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Astounding Stories of Super-Science July 1931: VOL. VII, No. 1 - The Slave Ship From Space

This short post is written for recent graduates and current students who aim to find a job as a Software Engineer in the Tech industry and contains a list of resources to help them. This list is by no means comprehensive and is only supposed to provide a starting point to freshers who are beginning their job search and preparation. : I will keep adding resources to the list. Please contact me, if you have some. Note Competitive Coding Every major tech company these days, judges their candidate’s problem solving skills through competitive coding based assessments and interviews. All the websites mentioned below are popular among coders and you can find almost all the coding questions asked by major tech companies here: Online Judges : This website covers all the aspects of tech job preparation. It’s famous for its vast pile of questions but also has separate sections for discussing design questions, offer details etc. LeetCode : Good for beginners, this portal has a clean interface and is not very daunting for freshers. Hackerrank : This is the most popular online judge for competitive coding and regularly holds contests. TopCoder CodeSignal Books : Cracking the Coding Interviews provides a very good base for freshers. This books contains questions from all the Top tech companies and is a must have. CTCI : Elements of Programming Interviews is a good book for coders experienced with competitive coding. I’ll recommend using this after completing CTCI. EPI Some of the best online MOOCs available on Data Structures and Algorithms: edX MIT Stanford Educative System Design Though this topic is more expected to come up during experienced developer interviews, a basic knowledge of System Design not only helps in tech interviews but is a requirement for becoming a good Software Developer. These resources are some of the best available in the market as of now. These are helpful to beginners and experienced alike: : A comprehensive post focussing on all areas of System Design. System Design Primer : Different system design questions and posts with answers and explanations. Educative Grokking System Design : System Architectures of large companies. High Scalability : A place to discuss different System Design Interview questions. LeetCode System Design Object Oriented Design OOP concepts are asked from both freshers and experienced developers. Good knowledge of OOP helps in designing large systems and hence most of the Top tech companies include one round of interviews focussing on OOP. Below mentioned resources are tried by me and proved to be very helpful. : Different types of OOP questions and answers with complete architecture explained. Educative Grokking OOP Concepts (Book) OOP Object Oriented Design Job Search There are tons of websites online for finding jobs in Tech, so there’s no point in repeating them. Instead, I’m going to list the platforms which are a bit different but helps tremendously in landing you your dream job. : Tech-Twitter is the best Twitter. Engineers, Designers, Entrepreneurs share knowledge as well as have meaningful conversations about tech, startups, frameworks etc. But it is also great for job search! Check out and example of someone asking for a job and being helped by the Twitter community. Tech Twitter this this 3rd party sources: There has been a surge of startups who are helping Engineers to get hired at the Top tech firms. I’m not talking consultancies but companies which are known to do this job well. Most famous are and . Triplebyte Pathrise SDE Openings: This and this are some good resources to find tech jobs in 2020. Also Y Combinator’s own . Github list website job portal Women in Tech: Numerous platforms are helping women in technology to get great offers. Not only are there specific communities on Twitter, Reddit etc there are some amazing platforms out there too. Most notable are by and Hire Tech Ladies Allison Esposito Medina Women In Technology Communities Job Search can become very stressful especially in Tech where you face a lot of competition. These communities are meant to support each other in job search and preparation. These are discord groups where you can find sub-groups focussed on different aspects of job search such as coding, interview preparation, resume review, ML focussed jobs etc. : Focussed only on 2020 New grads. Taleo : For both freshers and experienced devs. CS Career Hackers : Another great community of developers helping each other out and sharing knowledge. DEV and : An anonymous network of professionals that helps in getting referrals, information of teams, career advice etc. Though the anonymity makes it a little bit toxic sometimes, overall it’s a great help for finding and preparing for jobs. Blind Rooftop Slushie There are tons of resources available online for the fields mentioned below. The resources added below are focussed towards a fresher entering any of these fields: Android Application Development : Google’s original documentation is by far the best way to learn about Android application development. Google Android Developers : Android publication containing tutorials and blogs. Mindorks Android Weekly : This tutorial website is very popular for it’s Android and IOS tutorials. They are very well explained but are paid. Highly recommend! Ray WenderLich Android Full Stack Web Development : Many MOOCS available for learning web development. Coursera : A free online library providing certificates on completion of courses. Very famous and very useful for people who want to start a career in Software Development. FreeCodeCamp Data Science / Machine Learning : One of the best free resources available to learn about Deep Learning. Fast AI : Platform for showing your DS and ML skills a.k.a LeetCode for Machine Learning. Kaggle Berkeley AI Course : Another great (and free!) resource for learning about AI and ML. NPTL AI Course Hope these resources help you in landing your dream job. All the very best! Previously published at https://adityarohilla.com/2020/01/08/top-resources-for-software-engineer-new-grad-job-search/

