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Crypto.com se asocia con LeBron James y LeBron James Family Foundation para llevar la educación Web 3

Interview with Dr. Yonatan Sompolinsky of Kaspa

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Pascal Baumann, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany; (2) Rupak Majumdar, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany; (3) Ramanathan S. Thinniyam, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany; (4) Georg Zetzsche, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany. Table of Links Introduction Dynamic Networks of Concurret Pushdown Systems (DCPS) Warm-up: Non-Termination Fair Non-Termination From Progressive Runs for VASSB to Reachability Starvation Conclusion, Acknowledgment & References A. Strengthening Fairness to Progressive Runs B. Proofs from Section 4.1 C. Proofs for Section 5 D. Proofs for Section 5.3 E. Proofs for Section 6 7 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was sponsored in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft project 389792660 TRR 248–CPEC and by the European Research Council under the Grant Agreement 610150 (http://www.impact-erc.eu/) (ERC Synergy Grant ImPACT). REFERENCES Parosh Aziz Abdulla, Karlis Čer ¯ ans, Bengt Jonsson, and Yih-Kuen Tsay. 1996. General decidability theo ¯ rems for infinitestate systems. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science. IEEE Computer Society Press, 313–321. Krzysztof R. Apt and Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog. 1991. Verification of Sequential and Concurrent Programs. Springer-Verlag. Mohamed Faouzi Atig, Ahmed Bouajjani, Michael Emmi, and Akash Lal. 2012a. Detecting Fair Non-termination in Multithreaded Programs. In Proceedings of CAV 2012. 210–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31424-7_19 Mohamed Faouzi Atig, Ahmed Bouajjani, K. Narayan Kumar, and Prakash Saivasan. 2012b. Linear-Time Model-Checking for Multithreaded Programs under Scope-Bounding. In Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis - 10th International Symposium, ATVA 2012, Thiruvananthapuram, India, October 3-6, 2012. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 7561. Springer, 152–166. Mohamed Faouzi Atig, Ahmed Bouajjani, K. Narayan Kumar, and Prakash Saivasan. 2017. Parity Games on Bounded Phase Multi-pushdown Systems. In Networked Systems - 5th International Conference, NETYS 2017, Marrakech, Morocco, May 17-19, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 10299. Springer, 272–287. Mohamed Faouzi Atig, Ahmed Bouajjani, and Shaz Qadeer. 2009. Context-Bounded Analysis for Concurrent Programs with Dynamic Creation of Threads. In Proceedings of TACAS 2009. 107–123. Mohamed Faouzi Atig, Ahmed Bouajjani, and Shaz Qadeer. 2011. Context-Bounded Analysis For Concurrent Programs With Dynamic Creation of Threads. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 7, 4 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2168/LMCS-7(4:4)2011 Georg Bachmeier, Michael Luttenberger, and Maximilian Schlund. 2015. Finite Automata for the Sub- and Superword Closure of CFLs: Descriptional and Computational Complexity. In 9th International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications, LATA 2015, Nice, France, March 2-6, 2015, Proceedings. Springer, 473–485. Pascal Baumann, Rupak Majumdar, Ramanathan S. Thinniyam, and Georg Zetzsche. 2020. The Complexity of Bounded Context Switching with Dynamic Thread Creation. In 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, ICALP 2020, July 8-11, 2020, Saarbrücken, Germany (Virtual Conference) (LIPIcs), Vol. 168. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 111:1–111:16. Julius Richard Büchi. 1964. Regular canonical systems. Archiv für mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung 6, 3-4 (1964), 91–111. Heino Carstensen. 1987. Decidability questions for fairness in Petri nets. In Proceedings of STACS 1987. Springer, 396–407. Byron Cook, Andreas Podelski, and Andrey Rybalchenko. 2007. Proving thread termination. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2007 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, San Diego, California, USA, June 10-13, 2007. ACM, 320–330. Byron Cook, Andreas Podelski, and Andrey Rybalchenko. 2011. Proving program termination. Commun. ACM 54, 5 (2011), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1145/1941487.1941509 Bruno Courcelle. 1991. On construction obstruction sets of words. EATCS 44 (1991), 178–185. Wojciech Czerwinski, Slawomir Lasota, Ranko Lazic, Jérôme Leroux, and Filip Mazowiecki. 2019. The reachability problem for Petri nets is not elementary. In Proceedings of STOC 2019. 24–33. Antoine Durand-Gasselin, Javier Esparza, Pierre Ganty, and Rupak Majumdar. 2017. Model checking parameterized asynchronous shared-memory systems. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 50, 2-3 (2017), 140–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10703-016-0258-3 Paul Erdős and Richard Rado. 1952. Combinatorial Theorems on Classifications of Subsets of a Given Set. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society s3-2, 1 (01 1952), 417–439. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s3-2.1.417 Azadeh Farzan, Zachary Kincaid, and Andreas Podelski. 2016. Proving Liveness of Parameterized Programs. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS ’16, New York, NY, USA, July 5-8, 2016. ACM, 185–196. Alain Finkel and Philippe Schnoebelen. 2001. Well-structured transition systems everywhere! Theor. Comput. Sci. 256, 1-2 (2001), 63–92. Marie Fortin, Anca Muscholl, and Igor Walukiewicz. 2017. Model-Checking Linear-Time Properties of Parametrized Asynchronous Shared-Memory Pushdown Systems. In Computer Aided Verification - 29th International Conference, CAV 2017, Heidelberg, Germany, July 24-28, 2017, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 10427. Springer, 155– 175. Pierre Ganty and Rupak Majumdar. 2012. Algorithmic verification of asynchronous programs. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS) 34, 1 (2012), 6. Leonard H Haines. 1969. On free monoids partially ordered by embedding. Journal of Combinatorial Theory 6, 1 (1969), 94–98. David Harel. 1986. Effective transformations on infinite trees, with applications to high undecidability, dominoes, and fairness. J. ACM 33 (1986), 224–248. Rodney R Howell, Louis E Rosier, and Hsu-Chun Yen. 1991. A taxonomy of fairness and temporal logic problems for Petri nets. Theoretical Computer Science 82, 2 (1991), 341–372. Petr Jančar. 1990. Decidability of a temporal logic problem for Petri nets. Theoretical Computer Science 74, 1 (1990), 71–93. Vineet Kahlon. 2008. Parameterization as Abstraction: A Tractable Approach to the Dataflow Analysis of Concurrent Programs. IEEE Computer Society, 181–192. Sambasiva Rao Kosaraju. 1982. Decidability of Reachability in Vector Addition Systems (Preliminary Version). In STOC ’82: Proc. of 14th ACM symp. on Theory of Computing. ACM, 267–281. Bernhard Kragl, Constantin Enea, Thomas A. Henzinger, Suha Orhun Mutluergil, and Shaz Qadeer. 2020. Inductive sequentialization of asynchronous programs. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2020, London, UK, June 15-20, 2020. ACM, 227–242. Akash Lal and Thomas W. Reps. 2009. Reducing concurrent analysis under a context bound to sequential analysis. Formal Methods in System Design 35, 1 (2009), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10703-009-0078-9 Akash Lal, Tayssir Touili, Nicholas Kidd, and Thomas W. Reps. 2008. Interprocedural Analysis of Concurrent Programs Under a Context Bound. In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 14th International Conference, TACAS 2008, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2008, Budapest, Hungary, March 29-April 6, 2008. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 4963. Springer, 282–298. Jérôme Leroux, Grégoire Sutre, and Patrick Totzke. 2015. On the coverability problem for pushdown vector addition systems in one dimension. In ICALP 2015, Vol. 9135. 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47666-6_26 Irina A. Lomazova and Philippe Schnoebelen. 1999. Some Decidability Results for Nested Petri Nets. In Perspectives of System Informatics, Third International Andrei Ershov Memorial Conference, PSI’99, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, July 6-9, 1999, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 1755. Springer, 208–220. Ernst W. Mayr. 1981. An Algorithm for the General Petri Net Reachability Problem. In Proceedings of STOC 1981. 238–246. Anca Muscholl, Helmut Seidl, and Igor Walukiewicz. 2017. Reachability for Dynamic Parametric Processes. In Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation - 18th International Conference, VMCAI 2017, Paris, France, January 15-17, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 10145. Springer, 424–441. Madanlal Musuvathi and Shaz Qadeer. 2007. Iterative context bounding for systematic testing of multithreaded programs. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2007 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2007, San Diego, CA, USA, June 10-13, 2007. ACM, 446–455. Oded Padon, Jochen Hoenicke, Giuliano Losa, Andreas Podelski, Mooly Sagiv, and Sharon Shoham. 2018. Reducing liveness to safety in first-order logic. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 2, POPL (2018), 26:1–26:33. Rohit J. Parikh. 1966. On Context-Free Languages. J. ACM 13, 4 (1966), 570–581. Shaz Qadeer and Jakob Rehof. 2005. Context-Bounded Model Checking of Concurrent Software. In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 11th International Conference, TACAS 2005, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2005, Edinburgh, UK, April 4-8, 2005, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 3440. Springer, 93–107. Charles Rackoff. 1978. The covering and boundedness problems for vector addition systems. Theoretical Computer Science 6, 2 (1978), 223–231. Ganesan Ramalingam. 2000. Context-sensitive synchronization-sensitive analysis is undecidable. ACM TOPLAS 22(2) (2000), 416–430. Frank Plumpton Ramsey. 1930. On a Problem of Formal Logic. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society s2-30, 1 (1930), 264–286. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-30.1.264 Salvatore La Torre, Margherita Napoli, and Gennaro Parlato. 2016. Scope-Bounded Pushdown Languages. Int. J. Found. Comput. Sci. 27, 2 (2016), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129054116400074 Moshe Y. Vardi. 1991. Verification of concurrent programs—the automata-theoretic framework. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 51 (1991), 79–98. Kumar Neeraj Verma and Jean Goubault-Larrecq. 2005. Karp-Miller Trees for a Branching Extension of VASS. Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Vol. 7 (2005). Georg Zetzsche. 2013. Silent Transitions in Automata with Storage. (2013). arXiv:1302.3798 Full version of an article in Proceedings of ICALP 2013.

