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In the world we are all caught up with the growth of digital assets like Bitcoin and crypto. Yet the vast wealth of the world is based in the natural world. blockchain Whereas Bitcoin has taken over a decade to climb towards its all-time market cap high of just over $1T, half of the world’s entire Gross Domestic Product relies on natural assets to the tune of . $44T every single year Is boring and obsolete, or an under-served and under-appreciated asset class that will soon erupt in relevance, just as NFTs have? natural capital What is Natural Capital? Natural assets are all the assets that have their source in nature. Soil, timber, minerals, air, water, marine products, and biodiversity. We aren’t eating, drinking, or breathing today without natural assets being involved. Some people live and breathe Bitcoin, but natural assets are the real deal. , , : Professor Ian Bateman Professor of Environmental Economics, Director of the Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute (LEEP) and Director of the South West Partnership for Environment and Economic Prosperity (SWEEP) describes natural capital as “Natural capital is the relationship between environment, the economy, and people’s wellbeing.” So, whilst natural assets are the assets that nature provides, . natural capital is the value that natural assets represent to the everyday operation of human life How to Value Natural Capital? And here we hit the underlying existential crisis of society, which is how to value, in human terms, something which transcends human existence, because we exist because of nature, and not nature because of us. The value of natural capital is, from one perspective, even greater than the value of life itself. The “The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review” published in February 2021 conveys the powerful message that In fact, if nature is responsible for half of the world’s annual GDP, if nature is at risk so is the entire global economy. 600+ page economies, livelihoods, and wellbeing all depend on nature as our most precious asset. Our endangers the prosperity of everyone including future generations. extractive, one-sided engagement with nature In response to the report, , President, African Development Bank Group stated: Dr Akinwumi Adesina “How we measure wealth determines how we seek it and what we reward. The conventional approach of using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to measure wealth has spurred significant growth, but at the expense of the environment and the quality of life. Nobody breathes or eats GDP. We must change our wealth construct to take nature into account.” Likewise, , UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme, stated: Inger Andersen “The message from the Dasgupta Review on the Economics of Biodiversity is loud and clear: we must fix our relationship with the natural world or destroy human prosperity, well-being and our future.” If our demands far exceed nature’s sustainable capacity to supply, one reason is that our and all-pervading for generations that it has simply been too vast to attempt track. consumption of nature has been so ubiquitous The true value of natural capital has been left out of the economic equation for too long, leading to potentially disastrous consequences. The wealth of the modern world has come at a cost of the natural world, and it’s now . vital that we start to accurately and meaningfully measure the biggest benefactor and contributor to human prosperity - nature According to , one of Australia’s most impactful and progressive economists, and a director of : Dr Ken Henry Accounting for Nature “The reason that the environment gets degraded typically is because there is no requirement that the true cost of environmental degradation is factored into commercial decision making.” Even the most basic . Without caring for the environment, no one can ensure access the abundant water, fresh food, stable climate and clean air that the world needs.  “ —11% of the world’s population—can already feel the consequences of climate change in their daily lives, including increased frequency of natural disasters, prolonged droughts, and irregular weather patterns,” cites . human rights depend on environmental rights More than 800 million people Global Living Losses due to disasters from natural and man-made hazards on average cost governments over and are expected to face water insecurity by 2050. USD 300B globally each year 5 billion people Yet if an institution, business, or corporation tells us that they are acting to benefit nature with our dollar in hand, for example with carbon offsets, how could we as a customer trust that they are being truthful? It comes down to two critical factors - measurability, and trustworthiness of data. Natural Capital Decision-Making Design Considering imminent disaster, and our utter dependence on the environment to sustain life, speaking about “incentivising taking care of nature” seems a bit inadequate. And yet, from an economic design perspective, this is exactly what will need to happen, and on a grand scale, if the true value of nature is going to be factored into the natural capital equation. The economic world is going to have to get excited by nature again; but not to extract it, to conserve it, and that’s exactly what is happening. “I think the next year or so will see an absolute explosion in the development of financial instruments that reward farmers for soil carbon, other sorts of carbon, and also enhancement of the environmental condition,” said , former Australian Treasurer Secretary under the Howard, Rudd, and Gillard governments. Dr Ken Henry Imagine if, just like when “crypto Twitter” goes nuts every time Bitcoin goes up, down, or scratches its nose, “nature Twitter” did the same whenever the price of soil, carbon, water, or biodiversity credits moved? How do we make that happen? Prices would need to be discoverable. And those prices would need to be able to be compared to the movement of prices over time (market history). We would also need to know transaction volumes (market liquidity); how much was in the market and how much was stored “in wallets” off the market. We’d also need to know that we could trust that date, in that the ledger was secure, and immutable, hack resistant. These features are all being built into natural capital exchange marketplace. Civic Ledger The impact of Blockchain Technology CEO and Co-Founder of Civic Ledger, the creators behind the