Top Resources for Software Engineers: How A New Grad Can Find A Job

WHAT MAKES A GREAT PRODUCT MANAGER Intro When reading Ben Horowitz’s “ ”, he refers to on what makes a good . Even though he originally authored this several years ago, it’s still highly relevant and filled with great advice. The Hard Thing about Hard Things his document product manager As I was reading it, I found myself mentally checking off the things I’ve observed amongst the best product managers I’ve known. I’ve managed a couple of hundred product / program managers over the years and worked with countless others. I count many of them among the very best in the industry and a number have become some of my closest friends. So I put together my own list of the behaviors I’ve seen in best product people. These have become the skills and approaches I value and try to develop in others, and against which I measure my own . I’ll make no claim that it is comprehensive, absolute or any sort of truth. growth I’ve left out the fairly obvious things like “is a decent human being”, “treats people with respect”, “gives credit to others” and so on. It’s written as if I were describing the ultimate product manager to a friend or colleague. In reality it’s impossible for a single person to exhibit all these traits and if you’re reading this for yourself, the key will be to figure out which resonate with you and your situation. Once you’ve figured that out, just do more of it (#9 — invest in strengths). Also, while I use the industry term “product manager”, what I really mean is “product people”. Great product people come with any title — whether that’s product managers, program manager, designers, developers, marketing or sales. In other words, skills over titles. I intentionally left this list unordered as the value of each attribute is somewhat situational and depends on the individual, team and context. As such, feel free to read it as you might a guide and in any order. However, a friend reminded me I should still follow own advice (#10 — Prioritize). So, if I had to pick any three attributes in a product person, they’d probably be and Others' mileage will vary but I believe these are so foundational that with them, most of the other items can be learned. #1 (Starts with Why), #13 (Is curious / values curiosity) #18 (Has a strong point of view / weakly held). The List . She always starts with the customer and has a clear articulation of why someone would want to use our product and what problems in their life we’re solving for. summarizes her approach nicely. She writes the reviews that we aspire for our users to write. Once establishing a mission for the product, she rallies people around it and is stubborn on this vision while remaining flexible on the implementation and how to get there. 1) Starts with Why Simon Sinek “Be stubborn on the vision, flexible on the details”, Jeff Bezos . She knows that great products often come from building for yourself. While this advice is often given to CEO’s — it’s just as relevant to anyone who builds products for a living. By working on products she would actually use, she has empathy for the customer and an intuitive sense of what they need. She uses the product every day and is one of the best testers on the team, finding more quality issues than almost anyone. 2) Builds products that solve for her own problems “If you look at the origins of successful startups, few were started in imitation of some other startup. Where did they get their ideas? Usually from some specific, unsolved problem the founders identified.”, Paul Graham She has a clear definition of success for any team and product she’s working on. These are goals that are aspirational (to help people dream), realistic (to keep people focused) and quantifiable (to help guide the way). They’re also shared goals — something the team fundamentally believes and wants to achieve. She tracks progress against these goals relentlessly but knows that metrics are only evidence of success, not success in itself. 3) Sets goals, measures, communicates clearly. . She knows the market well and where our product fits in. She understands the competition and uses their products daily. She regularly shares information on the broader market context with other team members via news links, presentations and product tear downs. She uses this information to guide and inform (but not dictate) our own product directions. 4) Market awareness She knows that one of the best ways to learn is from those who have already done what you want to do. She invests in relationships with mentors and makes it easy for them, taking on the scheduling burden and being clear about where she wants to grow. She pays this forward by mentoring other up-and-coming product mangers and finds that by doing so, her articulation and point of view is continually reinforced and improved. 5) Seeks out mentors. Mentors others. . She is both trusting and trustworthy. She knows the difference between trust and blind faith, and invests in building a working environment where people have each others’ backs. She sets an example with her own behavior and works from the assumption that people have good intentions. She listens and always strives to understand others’ context, point of view and perspective. 6) Builds trust Partly this stems from a desire to simply live in a world where people trust each other — but also because she knows this makes business sense: . She focus teams on good ideas that can be executed. Her knowledge of technical feasibility creates a tight and efficient feedback loop between idea generation and implementation saving many engineering cycles. 7) Understands the “how” She doesn’t use things like experimentation or machine learning as a crutch (e.g. “we’ll just machine learn the user’s preferences”). She would probably have drawn the cartoon below if it didn’t already exist. While pragmatic, she isn’t overly focused on implementation (see #1 — Starts with Why) and also remains open to technical breakthroughs. Source: https://xkcd.com/1425/ Many of the world’s most creative solutions have arisen out of deep constraints that would been paralyzing to many others. She understands the paradox of choice and knows that open ended statements like “we could do anything” can be counterproductive. She will even apply intentional / artificial constraints during ideation to help generate feedback, stimulate non linear thinking and test the boundaries. 8) Embraces constraints. “The enemy of art is the absence of limitations”, Pablo Picasso . She’s not a jack of all trades which is meant to imply “good at everything”, but can sometimes mean “good at nothing”. Instead, she has clear strengths that differentiate her and she continually invests in developing them. She’s interested in turning her strengths from good to great and while she’s aware of her weaknesses, she’s not consumed by them. Her greatest strength comes from the cross fertilization and knitting together of her unique skills. 9) Invests in strengths She has a respect for other disciplines (dev, design, etc) but doesn’t over identify with them, knowing that skillsets are more valuable than titles. She is a natural list-maker, and has found many complex problems can be solved by simply writing down a list of things and doing them in priority order. She’s a hardcore prioritizer, and will force important tradeoffs at the right time and has an intuitive sense of the quality required for a given situation / stage of idea. She’s not afraid to cut ideas / features when it leads to a simpler or better customer experience, even areas where she has spent significant time and effort. 10) Prioritizes. “By doing everything, you fail at the most important thing”, Ben Horowitz She also understands that while it’s important to cut and remove things, the hard thing is knowing to cut, and she intuitively thinks in terms of scenarios and complete experiences than features. This skill is evident with her approach to building MVP’s. what Source: http://sparksolutions.co/2015/12/mvp-dilemma-fat-vs-lean-lovable-vs-laughable/ While this may not have come naturally for her, she realizes that great workplaces encourage and reward risk taking and she takes this at its word. When acting in the best spirit of her colleagues and customers, she leads with action and asks for forgiveness in the event of mistakes rather than waiting for permission. She expects others to do the same also. 11) Asks for forgiveness, not for permission. . While few people love a high degree of change and ambiguity, she accepts them as natural consequences in the pursuit of innovation and performs extremely well during these periods. During these volatile times, she consistently helps others, providing clarity and assurance wherever possible. 12) Thrives on change and ambiguity She is highly curious and considers herself a lifelong longer or learn-it-all (a phrase which Satya Nadella is ). She is always more interested in the right answer than being right. She values diversity of thought and sees opposing views as an opportunity to learn a new idea (or at the very least learn about a person). 13) Is curious, values curiosity. also a fan . She thrives on collecting and understanding data to help inform a decision She does this informally, efficiently and by using tools herself wherever possible (vs complex or expensive processes). While she loves data, she’s not beholden to it and understands that it’s “just another input” given even the best studies, experiments, surveys and analyses often tell only part of the story. She has an intuitive sense of when we’ve reached a law of diminishing returns on data collection, and is able to make decisions with incomplete information. 14) Is data driven . She always looks to decompose problems into the most important key questions and solutions. Whenever sharing information she considers audience and ‘what do they need to know?’, not ‘how much can I show’. She anticipates future problems but remains focused on likely risks and not the complete set of what might happen. She loves to summarize (TLDR). 15) Simplifies the complex “I would have written a shorter letter, but I didn’t have time (Mark Twain)” She leads with action and avoids long and expensive debates on a potential solution that would have only taken 1 day to prototype, or could be answered by simply asking a customer. She’d choose a good idea, with great execution over a brilliant idea, poorly executed. She has no problem getting her hands dirty and regularly looks across the team to see what’s needed and where she can fill in. 16) Values trying over talking, impact over activity, creation over criticism. Source: https://crew.co/how-to-build-an-online-business/app-idea-execution/ She finds the right “level of zoom” for a given situation and can comfortably operate at both the detailed or the bigger picture level. She doesn’t “suggest to take a step back” when progress is required and doesn’t become lost in the details when a broader perspective would be more useful. In , we call this “Systems Thinking”. 17) Can zoom in, and zoom out. Pathwise . Whenever faced with a need to press forwards in uncertain situations, she expresses a strong point of view but “holds it weakly”. This benefits everyone involved on a product, providing a default direction while suppressing over confidence and stimulating debate. Her strong view / weakly held shows up in the products she works on, which are described as opinionated rather than confused. She openly challenges her own assumptions through a process and invites others to do so as well. With sufficient evidence and data, she pivots to new ideas and concepts, restarting the cycle once again. 18) Has a strong point of view, weakly held dialectic She is a prolific creator of content — not merely for the purposes of documenting, but as a means to communicate ideas, provide repeatable instructions and offer guidance. She recognizes the importance of specs, but knows these are a tool and will always consider the best tool for the job. She doesn’t over engineer a spec when a one line email will do, she knows that sometimes low fidelity UX mocks are the best way to express visual ideas and will build prototypes when specs, mocks and emails won’t do. 19) Creates material that can be highly leveraged, and always in a style that is “fit for purpose”. Strives to give feedback that is specific, useful for the recipient and delivers it with the best of intentions. Always asks the question “what would be useful?” not “what do I want to say?”. Gives and receives product feedback so that the product is under the spotlight, not the person. Understands that being clear with someone is not mutually exclusive with being kind and in fact can be an act of kindness when delivered with authenticity. Because she understands the importance of feedback, she shares her own work early, and shares it often. Does not wait for a “grand unveiling” but instead strives to get input as early in the process as possible, when the cost of change is low. 20) Gives feedback. Seeks feedback. Thats it for now! Thank you to all the amazing product people out there — you basically wrote this list by simply doing what you do. I’ll likely refresh in the future as I get a chance to reflect more.

