration in a well-structured format and complete support of the .NET platform to use it in a natural way.

.NET Core Configuration is Simple

Using the Velo Pay API you can collect payments from your site's visitors outside the context of a Wix App like Wix Stores. The API allows you to collect a payment when triggered by any user interaction on any page. Warning: Before starting with payments, it is important that you fully understand how to handle the security concerns detailed below that arise when collecting payments. Prerequisites Before using the Pay API, you need to set up your site to accept payments. To learn more, see . About Accepting Payments When setting up your site to accept payments, be sure to select the payment methods you want to offer and . Note: set your payment currency Additionally, you will need to be familiar with creating backend web modules and calling the functions defined in them from page code. To learn more, see Calling Server-Side Code from the Front-End with Web Modules. You also might want to familiarize yourself with who can see and call your site's code. To learn more, see the section of . Code Visibility Security Considerations When Working with Velo Pay API To work with the Pay API, you need to save and publish your site. Note: The Pay API is split between backend and client-side functions to facilitate a secure payment process as described . It consists of two functions and one event: below - Called in backend code to create a payment and generate a . createPayment() paymentId - Called in client-side code to prompt the current site visitor to enter the payment information. startPayment() - Fired in backend code when a payment's status has changed. onPaymentUpdate() For detailed information on the Pay API see and in the API Reference. wix-pay wix-pay-backend Payment Lifecycle The following list outlines the steps taken in a typical payment lifecycle: A site visitor clicks a button to start the payment process. The button's event handler calls a backend function. A object containing information about the payment, such as the payment amount, is created in the backend function. PaymentInfo The backend function calls using the object and returns the generated object to the calling client-side event handler. createPayment() PaymentInfo Payment The event handler then calls the function with the from the object, which opens the payment popup on your site. startPayment() id Payment The site visitor enters the payment information. The event handler optionally handles the returned . PaymentResult Handle additional status updates to the payment transaction using the event. onPaymentUpdate() Payment Code Example The following is an example showing the payment lifecycle in code. The numbered comments correspond to the numbered steps in the payment lifecycle described above. {createMyPayment} ; wixPay ; wixWindow ; { createMyPayment() .then( { wixPay.startPayment(payment.id, { : , : }) .then( { (result.status === ) {
            wixWindow.openLightbox( );
          } (result.status === ) {
            wixWindow.openLightbox( );
          }
      } );
    } );
} /********************
 * client-side code *
 ********************/ import from 'backend/pay' import from 'wix-pay' import from 'wix-window' // Step 1 - User clicks a button. export ( ) function myButton_click event // Step 2 - Call backend function. // (Next, see step 3 in the backend code below.) // When the payment has been created and a paymentId has been returned: ( ) => payment // Step 5 - Call the startPayment() function with the paymentId. // Include PaymentOptions to customize the payment experience. "showThankYouPage" false "termsAndConditionsLink" "https://mysite.com/terms" // Step 6 - Visitor enters the payment information. // When the payment form is completed: ( ) => result // Step 7 - Handle the payment result. // (Next, see step 8 in the backend code below.) if "Successful" "Success Box" else if "Pending" "Pending Box" wixPay ; { paymentInfo = { : [ 
      { : , : },
      { : , : }
    ], : } wixPay.createPayment(paymentInfo);
} /**************************
 * backend code - pay.jsw *
 **************************/ import from 'wix-pay-backend' export ( ) function createMyPayment // Step 3 - Create payment info object. // Here we use static data. You might want to use data from a // collection. To see an example of such a usage, see the API Reference. let "items" name "Product 1" price 9.99 name "Product 2" price 19.99 amount 29.98 // Step 4 - Call createPayment() with the payment information // and return the paymentId. // (Next, see step 5 in the client-side code above.) return { paymentId = event.payment.id; newTransactionStatus = event.status; userInfo = event.userInfo; } /*****************************
 * backend code - events.js  *
 *****************************/ export ( ) function wixPay_onPaymentUpdate event // Step 8 - Handle additional status updates using // the onPaymentUpdate() event. let let let // Handle new payment status. Security Considerations For security reasons you should always create the object (step 3 above) in backend code. PaymentInfo Do not pass payment information from client-side code. Passing payment information from client-side code opens a vulnerability which is easily exploited. Since malicious site visitors can call your exported backend functions from the browser, they would be able to alter the payment information that is passed to the backend code. For example, if you pass the price of an item being purchased from client-side code, a user can change the price of the item. To securely process a payment, always define the payment information in the backend. Even though malicious users can call the backend function, they cannot see or change what happens in that function. If needed, you can also include additional validations in your backend function. If you want to perform operations based on a payment's status, always use the status updates received by the backend payment events. Status information that is received in client-side code should only be used for display purposes. Previously published at https://support.wix.com/en/article/velo-tutorial-processing-payments