first water markets pilot on blockchain, states: Katrina Donaghy “Blockchains provide a robust and reliable audit trail. Each time an event is executed by smart contract, its related transaction is written to the ledger, and these become the state of the market. Because we don’t own the blockchain, it is an independent system of record. The infrastructure is distributed around the world so blockchain is censorship and hack resistant. Unlike opaque and siloed markets, blockchains give people a shared view of what is going on so that no one has more power than anyone else.” . Blockchain technology represents a paradigm-shifting technology for natural markets Its most powerful impact will be to de-risk investment through market transparency and shift monetary capital away from manufactured production into natural world regeneration. Currently, financial investments in the improvement of natural capital . At the same time, global governments spend around on activities, including subsidies and investment, which are harmful to biodiversity, and private finance provided for activities that are harmful to natural assets was more than . account for only about .1% of global GDP US$500 billion US$2.6 trillion in 2019 Yet, funds like HSBC Pollination Climate Asset Management are turning the tide, with the mandate to create the world’s largest dedicated natural capital asset management company, . investing up to $6B over time “What is investable in natural capital is evolving,” says former Pollinator Founding Partner and current U.S. Treasury Climate Counsellor . “That which was not financeable five years ago is becoming investable today.” John Morton For decades, the economic incentive to degrade the environment has been called the “ ” since Garrett Hardin, an evolutionary biologist by education, wrote a scientific paper in the peer-reviewed journal Science in 1968. It’s time to change tack and implement blockchain and open data natural asset exchanges as the “ .” Tragedy of the Commons possibility of the commons Right now, someone on the street might know the value of Bitcoin (to the closest $10,000), but they won’t know the price of clean air, freshwater, or soil alive with microorganisms. As air, water and soil appear to be freely available, we don’t know the historical value of them and how precious they are, so we ignore their life-time value. the basis for how we measure and evaluate all major resource journeys across the environment and the economy. If we know the growing value of the natural assets we depend on, more will be done to treat our resources with respect. Knowledge is power, and Civic Ledger will a trusted source for the knowledge we need to conserve our world. Civic Ledger will be the ledger that all civic life takes place on - In June 2021, Civic Ledger was awarded as a on the basis of its work building . We invite impact VCs, natural asset market operators, and NGOs to connect with us and discuss ways to partner and collaborate with Civic Ledger. World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer 2021 markets of tomorrow with blockchain technology

Natural Capital in the Digital Economy: Green Squared 

Well, it looks like we are at the cusp of a technological innovation explosion. The advancement in technology aids in optimizing industrial operations, and it also increases the accuracy of the results. This blog talks about the technology that gained a tremendous boost after the advent of the Internet of Things. Digital Twinning: The concept has been in existence since 2002, but it was only later that it got started to be used at its full potential. Michael Grieves, a research professor at the Florida Institute of Technology, thought of the concept of Digital Twinning during his doctorate days. In his early days, he referred to the concept as The concept evolved through many years of research, and it has reached a level that can be identified as such powerful technology in current times. “Doubleganger.” If you are into supply chain and logistic management, “digital twinning” would be the buzzword you would have heard quite often. What is it all about? Why is it so enticing to explore the potential of digital twinning in logistics? Well, we would be discussing Digital Twinning technology and how digital twins technology in logistics can bring a turnaround. A stunning note on digital twinning: A result shows that the digital twin market will grow at the rate of 37-38% annually and will cross $26 billion by 2025. survey The unparalleled potential of digital twinning is making waves in the logistic sector. The tremendous benefits of this technology will help the industry in anticipating errors that could possibly result in disaster if not solved. Let me give you an example: Imagine that your logistics need to pass through the middle of the ocean and reach offshore. Suddenly, the ship explodes, putting danger to your consignment, human resources, as well as marine life. If you could envisage this situation, you would have been able to control or monitor the situation. What if I tell you that digital twinning would help you do exactly the same? It will replicate the real-life situation in a virtual form, and based on the analysis of the past data, will help you optimize the operations. I hope this gives you a rough idea of the functioning of digital twin technology. However, we will also explain it to you by definition. What is a digital twin? Simply speaking, a digital twin is a virtual form of a real-life product or a service. The digital twin conceptual architecture presents an up-to-date image of a physical asset and changes the output in real-time. The sensors bring in an accurate input to the system, and the data evolves. Meaning, any changes in the physical form are reflected in the digital form. How does the digital twin technology work? The physical asset is integrated with sensors to capture real-time data of the situation. It collects the working data and records it in a sensor. The smart components, aka sensors, are attached to the cloud-based system and processed further. The physical world is thus connected to the virtual world, and the inputs are analyzed accordingly. This bridging enhances the product lifecycle, predictive capabilities and helps you make informed decisions. If I am to give you the highlights of Digital Twinning, it goes like this; The technology gives you actionable insights and alerts the simulations. These simulations make it possible for you to make faster and efficient decisions. You can have a