WHAT MAKES A GREAT PRODUCT MANAGER

The lure of a DAO is so strong that most people will be fascinated by it when told that it's an organisation without a boss and where everyone has equal opportunities to work and earn. The reason is not far-fetched. Over 85% of today's global workforce lacks the motivation for work, with millions of people leaving their jobs every year in search of better opportunities. Since the Covid-19 pandemic, the number of people who hate their corporate jobs has seen a meteoric rise and in  2021 the last bull market saw a global spike in DAOs that were created to provide a seamless working experience for millions of people across the world. According to Meeds DAO co-founder DAO is the future of work. Patrice Lamarque, In Patrice's view, its fundamentals are strong in that it promotes transparency, eliminates conflict of interests and provides incentives. I recently sat down with him for a discussion about Meeds DAO and the emerging paradigm a DAO has brought about in the last two years. Patrice, it's great to talk about the changing landscape of work. I would like to start with you. Can you tell us a bit about yourself? I have worked for over 20 years in the software industry, first as a software engineer, then as head of product, and also as CTO. I've always been driven by the desire to improve the way we work and collaborate. My journey through various roles opened my eyes to the inefficiencies of traditional organizational models. This realization sparked my interest in innovative structures like Sociocracy 3.0 and, more recently, DAOs. Why do you believe that DAO is the future of work? DAOs are not just the future of work, they're actively exploring and shaping it.  This is a topic I'm currently delving into through a series of interviews with 100 DAO workers. DAOs are interest-based communities centered around a purpose. They all pursue a mission that attracts and inspires their members to engage. They have organizational structures where influence and power are widely distributed. They offer more equitable value redistribution models and a great deal of freedom of action for motivated participants. The great crisis of disengagement with work that we are experiencing is a sign that we need to rethink our relationship with work and value creation. Can you tell us about the founding of Meeds DAO? Several years ago, I noticed that in many companies, a significant number of employees were making daily efforts that were so micro they were invisible and impossible to value. This was especially true in traditional work structures where an annual review is conducted to assess 12 months of work. I was also troubled by the fact that a single manager was asked to decide whether each employee's investment deserved a raise or a bonus. All of this lacked objectivity. Back in 2019, upon discovering blockchain technology, I had the idea that we might be able to tokenize engagement. After an internal experiment and discussing it with others, Meeds was born to generalize this idea and make it applicable to a larger number of organizations. Meeds DAO began as a non-profit organization that designed a web3 protocol around the mission of rebalancing relationships between organizations and individuals. The core principles of Meeds DAO include transparency, fairness, and the use of decentralized technology to create a more rewarding work environment. By automating the collection of signals within an organization’s digital environment, Meeds DAO can track and tokenize various engagement behaviors. The tokenized rewards provided by Meeds DAO are tangible and can be redeemed for a variety of perks, ensuring fair compensation for fair work. How is Meeds DAO tackling the web2 work culture and orientation? Instead of relying solely on a top-down approach where workers are completely dictated to what to do, Meeds DAO promotes a more incentive-based and inclusive approach. By offering a clear and weighted menu of incentives, the organization provides clarity on what is important to it and what it is ready to value. I believe this is a fantastic way to express the company's culture, values, and goals. This approach is likely to elicit authentic engagement and can easily be integrated into a traditional organization, coexisting with employee salaries or freelance contracts. What I mean is, it's not strictly necessary to be a DAO to adopt Meeds. An increasing number of companies have transformed the potential of their community into a DAO by focusing on the mission, like Bankless, for example. What is WoM and how does it work? The WoM was originally for the Work Metaverse when we published our whitepaper, back in 2020. But now I like to simply explain it as the World of Meeds ;-). Indeed, the WoM is the protocol that Meeds is developing to host millions of organizations for over 20 years. To benefit from fair and equitable rewards, a worker only needs to join their community's Hub and participate in rewarded tasks and projects. But for an organization to be able to offer a Hub to its community, it must own a Deed NFT, which is like an entry pass in the WoM for organizations. Deed NFTs are minted by members of Meeds DAO, but they can also be exchanged or rented. This openness allows for an open and fully decentralized marketplace. Furthermore, the protocol performs a scoring of engagement within each of the Hubs and rewards the organizations that achieve the best scores with MEED tokens that it can redistribute to its contributors. This universal engagement sponsorship system is quite unique and we are opening a waitlist open to any type of organization wishing to have early access to it. What is the biggest challenge facing DAOs and what is Meeds DAO doing to solve it? One of the biggest challenges facing DAOs is the engagement and retention of contributors. Keeping everyone aligned with the mission and fairly compensating contributions is a complex task. Meeds DAO addresses this issue by offering a clear and weighted menu of incentives, providing clarity on what is important to the organization and what it is ready to value In addition to this, coordinating volunteers on a large scale is a real headache. That's why the largest DAOs adopt a structure in PODs, Guilds, or SubDAOs that allows them to gain efficiency without compromising too much on decentralization. Meeds provides clarity and manages initiatives at all levels and for all types of organizations. Any parting words? Yes, I would like to thank the entire community of Meeds DAO builders who work every day within its hub to build a better future for the world of work. We look forward to welcoming more organizations and individuals to our community as we continue to explore and shape the future of work by providing a transparent, fair, and rewarding environment for all contributors.