Creating a Payment Flow using Velo Pay API

This article describes how you can use the Velo Pay API to collect payments from your site's visitors for a single predefined product, outside the context of a Wix App (like Wix Stores). Throughout this article we're going to use to illustrate the process. You can open the site in the Editor to work with the . We're going to explain how we set up the sample site and the code we added to make it work. this site template Note To learn how to use the Velo Pay API for products stored in a collection, see . Velo: Using the Wix Pay API to Collect Payments for Products in a Database Collection Overview In our site we added the following: Text elements and an image on the Pay API page, displaying a single product for sale. A "Buy Now" button on the Pay API page, which visitors can click to purchase the product. Then we added code to do the following: When a visitor clicks the "Buy Now" button, the button's event handler calls a backend function. The backend function creates and returns a payment object to the client side. The payment object contains payment information for the product as defined in the backend code. On the client side, a payment procedure is initiated using the ID from the payment object, causing a payment window to appear. The visitor enters payment information and completes the transaction. Before You Start Before you start working with Wix payments in code, make sure you do the following: Understand the for working with payments in code. Specifically, make sure to always define payment information in the backend. This prevents malicious users from accessing and possibly manipulating payment information or the payment process. necessary security precautions Set up on your site. We also recommend that you understand the before proceeding. accepted payment methods typical payment process Step 1: Set up the Pay API Page On the Pay API page we added: An image of the robot for sale. Text elements for the name, price, and description of the robot. A Buy Now button to trigger the payment process. In the of the button, we added an onClick . Properties & Events panel event handler Step 2: Create the createPaymentForProduct Function in the Backend We created a backend module called . Then we imported the module we need to work with payments in backend code. BE_PayAPI.jsw Then we declared the function, which creates and returns a payment object. We also export the function so it can be used on the client side. createPaymentForProduct Note that is the sum of the property for all . In this example, there is only one so amount and are identical. amount price items item price wixPay ; { wixPay.createPayment( { : , : [{ : , : }],
  } );
} import from 'wix-pay-backend' export ( ) function createPaymentForProduct return amount 0.50 items name 'DIY Robot' price 0.50 Understanding the Code : Import the module we need to work with the library. Line 1 Wix Pay Backend : Declare the function and export it  so it can be used on the client side. In the function, do the following: Line 3 createPaymentForProduct : Return the result of the function, which takes a object and creates a new payment object. Line 4 wix-backend-pay createPayment PaymentInfo : Define the PaymentInfo (product payment information) directly in the code. Lines 5-6 Identifiers you may need to change based on your site's elements If you want to use this exact scenario and code in your site, you may need to modify these items to match the ones on your site: 0.50 (amount) DIY Robot (name) 0.50 (price) Step 3: Prepare the Pay API Page On the Pay API page, we start by importing the module we need to work with payments in code. We also import the createPaymentForProduct function from the backend. wixPay ; {createPaymentForProduct} ; import from 'wix-pay' import from 'backend/BE_PayAPI' Understanding the Code : Import the module we need to work with the library. Line 1 Wix Pay : Import the createPaymentForProduct function from the backend module where it was created (see ). This function creates a payment object based on payment information for a single product defined in the backend. Line 2 Step 2 There are no identifiers you would need to change here to make this code work on your site. Step 4: Create the button1_click function on the Pay API Page The runs when a visitor clicks the Buy Now button. The event handler calls backend code that returns a payment object based on product payment information. button1_click event handler The event handler then runs the wixPay function with the payment object returned from the backend. This opens a payment window and prompts the user to select a payment method and continue the payment process. startPayment In our example, we included a , one of the available for payments. termsAndConditionsLink payment options {
 createPaymentForProduct().then( {
   wixPay.startPayment(payment.id, { : });
 });
} export ( ) function button1_click event => payment "termsAndConditionsLink" "https://www.wix.com/" Understanding the Code : When the "Buy Now" button is clicked, run an event handler that does the following: Line 1 : Run the function, which was imported from the backend. With the payment object that is returned, do the following: Line 2 createPaymentForProduct : Run the wixPay function with the ID of the payment object. A payment window opens prompting the user for payment information. Line 3 startPayment The startPayment function runs with an optional . A checkbox with a link to a terms and conditions page is included in the payment window. termsAndConditionsLink PaymentOption There are no identifiers you would need to change here to make this code work on your site. In the payment window, the site visitor selects a payment method, fills in payment information, clicks , and the transaction is completed. The visitor receives an email confirming the payment. Pay Now Next Steps 1. Open in the Editor to work with the template. this example 2. Publish the site. 3. Learn more: Velo: Using the Wix Pay API to Collect Payments for Products in a Database Collection Velo Tutorial: Processing Payments wix-pay API wix-pay-backend API Previously publilshed at https://support.wix.com/en/article/velo-tutorial-using-the-velo-pay-api-to-collect-payments-for-a-single-product