Context-Bounded Verification of Liveness: Conclusion, Acknowledgment & References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Pascal Baumann, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany; (2) Rupak Majumdar, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany; (3) Ramanathan S. Thinniyam, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany; (4) Georg Zetzsche, Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany. Table of Links Introduction Dynamic Networks of Concurret Pushdown Systems (DCPS) Warm-up: Non-Termination Fair Non-Termination From Progressive Runs for VASSB to Reachability Starvation Conclusion, Acknowledgment & References A. Strengthening Fairness to Progressive Runs B. Proofs from Section 4.1 C. Proofs for Section 5 D. Proofs for Section 5.3 E. Proofs for Section 6 We study context-bounded verification of liveness properties of multi-threaded, shared-memory programs, where each thread can spawn additional threads. Our main result shows that context-bounded fair termination is decidable for the model; context-bounded implies that each spawned thread can be context switched a fixed constant number of times. Our proof is technical, since fair termination requires reasoning about the composition of unboundedly many threads each with unboundedly large stacks. In fact, techniques for related problems, which depend crucially on replacing the pushdown threads with finite-state threads, are not applicable. Instead, we introduce an extension of vector addition systems with states (VASS), called VASS with balloons (VASSB), as an intermediate model; it is an infinite-state model of independent interest. A VASSB allows tokens that are themselves markings (balloons). We show that context bounded fair termination reduces to fair termination for VASSB. We show the latter problem is decidable by showing a series of reductions: from fair termination to configuration reachability for VASSB and thence to the reachability problem for VASS. For a lower bound, fair termination is known to be non-elementary already in the special case where threads run to completion (no context switches). We also show that the simpler problem of context-bounded termination is 2EXPSPACE-complete, matching the complexity bound—and indeed the techniques—for safety verification. Additionally, we show the related problem of fair starvation, which checks if some thread can be starved along a fair run, is also decidable in the context-bounded case. The decidability employs an intricate reduction from fair starvation to fair termination. Like fair termination, this problem is also non-elementary. 1 INTRODUCTION We study decision problems related to liveness verification of shared-memory multithreaded programs. In a shared-memory multithreaded program, a number of threads execute concurrently. Each thread executes possibly recursive sequential code, and can spawn new threads for concurrent execution. The threads communicate through shared global variables that they can read and write. The execution of the program is guided by a non-deterministic scheduler that picks one of the spawned threads to execute in each time step. If the scheduler replaces the currently executing thread with a different one, we say the current active thread is context switched. Shared-memory multithreaded programming is ubiquitous and static verification of safety or liveness properties of such programs is a cornerstone of formal verification research. Indeed, there is a vast research literature on the problem—from a foundational understanding of the computability and complexity of (subclasses of) models, to program logics, and to efficient tools for analysis of real systems. In this paper, we focus on decidability issues for liveness verification for multithreaded shared memory programs with the ability to spawn threads. Liveness properties, intuitively, specify that “something good” happens when a program executes. A simple example of a liveness property is termination: the property that a program eventually terminates. In fact, termination is a “canonical” liveness property: for a very general class of liveness properties, through monitor constructions, verifying liveness properties reduces to verifying termination [Apt and Olderog 1991; Vardi 1991]. Unfortunately, under the usual notion of non-deterministic schedulers, some programs may fail to terminate for uninteresting reasons. Consider the following program: 1 global bit := 1; 2 main () { spawn foo ; spawn bar ; } 3 foo () { if bit = 1 then spawn foo ; } 4 bar () { bit := 0; } A main thread spawns two additional threads foo and bar. The thread foo checks if a global bit is set and, if so, re-spawns itself. The thread bar resets the global bit. There is a non-terminating execution of this program in which bar is never scheduled. However, a scheduler that never schedules a thread that is ready to run would be considered unfair. Instead, one formulates the problem of fair termination: termination under a fair non-deterministic scheduler. We abstract away from the exact mechanism of the scheduler, and only require that every spawned thread that is infinitely often ready to run is eventually scheduled. Then, every fair run of the above program is terminating: eventually bar is scheduled, after which foo does not spawn a new thread. Since the high undecidability relies on an unbounded exchange of information among threads, a recent and apposite approach to verifying concurrent recursive programs is to explore only a representative subset of program behaviors by limiting the number of inter-thread interactions [Musuvathi and Qadeer 2007; Qadeer and Rehof 2005]. This approach, called context bounding by Qadeer and Rehof [2005], considers the verification problem as a family of problems, one for each K. The K-context bounded instance, for any fixed K ≥ 0, considers only those executions where each thread is context switched at most K times by the scheduler. In the limit as K → ∞, the K-bounded approach explores all behaviors where each thread runs a finite number of times. In practice, bounded explorations with small values of K have proved to be effective to uncover many safety and liveness bugs in real systems. Our results generalize the special case of K = 0 studied by Ganty and Majumdar [2012] as asynchronous programs. When K = 0, each thread executes to completion without being interrupted in the middle. Ganty and Majumdar show the decidability of safety and liveness verification for this model. In particular, they prove safety and termination are both EXPSPACE-complete and fair termination and fair starvation are decidable but non-elementary.[2] Their proof depends on the observation that, since threads are not interrupted, one can replace the pushdown automata for each thread by finite automata that accept Parikh-equivalent languages. Unfortunately, their technique does not generalize when context switches are allowed. For K ≥ 1, Atig et al. [2009] showed that the safety verification problem is decidable in 2EXPSPACE. Ten years later, a matching lower bound was shown by Baumann et al. [2020]. The key observation in the decision procedure is that safety is preserved under downward closures: one can analyze a related program where some spawned threads are “forgotten.” Since the downward closure of a context free language is effectively regular, one can replace the pushdown automaton for each thread by a finite automaton accepting the downward closure. In fact, our proof of termination also follows easily from this observation, as termination is also preserved by downward closures. Unfortunately, fair termination and fair non-starvation are not preserved under downward closures. Thus, we cannot apply the preceding techniques to replace pushdown automata by finite automata in our construction. Thus, our proof is more intricate and requires several insights into the computational model. The key difficulty in our decision procedure is to maintain a finite representation for unboundedly many active threads, each with unboundedly large local stacks and potentially spawning unboundedly many new threads, and to compose their context-switched executions into a global execution. In order to maintain and compose such configurations, we introduce a new model, called VASS with balloons (VASSB), that extends the usual model of a vector addition systems with states (VASS) with “balloons”: a token in a VASSB can be a usual VASS token or a balloon token that is itself a vector. Intuitively, balloon tokens represent the possible new threads a thread can spawn along one of its execution segments. We show through a series of constructions that the fair termination problem reduces to the fair termination problem for VASSB, and thence to the configuration reachability problem for VASSB. Finally, we show that configuration reachability for VASSB is decidable by a reduction to the reachability problem for VASS. This puts VASSB in the rare class of infinite-state systems which generalize VASS and yet maintain a decidable reachability (not just coverability!) problem. Finally, we show a reduction from the fair starvation problem to fair termination. The reduction relies on two combinatorial insights. The first is that if a program has an infinite fair run, then it has one in which there exists a bound on the number of threads spawned by each thread. The second is a novel pumping argument based on Ramsey’s theorem; it implies that it suffices to track a finite amount of data about each thread to determine whether some thread can be starved. In conclusion, we prove decidability of liveness verification for multithreaded shared memory programs with the ability to dynamically spawn threads, an extremely expressive model of multithreaded programming. This model sits at the boundary of decidability and subsumes many other models studied before. Safety verification for concurrent recursive programs is already undecidable with just two threads and finite global store [Ramalingam 2000]. Many results on context-bounded safety verification consider a model with a fixed number of threads, without spawns. The complexity of safety verification for this model is well understood at this point. The key idea underlying the best algorithms reduce the problem to analyzing a sequential pushdown system [Lal and Reps 2009] by guessing the bounded sequences of context switches for each thread and using the finite state to ensure the sequential runs can be stitched together Related Work. When the model allows spawning of new threads, as ours does, existing decision procedures are significantly more complex, both in their technicalities and in computational cost. There are relatively few results on decidability of liveness properties of infinite-state systems. Atig et al. [2012a] show a sufficient condition for fair termination for context-bounded executions of a fixed number of threads, where they look for ultimately periodic executions, in which each thread is context switched at most K times in the loop. They show that the search for such ultimately periodic executions can be reduced to safety verification. In our model, fair infinite runs may involve unboundedly many threads with unbounded stacks and need not be periodic—for example, there can always be more and more newly spawned threads. Multi-pushdown systems model multithreaded programs with a fixed number of threads. Many decision procedures are known when the executions of such systems are restricted through different bounds such as context, scope, or phase [Atig et al. 2012b, 2017; Torre et al. 2016], and also through limitations on communication patterns [Lal et al. 2008]. These problems are orthogonal to us, either in the modeling capabilities or in the properties verified. Decidability of linear temporal logic is known for weaker models of multithreaded recursive programs, such as symmetric parameterized programs [Kahlon 2008] or leader-follower programs with non-atomic reads and writes [Durand-Gasselin et al. 2017; Fortin et al. 2017; Muscholl et al. 2017]. These programs cannot perform compare-and-swap operations, and therefore, their computational power is quite limited (in fact, LTL model checking is PSPACE-complete). A number of heuristic approaches to fair termination of multithreaded programs provide sound but incomplete algorithms, but for a more general class of programs involving infinite-state data variables [Cook et al. 2007, 2011; Farzan et al. 2016; Kragl et al. 2020; Padon et al. 2018]. The goal there is to provide a sound proof rule for verification but not to prove a decidability result. In terms of fair termination problems for VASS, the theme of computational hardness continues. For example, the classical notion of fair runs, in which an infinitely activated transition has to be fired infinitely often, leads to undecidability [Carstensen 1987] and even Σ 1 1 - completeness [Howell et al. 1991]. However, weakly fair termination, where only those transitions that are almost always activated have to be fired infinitely often, is decidable [Jančar 1990]. A rich taxonomy of fairness notions with corresponding decidability results can be found in [Howell et al. 1991]. However, all of these notions appear to be incomparable with our fairness notion for VASSB. Our model of VASSB treads the boundary of models that generalize VASS for which reachability can be proved to be decidable. We note that there are several closely related models, VASS with a stack [Leroux et al. 2015] and branching VASS [Verma and Goubault-Larrecq 2005], for which decidability of reachability is a long-standing open problem, and others, nested Petri nets [Lomazova and Schnoebelen 1999], for which reachability is undecidable. [1] Recall that the class Π 1 1 in the analytic hierarchy is the class of all relations on N that can be defined by a universal second-order number-theoretic formula. [2] Their result shows a polynomial-time equivalence between fair termination and reachability in vector addition systems with states (VASS, a.k.a. Petri nets). The complexity bounds follow from our current knowledge of the complexity of VASS reachability [Czerwinski et al. 2019].