"DAO Is The Future of Work", Meeds DAO Co-founder Patrice Lamarque

How many times have you come across and in Node.js projects without really understanding the difference between them? path.join() path.resolve() In my own experience, I’ve seen different projects with the same structure using one over the other and I couldn’t really understand why. After becoming aware of my lack of knowledge, I decided to investigate and share my learnings with you. Table of Contents List of Important terms Brief recap - how to change directories on terminal/prompt What does path.join() do? What does path.resolve() do? The key difference When should you choose one over the other? Usage examples List of Important Terms I believe once you understand the terms listed below it will be easier for you to grasp the differences between the two methods. A string is a sequence of characters that are interpreted literally (the exact way it has been written) by a script, e.g., . They must be surrounded by quotation marks if there’s more than one word. String: "this is a string" A path is simply a that identifies the location of a or on a computer, e.g., or . I’m going to use the word ‘file’ here for referring to both and Path: string file directory "/home/user/Documents/file.ext" "/home/user/Downloads/" files directories. A relative path is a that identifies the location of a file relative to the location of another file. Relative path: string For instance, let’s assume some user has the following directory structure: If Downloads is the current working directory (CWD) and the user wants to access a file inside the Documents directory, he would have to navigate up one level, and then go down into the Documents directory. Something like this on POSIX-compliant systems (Linux, MacOS, etc.) or like this on Windows . cd ../Documents/file.ext cd ..\Documents\file.ext On the terminal or prompt we don’t need to surround the string with quotation marks if there are no spaces in the names of the files. Trying to execute would result in an error message. Note: cd ../Documents/my file.ext Simplifying, an absolute path is the that identifies the location of a file relative to the root of the system. For example, instead of trying to access the file from the previous  example via a relative path, the user could’ve specified an absolute path like this . We can specify an absolute path from any location. Absolute path: string cd /home/user/Documents/file.ext A path segment is a slice of the path. For example, we have , and as segments of . Path segment: /home /user /Documents /home/user/Documents/file.ext This is a Node.js environment variable that specifies the for the which contains the currently executing __dirname: absolute path directory file. For instance, if you have webpack.config.js: console.log(__dirname) The expected output on the console would be /home/user/Documents/project If the is inside the directory. webpack.config.js project In other words, __dirname is simply the of the absolute path to the file’s location. string As you saw, there are differences between the used to specify the path on different OSs. Windows uses while POSIX-compliant OSs use as a directory separator, just for instance. Path normalization happens when the is modified so that it conforms to a valid path on the target operating system. If you want to learn more about the steps required to perform path normalization, see . Path normalization: strings \ / string https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/io/file-path-formats Brief Recap - How to Change Directories on Terminal/Prompt and represent the CWD; . ./ and represent the parent of the CWD; .. ../ represents the root directory / If you put in front of them, they’ll take you to the desired location. cd I said it was going to be brief 😂 What does path.join() do? The method joins all given segments together using the platform-specific separator as a delimiter, then normalizes the resulting path. path.join() path The syntax is quite simple: , where is a sequence of . path.join(…paths) …paths segments For example, calling returns the following string in a POSIX-compliant system. path.join("path", "/to", "some", "file") path/to/some/file If you don’t understand what the mean, take a look at . … https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax What does path.resolve() do? The method resolves a sequence of paths or path segments into an absolute path. path.resolve() Almost identical syntax: . This method processes the paths and when it finds a treats it as the root of the system. path.resolve(…paths) from right to left / For example, calling would return , because the second argument has a leading and thus will be treated as the root of the system. path.resolve(__dirname, "/path") /path / The key difference simply concatenates segments and its return result in an absolute path. returns an absolute path, using the target operating system’s root as the root or first argument with a leading as the new root. path.join() may or may not path.resolve() always / When should you choose one over the other? It depends. Does your tool require an path? Then use . Do you only need to concatenate segments of paths? Use . absolute path.resolve() path.join() In practice, I can’t remember seeing or being used without , which makes both methods result in an absolute path with the OS’s root being the root. path.join() path.resolve() __dirname Again, calling makes no sense since would be totally ignored because the second argument starts with a . The following is a valid use case: . path.resolve(__dirname, "/path") __dirname / path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist/assets') Usage examples console.log(path.join(__dirname, "path"));
console.log(path.join(__dirname, "/path"));
console.log(path.join(__dirname, "./path"));
console.log(path.join(__dirname, "../path"));

console.log(path.resolve(__dirname, "path"));
console.log(path.resolve(__dirname, "/path"));
console.log(path.resolve(__dirname, "./path"));
console.log(path.resolve(__dirname, "../path"));

Output:

// path.join()
/home/user/some/other/segments/path
/home/user/some/other/segments/path
/home/user/some/other/segments/path
/home/user/some/other/path

//path.resolve()
/home/user/some/other/segments/path
/path
/home/user/some/other/segments/path
/home/user/some/other/path As you can see, if what you need is an path to the current executing file, you can choose any of the following: absolute console.log(path.join(__dirname, "path"));
console.log(path.join(__dirname, "/path"));
console.log(path.join(__dirname, "./path"));
console.log(path.resolve(__dirname, "path"));
console.log(path.resolve(__dirname, "./path")); I think that’s enough. If you found this article useful, share it with your friends. See you next time!

What’s the Difference Between path.join() and path.resolve()?

The sites we turn to for our information, whether it be news, research or entertainment, filter our results to make them more relevant for us. It is called personalised search and it is now the norm for not only Google search results but also shopping sites like Amazon, news sites like Huffington Post , Facebook and more. The result is called the “ and if you have been anywhere online the last 5 years, you willl have heard of it. ’s 2011 book . filter bubble ” Eli Pariser alerted the world to the idea and we have had our collective eye on the issue ever since Why Folks Want To Pop This Bubble? The problem with tailored web results is that we are served up an increasingly narrow set of pleasing results designed to support our personal status quo. Algorithms filter out results you are not likely to find interesting, and in doing so offer you a filtered outlook on the world. You end up living in Pariser’s “filter bubble”. Compare this to a child who grows up eating only bologna and mayo sandwiches, never knowing there is ‘croissant’ and ‘pain au chocolat’out there. Or steak. Or compare it to someone who is lived in a survivalist compound for a decade and heard only the doom-speak of his fellow preppers…it’s a sheltered world devoid of different opinions and it bolsters convictions that may not be very well thought-out. Sheltered worlds and filter bubbles alike breed pig-headedness or ignorance. How Do We Escape This Terrible Algorithm-Driven Provincialism? If you are interested in maintaining an enlightened world view in a world which allows for civil discourse to flourish, the filter bubble should scare you. To some, it is even the sign that the has begun: we are finally devolving into the stupid creatures we were never meant to be. End There is good news, however. Thanks to and the awareness he has raised with his TED talk on the matter ( ), people are doing something about the problem. Eli Pariser’s book see video above Here are a few glimmers of hope for humanity for you: The Digital Drivers’ License , who has worked with on such matters, suggests a license. In fact, he has had discussions with Google about tech companies recognizing their responsibilities in this area. Dr. Carr-Gregg Google digital drivers To get the digital drivers’ license, you had have to correctly answer questions about what you do and don’t believe on the internet. What test-takers clicked on and how they behaved online would also be examined. It is a way to ensure they know how to manage the incredibly thick layers of nonsense found online. Eli Pariser’s Idea Eli Pariser’s recommendation for a fix is similar. He calls upon companies like Google to adopt ethical standards. Google should, in his opinion, offer users a choice in how much filtering takes place. An end user should be able to invite a diversity of viewpoints into his search results, which would challenge his personal status quo. Bobble Another solution comes in the form of a plugin. It’s for the Chrome browser, which by the way is a Google product. It strips out the personalization so you can see what others would see if they performed the same search in Google. It won’t help you with Facebook, Netflix, Amazon or the increasing number of other websites that use personalized search, but it sure is a good start. Yahoo’s Recommendation Engine are working on an algorithm which would return results designed to give you opposing viewpoints. However, this is only in the research phase…there’s no toggle button for your browser yet! Researchers at Yahoo Labs DuckDuckGo There is an alternative search engine which because they respect end user privacy. Called DuckDuckGo, it’s a viable alternative to the Google search engine. claims not to use filtering However, that only solves part of your problem since more than just search engines are filtered. Google’s “Private Results”…NOT! Google claims to have helped users choose whether personalized search is used when they use the Google search engine. There is a toggle button (choose the head or choose the globe) that turns off personalized search. However, there is a new definition of “ ” at work here, which has very little to do with offering users a wider perspective through search results. Google is defining “ ” as results which give content from pages preference in your results. It also searches your Google calendar and contacts and serves them up in your search results. personalised search personalised search Google+ By toggle the button you are simply reverting back from this “ ” version of the algorithm. Now you get the personalized search we have been talking about all along. Thanks for nothing, Google! super personalised Not Yet Popped While it is clear we have not yet popped the filter bubble, it is good to know there is growing awareness and, five years after Eli Pariser’s ground-breaking revelation hit the newsstands, of us are working towards a solution. some More on my blog http://outofoffice.today My recent post: Technology Can Help … If You Want To Start Homeschooling Does Your IT Provider Help with UX? Well It Should Crowdsourcing: The Brilliant, Clever Way To Combat Slow Internet Speeds Robots are Doing What Now? Cutting the Cord 2.0: The WiFi Phone Revolution Business Owners Now Have a Kind of New Cyber Crime to Worry About for 2016

Eli Pariser’s Filter Bubble is Now 5 Years Old…Have We Popped it Yet?

