Mashroom

mashroom

The Story-book of Science by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . MUSHROOMS CHAPTER LXIII. MUSHROOMS WHILE they were talking about insects and flowers, time had slipped by until the Sunday arrived when Uncle Paul was to tell about mushrooms. The gathering was larger than the first time. The story of poisonous plants had been repeated in the village. Some people in a rut, content with their stupid ignorance, had said: “What is the use of it?” “The use!” replied the others; “it teaches one to beware of poisonous plants, so as not to die miserably like poor Joseph.” But those in the rut had tossed their heads with a satisfied air. Nothing is so sufficient unto itself as folly. So only willing listeners came to Uncle Paul. “Of all poisonous plants, my friends,” he began, “mushrooms are the most formidable; and yet some furnish a delightful food capable of tempting the soberest.” “For my part,” observed Simon, “I acknowledge, nothing is equal to a dish of mushrooms.” “Nobody will accuse you of gluttony, for, as I have just said, mushrooms can tempt the soberest. I do not wish to discourage their use. I know too well what a resource they are in the country; I simply propose to put you on your guard against the poisonous kinds.” “You are going to teach us to distinguish the good from the bad?” asked Mathieu. “No; that is impossible for us.” “How impossible? Everybody knows that you can eat without fear mushrooms that grow at the foot of such and such a tree.” “Before answering that remark, I will address myself to you all and ask: Have you confidence in my word? Do you think that passing one’s life in studying such things is more instructive than the hear-say of those who do not concern themselves with these matters?” “You may speak, Maître Paul: we all have full confidence in your learning,” Simon made answer for the company. “Well, then, I repeat it in all conviction: it is impossible for us who are not specialists to distinguish an edible mushroom from a poisonous one, for none has a mark to say: This is eatable and this is not. Neither the nature of the ground, nor the trees at the foot of which they grow, nor their form, color, taste, smell, can teach us anything or enable us to distinguish at sight the harmless from the poisonous. I admit that a person who had passed long years studying mushrooms with the minute attention of a scientist would succeed in distinguishing pretty well the poisonous from the harmless, just as one acquires a knowledge of any other plant; but can we undertake such studies? Have we the time? We scarcely know a dozen weeds, and yet we would presume to pass judgment on the properties of mushrooms, so many in kind and resembling one another so closely? Mushrooms “I hasten to add that, in every locality, actual use has long since taught the people some kinds that they can eat without danger. It is a good thing to conform to this usage, which makes us profit by other people’s experience—on condition, be it understood, that we acquaint ourselves with the kinds used. But that is not enough to keep us safe from all peril. It is so easy to make a mistake! And then, go to another place and you will come across other mushrooms which, while apparently of the same family as those you have known as eatable, will be dangerous. My rule of conduct is, you see, absolute: you must beware of all mushrooms; excess of prudence is necessary here.” “I admit with you,” said Simon, “that it is impossible for us to distinguish at sight the eatable from the poisonous kinds; but there are ways of deciding the question.” “Tell us how.” “In the autumn we cut mushrooms in slices and dry them in the sun. They are excellent food for winter. The poisonous mushrooms rot without drying. The good ones keep.” “Wrong. All mushrooms, good or bad indifferently, keep or spoil according to their more or less advanced state and according to the weather at the time of preparation. This characteristic is of no value whatever.” “Worms attack good mushrooms,” Antoine here interposed; “they do not attack bad ones, because they poison them.” “That characteristic is no better than the other one. Worms attack all old mushrooms, bad as well as good; for what would be death to us is harmless to them. Their stomach is made so that they can eat poison with impunity. Certain insects eat aconite, digitalis, belladonna; they feast on what would kill us.” “They say,” remarked Jean, “that a piece of silver put in the pot when the mushrooms are cooking turns black if they are poisonous, and remains white if they are good.” “The saying is a foolish one, and to put it in practice a folly. Silver does not change color any more from bad than from good mushrooms.” “There is nothing to do, then, but give up mushrooms. That would be hard on me,” said Simon. “No, no; I promise you, on the contrary, that you will be able to use them more than you have done. The only thing is to proceed advisedly. “What is poisonous in mushrooms is not the flesh, but the juice with which it is impregnated. Get rid of that juice, and the injurious properties will disappear immediately. This is accomplished by slicing and cooking the mushrooms, either dried or fresh, in boiling water with a handful of salt. They are then drained in a colander and washed two or three times in cold water. That done, they are prepared in any way one chooses. “If, on the contrary, mushrooms are prepared without having first been cooked in boiling water, we expose ourselves to the danger of a poisonous juice. “The cooking in boiling water to which salt has been added is so efficacious that, in order to solve this serious problem, certain persons have had the courage to eat for whole months the most poisonous mushrooms, prepared, however, in the way I have just told you.” Poisonous Mushroom “Nothing at all. It is true that these persons prepared their poisonous mushrooms with the most scrupulous care.” “There was reason for it. According to you, then, one could use all mushrooms without distinction?” “Strictly speaking, yes. But that would be going too far, much too far. There would be the fear of incomplete preparation, insufficient cooking. I only affirm that you must submit mushrooms of good repute in the neighborhood to the preliminary cooking in boiling water. If, by chance, some poisonous ones were included, the poison would in this way be eliminated and no accident would happen; I would bet my hand on that.” “What you have just taught us, Maître Paul, will be profited by, you may be sure. Are we ever quite certain that there is nothing poisonous in what we gather?” Before saying good-by Simon approached Mother Ambroisine and entered with her into more circumstantial details of the cooking. He is so fond of mushrooms, the worthy man! About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2018). The Story-book of Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56795/pg56795-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