Context-Bounded Verification of Liveness Properties for
Multithreaded Shared-Memory Programs: Intro

If you’re using dynamically created components in Angular, you’ve probably found it difficult to pass information between the parent and child components when needed. You need to provide the info in the parent, and then inject it within the child component. While it’s not necessarily difficult to do, it results in a lot of extra boilerplate code. It would be so much better if we could just use the decorator like we’re used to. Well, guess what? Angular supports doing this exact thing as of version sixteen. In this post, I’ll show you how. Alright, let’s get to it. @Input https://youtu.be/MT2JP8pn1qU?embedable=true Passing Data the Old Way Using the Angular Injector First, let’s look at how we used to pass data to dynamically created components from the parent. Here, in this example, within the component template, we have our , and we’re passing it to our player component. *ngComponentOutlet In this case, we’re also passing a custom child injector, and this is how we’d inject the data for the child component before. main.ts @Component({
 selector: 'app-root',
 template: `
 <ng-container *ngComponentOutlet="playerComponent; injector: childInjector"></ng-container>
 `
})
export class App {
 protected playerComponent = PlayerComponent;
} And to create this child injector, we needed to create a property so that it could be set and then used within the template. export class App {
 protected childInjector?: Injector;
 ...
} Then, we needed to inject in the Injector from the angular core within the constructor. export class App {
 ...
 constructor(private injector: Injector) {
 }
} After that, we needed to set the child injector using the create method and the providers’ array to provide our player token to the child. export class App {
 ...
 constructor(private injector: Injector) {
 this.childInjector = Injector.create({
 providers: [
 { provide: PlayerToken, useValue: this.player }
 ],
 parent: this.injector
 });
 }
} And finally, over in the child component, our player component, we needed to set our player property with the inject method from the angular core. player.component.ts export class PlayerComponent {
 protected player?: Player = inject(PlayerToken);
} So, all of this is just to pass a simple player object to a dynamic component. I mean, if this wasn’t a dynamic component, we’d simply make this an and just bind the player data object to the in the parent. But this is a dynamically created component, so we can’t do this, right? @Input @Input Well, as of Angular sixteen, we actually can use s instead, and it’s much simpler than what we’ve seen so far. @Input Passing Data the New Way Using the Inputs Object *ngComponentOutlet We start by changing this player property to an instead. And, it’s simply typed into our player interface. @Input player.component.ts export class PlayerComponent {
 @Input() player?: Player;
} Now, we can remove the inject method and player token imports since they’re no longer needed. Then, back over in our parent, in the template, we can remove the injector, and instead, replace it with an inputs object. We can pass this object on any number of inputs. So, if we had five inputs, we’d just include their names, and then pass each one whatever data we need. But in this case, we have only one input on our child component, player, so that’s all we need to pass it. main.ts @Component({
 selector: 'app-root',
 template: `
 <ng-container *ngComponentOutlet="playerComponent; inputs: { player }"></ng-container>
 `
}) Now, we can remove the child injector. This means we can also remove the constructor altogether. And finally, we can remove the Injector from the angular core and the player token import since we’re no longer using them. export class App {
 protected player: Player = {
 name: 'LeBron James',
 games: 1421,
 points: 38652,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.505,
 threePointPercentage: 0.345,
 imageName: 'lebron-james'
 };
 protected playerComponent = PlayerComponent;
} And that’s it. We can see everything works just as it used to. So, quite a bit easier to pull off and less code too which is always great. One bummer though is that while s are supported, s aren’t. Kind of a bummer, but it is what it is. Hopefully, they’ll add support in the future because this would be very handy as well, but we’ll just have to wait and see. @Input @Output Want to See It in Action? Check out the demo code and examples of these techniques in the Stackblitz example below. If you have any questions or thoughts, don’t hesitate to leave a comment. https://stackblitz.com/edit/stackblitz-starters-9xzkkf?ctl=1&embed=1&file=src%2Fmain.ts&embedable=true

How to Use Angular @Input to Pass Data to Dynamically Created Components

গতিশীলভাবে তৈরি উপাদানগুলিতে ডেটা পাস করতে কৌণিক @ইনপুট কীভাবে ব্যবহার করবেন

So verwenden Sie Angular @Input, um Daten an dynamisch erstellte Komponenten zu übergeben

Cómo utilizar Angular @Input para pasar datos a componentes creados dinámicamente

Comment utiliser Angular @Input pour transmettre des données à des composants créés dynamiquement

गतिशील रूप से निर्मित घटकों में डेटा पास करने के लिए Angular @Input का उपयोग कैसे करें

Angular @Input を使用して動的に作成されたコンポーネントにデータを渡す方法

Angular @Input을 사용하여 동적으로 생성된 구성 요소에 데이터를 전달하는 방법

Como usar Angular @Input para passar dados para componentes criados dinamicamente

Как использовать Angular @Input для передачи данных в динамически создаваемые компоненты

Dinamik Olarak Oluşturulan Bileşenlere Veri Aktarmak için Angular @Input Nasıl Kullanılır