Authors:
(1) Shih-Tang Su, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (shihtang@umich.edu);
(2) Vijay G. Subramanian, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and (vgsubram@umich.edu);
(3) Grant Schoenebeck, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (schoeneb@umich.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction 2. Problem Formulation 2.1 Model of Binary-Outcome Experiments in Two-Phase Trials 3 Binary-outcome Experiments in Two-phase Trials and 3.1 Experiments with screenings 3.2 Assumptions and induced strategies 3.3 Constraints given by phase-II experiments 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure 3.5 Comparison with classical Bayesian persuasion strategies 4 Binary-outcome Experiments in Multi-phase trials and 4.1 Model of binary-outcome experiments in multi-phase trials 4.2 Determined versus sender-designed experiments 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion and References 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion Note that the pruned tree will potentially be unbalanced. Lemma 7. Given an N-phase trial M with binary-outcome experiments, if there exists a pruned N-phase trial model P run(M) such that the following two conditions hold, then the sender’s expected utility is given by an equivalent single-phase Bayesian persuasion model. For every non-trivial determined experiment, its sibling is either a trivial or a sender-designed experiment.


There exists a least one sender-designed experiment in each (from root to leaf) experiment sequence of P run(M). References Au, P.H.: Dynamic information disclosure. The RAND Journal of Economics 46(4), 791–823 (2015)


Basu, D.: Statistical information and likelihood [with discussion]. Sankhy¯a: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A pp. 1–71 (1975)


Bergemann, D., Morris, S.: Information design: A unified perspective. Journal of Economic Literature 57(1), 44–95 (2019)


Bizzotto, J., R¨udiger, J., Vigier, A.: Dynamic persuasion with outside information. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13(1), 179–94 (2021)


Bizzotto, J., Vigier, A.: Can a better informed listener be easier to persuade? Economic Theory 72(3), 705–721 (2021)


Blackwell, D.: Equivalent comparisons of experiments. The annals of mathematical statistics pp. 265–272 (1953)


Dughmi, S., Kempe, D., Qiang, R.: Persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. pp. 663–680 (2016)


Dughmi, S., Xu, H.: Algorithmic Bayesian persuasion. SIAM Journal on Computing 50(3), 68–97 (2019)


Ely, J.C.: Beeps. American Economic Review 107(1), 31–53 (2017)


Ely, J.C., Szydlowski, M.: Moving the goalposts. Journal of Political Economy 128(2), 468–506 (2020)


Farhadi, F., Teneketzis, D.: Dynamic information design: A simple problem on optimal sequential information disclosure. Available at SSRN 3554960 (2020)


Forges, F., Koessler, F.: Long persuasion games. Journal of Economic Theory 143(1), 1–35 (2008)


Gradwohl, R., Hahn, N., Hoefer, M., Smorodinsky, R.: Algorithms for persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA). pp. 637–652. SIAM (2021)


Honryo, T.: Dynamic persuasion. Journal of Economic Theory 178, 36–58 (2018)


Kamenica, E.: Bayesian persuasion and information design. Annual Review of Economics 11, 249 272 (2019)


Kamenica, E., Gentzkow, M.: Bayesian persuasion. American Economic Review 101(6), 2590–2615 (2011)


Kolotilin, A., Mylovanov, T., Zapechelnyuk, A., Li, M.: Persuasion of a privately informed receiver. Econometrica 85(6), 1949–1964 (2017)


Le Treust, M., Tomala, T.: Persuasion with limited communication capacity. Journal of Economic Theory 184, 104940 (2019)


Li, F., Norman, P.: On Bayesian persuasion with multiple senders. Economics Letters 170, 66–70 (2018)


Li, J., Zhou, J.: Blackwell’s informativeness ranking with uncertainty-averse preferences. Games and Economic Behavior 96, 18–29 (2016)


Meigs, E., Parise, F., Ozdaglar, A., Acemoglu, D.: Optimal dynamic information provision in traffic routing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.03232 (2020)


Nguyen, A., Tan, T.Y.: Bayesian persuasion with costly messages. Available at SSRN 3298275 (2019)