Mushrooms are the most formidable

INSECTS AND MUSHROOMS

Part 1: Intro In this article, I’ll try to give a brief but complete overview of what generative art is, how it is connected to NFTs, and how one can start making generative things on a blockchain. I’ll try to answer all these questions based on my personal experience of making and releasing an NFT collection of generative mushrooms written in javascript. Background I love to code unusual things just for fun. During the New Year holidays, I was spammed so hard by news about NFTs that I finally decided to try to make something creative in this paradigm. I was never excited by the idea of uploading JPEGs onto a blockchain, but the possibility of onchain generative art grabbed my attention. Briefly, the idea behind it is to make some token generator that gives you a unique art object each time you “mint” it (in actuality, call a method in the blockchain which spends some of your money on its execution and also gives some money to the artist). Definitely, there is some magic in the feeling that your transaction generates a unique object which will be stored into the blockchain forever, isn’t it? There are some art platforms that exploit this idea, the most famous of them is . But as it is has a lot of bureaucracy to enter and also it is built on the Ethereum blockchain, which still uses proof-of-work and has a very high gas price, I decided to try myself on a more democratic, cheap, and eco-friendly platform - artblocks.io fxhash.xyz What is a generative NFT artwork? All the generative NFTs are basically webpages that draw something on the canvas using either vanilla javascript or some third-party libraries. Taking a stab at classification, from my perspective I’d broadly divide all generative NFTs into 3 categories: artworks, artworks, and artworks. abstract math concrete procedural variative hand-drawn The first class, abstract math, utilizes some to generate an abstract image: there may be some fractals, attractors, cellular automatons, etc. Procedural arts are trying to describe some . And the third class, variative hand-drawn, is usually simple randomization of some . mathematical concepts concrete things using parametrizations pre-drawn parts of the image Also, there are some experimental and interactive works, even and , but these are much rarer. modular synthesizers games So what we will do during this article is to describe a procedural model of a mushroom and randomize it using the transaction hash. Combined with an artistic vision, composition, and stylization this gives us what’s called a generative NFT artwork. Part 2: Drawing a mushroom 🍄 Ok, let’s end up with all that philosophy and move on to the technical part. This project was made entirely using library, which has a reasonably . Three.js simple and well-documented API Stipe Basically, a stipe can be parametrized as a closed contour extrusion along some spline (let’s call it base spline). To create the base spline I used class from Three js. Then, I created the geometry vertex-by-vertex by moving another closed shape along the base spline and finally connected those vertices with faces. I used for that purpose. CatmullRomCurve3 BufferGeometry stipe_vSegments = 30; // vertical resolution
stipe_rSegments = 20; // angular resolution
stipe_points = []; // vertices
stipe_indices = []; // face indices

stipe_shape = new THREE.CatmullRomCurve3( ... , closed=false );

function stipe_radius(a, t) { ... }

for (var t = 0; t < 1; t += 1 / stipe_vSegments) {
  // stipe profile curve
  var curve = new THREE.CatmullRomCurve3( [
    new THREE.Vector3( 0, 0, stipe_radius(0, t)),
    new THREE.Vector3( stipe_radius(Math.PI / 2, t), 0, 0 ),
    new THREE.Vector3( 0, 0, -stipe_radius(Math.PI, t)),
    new THREE.Vector3( -stipe_radius(Math.PI * 1.5, t), 0, 0 ),
  ], closed=true, curveType='catmullrom', tension=0.75);

  var profile_points = curve.getPoints( stipe_rSegments );

  for (var i = 0; i < profile_points.length; i++) {
  	stipe_points.push(profile_points[i].x, profile_points[i].y, profile_points[i].z);
  }
}

// <- here you need to compute indices of faces
// and then create a BufferGeometry
var stipe = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
stipe.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(stipe_points), 3));
stipe.setIndex(stipe_indices);
stipe.computeVertexNormals(); Stipe noise To be more natural, the stipe surface may somehow vary along with its height. I defined stipe radius as a function of the and of the point on the base spline. Then, a slight amount of noise is added to the radius value depending on these parameters. angle relative height base_radius = 1; // mean radius
noise_c = 2; // higher this - higher the deformations

// stipe radius as a function of angle and relative position
function stipe_radius(a, t) {
	return base_radius + (1 - t)*(1 + Math.random())*noise_c;
} Cap Cap can also be parameterized as a spline (let’s also call it a base spline) rotating around the top of the stipe. Let’s name the surface spawned by this rotation a base surface. Then base surface will be defined as a function of the position of a point on the base spline and the rotation around the stipe top. This parametrization will allow us to gracefully apply some noises to the surface later. cap_rSegments = 30; // radial resolution
cap_cSegments = 20; // angular resolution

cap_points = [];
cap_indices = [];

// cap surface as a function of polar coordinates
function cap_surface(a0, t0) {
  // 1. compute (a,t) from (a0,t0), e.g apply noise
  // 2. compute spline value in t
  // 3. rotate it by angle a around stipe end
  // 4. apply some other noises/transformations
  ...
  return surface_point;
}

// spawn surface vertices with resolution
// cap_rSegments * cap_cSegments
for (var i = 1; i <= cap_rSegments; i++) {
  var t0 = i / cap_rSegments;
  for (var j = 0; j < cap_cSegments; j++) {
    var a0 = Math.PI * 2 / cap_cSegments * j;
    var surface_point = cap_surface(a0, t0);
    cap_points.push(surface_point.x, surface_point.y, surface_point.z);
  }
}

// <- here you need to compute indices of faces
// and then create a BufferGeometry
var cap = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
cap.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(cap_points), 3));
cap.setIndex(cap_indices);
cap.computeVertexNormals(); Cap noise To be more realistic, the cap also needs some noise. I divided cap noise into 3 components: , and noises. Radial noise affects the relative position of the vertex on the base spline. Angular noise changes the angle of base spline rotation around the top of the stipe. radial angular normal And finally, normal noise changes the position of the vertex along the base surface normally at that point. While defining the cap surface in a polar coordinate system it’s useful to apply 2d for these distortions. I used library for that. Perlin noise noisejs function radnoise(a, t) {
  return -Math.abs(NOISE.perlin2(t * Math.cos(a), t * Math.sin(a)) * 0.5);
}

function angnoise(a, t) {
  return NOISE.perlin2(t * Math.cos(a), t * Math.sin(a)) * 0.2;
}

function normnoise(a, t) {
  return NOISE.perlin2(t * Math.cos(a), t * Math.sin(a)) * t;
}

function cap_surface(a0, t0) {
  // t0 -> t by adding radial noise
  var t = t0 * (1 + radnoise(a, t0));

  // compute normal vector in t
  var shape_point = cap_shape.getPointAt(t);
  var tangent = cap_shape.getTangentAt(t);
  var norm = new THREE.Vector3(0,0,0);
  const z1 = new THREE.Vector3(0,0,1);
  norm.crossVectors(z1, tangent);

  // a0 -> a by adding angular noise
  var a = angnoise(a0, t);
  var surface_point = new THREE.Vector3(
    Math.cos(a) * shape_point.x,
    shape_point.y,
    Math.sin(a) * shape_point.x
  );

  // normal noise coefficient
  var surfnoise_val = normnoise(a, t);

  // finally surface point
  surface_point.x += norm.x * Math.cos(a) * surfnoise_val;
  surface_point.y += norm.y * surfnoise_val;
  surface_point.z += norm.x * Math.sin(a) * surfnoise_val;

  return surface_point;
} The rest of the shroom: scales, gills, ring The geometries of the gills and ring are very similar to the geometry of the cap. An easy way to create scales is to spawn noisy vertices around some random anchor points on the cap surface and then create based on them. ConvexGeometry bufgeoms = [];
scales_num = 20;
n_vertices = 10;
scale_radius = 2;

for (var i = 0; i < scales_num; i++) {
  var scale_points = [];

  // choose a random center of the scale on the cap
  var a = Math.random() * Math.PI * 2;
  var t = Math.random();
  var scale_center = cap_surface(a, t);