Cách sử dụng @Input góc để truyền dữ liệu đến các thành phần được tạo động

如何使用 Angular @Input 将数据传递给动态创建的组件

In the latest version of Angular, we’re getting what is known as the new Control Flow syntax for our component templates. It will replace older directives for things like , , and *ngIf/else ngSwitch *ngFor In this post, we’re going to learn exactly what this change means for us and how to use it. Alright, let’s get to it. https://youtu.be/nUEERAOZKwg?embedable=true So, for those of us that are used to building things in Angular, we’re used to the structural directive , and the concept of using an for the else condition when needed. Well, we don’t need this anymore with the new Control Flow syntax. *ngIf ng-template Also, we no longer need to import the to use them. Let’s take a look at an example. CommonModule Angular Control Flow Syntax for If/Else Conditions Ok, here in our component we have this player object consisting of some data about NBA player LeBron James. app.component.ts protected player: Player = {
 name: 'LeBron James',
 games: 1421,
 points: 38652,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.505,
 threePointPercentage: 0.345,
 imageName: 'lebron-james'
}; If we were to imagine that, in the real world, data like this may come from an API request where it may contain data or just be undefined. We would then need to conditionally use it within our template. In this case, we want to show our player component and pass it the player data only when it’s been defined. So, we need to use an if condition. For the new syntax, it’s similar to other templating languages like PHP, razor, and others. We start with the symbol, then in parentheses, we add our condition. Here, it will be if our player value is truthy, and then we wrap whatever conditional item. In this case, it’s our player component, with a player input, and that’s it. @ app.component.html @if (player) {
 <app-player [player]="player"></app-player>
} Right now, of course, it’s showing because we have our data hard-coded. So, let’s go clear it out. protected player?: Player; And, when we save, now we can see that it’s properly removed when no data is provided. If we want to show a message when we have no data, we need to add an else statement. To do this, we just need to add another symbol, then the word "else", then a new set of curly braces where we wrap our message. @ @if (player) {
 <app-player [player]="player"></app-player>
} @else {
 No player exists at this time
} Then, when we save this, we see that our message is properly displayed because we now have no data. So, that’s the new syntax replacing the old . *ngIf/else Angular Control Flow Syntax for Switch Statements Next up, we have the new syntax for switch statements. We no longer need a wrapping element or in order to use an directive and each of its cases. In this example, we have a select control where we can choose Lebron, Kareem, or leave it as the default player. ng-container ngSwitch And, when we look at our data, we have three player objects, player one, LeBron, player two, Kareem, and player three, Karl Malone. protected player1: Player = {
 name: 'LeBron James',
 games: 1421,
 points: 38652,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.505,
 threePointPercentage: 0.345,
 imageName: 'lebron-james'
};
protected player2: Player = {
 name: 'Kareem Abdul-Jabbar',
 games: 1560,
 points: 38387,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.559,
 threePointPercentage: 0.056,
 imageName: 'kareem-abdul-jabbar'
};
protected player3: Player = {
 name: 'Karl Malone',
 games: 1476,
 points: 36928,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.516,
 threePointPercentage: 0.274,
 imageName: 'karl-malone'
}; What we want to do in the template is show the appropriate player to match the value of our form control. This control will be a value of a string matching either Lebron, Kareem, or Default. protected options = new FormControl<'LeBron' | 'Kareem' | 'Default'>('Default', { nonNullable: true }); So, back in our template, we’ll begin by adding the symbol followed by the word "switch", then in parentheses, the value that we’ll want to switch on, in this case, that will be our options control value. @ @switch (options.value) {} Now, for our first case, we add the symbol, then the word "case", followed by the value, LeBron for this case, in parentheses. Then, within curly braces, we add our player component with the player input, in this case, it will be player one because that was Lebron in our data. @ @switch (options.value) {
 @case ('LeBron') {
 <app-player [player]="player1"></app-player>
 }
} Now, we can simply copy all of this, paste it, then change the case to Kareem, and the input to player two this time for Kareem’s data. @switch (options.value) {
 @case ('LeBron') {
 <app-player [player]="player1"></app-player>
 }
 @case ('Kareem') {
 <app-player [player]="player2"></app-player>
 }
} And then, finally, we can add our default case. We’ll add the player component one last time here, and we'll pass it to player three for Karl Malone. @switch (options.value) {
 @case ('LeBron') {
 <app-player [player]="player1"></app-player>
 }
 @case ('Kareem') {
 <app-player [player]="player2"></app-player>
 }
 @default {
 <app-player [player]="player3"></app-player>
 }
} Ok, now when we save, we see Karl Malone since he was the default, and our control value is set to default when initialized. If we change to Lebron, the view is properly updated. And likewise with Kareem. So, that’s the new switch syntax; up next, we have the final example in this post, a for loop. Angular Control Flow Syntax for For Loops When adding for loops in angular, we used to need an element or for our directive. Then we would need to create a variable from a list of options, and then much of the time, we needed to add a function to help with performance. Well, it looks similar now but a little different. ng-container *ngFor trackby In this example, our list of players is larger and consists of all of these items. players.ts export const players = [
 {
 name: 'LeBron James',
 games: 1421,
 points: 38652,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.505,
 threePointPercentage: 0.345,
 imageName: 'lebron-james'
 },
 {
 name: 'Kareem Abdul-Jabbar',
 games: 1560,
 points: 38387,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.559,
 threePointPercentage: 0.056,
 imageName: 'kareem-abdul-jabbar'
 },
 {
 name: 'Karl Malone',
 games: 1476,
 points: 36928,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.516,
 threePointPercentage: 0.274,
 imageName: 'karl-malone'
 },
 {
 name: 'Kobe Bryant',
 games: 1346,
 points: 33643,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.447,
 threePointPercentage: 0.329,
 imageName: 'kobe-bryant'
 },
 {
 name: 'Michael Jordan',
 games: 1072,
 points: 32292,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.497,
 threePointPercentage: 0.327,
 imageName: 'michael-jordan'
 },
 {
 name: 'Dirk Nowitzki',
 games: 1522,
 points: 31560,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.471,
 threePointPercentage: 0.38,
 imageName: 'dirk-nowitzki'
 },
 {
 name: 'Wilt Chamberlain',
 games: 1045,
 points: 31419,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.54,
 threePointPercentage: 0,
 imageName: 'wilt-chamberlain'
 },
 {
 name: 'Shaquille O\'Neal',
 games: 1207,
 points: 28596,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.582,
 threePointPercentage: 0.045,
 imageName: 'shaquille-oneal'
 },
 {
 name: 'Carmelo Anthony',
 games: 1260,
 points: 28289,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.447,
 threePointPercentage: 0.355,
 imageName: 'carmelo-anthony'
 },
 {
 name: 'Moses Malone',
 games: 1329,
 points: 27409,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.491,
 threePointPercentage: 0.10,
 imageName: 'moses-malone'
 },
 {
 name: 'Elvin Hayes',
 games: 1303,
 points: 27313,
 fieldGoalPercentage: 0.452,
 threePointPercentage: 0.147,
 imageName: 'elvin-hayes'
 }
]; We want to list these players out in the template with a for loop. So, we start by adding the symbol again. Then, the word "for" is followed by parentheses. In these parentheses, we create our variable, we’ll call it "player." @ Then, like the old , we use the word "of", followed by our variable for our list of data, in this case, players. *ngFor @for (player of players) {
} Now, one of the key differences in the new syntax is that a track expression is mandatory. So, if we were to save this, we get an error letting us know what we’re missing. So, we need to add a semi-colon, followed by the word "track." Then we need to provide a unique value to track, something like an ID, but in our case, we’ll use the player name. @for (player of players; track player.name) {
} Ok, all that’s left now is to add our player component and pass it our player data. @for (player of players; track player.name) {
 <app-player [player]="player"></app-player>
} And now when we save, there’s our list of players. Angular For Loop Empty Template Now, what if our list was empty, and we wanted to show a message? Well, let’s clear out our list data. If we were to save right now, we'd just have a blank screen. To show a message in this case, back in our template, we can add an empty scenario for our for loop. And inside, we can add our message. @for (player of players) {
 ...
}
@empty {
 There are no players to display at this time
} Now, when we save, we see our message. Pretty easy, right? Angular For Loop Additional Properties Now, for those of you familiar with the old , you may be wondering about all of the old properties that we had available: *ngFor index first last even odd count Well, they all still exist in the new syntax too. We just add them much like we did before. We use the word "let" followed by the variable name we want to use, then equals and the name of the value prefixed with a dollar sign. @for (player of players;
 track player.name;
 let index = $index;
 let first = $first;
 let last = $last;
 let even = $even;
 let odd = $odd;
 let count = $count) {
 ...
} So, after adding all of these, let's say we want to display the count in a message before the first item in the list. So, we add a condition for the first item, then add a message with the string interpolated value for the list count. @if (first) {
 There are {{ count }} players in the list
} When we save, now we can see the message with the count before all items. And, let’s say we want to display the list item number next to the player name. We can do this by passing the item index to the player component. <app-player
 ...
 [index]="index"
 ...>
</app-player> Internally, this component adds one to its index value and places the string interpolated value before the name. We could also add some zebra striping by binding a class, even, to all of the even-numbered list items. <app-player
 ...
 [class.even]="even"
 ...>
</app-player> Now, we can see all of the even items are a little darker. And finally, we can highlight the first and last list items by binding a first and last class to those variables. <app-player
 ...
 [class.first]="first"
 [class.last]="last"
 ...>
</app-player> Here, we can see the first item gets a red border. And, when we scroll down to the bottom, the last item gets a blue border. Pretty straightforward, right? So, I think this is a pretty nice change. It’s pretty similar to what we’re used to but it’s a little more simple. It doesn’t require as many elements, s, and s, and it also doesn’t require any imports which is pretty nice. ng-container ng-template I guess, some things are simpler, some things are easier, and some things are just different. The Angular Control Flow Migration Schematic For those of you who may be worried about making this change to an existing codebase, don’t be. To migrate all of your existing s, s, and s, you can simply use the migration schematic which should hopefully update them without much work. *ngIf ngSwitch *ngFor ng g @angular/core:control-flow-migration Ok, so that’s pretty much all I have for Angular’s new control flow syntax. Want to See It in Action? Check out the demo code and examples of these techniques in the stackblitz example below. If you have any questions or thoughts, don’t hesitate to leave a comment. https://stackblitz.com/edit/ttnwwm?ctl=1&embed=1&file=src%2Fapp%2Fapp.component.ts&embedable=true