Su, S.T., Subramanian, V., Schoenebeck, G.: Bayesian persuasion in sequential trials. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.09594 (2021) This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Shih-Tang Su, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (shihtang@umich.edu); (2) Vijay G. Subramanian, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and (vgsubram@umich.edu); (3) Grant Schoenebeck, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (schoeneb@umich.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Shih-Tang Su, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (shihtang@umich.edu); (2) Vijay G. Subramanian, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and (vgsubram@umich.edu); (3) Grant Schoenebeck, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (schoeneb@umich.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction 2. Problem Formulation 2. Problem Formulation 2.1 Model of Binary-Outcome Experiments in Two-Phase Trials 2.1 Model of Binary-Outcome Experiments in Two-Phase Trials 3 Binary-outcome Experiments in Two-phase Trials and 3.1 Experiments with screenings 3 Binary-outcome Experiments in Two-phase Trials and 3.1 Experiments with screenings 3.2 Assumptions and induced strategies 3.2 Assumptions and induced strategies 3.3 Constraints given by phase-II experiments 3.3 Constraints given by phase-II experiments 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure 3.5 Comparison with classical Bayesian persuasion strategies 3.5 Comparison with classical Bayesian persuasion strategies 4 Binary-outcome Experiments in Multi-phase trials and 4.1 Model of binary-outcome experiments in multi-phase trials 4 Binary-outcome Experiments in Multi-phase trials and 4.1 Model of binary-outcome experiments in multi-phase trials 4.2 Determined versus sender-designed experiments 4.2 Determined versus sender-designed experiments 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion and References 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion and References 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion Note that the pruned tree will potentially be unbalanced. Lemma 7. Given an N-phase trial M with binary-outcome experiments, if there exists a pruned N-phase trial model P run(M) such that the following two conditions hold, then the sender’s expected utility is given by an equivalent single-phase Bayesian persuasion model. Lemma 7. Given an N-phase trial M with binary-outcome experiments, if there exists a pruned N-phase trial model P run(M) such that the following two conditions hold, then the sender’s expected utility is given by an equivalent single-phase Bayesian persuasion model. For every non-trivial determined experiment, its sibling is either a trivial or a sender-designed experiment. There exists a least one sender-designed experiment in each (from root to leaf) experiment sequence of P run(M). For every non-trivial determined experiment, its sibling is either a trivial or a sender-designed experiment. For every non-trivial determined experiment, its sibling is either a trivial or a sender-designed experiment. For every non-trivial determined experiment, its sibling is either a trivial or a sender-designed experiment. There exists a least one sender-designed experiment in each (from root to leaf) experiment sequence of P run(M). There exists a least one sender-designed experiment in each (from root to leaf) experiment sequence of P run(M). There exists a least one sender-designed experiment in each (from root to leaf) experiment sequence of P run(M). References Au, P.H.: Dynamic information disclosure. The RAND Journal of Economics 46(4), 791–823 (2015) Basu, D.: Statistical information and likelihood [with discussion]. Sankhy¯a: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A pp. 1–71 (1975) Bergemann, D., Morris, S.: Information design: A unified perspective. Journal of Economic Literature 57(1), 44–95 (2019) Bizzotto, J., R¨udiger, J., Vigier, A.: Dynamic persuasion with outside information. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13(1), 179–94 (2021) Bizzotto, J., Vigier, A.: Can a better informed listener be easier to persuade? Economic Theory 72(3), 705–721 (2021) Blackwell, D.: Equivalent comparisons of experiments. The annals of mathematical statistics pp. 265–272 (1953) Dughmi, S., Kempe, D., Qiang, R.: Persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. pp. 663–680 (2016) Dughmi, S., Xu, H.: Algorithmic Bayesian persuasion. SIAM Journal on Computing 50(3), 68–97 (2019) Ely, J.C.: Beeps. American Economic Review 107(1), 31–53 (2017) Ely, J.C., Szydlowski, M.: Moving the goalposts. Journal of Political Economy 128(2), 468–506 (2020) Farhadi, F., Teneketzis, D.: Dynamic information design: A simple problem on optimal sequential information disclosure. Available at SSRN 3554960 (2020) Forges, F., Koessler, F.: Long persuasion games. Journal of Economic Theory 143(1), 1–35 (2008) Gradwohl, R., Hahn, N., Hoefer, M., Smorodinsky, R.: Algorithms for persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA). pp. 637–652. SIAM (2021) Honryo, T.: Dynamic persuasion. Journal of Economic Theory 178, 36–58 (2018) Kamenica, E.: Bayesian persuasion and information design. Annual Review of Economics 11, 249 272 (2019) Kamenica, E., Gentzkow, M.: Bayesian persuasion. American Economic Review 101(6), 2590–2615 (2011) Kolotilin, A., Mylovanov, T., Zapechelnyuk, A., Li, M.: Persuasion of a privately informed receiver. Econometrica 85(6), 1949–1964 (2017) Le Treust, M., Tomala, T.: Persuasion with limited communication capacity. Journal of Economic Theory 184, 104940 (2019) Li, F., Norman, P.: On Bayesian persuasion with multiple senders. Economics Letters 170, 66–70 (2018) Li, J., Zhou, J.: Blackwell’s informativeness ranking with uncertainty-averse preferences. Games and Economic Behavior 96, 18–29 (2016) Meigs, E., Parise, F., Ozdaglar, A., Acemoglu, D.: Optimal dynamic information provision in traffic routing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.03232 (2020) Nguyen, A., Tan, T.Y.: Bayesian persuasion with costly messages. Available at SSRN 3298275 (2019) Su, S.T., Subramanian, V., Schoenebeck, G.: Bayesian persuasion in sequential trials. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.09594 (2021) Au, P.H.: Dynamic information disclosure. The RAND Journal of Economics 46(4), 791–823 (2015) Au, P.H.: Dynamic information disclosure. The RAND Journal of Economics 46(4), 791–823 (2015) Basu, D.: Statistical information and likelihood [with discussion]. Sankhy¯a: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A pp. 1–71 (1975) Basu, D.: Statistical information and likelihood [with discussion]. Sankhy¯a: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A pp. 1–71 (1975) Bergemann, D., Morris, S.: Information design: A unified perspective. Journal of Economic Literature 57(1), 44–95 (2019) Bergemann, D., Morris, S.: Information design: A unified perspective. Journal of Economic Literature 57(1), 44–95 (2019) Bizzotto, J., R¨udiger, J., Vigier, A.: Dynamic persuasion with outside information. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13(1), 179–94 (2021) Bizzotto, J., R¨udiger, J., Vigier, A.: Dynamic persuasion with outside information. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13(1), 179–94 (2021) Bizzotto, J., Vigier, A.: Can a better informed listener be easier to persuade? Economic Theory 72(3), 705–721 (2021) Bizzotto, J., Vigier, A.: Can a better informed listener be easier to persuade? Economic Theory 72(3), 705–721 (2021) Blackwell, D.: Equivalent comparisons of experiments. The annals of mathematical statistics pp. 265–272 (1953) Blackwell, D.: Equivalent comparisons of experiments. The annals of mathematical statistics pp. 265–272 (1953) Dughmi, S., Kempe, D., Qiang, R.: Persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. pp. 663–680 (2016) Dughmi, S., Kempe, D., Qiang, R.: Persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. pp. 663–680 (2016) Dughmi, S., Xu, H.: Algorithmic Bayesian persuasion. SIAM Journal on Computing 50(3), 68–97 (2019) Dughmi, S., Xu, H.: Algorithmic Bayesian persuasion. SIAM Journal on Computing 50(3), 68–97 (2019) Ely, J.C.: Beeps. American Economic Review 107(1), 31–53 (2017) Ely, J.C.: Beeps. American Economic Review 107(1), 31–53 (2017) Ely, J.C., Szydlowski, M.: Moving the goalposts. Journal of Political Economy 128(2), 468–506 (2020) Ely, J.C., Szydlowski, M.: Moving the goalposts. Journal of Political Economy 128(2), 468–506 (2020) Farhadi, F., Teneketzis, D.: Dynamic information design: A simple problem on optimal sequential information disclosure. Available at SSRN 3554960 (2020) Farhadi, F., Teneketzis, D.: Dynamic information design: A simple problem on optimal sequential information disclosure. Available at SSRN 3554960 (2020) Forges, F., Koessler, F.: Long persuasion games. Journal of Economic Theory 143(1), 1–35 (2008) Forges, F., Koessler, F.: Long persuasion games. Journal of Economic Theory 143(1), 1–35 (2008) Gradwohl, R., Hahn, N., Hoefer, M., Smorodinsky, R.: Algorithms for persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA). pp. 637–652. SIAM (2021) Gradwohl, R., Hahn, N., Hoefer, M., Smorodinsky, R.: Algorithms for persuasion with limited communication. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA). pp. 637–652. SIAM (2021) Honryo, T.: Dynamic persuasion. Journal of Economic Theory 178, 36–58 (2018) Honryo, T.: Dynamic persuasion. Journal of Economic Theory 178, 36–58 (2018) Kamenica, E.: Bayesian persuasion and information design. Annual Review of Economics 11, 249 272 (2019) Kamenica, E.: Bayesian persuasion and information design. Annual Review of Economics 11, 249 272 (2019) Kamenica, E., Gentzkow, M.: Bayesian persuasion. American Economic Review 101(6), 2590–2615 (2011) Kamenica, E., Gentzkow, M.: Bayesian persuasion. American Economic Review 101(6), 2590–2615 (2011) Kolotilin, A., Mylovanov, T., Zapechelnyuk, A., Li, M.: Persuasion of a privately informed receiver. Econometrica 85(6), 1949–1964 (2017) Kolotilin, A., Mylovanov, T., Zapechelnyuk, A., Li, M.: Persuasion of a privately informed receiver. Econometrica 85(6), 1949–1964 (2017) Le Treust, M., Tomala, T.: Persuasion with limited communication capacity. Journal of Economic Theory 184, 104940 (2019) Le Treust, M., Tomala, T.: Persuasion with limited communication capacity. Journal of Economic Theory 184, 104940 (2019) Li, F., Norman, P.: On Bayesian persuasion with multiple senders. Economics Letters 170, 66–70 (2018) Li, F., Norman, P.: On Bayesian persuasion with multiple senders. Economics Letters 170, 66–70 (2018) Li, J., Zhou, J.: Blackwell’s informativeness ranking with uncertainty-averse preferences. Games and Economic Behavior 96, 18–29 (2016) Li, J., Zhou, J.: Blackwell’s informativeness ranking with uncertainty-averse preferences. Games and Economic Behavior 96, 18–29 (2016) Meigs, E., Parise, F., Ozdaglar, A., Acemoglu, D.: Optimal dynamic information provision in traffic routing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.03232 (2020) Meigs, E., Parise, F., Ozdaglar, A., Acemoglu, D.: Optimal dynamic information provision in traffic routing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.03232 (2020) Nguyen, A., Tan, T.Y.: Bayesian persuasion with costly messages. Available at SSRN 3298275 (2019) Nguyen, A., Tan, T.Y.: Bayesian persuasion with costly messages. Available at SSRN 3298275 (2019) Su, S.T., Subramanian, V., Schoenebeck, G.: Bayesian persuasion in sequential trials. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.09594 (2021) Su, S.T., Subramanian, V., Schoenebeck, G.: Bayesian persuasion in sequential trials. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.09594 (2021) This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Generalizing Signaling Strategies in Multi-phase Trials