  // spawn a random point cloud around the scale_center
  for (var j = 0; j < n_vertices; j++) {
    scale_points.push(new THREE.Vector3(
      scale_center.x + (1 - Math.random() * 2) * scale_radius, 
      scale_center.y + (1 - Math.random() * 2) * scale_radius,
      scale_center.z + (1 - Math.random() * 2) * scale_radius
	);
  }

  // create convex geometry using these points
  var scale_geometry = new THREE.ConvexGeometry( scale_points );
  bufgeoms.push(scale_geometry);
}

// join all these geometries into one BufferGeometry
var scales = THREE.BufferGeometryUtils.mergeBufferGeometries(bufgeoms); Collisions check To prevent unreal intersections when spawning multiple mushrooms in the scene one needs to check collisions between them. that checks collisions using raycasting from each mesh point. Here I found a code snippet To reduce computation time I generate a low-poly twin of the mushroom along with the mushroom itself. This low-poly model then is used to check collisions with other shrooms. for (var vertexIndex = 0; vertexIndex < Player.geometry.attributes.position.array.length; vertexIndex++)
{       
    var localVertex = new THREE.Vector3().fromBufferAttribute(Player.geometry.attributes.position, vertexIndex).clone();
    var globalVertex = localVertex.applyMatrix4(Player.matrix);
    var directionVector = globalVertex.sub( Player.position );

    var ray = new THREE.Raycaster( Player.position, directionVector.clone().normalize() );
    var collisionResults = ray.intersectObjects( collidableMeshList );
    if ( collisionResults.length > 0 && collisionResults[0].distance < directionVector.length() ) 
    {
        // a collision occurred... do something...
    }
} Rendering and stylization Initially, I wanted to achieve an effect of 2d-drawing despite all the generation being made in 3d. The first thing that comes to mind in the context of stylization is the outline effect. I’m not a pro in shaders so I just took the . Using it I got a nice pencil style of the shroom contour. outline effect from this example The next thing on the way back to 2d is proper colorization. The texture should be a bit noisy and have some soft shadows. There is a lazy hack for those who, like me, don't want to deal with UV-maps. Instead of generating a real texture and wrapping it using UV one can define vertex colors of an object using API. More than that, using this approach the color of a vertex can be also parameterized as a function of angle and position, so the generation of a noisy procedural texture becomes slightly easier. BufferGeometry Finally, I added some global noise and film-like grain using . EffectComposer var renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({antialias: true});
outline = new THREE.OutlineEffect( renderer , {thickness: 0.01, alpha: 1, defaultColor: [0.1, 0.1, 0.1]});
var composer = new THREE.EffectComposer(outline);

// <- create scene and camera

var renderPass = new THREE.RenderPass( scene, camera );
composer.addPass( renderPass );

var filmPass = new THREE.FilmPass(
  0.20,   // noise intensity
  0.025,  // scanline intensity
  648,    // scanline count
  false,  // grayscale
);

composer.addPass(filmPass);
composer.render(); Name generation For name generation, I used a simple which was trained on 1k mushroom names . To preprocess and tokenize those names I used the python library . With it, I split all names into 200 unique tokens and wrote their transition probabilities to a javascript dictionary. The JS side of the code only reads those probabilities and stacks tokens until it generates a couple of words. Markov chain from here YouTokenToMe Here are some samples of mushroom names generated using this approach: Stricosphaete cinus Fusarium sium confsisomyc Etiformansum poonic Hellatatum bataticola Armillanata gossypina mortic Chosporium anniiffact Fla po sporthrina Part 3: Finalizing Preparing for the drop To prepare a project for a release on fxhash one simply needs to change all random calls in the code to the method as . The main idea is that your code must generate unique outputs for each hash but exactly the same output for the same hash. Then test the token in the sandbox and finally mint it when the minting will be opened. That’s it! fxrand() described here This brings us to the Mushroom Atlas (what I named this collection). You can check it out and see its variations . Although it was not sold out like some of my previous works, I think that this is the most advanced and challenging thing that I’ve made in generative art yet. Hope that those who minted this token also enjoyed their fungi in the non-fungible world! here Links Three.js documentation Check it out on fxhash! My Twitter