5 Step Guide on How to Set Up Velo Pay API for a Single-Product Online Payments

The State of The Market — March 4, 2019 : $3,759.67 (-2.65%) : $126.80 (-5.53%) : $0.304842 (-2.96%) BTC ETH XRP The market remained stable throughout the weekend. However, early today, there was a substantial crash and nearly $5 Billion has been wiped out from the crypto market. Bitcoin has fallen below $3,800, and it could further fall down to $3,400. All of the top 20 cryptocurrencies are flashing red right now, and major cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum and EOS suffered bigger losses. In other news, on Sunday, . At the moment, the reason for the price increase is unknown and members of the Verge community believe that a tweet from Verge founder and lead developer Sunerok could be behind the price increase. Also, . Monahan said that the toxic ‘Ethereum or nothing’ attitude exhibited by some members of the Ethereum community is shameful and damaging to the entire project. According to Monahan, Schoedon was the one person who could simplify Ethereum into digestible tidbits for the wider public and his status as a de facto leader only angered people when they felt he deviated from the ‘Ethereum or nothing’ ideology. Verge (XVG) unexpectedly gained 11% after a mining code malfunction occurred and the privacy coin’s developers began to ponder a switch to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) MyCrypto CEO, Taylor Monahan, recently spoke about what she describes as growing toxicity within the Ethereum community after lead developer Afri Schoedon rage quit the project nearly 2 weeks ago The ‘PayMon’ (PMN) platform is backed by 30 milligrams of 24-karat gold and each PMN token will be worth 156,581 rials or approximately $3.72. According to the banks, PMN’s total supply is capped at 1 billion and 15% of the tokens will be offered to the public, 20% will be on offer to institutional “anchors” looking to purchase a minimum of 300,000 PMN. The remaining 60% will be distributed monthly and 5% will be held by the founding team. Previous reports from Iranian government officials suggested that tokenized assets and cryptocurrency could be used as a method for circumventing U.S. sanctions but the dialogue has now shifted to focus on the technology’s capacity to stimulate economic growth and innovation within Iran’s tech sector. ( ) 1) Iran’s largest banks have revealed plans for tokenizing a variety of assets on a private blockchain platform based on Stellar protocol. Read More This is the first major release in the past 8 months and includes several performance improvements, software bug fixes, additional privacy options, and more detailed documentation. The new features were developed by a team of 50 different contributors from throughout the world who published 1,300 commits to c-lightning’s codebase. There are currently 6,963 LN nodes, and an increase of 18.88% in the past 30 days, with a total network capacity of 740 BTC worth approximately $2.835 million. ( ) 2) Blockstream has released the newest version of c-lightning, version 0.7, the company’s proprietary implementation of the Lightning Network (LN). Read More through the following tweet: “I asked our Compliance team what they thought of Neutrino. Fortunately, they’d just completed an evaluation. Neutrino came in last place on product (out of the 5) but was disqualified anyway due to the risks. However, other factors are important in M&A: cost, culture fit.” This may add further fuel to the current #delete coinbase campaign that was inspired after the exchange announced the controversial acquisition. ( ) 3) Jesse Powell, the CEO of Kraken, recently took a shot at the recent acquisition of Neutrino by Coinbase Read More Subscribe to the Berminal Brief Newsletter Download Berminal App for Free The Berminal Website Berminal Official Telegram Berminal Twitter

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