Working with Environment Variables in Frontend Application Releases

በFrontend መተግበሪያ ልቀቶች ውስጥ ከአካባቢ ተለዋዋጮች ጋር መስራት

Rad s varijablama okruženja u izdanjima Frontend aplikacija

Εργασία με μεταβλητές περιβάλλοντος στις εκδόσεις εφαρμογών Frontend

Cómo trabajar con variables de entorno en versiones de aplicaciones frontend

フロントエンドアプリケーションリリースでの環境変数の操作

Frontend қолданбаларының шығарылымдарында орта айнымалыларымен жұмыс істеу

Darbas su aplinkos kintamaisiais Frontend programų leidimuose

Работа с переменными среды в выпусках фронтенд-приложений

Kushanda neEnvironment Variables muFrontend Application Releases

การทำงานกับตัวแปรสภาพแวดล้อมในการเผยแพร่แอปพลิเคชัน Frontend

ምስ ተለዋዋጢ ከባቢ ኣብ ፍሮንቴንድ ኣፕሊኬሽን ሪሊዝ ምስራሕ

فرنٹ اینڈ ایپلیکیشن ریلیز میں ماحولیاتی متغیرات کے ساتھ کام کرنا

How to Build a Database From Scratch: Understanding LSM Trees and Storage Engines (Part 1)