collection of historical data and real-time data, all in one place. Digital twinning will enhance the predictive capabilities of the business. Also, when it is combined with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, it takes the whole experience to another level. By creating digital twins of the physical factory assets, the business can have speedy results and improve the efficacy of operations. This was the general overview of the concept; now, let’s narrow it down to digital twinning in the logistics industry. The logistic businesses had a long walk towards digitization. It's been a long since this particular industry demanded an intelligent ecosystem. Well, digital twinning seems to have unlocked the demand. The combination of the digital twin with advanced machine learning and analytics seems to open floodgates of new opportunities. Logistics app development company would thereafter be able to simply multitude of tasks in the warehouse and vehicle loading. “Looking ahead, we believe that the adoption of digital twins across industries will drive better decision making in the physical world. That, in turn, will drive significant changes in the operation of supply chains and logistics processes,” wrote Matthias Heutger, senior vice president, global head of innovation and commercial development, and Markus Kückelhaus, vice president, innovation & trend research at DHL in a recent report by DHL on the impact of digital twins on the logistics industry. The above words give a sigh of relief, especially when the tasks involve solving a challenging endeavor. Now, let us look into the details of digital twinning applications in logistics. Performance prediction of packaging materials: Packaging is an integral part of logistics. Every consignment of the products is wrapped in one or the other form of packaging—the majority of the time, single-use packaging, which can be a threat to the environment. Especially when there is a surge in demand for logistics due to covid times, single-use packaging can lead to significant waste and a reduction in operational efficiency. However, by using material digital twins along with computer vision technologies, you can reckon any major problems/defects. You can check the feasibility of the packaging material by testing the digital twin material against the historical data. Thereby, it would be easy for you to trace a consignment movement and its influence on the packaging. You can make an early decision, whether you should repair or replace the packaging material. Hence, by digital twin implementation in packaging, you can contribute towards a more environmentally friendly ecosystem. Upgrade shipment protection: You probably know that there are a lot of logistic activities involved in logistics management. Shipment delivery of sensitive products like medicines involves temperature monitoring, vibration, and shock management. Any level of mismanagement can destroy the product quality. On the other hand, digital twinning would analyze the collected data through the sensors and give you an accurate result about the packaging condition. You can know the recurring trends of the data and safeguard the shipment. Logistics companies are finding this way of shipment more safe and promising, which is why they are planning to shift their packing strategies towards digital twins. Digital twins and warehouses: A major part of resource distribution goes into . A lot of effort goes into optimizing the warehouse operations from the entry to the exit of the material. warehouse management Digital twinning in the warehouse gives you a 3D model of the area, which can further be combined with the Internet of Things data and other available data. The technology will give you a way to use the space and help you define the movement and placement of products. You can also combine the power of digital twinning with other advanced technologies like drone-based inventory counting systems, driverless transport systems, etc. In all, the implementation of the technology will help in improving the performance of the warehouse. The 3D layout helps you detect any abnormalities in the warehouse and mend them at the earliest. # Digital twinning and global logistics networks: Human error or manual inputs can often slow down logistics operations. Additionally, the management of assets like cargo airports, container ports, railway lines, ocean routes, etc., is a bit complex. Digital twinning will boost the autonomous capabilities of the assets. The technology will give details about the geographical map such as land level, water level, shipment arrival time, etc. The inbuilt cameras and sensors will identify the roadblocks, parking limitations, traffic speeds, etc. A use case scenario of this type of digital twinning is the functioning of the Port of Rotterdam. It has collaborated with IBM to identify the ways in which it can improve operational efficiency. The digital twinning technology will check the infrastructure details, weather conditions, water depth, and a lot more. #Boost up a dynamic delivery network: Digital twinning would be a blessing in disguise for logistic businesses operating on all major routes, air, land, or sea. Logistic business owners would have comprehensive geographical data of the routes and details of it in real-time. Details about traffic or roadblocks would help in strategizing travel routes and optimize the travel time. Additionally, satellite and aerial photography would add to the comfort of the technology advancement. Which other technologies can empower the Supply chain, digital twins? Digital Twinning in itself is a powerful technology that will bring a revolution in the logistics industry. However, a few other technologies that will aid in this journey are: Internet of Things; Cloud computing; Artificial intelligence; Geographic Information System; Augmented and Virtual Reality; Open APIs; Final Words: Looking at the above analysis and the list of benefits, it looks like digital twinning will have widespread adoption in the near future. However, the concept is still evolving and will uncover plenty of opportunities in the coming times. Ultimately, this technology is here to transform your business. If you are excited to deploy the technology and gain a competitive advantage, you should seek help from an experienced and well-versed technology company. Well, while signing it off, I would only say, be ready to explore the unparalleled capabilities of your business. Sanjay Kidecha is the CMO of Kody Technolab .