How to Draw Generative NFT Mushrooms with Three.js 🍄

Before you accuse me of pushing hallucinogens, I should clarify that this is a Super Mario metaphor. The only trip you should take is a trip to your mentor’s office. Mushrooms are Mario’s secret weapon in the same way that mentors are mine. They make him grow bigger and mean he can take an extra hit without dying. Ultimately, they help him to advance through the levels towards his end goal. The journey from the first-time founder to an established entrepreneur takes time. It can also feel like climbing a mountain. Getting to the peak is a heck of an achievement, but the cliff edges are steep, and the weather is treacherous. And if you’re an Italian plumber, you also have to watch out for Goombas and Koopas. A good mentor is like one of Mario’s magic mushrooms. They’re a that can support you when you first establish your business through consolidation and growth until you’re ready to sell, merge or retire. power-up With the right mentor, you’ll be able to find quick solutions to complex problems, saving yourself time, stress, and money. They’ll help you live your dreams and achieve your goals, enhancing your life, leadership, and business skills. Six Ways Mentors Can Help Keeping this list down to six points was a challenge, but it also helped me focus on only the main ways that mentors can help you. Here are the most significant benefits that I’ve experienced from having a mentor and being one myself. 1. 10x Your Learnings Mentors know things that their mentees don’t, thanks to their years of hard work and experience. They can offer a shortcut to learning and knowledge, especially when people are starting their first business or branching out into a different industry. They can teach you: How to grow a business How to retain customers How to fundraise How to hire and manage employees How to develop a strategy How to stay compliant in regulated industries You can learn a lot from your mentors, and the lessons are quicker and easier than learning through trial and error. Instead of learning from your own (costly) mistakes, you can learn from people who’ve been there, done that, and bought the t-shirt. “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” – Mahatma Gandhi 2. Support and Motivation Entrepreneurship can be lonely, and I know from experience that it often feels as though the weight of the world is on your shoulders. Fortunately, mentors are uniquely placed to understand entrepreneurship's struggles and provide moral support and motivation. They also know better than anyone that the rewards are waiting on the other side if only you persevere and keep going. When you’re an entrepreneur, self-confidence is key. That’s why people say you should “fake it ‘til you make it,” although that’s not always good advice and so take it with a pinch of salt. It’s not an excuse to skip your homework or pretend you know something you’re clueless about. We all need some assurance from time to time, especially when making tough decisions or second-guessing ourselves. Mentors have weathered enough storms and made enough decisions in their time to be able to offer convincing reassurance. This reassurance can help you to keep your spirits up, even during the darkest of times. We all experience failure and setbacks along the way, but mentors have experienced these setbacks and powered through them. They know what to say to offer comfort and boost morale, and they can also offer ideas that can help you mitigate those setbacks and avoid repeating the same mistakes that they made. 3. Networking Mentors are well-connected, and their connections can open doors and lead to collaboration and career growth opportunities. They can hook you up with strategic partnerships, customer trials, potential investors, and much, much more. In fact, you’ll find that most investors are more likely to invest in your startup if you’ve been referred to them by a friend. They say it’s not what you know but who you know, but that’s only half of the story. It’s not what you know or who you know; it’s what and who your mentor knows. “Experience is a master teacher, even when it’s not our own.” – Gina Greenlee, bestselling author, speaker and coach 4. Level Up Instantly Mentors have a unique kind of experience that you won’t be able to find elsewhere. This applies to subject matters and industries, but also specific situations. When you have a super-specific question, you usually can’t just Google it. The good news is that with a mentor, you don’t need to. There's rarely a one-size-fits-all answer when it comes to topics like SEO, user acquisition, product-market fit, fundraising, and business models. There’s rarely even a one-size-fits-all question! This is where mentors’ unique experience comes into play because you can talk the issues through with them and benefit from their insights and years of experience. In the rare instances where they can’t help you out directly, the chances are that they’ll point you in the right direction. You’ll level up instantly, just like Mario and his magic mushrooms. 5. Increased EQ We’ve all heard of intelligence quotients (or IQ). EQ stands for emotional quotient, and it’s essentially the emotional equivalent. By working with a successful and mature mentor, young entrepreneurs can access a shortcut to improving their emotional quotient and become more rounded individuals. They’ll gain greater control over their emotions and be more at peace with themselves, but they’ll also enjoy better business relations. 6. The harsh truth I’m going to let you in on a little secret: you already have enough cheerleaders. Even the loneliest of entrepreneurs have a support network of friends and family who believe in them. The people who love and care for you will always be there to sing your praises and to tell you that you’re awesome, and that’s fantastic. The problem is that they’ll rarely ask you the tough questions or tell you when your great new idea actually sucks. You don’t need more yes men telling you that if you put enough time in, you’re sure to succeed. You need mentors who’ll cut through the crap and tell you the truth, even when you don’t want to hear it. The Truth You can’t do everything alone, and even if you could, you shouldn’t. Let’s take the best-case scenario, which is that you already have the answer somewhere inside you. Even when that’s the case, the most reliable way to uncover it is to talk it over with someone neutral and knowledgeable. It’s easy to get distracted and to chase after every shiny new idea. Luckily, surrounding yourself with the right people can keep you grounded and focused. You can also avoid costly mistakes by learning from the people who’ve gone before you. One-on-one consultation is the way to go, providing you with a safe space to discuss your challenges and doubts confidentially. But don’t make the mistake of thinking of it as a one-way street. Mentoring is mutually beneficial. The person being mentored has access to experience and know-how, and the mentor can develop trusted partnerships within their business community. Mentors can learn a lot about themselves through mentoring. They can also draw from that experience to approach their problems and challenges in new (and better) ways. I’m not just saying this, either. I’ve seen it happen through my own mentoring. I’ve learned countless lessons that I’ve used to improve myself, and I’ve even integrated some of them into the processes I use when building startups and businesses. No matter where you are along the journey, you can give yourself the best chance of success by finding a mentor to walk alongside you and share their hard-earned advice and experience. So if anything that you’ve read today has resonated with you, start looking for a mentor today! Originally published on https://www.growthreflection.com/why-every-founder-needs-a-mentor-2/.

Mentors Are Like Magic Mushrooms

I just make a new goal for myself — publish 80 articles… so far I have 60, and maybe after making this deal — the quality will go down a bit… we’ll see. But I think that it’ll be cool to share not just some solid tech stuff that we’re usually read at . Hackernoon We should have also fun things and this article is really about what I’m doing/watching/consuming, while I’m not coding. And this is how I spend my afternoons. So we’ll have a lot of links, strange and maybe controversial videos, but let’s start! I also want to motivate anyone that wants to write a blog or have the wish to be published at this amazing website (Hakernoon I mean). Hackernoon gives you not just a voice and amazing tech auditory — you can also learn more — by explaining things. And for myself — HN — is one of the places, where I explore and get a quick taste on some new technologies. So don’t be afraid and I’m watching videos about space and sci-fi, I love to entertain myself with stupid stuff and of course, I love to see videos about tech. Let’s start with stupid things Joe Rogan Experience Mike Tyson — very interesting to learn more about him. and cool that he’s making a weed resort he told that he has a few human kids… The doctor behind robot Sofia Yes a lot of people know about smoking weed at JRE, but they chat a lot about our future It’s a mister Neil Degrasse Tyson More about physics, Sean Carroll. space these guys are really inspiring me mars stuff, very inspiring are important movement, but in space, it’s huuuge too(some of Gwynne Shotwell presentations) Women in tech tech yes it’s tech review tech and space exploration future TV series Archer Ugly Americans Narcos Halt & catch fire Mindhunter The Profit TV Show Documentaries Hunting Hitler is my last favorite documentary show that i watch. I’m not a big fan of ww2 stuff especially when we have our own war with Russia right now, but it’s a very interesting idea. _An FBI cold case that has laid dormant for 70 years, leads a group of world-renown investigators on the ultimate…_www.history.com Hunting Hitler Full Episodes, Video & More | HISTORY Mushrooms Thanks for reaching the end. You can support me by smashing Claps a few times.