A Beginner-Friendly Guide On How to Use Angular's New Control Flow Syntax

Since the inception of The Naked Collector in 2021, I’ve been one of the leading voices in Web3 consumer and specifically Web3 fashion research. My , has attracted a loyal following from industry giants, including  H&M, Harvard Business School, Adidas, JP Morgan and Coinbase. private newsletter Today, I'm thrilled to unveil the enigmatic world of Web3 fashion and corporate (Web2) NFTs to a wider audience. As a recognized authority in this niche, I've had the unique privilege of observing and shaping emerging trends, which positions me ideally to present these awards. The awards represent the innovative spirit and transformative potential of Web3. They serve to acknowledge remarkable contributions and groundbreaking advancements in this rapidly evolving field. Best Web3 Success Story: Pudgy Penguins In April 2022, Pudgy Penguins was considered a dead project. However, under the new leadership of Luca Netz, the brand has undergone remarkable innovation and growth. This resurgence is best exemplified by the introduction of Pudgy Penguin Toys, now shelved in 2000 Walmart stores. These toys not only offer physical enjoyment but also unlock unique NFT traits, including clothing, which users can interact with and trade online. A key to their success is the strategic use of NFTs as Intellectual Property (IP) to generate revenue. Pudgy Penguins from May to the end of the year, demonstrating a lucrative intersection between physical products and digital assets. What sets them apart is their approach to community engagement; Pudgy Toys are licensed directly from the community, marking a pioneering move in the market. anticipates toy sales to reach approximately $10 million In 2023, the brand expanded its portfolio by launching Pudgy Toys and the IGLOO fashion line. Looking ahead to 2024, Pudgy Penguins is set to join the ranks of BAYC, Azuki, and RTFKT by launching its own metaverse, "Pudgy World." Best Web2* (Fashion) Success Story: PUMA Puma NFT collections went largely under the radar but amassed 4th largest volume among Web2 brand NFTs (after DraftKings, Nike and Porsche). Notably, while PUMA's revenue in the traditional sportswear market reached only 35% of Adidas' revenue, its 2023 NFT sales volume impressively exceeded that of Adidas by 450%. Furthermore, PUMA's Web3 royalties achieved 73% of Adidas' figures. A notable aspect of PUMA's NFT success is its ability to attract new participants in the digital asset space. Approximately 33% of its NFT buyers were beginners (wallets with less than 10 transactions), compared to the average of 18% across both Web3 fashion and other Web2 brand NFT collections. This statistic underscores PUMA's role in expanding the reach and appeal of NFTs beyond the traditional market. Best Web2 (Non-Fashion) Success Story: DraftKings DraftKings has emerged as a leader in the non-fashion Web2 space, thanks to its NFT-enabled fantasy games, including Reignmakers Football, UFC, & PGA Tour. The NFTs are minted on the Polygon blockchain and DraftKings games have amassed the largest NFT volume in 2023 among all Web2 brands. According to CryptoSlam data, the collections accumulated a total volume of $251,409,713 since February (as of December 2023). This achievement ranks them as the 25th most traded NFT collection of all time in less than a year, with over 120,000 holders. Notably, the collection also secured the highest royalties among Web2 brands, totaling $25 million. A key strategy of DraftKings has been targeting regular users, especially those not native to the Web3 space. By trading on the Polygon blockchain and simplifying the process – such as allowing payment for NFTs with credit cards and minimizing Web3 complexities like gas fees and cryptocurrencies – they have made their platform more accessible. Additionally, DraftKings' ownmarketplace facilitates these trades, from which the company garners a 10% marketplace fee. Given the projected growth of the U.S. online sports betting market – estimated to reach an annual $12.5 billion by 2025, up from $6.8 billion in 2022 (Stifel Research) – and the inherent suitability of NFTs for fantasy sports, DraftKings' volume is expected to continue its upward trajectory. Web2 Brand With Most Holders (Users): Reddit As of December 2023, Reddit had the most NFT holders with 24.9M, according to Polygon Analytics). For comparison, below is the holder situation in October 2023, from . The Naked Collector Fashion in Web3 Industry Report Biggest Disappointment: RTFKT Despite being at the forefront of merging Web3 with fashion technology and gaining publicity through endorsements from celebrities, RTFKT emerges as the year's biggest disappointment, primarily due to the lofty expectations placed upon it. While Nike’s own native dotSWOOSH ID collection saw 376,000 holders mint the ID, RTFKT saw its performance numbers decline. While RTFKT continued to dominate the fashion volume charts for the second consecutive year, the market witnessed a significant decline in the value of its collections. The Clone X floor price, for instance, plummeted from $8.5K in February 2023 (and an all-time high of $67K in April 2022) to just over $3K by December 2023. The most affected were holders of secondary collections such as CryptoKicks, EVO X Vials, MNLTHs, Trillium Lace Engines and Loot Pods, primarily due to their redeemable nature — a development that caught many by surprise. some of which lost nearly all value RTFKT’s downturn can be partly attributed to delays in production processes. However, a larger factor was the misalignment between holder expectations and project delivery, exacerbated by insufficient communication (from many holders’ point of view). The floor price, a reflection of current and projected sentiment, suggests that if RTFKT successfully advances its Wear to Earn technology and metaverse ecosystem, it could positively influence both the floor prices and the overall sentiment around the project. There have also been glimpses of RTFKT’s potential for mainstream adoption, evidenced by LeBron James wearing theRTFKT x Nike Air Force 1 - Genesis sneakers and DJ Khaled sporting the Nike x RTFKT AR Hoodie. Whether the same holders who supported RTFKT from the beginning will still be here, is another question. Most Surprising Web2 Brand Entry: Maison Margiela Maison Margiela marked its entry into the Web3 space with a unique and surprising move, launching its first gamified minting experience on October 24. Participants were given the chance to collect 24 distinctly numbered digital tokens, numbered from 0 to 23. This innovative endeavor utilized "Polygon Soul-Bound Tokens," which are non-transferable and allowed each participant to mint only one of each type. The experience was gas-free, emphasizing user accessibility and ease. The competition, designed to be fast-paced and equitable, was set to conclude once all 100 numbers were minted. Despite its intriguing approach to gamifying FOMO (fear of missing out), the minting experience garnered some negative feedback, particularly concerning its perceived difficulty. Biggest Fashion Trend: Phygitals one of the most significant trends in fashion NFTs this year has been the rise of 'phygitals' – physical fashion items linked to NFTs through embedded NFC or RFID chips. This trend aligns with the growing narrative around RWAs (real-world assets) within the broader crypto space, indicating a continuing expansion in the future. As predicted in 2022, In 2023, underscoring their rising popularity. The next evolution of this trend is expected to involve the integration of real-world data, such as ESG and sports data, through oracles. Other anticipated developments include the collateralization of high-value items, like luxury watches, and the introduction of physical-to-digital perks, exempli ed by concepts like 'wear to earn.' phygitals emerged as the most popular product release category among Web2 fashion brands, (From The Naked Collector Fashion in Web3 Industry Report) Largest Avg. Profit in 2023 (Web2 fashion collection):Nike/RTFKT CloneX Mintvial ($1,751) Largest Avg. ROI in 2023 (Web3 fashion collection): A Kid Called Beast ($684) The "A Kid Called Beast" (AKCB) collection has emerged as a standout in the 2023 Web3 fashion sector. This collection features 9,999 unique, 3D characters that are ready for augmented reality, hosted on the Ethereum blockchain. Each character belongs to one of 20 distinct "beasthoods," symbolizing various personality traits and emphasizing the collection's focus on fashion and cultural representation. Gaining traction on platforms like OpenSea, AKCB's innovative approach to distribution and its strong identity as a Web3 brand have been pivotal in fostering a robust community around these digital collectibles. Secondary Volume in 2023 (Web2 vs. Web3 Fashion) We can see that Web2 brands dominated the fashion NFT volume in 2023. This dominance was evident not only in the absolute volume of transactions but also in the average volume per collection. The data analyzed included 46 Web2 and 31 Web3 NFT collections, representing an 11% difference in the number of collections. However, the disparity in volume was far more significant, with a 106% higher volume for Web2 brands compared to their Web3 counterparts. This substantial difference underscores the prevailing influence of Web2 entities in the fashion NFT space. Secondary Volume in 2023 (All Web2 brands) When it comes to Web2 brand volume in 2023 (including non-fashion NFTs), DraftKings and Nike/RTFKT have established a clear lead over their competitors. Their performance notably overshadowed even the highly publicized Starbucks collection. It's important to acknowledge that both DraftKings and Nike/RTFKT bene ted from having a substantial supply of collections, a factor that likely contributed to their dominant positions in the market. Brand Primary Volume (Web2 Fashion) Nike is not only leading in secondary volume but primary (or mint) volume as well. Phygital Fashion Secondary Volume in 2023 (Web2 & Web3 Fashion) Nike/RTFKT is also the leader in phygital NFT secondary volume having three of their collections in the top 5. The most noteworthy is their Clone X Forging SZN 1, which saw 45.4K items forged, making it the largest phygital collection to date in terms of both volume and size. Additionally, their collaboration with RIMOWA for a phygital luggage collection ranked third in volume. The innovative cIRL sneakers, equipped with Wear to Earn functionality, placed fourth. 10KTF, a Web3 native brand, also made its mark in the top 5 with their Kagami phygital digital displays linked to their parent PFP collection. Meanwhile, PUMA's Materializer, an NFT representing a physical pair of shoes claimable in 2023, topped off the list. Highest Royalties in 2023 (All Web2 Brands): DraftKings ($25.1M) DraftKings had the highest Web2 royalties despite having the second largest volume, mainly due to their 10% marketplace fee. Highest Royalties in 2023 (Web3 Fashion): A Kid Called Beast ($1.8M) Want to Read More? Go to , to read how you can access the full report including Web3 user insights. https://thenakedcollector.substack.com/p/2023-recap-2023-2024-data-based-web3 Disclaimer The data in this report was generated directly by me through SQL queries on the Flipside Crypto platform This report is for informational purposes only. The information is as of its publication date and may change without notice. The publisher accepts no liability for any actions taken on the basis of the information provided. You are encouraged to share this report with others! The only request is to attribute the work to the author, The Naked Collector, in any sharing or reproduction of this material. When sharing digitally, please tag The Naked Collector or reference this work by citing the author properly. This report promotes the respectful exchange of information and acknowledges the hard work and expertise that went into creating this report. Thank you for your cooperation and understanding. Also published . here

And the Web3 Award Goes To...

এবং Web3 অ্যাওয়ার্ড যায়...

Und der Web3 Award geht an...

Y el premio Web3 es para...

Et le prix Web3 est décerné à...

और Web3 पुरस्कार जाता है...

そしてWeb3賞は…

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This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Shanshan Han & Qifan Zhang, UCI; (2) Wenxuan Wu, Texas A&M University; (3) Baturalp Buyukates, Yuhang Yao & Weizhao Jin, USC; (4) Salman Avestimehr, USC & FedML. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Problem Setting The Proposed Two-Stages Anomaly Detection Verifiable Anomaly Detection using ZKP Evaluations Related Works Conclusion & References 7 CONCLUSION We present a cutting-edge anomaly detection technique specifically designed for the real-world FL systems. Our approach utilizes an early cross-round check that activates subsequent anomaly detection exclusively in the presence of attacks. When attacks happen, our approach removes anomaly client models efficiently, ensuring that the local models submitted by benign clients remain unaffected. Further, by leveraging ZKPs, participating clients get to verify the integrity of the anomaly detection and removal performed by the server. The practical design and the inherent efficiency of our approach make it well-suited for real-world FL systems. Our plans for future works include extending our approach to asynchronous FL and vertical FL scenarios. REFERENCES T. Aoki. On the stability of the linear transformation in banach spaces. Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan, 2(1-2):64–66, 1950. E. Bagdasaryan, A. Veit, Y. Hua, D. Estrin, and V. Shmatikov. How to backdoor federated learning. In AISTATS, 2020a. Eugene Bagdasaryan, Andreas Veit, Yiqing Hua, Deborah Estrin, and Vitaly Shmatikov. How to backdoor federated learning. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 2938–2948. PMLR, 2020b. Arjun Nitin Bhagoji, Supriyo Chakraborty, Prateek Mittal, and Seraphin Calo. Analyzing federated learning through an adversarial lens. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 634– 643. PMLR, 2019. P. Blanchard, E. M. El Mhamdi, R. Guerraoui, and J. Stainer. Machine learning with adversaries: Byzantine tolerant gradient descent. In NeurIPS, 2017. David Byrd and Antigoni Polychroniadou. Differentially private secure multi-party computation for federated learning in financial applications. In Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, pp. 1–9, 2020. Sebastian Caldas, Sai Meher Karthik Duddu, Peter Wu, Tian Li, Jakub Konecnˇ y, H Brendan McMa- ` han, Virginia Smith, and Ameet Talwalkar. Leaf: A benchmark for federated settings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.01097, 2018. Xiaoyu Cao and Neil Zhenqiang Gong. Mpaf: Model poisoning attacks to federated learning based on fake clients. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3396–3404, 2022. Xiaoyu Cao and Neil Zhenqiang Gong. Mpaf: Model poisoning attacks to federated learning based on fake clients. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3396–3404, 2022. 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Implementation of fldetector. https://github.com/zaixizhang/FLDetector, 2022a. Zaixi Zhang, Xiaoyu Cao, Jinyuan Jia, and Neil Zhenqiang Gong. Fldetector: Defending federated learning against model poisoning attacks via detecting malicious clients. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 2545–2555, 2022b. Zhengming Zhang, Ashwinee Panda, Linyue Song, Yaoqing Yang, Michael W. Mahoney, Joseph Gonzalez, Kannan Ramchandran, and Prateek Mittal. Neurotoxin: Durable backdoors in federated learning. In International Conference on Machine Learning, 2022c. URL https: //api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249889464. A APPENDIX A.1 PROOF OF THE RANGE OF PPV B ZKP IMPLEMENTATION B.1 CHOICE OF THE ZKP SYSTEM In our implementation, we use the Groth16 (Groth, 2016) zkSNARK scheme implemented in the Circom library (Circom Contributors, 2022) for all the computations described above. We chose this ZKP scheme because its construction ensures constant proof size (128 bytes) and constant verification time. Because of this, Groth16 is popular for blockchain application due to small on-chain computation. There are other ZKP schemes based on different construction that can achieve faster prover time (Liu et al., 2021), but the proof size is too big and verification time is not constant, which is a problem if verifier lacks computational power. The construction of a ZKP scheme that is efficient for both prover and verifier is still an open research direction. B.2 SUPPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS FOR IMPORTANCE LAYER