Recently, I needed to encapsulate some of my utility code into a standalone NPM package. It had been a couple of years since I last worked on something similar, and I quickly realized that some things had changed. I encountered a few pitfalls along the way, which inspired me to write this article as a reference and guide. The Focus & Requirements This article focuses on optimizing the developer experience when using your library code as an NPM dependency. The implied tech stack includes: A host web app powered by React, bootstrapped using react-scripts
A library that also utilizes React
TypeScript for both the host app and the library The key requirements for seamless library integration, ensuring the best developer experience, are: The library should be consumable by a TypeScript-based host app
It should be possible to include the library locally via file:/path/to/the/library
The library should also be installable via a GitHub link
TypeScript compiler’s watch mode must function for the library I won’t be diving deep into TypeScript setup in this article. If you need assistance with that, feel free to refer to the tsconfig.json configurations in my repositories for both the host app and the library. Let’s get started! TypeScript Setup Let’s assume we have "outDir": "./dist" in our tsconfig.json. In this case, we need to add the following lines to our package.json: "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", Note that "types" refers to the bundled declaration file, which is generated by the TypeScript compiler (tsc) from the main declaration file, typically index.ts. This main declaration file should export not only the types defined in your library but also every public function or class that the library provides to the host app. Essentially, index.ts serves as the entry point of the library. Next, ensure that you have build and prepare scripts in your package.json: "scripts": {
    "build": "npx tsc",
    "prepare": "npm run build", The prepare script will run automatically after your library is installed by a host app. Installing the Dependency Locally and the “peerDependencies” Problem In the host app’s package.json, you can install the library locally like this: "dependencies": {
    "my-lib": "file:../my-lib", However, after running the host app with npm start, you might encounter the dreaded Invalid hook call error: The 3rd point suggests that we might have more than one copy of React in the same app, which is exactly what's happening here — both the host app and the library have React installed. This can be easily resolved by moving React to the peerDependencies section of the library’s package.json: "peerDependencies": {
    "react": "^18.3.1" This informs the package manager that the library depends on React, which could potentially conflict with the host app’s dependencies. As a result, only a single copy of React should be included in the final bundle. NPM handles this by deduplicating the dependencies. Let’s verify whether the React package has been deduplicated using npm ls react: my-app@0.1.0 /Users/user/dev/my-app
├─┬ react-dom@18.3.1
│ └── react@18.3.1 deduped
├─┬ my-lib@0.1.0 -> ./../my-lib
│ └── react@18.3.1 We can see that a copy of React in react-dom was deduplicated, whereas in my-lib, it wasn’t. If we run the host app again we are still going to see the same Invalid hook call error. The reason is that our library has been installed locally and the NPM handles local packages via symlinks, which are not deduped. There are several ways to solve this problem, one of which is npm-dedupe utility. However, I prefer not to use this approach, as it traverses the entire dependency tree and modifies it in multiple steps. This process can be quite heavy and time-consuming. Another, better way, is to tweak the webpack.config.js: resolve: {
    alias: {
      react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'), This way, we tell the web pack to always use the React package from the host app’s node_modules. Since our host app is powered by react-scripts, we can’t access the webpack configuration without “ejecting” the app. To avoid this, we can use the react-app-rewired utility. This tool enables us to inject custom pieces of configuration into the existing webpack config. Here’s how our config-overrides.js should look like: const path = require('path');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; Please note the line with a condition that checks the environment env !== 'development', so we do not override the config in case of any non-dev environment. Now, let’s run the host app another time, to check if the problem was solved. (Note: you may have to remove node_modules and run npm i again.) This time, we’ll get a different error: ERROR in ./src/App.tsx 5:0-65
Module not found: Error: You attempted to import /Users/user/dev/my-app/node_modules/react which falls outside of the project src/ directory. Relative imports outside of src/ are not supported.
You can either move it inside src/, or add a symlink to it from project's node_modules/. That’s because the react-scripts webpack configuration has a ModuleScopePlugin plugin, that runs this check, which we need to disable. Again, we can disable this plugin by simply overriding the webpack’s config. The resulting config-overrides.js will look like this: const path = require('path');
const ModuleScopePlugin = require('react-dev-utils/ModuleScopePlugin');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.plugins = config.resolve.plugins.filter(plugin => !(plugin instanceof ModuleScopePlugin));
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; “Watch” Mode Setup Another thing that is nice to have while developing a library is “watch” mode. TypeScript compiler (tsc) provides this feature out of the box. To enable the “watch” mode, we simply need to add one more script to our package.json: "scripts": {
    "build:watch": "npx tsc -w", The -w flag is a shorthand for --watch. Once this flag is set, the TypeScript compiler will monitor any changes in the rootDir and automatically update the compiled output in the outDir. Turning a Dependency Into a Remote One The final step is to host our library remotely, for example, on GitHub. Once you’ve created a GitHub repository for your library, you can easily install the library via its URL in the host app's package.json: "dependencies": {
  "my-lib": "git+https://github.com/username/my-lib.git#main" Note that #main specifies the branch name from which the library should be installed. Conclusion In conclusion, the most challenging problem we faced was the peerDependencies issue with locally installed packages. However, aside from that hurdle, the process of developing and integrating an NPM package is relatively straightforward. By following the outlined steps, you can efficiently encapsulate your utility code and enhance the developer experience in your projects. Recently, I needed to encapsulate some of my utility code into a standalone NPM package. It had been a couple of years since I last worked on something similar, and I quickly realized that some things had changed. I encountered a few pitfalls along the way, which inspired me to write this article as a reference and guide. The Focus & Requirements This article focuses on optimizing the developer experience when using your library code as an NPM dependency. The implied tech stack includes: A host web app powered by React, bootstrapped using react-scripts A library that also utilizes React TypeScript for both the host app and the library A host web app powered by React, bootstrapped using react-scripts react-scripts A library that also utilizes React TypeScript for both the host app and the library The key requirements for seamless library integration, ensuring the best developer experience, are: The library should be consumable by a TypeScript-based host app It should be possible to include the library locally via file:/path/to/the/library The library should also be installable via a GitHub link TypeScript compiler’s watch mode must function for the library The library should be consumable by a TypeScript-based host app It should be possible to include the library locally via file:/path/to/the/library file:/path/to/the/library The library should also be installable via a GitHub link TypeScript compiler’s watch mode must function for the library I won’t be diving deep into TypeScript setup in this article. If you need assistance with that, feel free to refer to the tsconfig.json configurations in my repositories for both the host app and the library . tsconfig.json the host app the library Let’s get started! TypeScript Setup Let’s assume we have "outDir": "./dist" in our tsconfig.json . In this case, we need to add the following lines to our package.json : "outDir": "./dist" tsconfig.json package.json "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", Note that "types" refers to the bundled declaration file, which is generated by the TypeScript compiler ( tsc ) from the main declaration file, typically index.ts . This main declaration file should export not only the types defined in your library but also every public function or class that the library provides to the host app. Essentially, index.ts serves as the entry point of the library. "types" tsc index.ts index.ts Next, ensure that you have build and prepare scripts in your package.json : build prepare package.json "scripts": {
    "build": "npx tsc",
    "prepare": "npm run build", "scripts": {
    "build": "npx tsc",
    "prepare": "npm run build", The prepare script will run automatically after your library is installed by a host app. prepare Installing the Dependency Locally and the “peerDependencies” Problem In the host app’s package.json , you can install the library locally like this: package.json "dependencies": {
    "my-lib": "file:../my-lib", "dependencies": {
    "my-lib": "file:../my-lib", However, after running the host app with npm start , you might encounter the dreaded Invalid hook call error: npm start Invalid hook call The 3rd point suggests that we might have more than one copy of React in the same app, which is exactly what's happening here — both the host app and the library have React installed. This can be easily resolved by moving React to the peerDependencies section of the library’s package.json : peerDependencies package.json "peerDependencies": {
    "react": "^18.3.1" "peerDependencies": {
    "react": "^18.3.1" This informs the package manager that the library depends on React, which could potentially conflict with the host app’s dependencies. As a result, only a single copy of React should be included in the final bundle. NPM handles this by deduplicating the dependencies. Let’s verify whether the React package has been deduplicated using npm ls react : npm ls react my-app@0.1.0 /Users/user/dev/my-app
├─┬ react-dom@18.3.1
│ └── react@18.3.1 deduped
├─┬ my-lib@0.1.0 -> ./../my-lib
│ └── react@18.3.1 my-app@0.1.0 /Users/user/dev/my-app
├─┬ react-dom@18.3.1
│ └── react@18.3.1 deduped
├─┬ my-lib@0.1.0 -> ./../my-lib
│ └── react@18.3.1 We can see that a copy of React in react-dom was deduplicated, whereas in my-lib , it wasn’t. react-dom my-lib If we run the host app again we are still going to see the same Invalid hook call error. Invalid hook call The reason is that our library has been installed locally and the NPM handles local packages via symlinks, which are not deduped. There are several ways to solve this problem, one of which is npm-dedupe utility. However, I prefer not to use this approach, as it traverses the entire dependency tree and modifies it in multiple steps. This process can be quite heavy and time-consuming. npm-dedupe Another, better way, is to tweak the webpack.config.js : webpack.config.js resolve: {
    alias: {
      react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'), resolve: {
    alias: {
      react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'), This way, we tell the web pack to always use the React package from the host app’s node_modules . node_modules Since our host app is powered by react-scripts , we can’t access the webpack configuration without “ejecting” the app. To avoid this, we can use the react-app-rewired utility. This tool enables us to inject custom pieces of configuration into the existing webpack config. react-scripts react-app-rewired Here’s how our config-overrides.js should look like: config-overrides.js const path = require('path');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; const path = require('path');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; Please note the line with a condition that checks the environment env !== 'development' , so we do not override the config in case of any non-dev environment. env !== 'development' Now, let’s run the host app another time, to check if the problem was solved. (Note: you may have to remove node_modules and run npm i again.) This time, we’ll get a different error: node_modules npm i ERROR in ./src/App.tsx 5:0-65
Module not found: Error: You attempted to import /Users/user/dev/my-app/node_modules/react which falls outside of the project src/ directory. Relative imports outside of src/ are not supported.
You can either move it inside src/, or add a symlink to it from project's node_modules/. ERROR in ./src/App.tsx 5:0-65
Module not found: Error: You attempted to import /Users/user/dev/my-app/node_modules/react which falls outside of the project src/ directory. Relative imports outside of src/ are not supported.
You can either move it inside src/, or add a symlink to it from project's node_modules/. That’s because the react-scripts webpack configuration has a ModuleScopePlugin plugin, that runs this check, which we need to disable. Again, we can disable this plugin by simply overriding the webpack’s config. The resulting config-overrides.js will look like this: react-scripts ModuleScopePlugin config-overrides.js const path = require('path');
const ModuleScopePlugin = require('react-dev-utils/ModuleScopePlugin');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.plugins = config.resolve.plugins.filter(plugin => !(plugin instanceof ModuleScopePlugin));
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; const path = require('path');
const ModuleScopePlugin = require('react-dev-utils/ModuleScopePlugin');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.plugins = config.resolve.plugins.filter(plugin => !(plugin instanceof ModuleScopePlugin));
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; “Watch” Mode Setup Another thing that is nice to have while developing a library is “watch” mode. TypeScript compiler ( tsc ) provides this feature out of the box. To enable the “watch” mode, we simply need to add one more script to our package.json : tsc package.json "scripts": {
    "build:watch": "npx tsc -w", "scripts": {
    "build:watch": "npx tsc -w", The -w flag is a shorthand for --watch . Once this flag is set, the TypeScript compiler will monitor any changes in the rootDir and automatically update the compiled output in the outDir . -w --watch rootDir outDir Turning a Dependency Into a Remote One The final step is to host our library remotely, for example, on GitHub. Once you’ve created a GitHub repository for your library, you can easily install the library via its URL in the host app's package.json: "dependencies": {
  "my-lib": "git+https://github.com/username/my-lib.git#main" "dependencies": {
  "my-lib": "git+https://github.com/username/my-lib.git#main" Note that #main specifies the branch name from which the library should be installed. #main Conclusion In conclusion, the most challenging problem we faced was the peerDependencies issue with locally installed packages. However, aside from that hurdle, the process of developing and integrating an NPM package is relatively straightforward. By following the outlined steps, you can efficiently encapsulate your utility code and enhance the developer experience in your projects. peerDependencies

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