39 Videos About Tech, Mom’s Spaghetti, Mushrooms and More to Eat Your Time

With GameFi entering beast-mode in 2024, new entertaining products are sprouting up like mushrooms. While the developers effortfully try to stand out with elaborate gameplays, the play-to-earn model remains at the heart of their projects. Today’s report is analysing how the latest crypto games keep up to the robustness, fairness, and sequence of the financial incentive; simply put – distinguishes games that are worth your playing time, and games that are not. Let’s dive in. Contenders List The research is specifically focused on the games launched by centralised cryptocurrency exchanges within The Open Network (TON). The reasons for the criteria does not end on chronological relevance, while these projects are one of the freshest in the market In this day and age, GameFi products act as marketing funnels for the crypto companies; through offering playing experience, exchanges are introducing both “hot” and “cold” audiences to the product ecosystems in a more straightforward way. Consequently, this strategy acts both as a precondition and incentive for building a product around the P2E model, seeing that this deeply correlates with the natural user fostering strategy that exchanges implement. Ultimately, four contenders were chosen for the report: Moonbix, a Binance-developed game, in which players control avatars in a space-themed environment, using a claw to collect items within a limited time. They earn points through daily tasks and game rounds, which can be exchanged for tokens
Coinsweeper, a tribute to Minesweeper launched by Bybit, where players uncover safe tiles while avoiding mines. Players earn points based on their performance and can compete for rewards through a leaderboard system.
Bull Run, an application dedicated to the birthday of WhiteBIT crypto exchange, in which players participate in daily Bitcoin price prediction challenges on Telegram, choosing whether Bitcoin will rise or fall. Accurate predictions help their chosen in-game character race faster, competing for daily crypto rewards.
OKX Racer, a relatively long-standing “clicker” by the eponymous company. In it, players predict Bitcoin's price movement as either "Moon" (rise) or "Doom" (fall) within a five-second timeframe. Correct predictions earn points, and consecutive wins activate multipliers for increased rewards. How will the games be evaluated? The goal of the report is to highlight the best-rewarding game from the point of relation to trustworthiness and fostering features. Thus, they will be rated upon the following criteria: User count – a metric that will reveal how a game is staying up-to-date and highlight the consistency of rewarding process
Prize pool, which reveals a size of financial incentive offered to users
Technical and financial factors – a range of metrics, which reveal the essential qualities a potential gamer heed in a product. It breaks down into disclosing rewarding systems, fund conversion accessibility, bugs history, and more. All factors combined will help you get a bigger, more compelling picture on each game’s factual returns. User count differs dramatically. With over 8.4 million users, Moonbix clearly dominates the list, as well as OKX Racer that was notably released two months earlier. Bull Run, while existing less than a month, has already attracted over 571,000 users – more than Coinsweeper, launched nearly simultaneously with Moonbix. Rewards Prize pool is another criteria where numbers diverge. Coinsweeper and OKX Racer lead the list with nearly identical amounts of 70,000 USDT. Meanwhile, Moonbix’s total prize pool can’t be estimated, as it will clearly depend on the in-game points’ conversion rate into a specific token – MBIX. As of writing time, MBIX value remains unknown, while token’s listing is planned to take place in the end of 2024 or the beginning of 2025. Crucially, Moonbix is the only game to promise self-sustained token as a rewarding currency. Coinsweeper players will receive payouts in Mantle (MNT), while OKX Racer offers rewards in USDT. Notably, Bull Run players are already receiving the payments in USDT, Leksis (LEKS), and WhiteBIT Coin (WBT). At the same time, Bull Run is the only game among contenders which ensures factual daily rewards of visible size, apart from the ultimate monthly bonus. The total rewards are received by the end of the week – every Friday. By contrast, other games utilising airdrop model – single token payout by the end of the activity span. Bybit, for example, gives a clear pool distribution across gaming activities, while the exact in-game points (also known as Mantle Bits) conversion rate to MNT is to be determined based on the total number of users engaged. Rewards for OKX Racer players are promised to be announced later. Still, OKX Racer stands out by its daily bonuses feature alongside Bull Run, and it is the only game in which you can receive points in your absence. Other products do not envisage idling. Crucially, severe bugs have not been mentioned in the communities of four games, which makes them all rather playable products. To sum up: While sharing similar ideas and origins, the four aforementioned games differ dramatically not only in terms of gameplay, but also in rewarding framework and financial metrics. However, all of them share the necessary robustness, as the security measures at Binance, WhiteBIT, Bybit, or OKX have been verified. Now, it is all up to you, the user experience you seek, and rewards you expect. In the end, the individual preferences are the essence! With GameFi entering beast-mode in 2024, new entertaining products are sprouting up like mushrooms. While the developers effortfully try to stand out with elaborate gameplays, the play-to-earn model remains at the heart of their projects. Today’s report is analysing how the latest crypto games keep up to the robustness, fairness, and sequence of the financial incentive; simply put – distinguishes games that are worth your playing time, and games that are not. Let’s dive in. Contenders List The research is specifically focused on the games launched by centralised cryptocurrency exchanges within The Open Network (TON). The reasons for the criteria does not end on chronological relevance, while these projects are one of the freshest in the market In this day and age, GameFi products act as marketing funnels for the crypto companies; through offering playing experience, exchanges are introducing both “hot” and “cold” audiences to the product ecosystems in a more straightforward way. Consequently, this strategy acts both as a precondition and incentive for building a product around the P2E model, seeing that this deeply correlates with the natural user fostering strategy that exchanges implement. Ultimately, four contenders were chosen for the report: Moonbix, a Binance-developed game, in which players control avatars in a space-themed environment, using a claw to collect items within a limited time. They earn points through daily tasks and game rounds, which can be exchanged for tokens Coinsweeper, a tribute to Minesweeper launched by Bybit, where players uncover safe tiles while avoiding mines. Players earn points based on their performance and can compete for rewards through a leaderboard system. Bull Run, an application dedicated to the birthday of WhiteBIT crypto exchange, in which players participate in daily Bitcoin price prediction challenges on Telegram, choosing whether Bitcoin will rise or fall. Accurate predictions help their chosen in-game character race faster, competing for daily crypto rewards. OKX Racer, a relatively long-standing “clicker” by the eponymous company. In it, players predict Bitcoin's price movement as either "Moon" (rise) or "Doom" (fall) within a five-second timeframe. Correct predictions earn points, and consecutive wins activate multipliers for increased rewards. Moonbix , a Binance-developed game, in which players control avatars in a space-themed environment, using a claw to collect items within a limited time. They earn points through daily tasks and game rounds, which can be exchanged for tokens Moonbix Coinsweeper , a tribute to Minesweeper launched by Bybit, where players uncover safe tiles while avoiding mines. Players earn points based on their performance and can compete for rewards through a leaderboard system. Coinsweeper Bull Run , an application dedicated to the birthday of WhiteBIT crypto exchange, in which players participate in daily Bitcoin price prediction challenges on Telegram, choosing whether Bitcoin will rise or fall. Accurate predictions help their chosen in-game character race faster, competing for daily crypto rewards. Bull Run OKX Racer , a relatively long-standing “clicker” by the eponymous company. In it, players predict Bitcoin's price movement as either "Moon" (rise) or "Doom" (fall) within a five-second timeframe. Correct predictions earn points, and consecutive wins activate multipliers for increased rewards. OKX Racer How will the games be evaluated? The goal of the report is to highlight the best-rewarding game from the point of relation to trustworthiness and fostering features. Thus, they will be rated upon the following criteria: User count – a metric that will reveal how a game is staying up-to-date and highlight the consistency of rewarding process Prize pool, which reveals a size of financial incentive offered to users Technical and financial factors – a range of metrics, which reveal the essential qualities a potential gamer heed in a product. It breaks down into disclosing rewarding systems, fund conversion accessibility, bugs history, and more. User count – a metric that will reveal how a game is staying up-to-date and highlight the consistency of rewarding process Prize pool, which reveals a size of financial incentive offered to users Technical and financial factors – a range of metrics, which reveal the essential qualities a potential gamer heed in a product. It breaks down into disclosing rewarding systems, fund conversion accessibility, bugs history, and more. All factors combined will help you get a bigger, more compelling picture on each game’s factual returns. User count differs dramatically. With over 8.4 million users, Moonbix clearly dominates the list, as well as OKX Racer that was notably released two months earlier. Bull Run, while existing less than a month, has already attracted over 571,000 users – more than Coinsweeper, launched nearly simultaneously with Moonbix. Rewards Prize pool is another criteria where numbers diverge. Coinsweeper and OKX Racer lead the list with nearly identical amounts of 70,000 USDT. Meanwhile, Moonbix’s total prize pool can’t be estimated, as it will clearly depend on the in-game points’ conversion rate into a specific token – MBIX. As of writing time, MBIX value remains unknown, while token’s listing is planned to take place in the end of 2024 or the beginning of 2025. Crucially, Moonbix is the only game to promise self-sustained token as a rewarding currency. Coinsweeper players will receive payouts in Mantle (MNT), while OKX Racer offers rewards in USDT. Notably, Bull Run players are already receiving the payments in USDT, Leksis (LEKS), and WhiteBIT Coin (WBT). At the same time, Bull Run is the only game among contenders which ensures factual daily rewards of visible size, apart from the ultimate monthly bonus. The total rewards are received by the end of the week – every Friday. By contrast, other games utilising airdrop model – single token payout by the end of the activity span. Bybit, for example, gives a clear pool distribution across gaming activities, while the exact in-game points (also known as Mantle Bits) conversion rate to MNT is to be determined based on the total number of users engaged. Rewards for OKX Racer players are promised to be announced later. Still, OKX Racer stands out by its daily bonuses feature alongside Bull Run, and it is the only game in which you can receive points in your absence. Other products do not envisage idling. Crucially, severe bugs have not been mentioned in the communities of four games, which makes them all rather playable products. To sum up: While sharing similar ideas and origins, the four aforementioned games differ dramatically not only in terms of gameplay, but also in rewarding framework and financial metrics. However, all of them share the necessary robustness, as the security measures at Binance, WhiteBIT, Bybit, or OKX have been verified. Now, it is all up to you, the user experience you seek, and rewards you expect. In the end, the individual preferences are the essence!