Zero-Knowledge-Proof-Based Anomaly Detection: Conclusion & References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Shanshan Han & Qifan Zhang, UCI; (2) Wenxuan Wu, Texas A&M University; (3) Baturalp Buyukates, Yuhang Yao & Weizhao Jin, USC; (4) Salman Avestimehr, USC & FedML. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Problem Setting The Proposed Two-Stages Anomaly Detection Verifiable Anomaly Detection using ZKP Evaluations Related Works Conclusion & References ABSTRACT Federated learning (FL) systems are vulnerable to malicious clients that submit poisoned local models to achieve their adversarial goals, such as preventing the convergence of the global model or inducing the global model to misclassify some data. Many existing defense mechanisms are impractical in real-world FL systems, as they require prior knowledge of the number of malicious clients or rely on re-weighting or modifying submissions. This is because adversaries typically do not announce their intentions before attacking, and re-weighting might change aggregation results even in the absence of attacks. To address these challenges in real FL systems, this paper introduces a cutting-edge anomaly detection approach with the following features: i) Detecting the occurrence of attacks and performing defense operations only when attacks happen; ii) Upon the occurrence of an attack, further detecting the malicious client models and eliminating them without harming the benign ones; iii) Ensuring honest execution of defense mechanisms at the server by leveraging a zero-knowledge proof mechanism. We validate the superior performance of the proposed approach with extensive experiments. 1 INTRODUCTION Federated Learning (FL) (McMahan et al., 2017a) enables clients to collaboratively train machine learning models without sharing their local data with other parties, maintaining the privacy and security of their local data. Due to its privacy-preserving nature, FL has attracted considerable attention across various domains and has been utilized in numerous areas (Hard et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019; Ramaswamy et al., 2019; Leroy et al., 2019; Byrd & Polychroniadou, 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2022). However, even though FL does not require sharing raw data with others, its decentralized and collaborative nature inadvertently introduces privacy and security vulnerabilities (Cao & Gong, 2022; Bhagoji et al., 2019; Lam et al., 2021; Jin et al., 2021; Tomsett et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2017; Tolpegin et al., 2020; Kariyappa et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022c). Malicious clients in FL systems can harm training by submitting spurious models to disrupt the global model from converging (Fang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2017), or planting backdoors to induce the global model to perform wrongly for certain samples (Bagdasaryan et al., 2020b;a; Wang et al., 2020). Existing literature on robust learning and mitigation of adversarial behaviors includes Blanchard et al. (2017); Yang et al. (2019); Fung et al. (2020); Pillutla et al. (2022); He et al. (2022); Cao et al. (2022); Karimireddy et al. (2020); Sun et al. (2019); Fu et al. (2019); Ozdayi et al. (2021); Sun et al. (2021), etc. These approaches exhibit shortcomings, making them less suitable for real FL systems. Some of these strategies require prior knowledge about the number of malicious clients within the FL system (Blanchard et al., 2017), even though in practice an adversary would not notify the system before attacking. Also, some of these methods mitigate impacts of potential malicious client submissions by re-weighting the local models (Fung et al., 2020), retaining only several local models that are most likely to be benign while removing others (Blanchard et al., 2017), or modifying the aggregation function (Pillutla et al., 2022). These methods have the potential to unintentionally alter the aggregation results in the absence of deliberate attacks, considering attacks happen infrequently in real-world scenarios. While the defense mechanisms can mitigate the impact of potential attacks, they can inadvertently compromise the result quality when applied to benign cases. Moreover, existing defense mechanisms are deployed at the FL server without any verification procedures to ensure their correct execution. While most of the clients are benign and wish to collaboratively train machine learning models, they can also be skeptic about the server’s reliability due to the execution of the defense mechanisms that modify the original aggregation procedure. Thus, a successful anomaly detection approach should simultaneously satisfy the following: i) It should be able to detect the occurrence of attacks and exclusively handle the cases when attacks happen. ii) If an attack is detected, the strategy must further detect malicious client submissions and accordingly mitigate (or eliminate) their adversarial impacts without harming the benign client models. iii) There should be a robust mechanism to corroborate the honest execution of defense mechanisms. In this work, we propose a novel anomaly detection mechanism that is specifically tailored to address genuine challenges faced by real-world FL systems. Our approach follows a two-stage scheme at the server to filter out malicious client submissions before aggregation. It initiates with a crossround check based on some cache called “reference models” to determine whether any attacks have occurred. In case of attacks, a subsequent cross-client detection is executed to eliminate malicious clients models without harming the benign client models. Meanwhile, the reference models in the cache is renewed. We provide an overview in Figure 1. Our contributions are summarized as follows: Our strategy is equipped with an initial cross-round check to detect the occurrence of potential attacks, ensuring that defensive methods are only activated in response to the presence of attacks, thereby maintaining the sanctity of the process in attack-free scenarios. ) Proactive attack detection. i By coupling the cross-round check with a subsequent crossclient detection, our approach efficiently eliminates malicious client submissions without harming the benign local submissions. ) Enhanced anomaly detection. ii Our method operates effectively without any prerequisites such as data distribution or the number of malicious clients. Such autonomous nature ensures widespread applicability and adaptability of our approach across different FL tasks, regardless of the data distribution and the selection of models. ) Autonomy from prior knowledge. iii Incorporating Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) (Goldwasser et al., 1989) methodologies, our approach guarantees that the elimination of malicious client models is executed correctly, ensuring that clients can place trust in the defense mechanism in the FL system. ) Rigorous verification protocol. iv

A Zero-Knowledge Anomaly Detection Approach for Robust Federated Learning

শক্তিশালী ফেডারেটেড লার্নিংয়ের জন্য একটি শূন্য-জ্ঞান অসঙ্গতি সনাক্তকরণ পদ্ধতি

Ein wissensfreier Anomalieerkennungsansatz für robustes föderiertes Lernen

Un enfoque de detección de anomalías sin conocimiento para un aprendizaje federado sólido

Une approche de détection des anomalies sans connaissance pour un apprentissage fédéré robuste

मजबूत फ़ेडरेटेड लर्निंग के लिए एक शून्य-ज्ञान विसंगति का पता लगाने का दृष्टिकोण

堅牢なフェデレーテッド ラーニングのためのゼロ知識異常検出アプローチ

강력한 연합 학습을 위한 영지식 이상 탐지 접근 방식

Uma abordagem de detecção de anomalias de conhecimento zero para aprendizagem federada robusta

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Phương pháp phát hiện bất thường không có kiến thức để học tập liên kết mạnh mẽ