How to Bridge the Physical and Digital World Through Digital Twinning

One major reason that scholars and institutions are using CC licenses is the ease of applying them to creative works. The Directory of Open Access Journals(DOAJ), which is regarded as “both an important mode of discovery and marker of legitimacy within the world of open access publishing,” now recommends CC licenses as a best practice.[14] DOAJ explicitly encourages scholars to use Creative Commons’“simple and easy” license chooser tool. Indeed, the Creative Commons website provides scholars and institutions a very user-friendly way to select and apply a license to copyrightable works.[15] Anyone can place a CClicense on a work by copying and pasting from its website. However, this oversimplified process of handling intellectual property rights of creative works may mislead both copyright owners and copyrighted works users to overlook pitfalls of this free license, including unintentional copyright and other intellectual property rights infringements. More specifically, one prominent legal formality of CC licenses is that licensees do not need to pay to register with Creative Commons to apply a CC license. As indicated by Creative Commons website, a CC license is legally valid as soon as a user applies it to any material the user has the legal right to license. Creative Commons also does not “require registration of the work with a national copyright agency.”[16] While copyright protection is automatic the moment a work is created and “fixed in a tangible form,” there are various advantages to register copyrighted works through the United States Copyright Office to establish a public record of the copyright claim.[17] One foremost important advantage of copyright registration is that copyright owners can file an infringement suit of works of U.S. origin in court. Actually, filing a registration before or within five years of publishing a work will actually put the copyright owner in a stronger position in court to validate the copyright.[18] Additionally, copyright registration enables one to get awarded statutory damages and attorney’s fees and to gain protection against the importation of infringing copies.[19] The emphasis on a free-to-use license along with the lack of clarification of the functions of copyright registration on the website of Creative Commons may not only mislead scholars to ignore important legal formalities within the copyright law, but also increase the abuse of original materials by stakeholders such as predatory publishers. One example is how the Integrated Study of Marine Mammalsrepackaged existing articles taking advantage of the Creative Commons licenses used by PLOS ONE, which has been publishing articles on digital humanities.[20] The oversimplified process of using CC licenses advocated by Creative Commons website may also prevent licensors from double-checking or clarifying if they have the legal right to license a work. In 2013, Persephone Magazine, which used an image with a Creative Commons license, was later sued for $1,500 for using it. It turned out the photo did not belong to the person who uploaded it with a CC license, which led to 73 companies who used it being sued. Persephone Magazineclaimed that $1,500 was more than its entire advertising revenue for the year and it had to ask its users to donate just to keep the site going.[21] Therefore, scholars of digital humanities projects, which usually include different types of content such as artworks and photographs, should be wary of using CC licensed images. Otherwise, a freely available license might end up costing a scholar unexpected money and energy. In the meantime, when deciding to put their projects under CC licenses or to publish their works ina journal that requires CC licenses, scholars should also be reminded to make accurate and clear copyright statements to prevent innocent infringements of other copyright owners’ works. For example, a team of art historians who create an online map of architectures in Ancient China are very likely to use and critique other people’s images in digital projects under fair use. These digital humanists should cite image sources and clarify the scope of the CC license that they apply to their project. It is understandable that in order to promote an open, sharing culture, the application of a CC license is intentionally designed to be simple and free by Creative Commons to fulfill its mission. However, the misuse of a free license can lead to false licenses and more innocent infringements and ultimately costs. Academic librarians should become aware of these pitfalls and provide more in-depth training on CC licenses to scholars, especially by collaborating with campus centers of digital humanities or language and literature faculty as well as other institutional research support departments as suggested by Fraser and Arnhem.[22] NOTES 1. Amanda Hornby and Leslie Bussert, "Digital Scholarship and Scholarly Communication," University of Washington Libraries, accessed November 30, 2016, https://www.uwb.edu/getattachment/tlc/faculty/teachingresources/newmedia. 2. Oya Y Rieger, “Framing Digital Humanities: The Role of New Media in Humanities Scholarship,” 15, no. 10 (October 11, 2010), First Monday http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3198. 3. Elizabeth Joan Kelly, "Rights Instruction for Undergraduate Students: Needs, Trends, and Resources," 25, no. 1 (2018): 1-16, College & Undergraduate Libraries https://doi.org/10.1080/10691316.2016.1275910 4. Daniel Hickey, "The Reuse Evangelist: Taking Ownership of Copyright Questions at Your Library," 51, no. 1 (2011): 9-11;“Research Guides: Image Resources: Creative Commons Images,”Creative Commons Images -Image Resources -Research Guides at UCLA Library,accessed April 28, 2019, ; “Finding Public Domain & Creative Commons Media: Images,”Research Guides,accessed April 28, 2019, Harvard are two good examples. Reference & User Services Quarterly https://guides.library.ucla.edu/c.php?g=180361&p=1185834 https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=310751&p=2072816 and 5. Lewin-Lane et al., "The Search for a Service Model of Copyright Best Practices in Academic Libraries," , no. 2 (2018): 1-24. Harvard.For example, when conducting a literature review of the copyright education in academic libraries to search for best practices, does not discuss any limitation of CC licensesin this article. Journal of Copyright in Education and Librarianship 2 6. Zachary Katz, "Pitfalls of Open Licensing: An Analysis of Creative Commons Licensing," 46, no. 3 (2006): 391-413. Idea: The Intellectual Property Law Review 7. Eric E.Johnson,"Rethinking Sharing Licenses for Entertainment Media," 26, no. 2 (2008): 391-440. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 8. AurelijaLukoseviciene, "Beyond the Creative Commons Framework of Production and Dissemination of Knowledge," . http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1973967 9. Mashael Khayyat and Frank Bannister,“Open Data Licensing: More than Meets the Eye,” Information Polity: 20 (4): 231–52, . The International Journal of Government & Democracy in the Information Age https://doi:10.3233/IP-150357 10. Herkko Hietanen, “The Pursuit of Efficient Copyright Licensing: How Some Rights Reserved Attempts to Solve the Problems of All Rights Reserved,” Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2008. 11. Christa Engel Pletcher Burger, “Are Publicity Rights Gone in a Flash?: Flickr, Creative Commons, and the Commercial Use of Personal Photographs,” 8(2009):129, . Florida State Business Review https://ssrn.com/abstract=1476347 12. Robert W Gomulkiewicz, “Open Source License Proliferation: Helpful Diversity or Hopeless Confusion?” 30 (2009): 261;Expanded Academic ASAP, accessed April 28, 2019, . Washington University Journal of Law & Policy http://link.galegroup.com.libproxy.csun.edu/apps/doc/A208273638/EAIM?u=csunorthridge&sid=EAIM&xid=4bbf2442 13. Jacob H. Rooksby, “A Fresh Look at Copyright on Campus,” (Summer 2016):769;General OneFile, accessed April 27, 2019, . Missouri Law Review http://link.galegroup.com.libproxy.csun.edu/apps/doc/A485538679/ITOF?u=csunorthridge&sid=ITOF&xid=1f2822f3 14. “eScholarship: Copyright & Legal Agreements,” accessed December 1, 2016, http://escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#creative. 15. “Directory of Open Access Journals,” DOAJ, accessed December 1, 2016, . https://doaj.org 16. “Frequently Asked Questions—Creative Commons,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/faq/#do-i-need-to-register-with-creative-commons-before-i-obtain-a-license 17. “Copyright in General,”U.S.Copyright Office, accessed July 30, 2019, https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-general.html. 18. “Why Should I Register My Work If Copyright Protection Is Automatic?,”Copyright Alliance,accessed July 28, 2019, https://copyrightalliance.org/ca_faq_post/copyright-protection-ata/. 19. “Copyright Basics,” U.S. Copyright Office and Library of Congress, accessed November 30, 2016. https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf#page=7. 20. Phil Clapham,“Are Creative Commons Licenses Overly Permissive? The Case of a Predatory Publisher,”BioScience(2018):842-43, accessed April 20, 2019, ; Cornelius Puschmann and Marco Bastos,“How Digital Are the Digital Humanities? An Analysis of Two Scholarly Blogging Platforms,” 10, no. 2 (2015), accessed April 20, 2019. . https://doi:10.1093/biosci/biy098 Plos One https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115035 21. “Why Your Blog Images Are aTicking Time Bomb,” , accessed December 2, 2016, . Koozai.com https://www.koozai.com/blog/content-marketing-seo/blog-sued-for-images/ 22. John W. White and HeatherGilbert eds., (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2016), ProQuest Ebook Central. Laying the Foundation: Digital Humanities in Academic Libraries 23. “Considerations for Licensors and Licensees—Creative Commons,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees 24. “The Terms ‘Revocable’ and ‘Irrevocable’in License Agreements: Tips and Pitfalls,” accessed December 7, 2016, http://www.sidley.com/news/the-terms-revocable-and-irrevocable-in-license-agreements-tips-and-pitfalls-02-21-2013. 25. Mark Seeley and Lois Wasoff, “Legal Aspects and Copyright-15,”in edited byRobert Campbell, Ed Pentz,and Ian Borthwick (Cambridge, UK: Elsevier Ltd, 2012), 355-83. Academic and Professional Publishing, 26. Douglas MacMillan, “Fight Over Yahoo’s Use of Flickr Photos,” , November 25, 2014, sec. Tech, . Wall Street Journal http://www.wsj.com/articles/fight-over-flickrs-use-of-photos-1416875564 27. “Flickr Apologizes but What About CC Abuses by Others?,” accessed December 7, 2016, . http://www.artists-bill-of-rights.org/news/campaign-news/flickr-apologizes-but-what-about-cc-abuses-by-others?/ 28. “The Terms ‘Revocable’ and ‘Irrevocable’ in License Agreements: Tips and Pitfalls,” accessed December 7, 2016, . http://www.sidley.com/news/the-terms-revocable-and-irrevocable-in-license-agreements-tips-and-pitfalls-02-21-2013 29. “Legal Code—Creative Commons,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Legal_code 30. “Why CC-BY?—OASPA,” accessed December 7, 2016, . http://oaspa.org/why-cc-by/ 31. “Why CC-BY?—OASPA.” 32. “Intellectual Property Policy,”The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, accessed July 28, 2019, . https://mellon.org/grants/grantmaking-policies-and-guidelines/grantmaking-policies/intellectual-property-policy/ 33. “Why I’m Giving up on Creative Commons on YouTube,” , September 6, 2014, . Eddie.com http://eddie.com/2014/09/05/why-im-giving-up-on-creative-commons-on-youtube/ 34. “Creative Commons—Attribution 4.0 International—CC BY 4.0,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 35. “Why I’m Giving up on Creative Commons on YouTube.” 36, “Creative Commons—Attribution 4.0 International—CC BY 4.0.” 37. “Why I’m Giving up on Creative Commons on YouTube.” 38. “Creative Commons—Attribution 4.0 International—CC BY 4.0.” 39. Ibid. 40. “CC Search,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://search.creativecommons.org/ 41. “Creative Commons—Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International—CC BY-NC-SA 4.0,” accessed December 7, 2016, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode. 42. “U.