Profit or Play: Which Blockchain Game Gives You The Best Bang For Your Buck

Startups of The Year: Meet the Business Industry

Startups del año: conozca la industria empresarial

Urteko Startups: Ezagutu negozioaren industria

Vuoden startupit: Tapaa yritysteollisuus

今年のスタートアップ: ビジネス業界を知る

Жылдың стартаптары: Бизнес индустриясымен танысыңыз

Жылдын стартаптары: Бизнес индустриясы менен таанышыңыз

Wata qallariykuna: Industria Empresarial nisqawan riqsinakuy

Startup-urile anului: Faceți cunoștință cu industria de afaceri

Стартапы года: встречайте бизнес-индустрию

ናይዚ ዓመት ጀመርቲ ትካላት፡ ምስ ቢዝነስ ኢንዱስትሪ ተራኸቡ።

Startylyň başlangyçlary: Işewürlik pudagy bilen tanyşyň

Mga Startup ng Taon: Kilalanin ang Industriya ng Negosyo

5 Open-source and Green Projects to Donate via Kivach

5 oopbron- en groenprojekte om via Kivach te skenk

5 otvorenih i zelenih projekata za doniranje putem Kivacha

5 Open-source a zelených projektů, které můžete darovat prostřednictvím Kivach

5 έργα ανοιχτού κώδικα και πράσινα έργα για δωρεά μέσω Kivach

5 proyectos verdes y de código abierto a los que puedes donar a través de Kivach

5 Proyek Open-source dan Hijau yang Dapat Disumbangkan melalui Kivach

Kivach 経由で寄付できる 5 つのオープンソースおよびグリーン プロジェクト

Kivach аркылуу кайрымдуулук кылуу үчүн 5 ачык булак жана жашыл долбоорлор

5 отворени и зелени проекти за донирање преку Kivach

5 projetos verdes e de código aberto para doar via Kivach

5 Proyectos de código abierto y Verde nisqakuna Kivach nisqawan yanapanapaq

5 proiecte open-source și ecologice de donat prin Kivach

There are the unavoidable “Three M’s” talking points in almost all of The Joe Rogan Experience episodes. At the least, in the most recent ones. Mushrooms
Monkeys
Microsoft So, if you want to see it, you have to hear it. There’s no other way around them. I was more than curious about what Peter Thiel had to say in episode #2190. I just knew it would be juicy, otherwise, he would be talking to Lex Fridman, not Joe Rogan. Mushrooms. There’s a saying where I’m from: “Some mushrooms you eat only once.” But, we all know that Joe likes magic (psychedelic) mushrooms and other dimensions. I don’t know man, maybe I’m too old or too scared for that sh..t. Monkeys. For some reason, Joe is obsessed with Netflix’s “Chimp Empire.” I don’t have to watch how chimps are “navigating complex social politics, family dynamics, and dangerous territory disputes.” Why? Because all I have to do is look at the world around me to know that the adults had left the room a long time ago. Microsoft. I’m on the same page with Joe, mostly. Here’s one of my award-winning stories about Linux, and here’s another one about Mr. Bill Gates. Please, don’t get this the wrong way, I’m nowhere near Tarantino’s “Kill Bill: Hypothetical Volume 3” mood. That’s why I was rolling my eyes when Peter Thiel started dwelling on his “theory” about Gates’ wealth and especially marriage. But, you have to love Joe because he really knows when and how to make the U-turn in the middle of a conversation smoothly and quickly. The next thing you know, Peter Thiel was talking about AI. To be more precise, the decentralized AI. Controversial But Brilliant Point Now, you have to take my word for it because it is a three-hour-long episode. So, I’m quoting (paraphrasing) to the best of my memory and respect: Crypto is libertarian, AI is communist You can say or think what you want about this member of the PayPal Mafia, but Peter Thiel hit the nail on the head with the brilliant brutal force with this one. He also identified Silicon Valley as the root of all centralized AI evil correctly and unapologetically. Honestly, I lost him a little bit when he started talking about China. So, I’m not quite sure if the decentralization of AI is a state or tech-level problem. Let me put it this way. If I were some AI genius and wanted to make money, I would already be hooked on Soylent. But, if I wanted to try out some crazy AI things without any ethical limits, I would already be a proud member of the CCP. As simple as that. The trouble is that even my chimp brain trying to grasp the complexity of decentralizing AI knows its limits. No offense to chimps, who are provenly extremely intelligent creatures. I have to be careful here. In the near future, some Chimp Empire star with Neuralink’s implant may be reading this and decide to pay me a visit. You know like James Gandolfini in Life is Short: "I'm so sorry"
"I know." https://youtu.be/5KhmBPaXbyg?si=FYRc6L046BhwsXnh&embedable=true Decentralize AI - Between Being Crazy and Lazy Look if you want to play with ChatGPT, you can. If you want more, you have to pay. If you want your own private AI dancer, then you have to roll up your sleeves because these “toys” ain’t open source. I don’t buy that “possible risks” sh..t, but I respect private (intellectual) property in both virtual and real (physical) worlds, period. To all those cannot-get-satisfaction-without-decentralization AI guys, I have something to say: put the money where your mouths are. It’s the NDA hanging over my head, but my conscience because I was paid fair and square to be a “test pilot” on an AI project, preventing me from giving away more details. I saw first-hand what AI can do with search results. It may not be nice to your eyes, but it’s efficient in filling someone else’s pockets. Why do you say decentralize when all you want and think about is how to monetize? That’s why we have the two AI decentralization level problem. Are we talking about and demanding decentralization of artificial intelligence on a state or corporate level? Are we more concerned about the existential or business-related threats of complete AI decentralization? Jeffrey Epstein and AI Yes, I want you to keep on reading my story, that is why I threw in this shameless heading. And yes, Joe Rogan wanted people to keep on listening to his episode, so he threw in Jeffrey Epstein. For Peter Thiel, he was a tax (evasion) expert. For Bill Gates, allegedly, a marital advisor of all the things imaginable. For others, he was something so dark that I didn’t want even go there. The same applies to AI. What you want is what you get. That’s why it’s no surprise that if not the top, then one of the most asked questions to ChatGPT was about the ways to make money. You see, nobody or very few wanted to save or make our world a better place. It’s in our nature to be interested more in monetization than decentralization. We are selfish and AI is not, but it can be. “So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them.” (Genesis 1:27) So, if AI has to be and stay a “communist” according to Peter Thiel, for safety reasons, even though