用于鲁棒联邦学习的零知识异常检测方法

295 Stories To Learn About Cryptocurrency

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. . Authors: Gemini Team, Google Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Model Architecture Training Infrastructure Training Dataset Evaluation Responsible Deployment Discussion and Conclusion, References Contributions and Acknowledgments Appendix 8. Contributions and Acknowledgments Leads Rohan Anil, Co-Lead, Text Sebastian Borgeaud, Co-Lead, Text Yonghui Wu, Co-Lead, Text Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Co-Lead, MM Vision Jiahui Yu, Co-Lead, MM Vision Radu Soricut*, Co-Lead, MM Vision* Johan Schalkwyk, Lead, MM Audio Andrew M. Dai, Co-Lead, Data Anja Hauth*, Co-Lead, Data* Katie Millican, Co-Lead, Data David Silver, Co-Lead, Fine-Tuning Slav Petrov, Co-Lead, Fine-Tuning Melvin Johnson, Lead, Instruction Tuning Ioannis Antonoglou*, Co-Lead, RL Techniques* Julian Schrittwieser, Co-Lead, RL Techniques Amelia Glaese, Lead, Human Data Jilin Chen, Lead, Safety Emily Pitler, Co-Lead, Tool Use Timothy Lillicrap, Co-Lead, Tool Use Angeliki Lazaridou, Co-Lead, Eval Orhan Firat, Co-Lead, Eval James Molloy, Co-Lead, Infra Michael Isard, Co-Lead, Infra Paul R. Barham, Co-Lead, Infra Tom Hennigan, Co-Lead, Infra Benjamin Lee, Co-Lead, Codebase & Parallelism Fabio Viola, Co-Lead, Codebase & Parallelism Malcolm Reynolds, Co-Lead, Codebase & Parallelism Yuanzhong Xu, Co-Lead, Codebase & Parallelism Ryan Doherty, Lead, Ecosystem Eli Collins, Lead, Product Clemens Meyer, Co-Lead, Operations Eliza Rutherford, Co-Lead, Operations Erica Moreira, Co-Lead, Operations Kareem Ayoub, Co-Lead, Operations Megha Goel, Co-Lead, Operations Core Contributors George Tucker Enrique Piqueras Maxim Krikun Iain Barr Nikolay Savinov Ivo Danihelka Becca Roelofs Core Contributors Anaïs White Anders Andreassen Tamara von Glehn Lakshman Yagati Mehran Kazemi Lucas Gonzalez Misha Khalman Jakub Sygnowski Alexandre Frechette Charlotte Smith Laura Culp Lev Proleev Yi Luan Xi Chen James Lottes Nathan Schucher Federico Lebron Alban Rrustemi Natalie Clay Phil Crone Tomas Kocisky Jeffrey Zhao Bartek Perz Dian Yu Heidi Howard Adam Bloniarz Jack W. Rae Han Lu Laurent Sifre Marcello Maggioni Fred Alcober Dan Garrette Megan Barnes Shantanu Thakoor Jacob Austin Gabriel Barth-Maron William Wong Rishabh Joshi Rahma Chaabouni Deeni Fatiha Arun Ahuja Ruibo Liu Yunxuan Li Sarah Cogan Jeremy Chen Core Contributors Chao Jia Chenjie Gu Qiao Zhang Jordan Grimstad Ale Jakse Hartman Martin Chadwick Gaurav Singh Tomar Xavier Garcia Evan Senter Emanuel Taropa Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai Jacob Devlin Michael Laskin Diego de Las Casas Dasha Valter Connie Tao Lorenzo Blanco Adrià Puigdomènech Badia David Reitter Mianna Chen Jenny Brennan Clara Rivera Sergey Brin Shariq Iqbal Gabriela Surita Jane Labanowski Abhi Rao Stephanie Winkler Emilio Parisotto Yiming Gu Kate Olszewska Yujing Zhang Ravi Addanki Antoine Miech Annie Louis Laurent El Shafey Denis Teplyashin Geoff Brown Elliot Catt Nithya Attaluri Jan Balaguer Jackie Xiang Pidong Wang Zoe Ashwood Anton Briukhov Albert Webson Sanjay Ganapathy Smit Sanghavi Core Contributors Ajay Kannan Ming-Wei Chang Axel Stjerngren Josip Djolonga Yuting Sun Ankur Bapna Matthew Aitchison Pedram Pejman Henryk Michalewski Tianhe Yu Cindy Wang Juliette Love Junwhan Ahn Dawn Bloxwich Kehang Han Peter Humphreys Thibault Sellam James Bradbury Varun Godbole Sina Samangooei Bogdan Damoc Alex Kaskasoli Sébastien M. R. Arnold Vijay Vasudevan Shubham Agrawal Jason Riesa Dmitry Lepikhin Richard Tanburn Srivatsan Srinivasan Hyeontaek Lim Sarah Hodkinson Pranav Shyam Johan Ferret Steven Hand Ankush Garg Tom Le Paine Jian Li Yujia Li Minh Giang Alexander Neitz Zaheer Abbas Sarah York Machel Reid Elizabeth Cole Aakanksha Chowdhery Dipanjan Das Dominika Rogozińska Vitaly Nikolaev Core Contributors Pablo Sprechmann Zachary Nado Lukas Zilka Flavien Prost Luheng He Marianne Monteiro Gaurav Mishra Chris Welty Josh Newlan Dawei Jia Miltiadis Allamanis Clara Huiyi Hu Raoul de Liedekerke Justin Gilmer Carl Saroufim Shruti Rijhwani Shaobo Hou Disha Shrivastava Anirudh Baddepudi Alex Goldin Adnan Ozturel Albin Cassirer Yunhan Xu Daniel Sohn Devendra Sachan Reinald Kim Amplayo Craig Swanson Dessie Petrova Shashi Narayan Arthur Guez Siddhartha Brahma Jessica Landon Miteyan Patel Ruizhe Zhao Kevin Villela Luyu Wang Wenhao Jia Matthew Rahtz Mai Giménez Legg Yeung Hanzhao Lin James Keeling Petko Georgiev Diana Mincu Boxi Wu Salem Haykal Rachel Saputro Kiran Vodrahalli Core Contributors James Qin Zeynep Cankara Abhanshu Sharma Nick Fernando Will Hawkins Behnam Neyshabur Solomon Kim Adrian Hutter Priyanka Agrawal Alex Castro-Ros George van den Driessche Tao Wang Fan Yang Shuo-yiin Chang Paul Komarek Ross McIlroy Mario Lučić Guodong Zhang Wael Farhan Michael Sharman Paul Natsev Paul Michel Yong Cheng Yamini Bansal Siyuan Qiao Kris Cao Siamak Shakeri Christina Butterfield Justin Chung Paul Kishan Rubenstein Shivani Agrawal Arthur Mensch Kedar Soparkar Karel Lenc Timothy Chung Aedan Pope Loren Maggiore Jackie Kay Priya Jhakra Shibo Wang Joshua Maynez Mary Phuong Taylor Tobin Andrea Tacchetti Maja Trebacz Kevin Robinson Yash Katariya Sebastian Riedel Core Contributors Paige Bailey Kefan Xiao Nimesh Ghelani Lora Aroyo Ambrose Slone Neil Houlsby Xuehan Xiong Zhen Yang Elena Gribovskaya Jonas Adler Mateo Wirth Lisa Lee Music Li Thais Kagohara Jay Pavagadhi Sophie Bridgers Anna Bortsova Sanjay Ghemawat Zafarali Ahmed Tianqi Liu Richard Powell Vijay Bolina Mariko Iinuma Polina Zablotskaia James Besley Da-Woon Chung Timothy Dozat Ramona Comanescu Xiance Si Jeremy Greer Guolong Su Martin Polacek Raphaël Lopez Kaufman Simon Tokumine Hexiang Hu Elena Buchatskaya Yingjie Miao Mohamed Elhawaty Aditya Siddhant Nenad Tomasev Jinwei Xing Christina Greer Helen Miller Shereen Ashraf Aurko Roy Zizhao Zhang Ada Ma Angelos Filos Core Contributors Milos Besta Rory Blevins Ted Klimenko Chih-Kuan Yeh Soravit Changpinyo Jiaqi Mu Oscar Chang Mantas Pajarskas Carrie Muir Vered Cohen Charline Le Lan Krishna Haridasan Amit Marathe Steven Hansen Sholto Douglas Rajkumar Samuel Mingqiu Wang Sophia Austin Chang Lan Jiepu Jiang Justin Chiu Jaime Alonso Lorenzo Lars Lowe Sjösund Sébastien Cevey Zach Gleicher Thi Avrahami Anudhyan Boral Hansa Srinivasan Vittorio Selo Rhys May Konstantinos Aisopos Léonard Hussenot Livio Baldini Soares Kate Baumli Michael B. Chang Adrià Recasens Ben Caine Alexander Pritzel Filip Pavetic Fabio Pardo Anita Gergely Justin Frye Vinay Ramasesh Dan Horgan Kartikeya Badola Nora Kassner Subhrajit Roy Ethan Dyer Core Contributors Víctor Campos Alex Tomala Yunhao Tang Dalia El Badawy Elspeth White Basil Mustafa Oran Lang Abhishek Jindal Sharad Vikram Zhitao Gong Sergi Caelles Ross Hemsley Gregory Thornton Fangxiaoyu Feng Wojciech Stokowiec Ce Zheng Phoebe Thacker Çağlar Ünlü Zhishuai Zhang Mohammad Saleh James Svensson Max Bileschi Piyush Patil Ankesh Anand Roman Ring Katerina Tsihlas Arpi Vezer Marco Selvi Toby Shevlane Mikel Rodriguez Tom Kwiatkowski Samira Daruki Keran Rong Allan Dafoe Nicholas FitzGerald Keren Gu-Lemberg Mina Khan Lisa Anne Hendricks Marie Pellat Vladimir Feinberg James Cobon-Kerr Tara Sainath Maribeth Rauh Sayed Hadi Hashemi Richard Ives Yana Hasson YaGuang Li Eric Noland Core Contributors Yuan Cao Nathan Byrd Le Hou Qingze Wang Thibault Sottiaux Michela Paganini Jean-Baptiste Lespiau Alexandre Moufarek Samer Hassan Kaushik Shivakumar Joost van Amersfoort Amol Mandhane Pratik Joshi Anirudh Goyal Matthew Tung Andrew Brock Hannah Sheahan Vedant Misra Cheng Li Nemanja Rakićević Mostafa Dehghani Fangyu Liu Sid Mittal Junhyuk Oh Seb Noury Eren Sezener Fantine Huot Matthew Lamm Nicola De Cao Charlie Chen Contributors Gamaleldin Elsayed Ed Chi Mahdis Mahdieh Ian Tenney Nan Hua Ivan Petrychenko Patrick Kane Dylan Scandinaro Rishub Jain Jonathan Uesato Romina Datta Adam Sadovsky Oskar Bunyan Dominik Rabiej Shimu Wu John Zhang Contributors Gautam Vasudevan Edouard Leurent Mahmoud Alnahlawi Ionut Georgescu Nan Wei Ivy Zheng Betty Chan Pam G Rabinovitch Piotr Stanczyk Ye Zhang David Steiner Subhajit Naskar Michael Azzam Matthew Johnson Adam Paszke Chung-Cheng Chiu Jaume Sanchez Elias Afroz Mohiuddin Faizan Muhammad Jin Miao Andrew Lee Nino Vieillard Sahitya Potluri Jane Park Elnaz Davoodi Jiageng Zhang