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index,”U.S. Copyright Office, accessed April 21, 2019, . https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/ 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid. 45. Jerry D Campbell,“Intellectual Property in a Networked World: Balancing Fair Use and Commercial Interests,” 19, no. 2 (1995): 179-84, ; Igor Slabykh,“Ambiguous Commercial Nature of Use in Fair Use Analysis,” 46, no. 3 (2018): 293-339. Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory https://doi:10.1016/0364-6408(95)00020-A AIPLA Quarterly Journal 46. “Defending Noncommercial Uses: Great Minds v Fedex Office,” Creative Commons, August 30, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/2016/08/30/defending-noncommercial-uses-great-minds-v-fedex-office/ 47. “Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services,” Bitlaw, accessed December 7, 2016, . http://www.bitlaw.com/source/cases/copyright/pup.html#IIIA 48. Justia, “Great Minds v. FedEx Office & Print Services, Inc,”Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center, March 21, 2018, . https://fairuse.stanford.edu/case/great-minds-v-fedex-office-print-services-inc/ 49. Minjeong Kim,“The Creative Commons and Copyright Protection in the Digital Era: Uses of Creative Commons Licenses,” 13, no. 1 (2007): 187-209, ; “Directory of Open Access Journals,” DOAJ, accessed December 1, 2016, . Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication https://doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00392.x https://doaj.org 50. “FEATURE: Creative Commons: Copyright Tools for the 21st Century,” accessed December 7, 2016, . http://www.infotoday.com/online/jan10/Gordon-Murnane.shtml 51. “The Creative Commons and Copyright Protection in the Digital Era: Uses of Creative Commons Licenses.” 52. Ibid. 53. “Creative Commons—Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International—CC BY-SA 4.0,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode#s6a 54. “17 U.S. Code § 101—Definitions,” Legal Information Institute, accessed April 20, 2019, . https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/101 55. “Creative Commons—Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International—CC BY-NC-ND 4.0,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode 56. “Creative Commons—Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International—CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.” 57. The famous Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music case established that a commercial parodycould qualify as fair use. 58. Katz, “Pitfalls of Open Licensing,”411. 59. “Professional Ethics,”Tools, Publications & Resources, American Library Association, February 6, 2019, . http://www.ala.org/tools/ethics 60. “Creative Commons—Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International—CC BY-SA 4.0,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 61. Molly Houweling,“The New Servitudes,” 96, no. 3 (2008): 885-950. Georgetown Law Journal 62. “Compatible Licenses,” Creative Commons,accessed December 7, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/compatible-licenses/ 63. Katz, “Pitfalls of Open Licensing,”391; Susan Corbett, “Creative Commons Licences,the Copyright Regime and the Online Community: Is There a Fatal Disconnect?,” 74, no. 4 (2011):506, . The Modern Law Review http://www.jstor.org/stable/20869091 64. Lawrence Lessig,“Against Transparency,” , October 8, 2009, . New Republic https://newrepublic.com/article/70097/against-transparency 65. “Creative Commons CEO Apologizes To Virgin Mobile—Stock Photography News, Analysis and Opinion,” accessed December 7, 2016, . https://www.selling-stock.com/Article/creative-commons-ceo-apologizes-to-virgin-mob 66. “Frequently Asked Questions,”Creative Commons, accessed July 30, 2019, . https://creativecommons.org/faq/#how-are-publicity-privacy-and-personality-rights-affected-when-i-apply-a-cc-license 67. “Defending Noncommercial Uses: Great Minds v Fedex Office,” Creative Commons, August 30, 2016, . https://creativecommons.org/2016/08/30/defending-noncommercial-uses-great-minds-v-fedex-office/ 68. Andrea Maloneet al., “Center Stage: Performing a Needs Assessment of Campus Research Centers and Institutes,” 57, no.4 (2017): 406–19, . Journal of Library Administration https://doi:10.1080/01930826.2017.1300451 69. Laura Gordon-Murnane,“FEATURE: Creative Commons: Copyright Tools for the 21st Century,” , accessed December 7, 2016, . Information Today http://www.infotoday.com/online/jan10/Gordon-Murnane.shtml 70. Ibid. Originally published as “ ” with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Attribution Confusion

Is Creative Commons a Panacea for Managing Digital IPs? (Part 3: The Pitfall of a Free Licence)

245 Tools & Resources for Travelers and Digital Nomads

Toppled power lines catalyze fires and electrical injuries amid an already upsetting hurricane. Natural disaster recovery is expensive and time-consuming, as its ferocity makes operations more complex. The time for resilient, modern infrastructure is now and that is visible in the planet’s extensive network of underwater cables. However, critical fixtures like these are prime targets for cybercriminals because of how much data travels through them. Are humans doing enough to safeguard them? The Importance of Undersea Internet Cables Undersea cables are as subtle as they can be despite worldwide. They are small in diameter and house impressively thin wires despite the immense pressures and climate of the deep ocean. Visualizing how much they impact the world’s day-to-day operations is challenging. However, they are deceptively critical for our productive, communicative planet, sending up to 224 Tbps (terabits per second). spanning 1.4 million kilometers Global Connectivity An estimated through hundreds of fiber-optic undersea cables. Disrupting this much communication and data transfer with careless cable management and security could uproot societies. 