we all know and feel deep inside that’s not entirely true - I’m fine with it. I’m also fine with keeping the open (source) AI gates closed because I have every reason to believe that would be counterproductive for its further development and progress. We would turn AI into an ATM and stop, instead of keep going to see how far we can get and what more we can achieve with it. There’s no need to overanalyze why (not) to decentralize. All you have to do is look me straight in my face and say (write) in your comments that it won’t eventually come down to the money. There are the unavoidable “Three M’s” talking points in almost all of The Joe Rogan Experience episodes. At the least, in the most recent ones. Mushrooms Monkeys Microsoft Mushrooms Monkeys Microsoft So, if you want to see it, you have to hear it. There’s no other way around them. I was more than curious about what Peter Thiel had to say in episode #2190 . I just knew it would be juicy, otherwise, he would be talking to Lex Fridman, not Joe Rogan. episode #2190 Mushrooms. There’s a saying where I’m from: “Some mushrooms you eat only once.” But, we all know that Joe likes magic (psychedelic) mushrooms and other dimensions. I don’t know man, maybe I’m too old or too scared for that sh..t. Mushrooms. Monkeys. For some reason, Joe is obsessed with Netflix’s “Chimp Empire.” I don’t have to watch how chimps are “navigating complex social politics, family dynamics, and dangerous territory disputes.” Why? Because all I have to do is look at the world around me to know that the adults had left the room a long time ago. Monkeys. Netflix’s “Chimp Empire.” Microsoft. I’m on the same page with Joe, mostly. Here’s one of my award-winning stories about Linux , and here’s another one about Mr. Bill Gates . Please, don’t get this the wrong way, I’m nowhere near Tarantino’s “Kill Bill: Hypothetical Volume 3” mood. That’s why I was rolling my eyes when Peter Thiel started dwelling on his “theory” about Gates’ wealth and especially marriage. But, you have to love Joe because he really knows when and how to make the U-turn in the middle of a conversation smoothly and quickly. Microsoft. award-winning stories about Linux Mr. Bill Gates The next thing you know, Peter Thiel was talking about AI. To be more precise, the decentralized AI. the decentralized AI. Controversial But Brilliant Point Now, you have to take my word for it because it is a three-hour-long episode. So, I’m quoting (paraphrasing) to the best of my memory and respect: Crypto is libertarian, AI is communist Crypto is libertarian, AI is communist You can say or think what you want about this member of the PayPal Mafia , but Peter Thiel hit the nail on the head with the brilliant brutal force with this one. He also identified Silicon Valley as the root of all centralized AI evil correctly and unapologetically. the PayPal Mafia Honestly, I lost him a little bit when he started talking about China. So, I’m not quite sure if the decentralization of AI is a state or tech-level problem. Let me put it this way. If I were some AI genius and wanted to make money, I would already be hooked on Soylent . But, if I wanted to try out some crazy AI things without any ethical limits , I would already be a proud member of the CCP . As simple as that. Soylent ethical limits the CCP The trouble is that even my chimp brain trying to grasp the complexity of decentralizing AI knows its limits. No offense to chimps, who are provenly extremely intelligent creatures. I have to be careful here. In the near future, some Chimp Empire star with Neuralink’s implant may be reading this and decide to pay me a visit. You know like James Gandolfini in Life is Short: "I'm so sorry"
"I know." https://youtu.be/5KhmBPaXbyg?si=FYRc6L046BhwsXnh&embedable=true https://youtu.be/5KhmBPaXbyg?si=FYRc6L046BhwsXnh&embedable=true Decentralize AI - Between Being Crazy and Lazy Look if you want to play with ChatGPT, you can. If you want more, you have to pay. If you want your own private AI dancer, then you have to roll up your sleeves because these “toys” ain’t open source . I don’t buy that “possible risks” sh..t, but I respect private (intellectual) property in both virtual and real (physical) worlds, period. open source To all those cannot-get-satisfaction-without-decentralization AI guys, I have something to say: put the money where your mouths are. It’s the NDA hanging over my head, but my conscience because I was paid fair and square to be a “test pilot” on an AI project, preventing me from giving away more details. I saw first-hand what AI can do with search results. It may not be nice to your eyes, but it’s efficient in filling someone else’s pockets. Why do you say decentralize when all you want and think about is how to monetize? Why do you say decentralize when all you want and think about is how to monetize? That’s why we have the two AI decentralization level problem. Are we talking about and demanding decentralization of artificial intelligence on a state or corporate level? Are we more concerned about the existential or business-related threats of complete AI decentralization? Jeffrey Epstein and AI Yes, I want you to keep on reading my story, that is why I threw in this shameless heading. And yes, Joe Rogan wanted people to keep on listening to his episode, so he threw in Jeffrey Epstein. For Peter Thiel, he was a tax (evasion) expert. For Bill Gates, allegedly, a marital advisor of all the things imaginable. For others, he was something so dark that I didn’t want even go there. The same applies to AI. What you want is what you get. That’s why it’s no surprise that if not the top, then one of the most asked questions to ChatGPT was about the ways to make money. You see, nobody or very few wanted to save or make our world a better place. It’s in our nature to be interested more in monetization than decentralization. We are selfish and AI is not, but it can be. “So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them.” (Genesis 1:27) So, if AI has to be and stay a “communist” according to Peter Thiel, for safety reasons, even though we all know and feel deep inside that’s not entirely true - I’m fine with it. I’m also fine with keeping the open (source) AI gates closed because I have every reason to believe that would be counterproductive for its further development and progress. We would turn AI into an ATM and stop, instead of keep going to see how far we can get and what more we can achieve with it. There’s no need to overanalyze why (not) to decentralize. All you have to do is look me straight in my face and say (write) in your comments that it won’t eventually come down to the money.

Nuke Silicon Valley - Decentralize AI

Nuke Silicon Valley - Süni intellektin mərkəzsizləşdirilməsi

Nuke Silicon Valley: descentralizar la IA

Nuke Silicon Valley - Descentralizar a IA

シリコンバレーを破壊 - AIを分散化

Nuke Silicon Valley — decentralizēt AI

Nuke Silicon Valley - Arolla AI

Nuke Silicon Valley - AI nisqamanta descentralizay

Ikibaya cya Nuke Silicon - Kwegereza abaturage AI

Nuke Silicon Valley – Decentralizácia AI

Nuke Silicon Valley-Decentralize AI

Authors:
(1) STUART KAUFFMAN;
(2) ANDREA ROL. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Part I. A Definition of Life Part II. The first Miracle: The emergence of life is an expected phase transition – TAP and RAF. Part III. The Second Miracle: The evolution of the biosphere is a propagating, non-deducible construction, not an entailed deduction. There is no Law. Evolution is ever-creative Part IV. New Observations and Experiments: Is There Life in the Cosmos? Conclusion and Acknowledgments Figures and References Conclusion We have sought the source of life in all our creation myths among all the peoples of the earth, perhaps back to Neanderthal 500,000 years ago. The issue of the Origin of Life as a scientific problem arose with Pasture’s claim: Life only comes from life, (55). Experimental efforts have been underway since Haldane and Oparin, (56,57), then the famous Miller Urey experiments in 1953, (58). Intense efforts based on the conviction that life must be based on template replication of polynucleotides have been carried out, (4,5,6). So far, no case of molecular reproduction has been found on this sensible pathway. The concept of the emergence of collectively autocatalytic sets was first formulated in 1971, (14). Such reproducing chemical sets of DNA, of RNA, and of peptides have been engineered using evolved polymer sequences. Xavier has now found small molecule collectively autocatalytic sets containing no DNA, RNA or peptide polymers in all 6700 prokaryotes, (11,12). This strongly suggests, but does not prove, that such systems may be the earliest form of molecular reproduction in the universe. Well established mathematical theory demonstrates that such systems can arise as a first-order phase transition in a universe where the diversity and atomic complexity of molecules increases. If this is correct, as we claim, the emergence of life is an expected phase transition in the evolving universe. Since Newton, basic science has rested on the powerful Newtonian Paradigm. This paradigm requires a prestated and knowable phase space of all the values of the relevant variables. But living organisms are Kantian Wholes that achieve Catalytic Closure, Constraint Closure, and Spatial Closure. Stunningly, we can use no mathematics based on Set Theory – all of mathematics it seems – to deduce the ever-creative evolution of the biosphere. Life is an expected miracle in the universe whose ways of becoming are literally numberless. The 20th Century saw the emergence of the atomic Age, the mushroom cloud, and mutually assured destruction. With Gödel, the 20th century also saw the End of Certainty, (59). In this, the first quarter of the 21st Century, we begin barely to glimpse the astonishing blossoming creativity of the biosphere of which we are members. We are, truly, Of Nature, not Above Nature. Acknowledgments We are truly grateful to Ingemar Ernberg, Carlos Gershenson, Wim Hordijk, Niles Lehman, and Ricard Solé for advice and comments. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) STUART KAUFFMAN; (2) ANDREA ROL. Authors: Authors: (1) STUART KAUFFMAN; (2) ANDREA ROL. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Part I. A Definition of Life Part I. A Definition of Life Part II. The first Miracle: The emergence of life is an expected phase transition – TAP and RAF. Part II. The first Miracle: The emergence of life is an expected phase transition – TAP and RAF. Part III. The Second Miracle: The evolution of the biosphere is a propagating, non-deducible construction, not an entailed deduction. There is no Law. Evolution is ever-creative Part III. The Second Miracle: The evolution of the biosphere is a propagating, non-deducible construction, not an entailed deduction. There is no Law. Evolution is ever-creative Part IV. New Observations and Experiments: Is There Life in the Cosmos? Part IV. New Observations and Experiments: Is There Life in the Cosmos? Conclusion and Acknowledgments Conclusion and Acknowledgments Figures and References Figures and References Conclusion We have sought the source of life in all our creation myths among all the peoples of the earth, perhaps back to Neanderthal 500,000 years ago. The issue of the Origin of Life as a scientific problem arose with Pasture’s claim: Life only comes from life, (55). Experimental efforts have been underway since Haldane and Oparin, (56,57), then the famous Miller Urey experiments in 1953, (58). Intense efforts based on the conviction that life must be based on template replication of polynucleotides have been carried out, (4,5,6). So far, no case of molecular reproduction has been found on this sensible pathway. The concept of the emergence of collectively autocatalytic sets was first formulated in 1971, (14). Such reproducing chemical sets of DNA, of RNA, and of peptides have been engineered using evolved polymer sequences. Xavier has now found small molecule collectively autocatalytic sets containing no DNA, RNA or peptide polymers in all 6700 prokaryotes, (11,12). This strongly suggests, but does not prove, that such systems may be the earliest form of molecular reproduction in the universe. Well established mathematical theory demonstrates that such systems can arise as a first-order phase transition in a universe where the diversity and atomic complexity of molecules increases. If this is correct, as we claim, the emergence of life is an expected phase transition in the evolving universe. Since Newton, basic science has rested on the powerful Newtonian Paradigm. This paradigm requires a prestated and knowable phase space of all the values of the relevant variables. But living organisms are Kantian Wholes that achieve Catalytic Closure, Constraint Closure, and Spatial Closure. Stunningly, we can use no mathematics based on Set Theory – all of mathematics it seems – to deduce the ever-creative evolution of the biosphere. Life is an expected miracle in the universe whose ways of becoming are literally numberless. The 20th Century saw the emergence of the atomic Age, the mushroom cloud, and mutually assured destruction. With Gödel, the 20th century also saw the End of Certainty, (59). In this, the first quarter of the 21st Century, we begin barely to glimpse the astonishing blossoming creativity of the biosphere of which we are members. We are, truly, Of Nature, not Above Nature. Acknowledgments We are truly grateful to Ingemar Ernberg, Carlos Gershenson, Wim Hordijk, Niles Lehman, and Ricard Solé for advice and comments. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

The Limitations of Set Theory in Understanding Biological Evolution

Stories, News & Mentions about MASHROOM

Mashroom’s Stories on HackerNoon