97% of Earth’s information passes The subsea infrastructure map describes international relations and what regions are responsible for the most information distribution and retrieval. Because this information is public, it’s straightforward for criminal syndicates to craft a profitable project. Economic Impact Nations connected to these cables have a more impressive global reach, signifying international economic prominence, expansion, and urban development. Unfortunately, cybersecurity breaches are expensive to isolate and recoup from, and prices balloon yearly. Critical infrastructure compromises have a price tag higher than any other type of breach, per instance. This is a culmination of essential businesses shutting down and becoming inoperable, labor required to contain the threat, and resources necessary to put everything back online and salvage extricated data. averaging around $5 million Technological Advancements Submarine cables are one of the backbones of digital transformation and tech development. These were and the Internet of Things because they deliver high-speed, low-latency connections to every area. The robust infrastructure makes communities more efficient and convenient, but its surface area means more entry points and potential vulnerabilities for hackers. critical in expanding 5G Physical Threats to Undersea Cables Cybersecurity risks are not all hidden within the digital ether — physical threats accompany those efforts. How do they appear and how can the world defend against them? Natural Disasters and Wildlife Seismic activity and oceanic storms threaten cable sturdiness. Additionally, sharks and other marine life add more stress. Severed cables leave gaps for hackers to tinker and fix the wires to work for them. Advocating for regulation to standardize the usage of strong materials that do not degrade under sand and water is necessary for keeping them out of harm’s way. Additionally, endorsing any legislation to reduce climate change impacts indirectly supports subsea cable health. Human Activities Consider how a heavy anchor could cut or smash an old cable. Threat actors are just as capable of this type of physical destruction to cyber infrastructure as they are of executing it within digital landscapes. Other destructive activities include drilling or fishing. Additionally, and could permeate any commercial industry with financially-susceptible interests. nation-state sabotage is not unheard of Aging Infrastructure New cables may hit ocean floors, but this does not mean old ones are getting the upgrade they need. Additionally, many of the most critical wires are in clumps, making it easier to attack a lot at once. Updates should include redistributing chokepoints for less concentrated attack surfaces. Even amateur hackers know antiquated technology stops receiving support, meaning vulnerabilities abound. Undersea transmission must be able to receive ongoing patches and updates to withstand novel threat variants. Cyber Threats to Undersea Cables The attacks within digital spaces are arguably more destructive. These are the most notable threat variants and ways humanity should protect cables. Wiretapping Tapping undersea cables has been , demonstrating the literal leagues people will go to impede and damage communications and information. This can happen by going underwater or tapping it from a landing station. happening since the First World War DDoS Attacks Interrupting internet connections is a lucrative venture, primarily when and health care rely on connectivity just as much as everyone else. Overwhelming submarine cables are an obvious way to extend the outage duration because remediation takes so long. essential services like finance Data Interception Instead of destroying or bombarding cables, why not place a small bug to capture bytes of sensitive data? Disrupting signals allows criminals to receive immediate information while redirecting or obstructing communication — a popular option for espionage. Surveillance threats are harder to catch, making them enticing to criminal outfits. Intercepting data may also occur through social engineering, such as manipulating an official to steal credentials to access subsea wire operating systems. Protection of Undersea Cables Dedicated upkeep makes these techniques viable for the long term. Next-generation remote monitoring and maintenance systems will be quintessential for identifying threat attempts, detecting backdoors, submitting updates, and gathering data. This calls for upgraded inventory management systems , as well as coordinate and record each cable with greater visibility. to cut costs and improve efficiency Education on physical and digital threats is vital for forging plans to make undersea cables secure. The International Cable Protection Committee is an example of the degree of commitment the planet needs. They submit calls to action from the most powerful entities, including recent events like involving hard-to-access, damaged cables. the compromises in the Red Sea Generally, international laws to deliver the coverage undersea cables demand. Writing contingency plans, filling out regulatory gaps, and completing more risk assessments require dedicated research into the resilience and distribution of the wires. This knowledge is limited, publicly unavailable or hard to access. need to be more holistic Advanced encryption and security measures based on the most up-to-date compliance frameworks ensure the industry’s best knowledge shields these cables. More digital and physical walls equate to better data integrity. Authorities must get into the habit of consulting with leaders like the ICPC and related organizations for informed guidance. This includes discussing industry threats and thoughtful operations execution with businesses like fisheries. Out of Sight, Out of Mind Ignoring the power and value of submarine cables allows their data and influence to fall into the hands of cybercriminals. More comprehensive and strict protective measures are crucial for withstanding the modern hacker’s constantly developing and subversive tactics. Global connectivity and sustainable development mandate it, which only happens with collaboration and awareness of how essential underwater infrastructure is.

Are We Ignoring the Cybersecurity Risks of Undersea Internet Cables?

FACT SHEET: Biden-⁠Harris Administration Announces Initiative to Bolster Cybersecurity of U.S. Ports Today, the Biden-Harris Administration will issue an Executive Order to bolster the security of the nation’s ports, alongside a series of additional actions that will strengthen maritime cybersecurity, fortify our supply chains and strengthen the United States industrial base. The Administration will also announce its intent to bring domestic onshore manufacturing capacity back to America to provide safe, secure cranes to U.S. ports – thanks to an over $20 billion investment in U.S. port infrastructure under President Biden’s Investing in America Agenda. Today’s actions are clear examples of the President’s work to invest in America, , and against 21st century threats – priorities his Administration has focused on relentlessly since taking office. secure the country’s supply chains strengthen the cybersecurity of our nation’s critical infrastructure America’s prosperity is directly linked to maritime trade and the integrated network of ports, terminals, vessels, waterways, and land-side connections that constitute the Nation’s Marine Transportation System (MTS). This complex system supports $5.4 trillion worth of economic activity each year, contributes to the employment of more than 31 million Americans, and supports nearly 95% of cargo entering the U.S. The security of our critical infrastructure remains a national imperative in an increasingly complex threat environment. MTS owners and operators rely on digital systems to enable their operations, to include ship navigation, the movement of cargo, engineering, safety, and security monitoring. These systems have revolutionized the maritime shipping industry and American supply chains by enhancing the speed and efficiency of moving goods to market, but the increasing digital interconnectedness of our economy and supply chains have also introduced vulnerabilities that, if exploited, could have cascading impacts on America’s ports, the economy, and everyday hard-working Americans. Today’s actions include: Now, the U.S. Coast Guard will have the express authority to respond to malicious cyber activity in the nation’s MTS by requiring vessels and waterfront facilities to mitigate cyber conditions that may endanger the safety of a vessel, facility, or harbor. The Executive Order will also institute mandatory reporting of cyber incidents – or active cyber threats – endangering any vessel, harbor, port, or waterfront facility. Additionally, the Coast Guard will now have the authority to control the movement of vessels that present a known or suspected cyber threat to U.S. maritime infrastructure, and be able to inspect those vessels and facilities that pose a threat to our cybersecurity. President Biden will sign an Executive Order to bolster the Department of Homeland Security’s authority to directly address maritime cyber threats, including through cybersecurity standards to ensure that American ports’ networks and systems are secure. Owners and operators of these cranes must acknowledge the directive and take a series of actions on these cranes and associated Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) systems. This action is a vital step to securing our maritime infrastructure’s digital ecosystem and addresses several vulnerabilities that have been identified in the updated U.S. Maritime Advisory, 2024-00X – Worldwide Foreign Adversarial Technological, Physical, and Cyber Influence, that was released today. The U.S. Coast Guard will issue a Maritime Security Directive on cyber risk management actions for ship-to-shore cranes manufactured by the People’s Republic of China located at U.S. Commercial Strategic Seaports. Every day malicious cyber actors attempt to gain unauthorized access to MTS control systems and networks throughout the nation. The Proposed Rule will strengthen these digital systems by establishing minimum cybersecurity requirements that meet international and industry-recognized standards to best manage cyber threats. These actions build on prior actions by DHS including those taken by the Transportation Security Administration, and reflect the Administration’s commitment to leverage regulatory requirements in pursuit of safeguarding critical infrastructure. The U.S. Coast Guard has issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemakingon Cybersecurity in the Marine Transportation System. The Administration will invest over $20 billion, including through grants, into U.S. port infrastructure over the next 5 years through the President’s Investing in America Agenda, including the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Inflation Reduction Act. As a result, a U.S.-based subsidiary of Mitsui E&S Co., Ltd (Japan), is planning to onshore U.S. manufacturing capacity for its crane production. PACECO has a deep history in the container shipping industry, manufacturing the first dedicated ship-to-shore container crane in 1958 as PACECO Inc., and it continued U.S.-based crane manufacturing until the late 1980s. PACECO intends to partner with other trusted manufacturing companies to bring port crane manufacturing capabilities back to the U.S. for the first time in 30 years, pending final site and partner selection.  The announcement is part of the Biden-Harris Administration’s fourth Investing in America tour, where White House and Administration officials are traveling across the country to highlight the impacts of the President’s Investing in America agenda on communities, families, small businesses and the United States’ economic and national security. It also follows-up on the White House Council on Supply Chain Resilience’s efforts to strengthen America’s supply chains, particularly by addressing supply chain risks resulting from threats and vulnerabilities inside U.S. ports. The Administration continues to deliver for the American people by rebuilding the U.S.’s industrial capacity to produce port cranes with trusted partners. PACECO Corp., This content was published on February 21, 2024 in whitehouse.gov.

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