Jeff Stanway Drew Garmon Abhijit Karmarkar Zhe Dong Jong Lee Aviral Kumar Luowei Zhou Jonathan Evens William Isaac Zhe Chen Johnson Jia Anselm Levskaya Zhenkai Zhu Chris Gorgolewski Peter Grabowski Yu Mao Alberto Magni Kaisheng Yao Javier Snaider Norman Casagrande Paul Suganthan Evan Palmer Contributors Geoffrey Irving Edward Loper Manaal Faruqui Isha Arkatkar Nanxin Chen Izhak Shafran Michael Fink Alfonso Castaño Irene Giannoumis Wooyeol Kim Mikołaj Rybiński Ashwin Sreevatsa Jennifer Prendki David Soergel Adrian Goedeckemeyer Willi Gierke Mohsen Jafari Meenu Gaba Jeremy Wiesner Diana Gage Wright Yawen Wei Harsha Vashisht Yana Kulizhskaya Jay Hoover Maigo Le Lu Li Chimezie Iwuanyanwu Lu Liu Kevin Ramirez Andrey Khorlin Albert Cui Tian LIN Marin Georgiev Marcus Wu Ricardo Aguilar Keith Pallo Abhishek Chakladar Alena Repina Xihui Wu Tom van der Weide Priya Ponnapalli Caroline Kaplan Jiri Simsa Shuangfeng Li Olivier Dousse Fan Yang Jeff Piper Nathan Ie Contributors Minnie Lui Rama Pasumarthi Nathan Lintz Anitha Vijayakumar Lam Nguyen Thiet Daniel Andor Pedro Valenzuela Cosmin Paduraru Daiyi Peng Katherine Lee Shuyuan Zhang Somer Greene Duc Dung Nguyen Paula Kurylowicz Sarmishta Velury Sebastian Krause Cassidy Hardin Lucas Dixon Lili Janzer Kiam Choo Ziqiang Feng Biao Zhang Achintya Singhal Tejasi Latkar Mingyang Zhang Quoc Le Elena Allica Abellan Dayou Du Dan McKinnon Natasha Antropova Tolga Bolukbasi Orgad Keller David Reid Daniel Finchelstein Maria Abi Raad Remi Crocker Peter Hawkins Robert Dadashi Colin Gaffney Sid Lall Ken Franko Egor Filonov Anna Bulanova Rémi Leblond Vikas Yadav Shirley Chung Harry Askham Luis C. Cobo Contributors Kelvin Xu Felix Fischer Jun Xu Christina Sorokin Chris Alberti Chu-Cheng Lin Colin Evans Hao Zhou Alek Dimitriev Hannah Forbes Dylan Banarse Zora Tung Jeremiah Liu Mark Omernick Colton Bishop Chintu Kumar Rachel Sterneck Ryan Foley Rohan Jain Swaroop Mishra Jiawei Xia Taylor Bos Geoffrey Cideron Ehsan Amid Francesco Piccinno Xingyu Wang Praseem Banzal Petru Gurita Hila Noga Premal Shah Daniel J. 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Choquette-Choo Yunjie Li TJ Lu Abe Ittycheriah Prakash Shroff Pei Sun Mani Varadarajan Sanaz Bahargam Rob Willoughby David Gaddy Ishita Dasgupta Guillaume Desjardins Marco Cornero Brona Robenek Bhavishya Mittal Ben Albrecht Ashish Shenoy Fedor Moiseev Henrik Jacobsson Alireza Ghaffarkhah Morgane Rivière Alanna Walton Clément Crepy Alicia Parrish Contributors Yuan Liu Zongwei Zhou Clement Farabet Carey Radebaugh Praveen Srinivasan Claudia van der Salm Andreas Fidjeland Salvatore Scellato Eri Latorre-Chimoto Hanna Klimczak-Plucińska David Bridson Dario de Cesare Tom Hudson Piermaria Mendolicchio Lexi Walker Alex Morris Ivo Penchev Matthew Mauger Alexey Guseynov Alison Reid Seth Odoom Lucia Loher Victor Cotruta Madhavi Yenugula Dominik Grewe Anastasia Petrushkina Tom Duerig Antonio Sanchez Steve Yadlowsky Amy Shen Amir Globerson Adam Kurzrok Lynette Webb Sahil Dua Dong Li Preethi Lahoti Surya Bhupatiraju Dan Hurt Haroon Qureshi Ananth Agarwal Tomer Shani Matan Eyal Anuj Khare Shreyas Rammohan Belle Lei Wang Chetan Tekur Mihir Sanjay Kale Jinliang Wei Contributors Ruoxin Sang Brennan Saeta Tyler Liechty Yi Sun Yao Zhao Stephan Lee Pandu Nayak Doug Fritz Manish Reddy Vuyyuru John Aslanides Nidhi Vyas Martin Wicke Xiao Ma Taylan Bilal Evgenii Eltyshev Daniel Balle Nina Martin Hardie Cate James Manyika Keyvan Amiri Yelin Kim Xi Xiong Kai Kang Florian Luisier Nilesh Tripuraneni David Madras Mandy Guo Austin Waters Oliver Wang Joshua Ainslie Jason Baldridge Han Zhang Garima Pruthi Jakob Bauer Feng Yang Riham Mansour Jason Gelman Yang Xu George Polovets Ji Liu Honglong Cai Warren Chen XiangHai Sheng Emily Xue Sherjil Ozair Adams Yu Christof Angermueller Contributors Xiaowei Li Weiren Wang Julia Wiesinger Emmanouil Koukoumidis Yuan Tian Anand Iyer Madhu Gurumurthy Mark Goldenson Parashar Shah MK Blake Hongkun Yu Anthony Urbanowicz Jennimaria Palomaki Chrisantha Fernando Kevin Brooks Ken Durden Harsh Mehta Nikola Momchev Elahe Rahimtoroghi Maria Georgaki Amit Raul Sebastian Ruder Morgan Redshaw Jinhyuk Lee Komal Jalan Dinghua Li Ginger Perng Blake Hechtman Parker Schuh Milad Nasr Mia Chen Kieran Milan Vladimir Mikulik Trevor Strohman Juliana Franco Tim Green Program Leads Demis Hassabis Koray Kavukcuoglu Overall Technical Leads (equal contribution) Jeffrey Dean Oriol Vinyals The roles are defined as below: • : Individual(s) responsible for the sub-team throughout the project. Lead Individual that had significant impact throughout the project. • Core Contributor: : Individual that had contributions to the project and was partially involved with the effort. • Contributor Responsible for the organizational aspects of the Gemini effort • Program Lead: Responsible for the technical direction of the overall Gemini effort • Overall Technical Lead: Within each role, contributions are equal, and are listed in a randomized order. Ordering within each role does not indicate ordering of the contributions. Gemini is a cross-Google effort, with members from Google DeepMind (GDM), Google Research (GR), Knowledge and Information (K&I), Core ML, Cloud, Labs, and more. We thank our reviewers and colleagues for their valuable discussions and feedback on the report— Alexandra Belias, Arielle Bier, Eleanor Tomlinson, Emily Hossellman, Gaby Pearl, Helen King, Hollie Dobson, Jaclyn Konzelmann, Jennifer Beroshi, Joel Moss, Jon Small, Jonathan Fildes, Oli Gaymond, Rebecca Bland, Reena Jana, and Tom Lue. Our work is made possible by the dedication and efforts of numerous teams at Google. We would like to acknowledge the support from Abhi Mohan, Adekunle Bello, Aishwarya Nagarajan, Alaa Saade, Alejandro Lince, Alexander Chen, Alexander Kolbasov, Alexander Schiffhauer, Amar Subramanya, Ameya Shringi, Amin Vahdat, Anda Rabatić, Anthonie Gross, Antoine Yang, Anthony Green, Anton Ruddock, Art Khurshudov, Artemis Chen, Arthur Argenson, Avinatan Hassidim, Beiye Liu, Benjamin Schroeder, Bin Ni, Brett Daw, Bryan Chiang, Burak Gokturk, Carl Crous, Carrie Grimes Bostock, Charbel Kaed, Charlotte Banks, Che Diaz, Chris Larkin, Christy Lian, Claire Cui, Clare Bycroft, Corentin Tallec, Daniel Herndon, Dave Burke, David Battle, David Engel, Dipannita Shaw, Donghyun Koo, Doug Ritchie, Dragos Stefanescu, Elissa Wolf, Emre Sargin, Eran Ofek, Eric Herren, Estella King, Fatema Alkhanaizi, Felix Gimeno, Fernando Pereira, Florent Altché, Gabriel Carvajal, Gaurav Gandhi, George Powell, Goran Pavičić, Harry Richardson, Hassan Wassel, Hongji Li, Idan Szpektor, Igor Ivanisevic, Ivan Jambrešić, Ivan Jurin, Jade Fowler, James Assiene, Jay Yagnik, Jeanbastien Grill, Jeff Seibert, Jenna LaPlante, Jessica Austin, Jianxing Lu, Jim O’Keeffe, Jin Huang, Joe Heyward, Johannes Welbl, John Jumper, Jonathan Caton, Josh Woodward, Joshua Foster, Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool, Katrina Wong, Kavya Kopparapu, Kelvin Nguyen, Kira Yin, Konstantin Sharlaimov, Kun Li, Lee Hong, Lilly Taylor, Longfei Shen, Luc Mercier, Maciej Mikuła, Mania Abdi, Manuel Sanchez, Maria Ines Aranguren, Mario Carlos Cortes III, Matthew Tait, Matthias Lochbrunner, Mehdi Ghissassi, Micah Mosley, Michael Bendersky, Michael Figurnov, Michael Harris, Michael Mathieu, Michael O’Neill, Michael Vorburger, Mihir Paradkar, Nandita Dukkipati, Nathan Carter, Nathan Watson, Neil Rabinowitz, Nikhil Dandekar, Nishant Ranka, Obaid Sarvana, Olcan Sercinoglu, Olivier Lacombe, Ottavia Bertolli, Paul Caron, Pranesh Srinivasan, Praveen Kumar, Rahul Sukthankar, Raia Hadsell, Rajagopal Ananthanarayanan, Roberto Lupi, Rosie Zou, Sachin Menezes, Sadegh Jazayeri, Sam Cheung, Sameer Bidichandani, Sania Alex, Sanjiv Kumar, Sara Wiltberger, Sarah Fitzgerald, Saz Basu, Sebastian Nowozin, Shannon Hepburn, Shayne Cardwell, Sissie Hsiao, Srinivasan Venkatachary, Sugato Basu, Sundar Pichai, Sundeep Tirumalareddy, Susannah Young, Swetha Vijayaraghavan, Tania Bedrax-Weiss, Taylor Applebaum, Teiva Harsanyi, Terry Chen, Tim Blyth, Ting Liu, Tom Cobley, Tomas Izo, Trystan Upstill, Varun Singhai, Vedrana Klarić Trupčević, Victor Cai, Vladimir Pudovkin, Vu Dang, Wenbo Zhao, Wesley Crow, Wesley Szeng, Xiaodan Song, Yazhou Zu, Ye Tian, Yicong Wang, Yixing Wang, Yossi Matias, Yunlong Jiao, Zachary Jessup, Zhenchuan Pang, Žiga Avsec, Zimeng Yang, and Zoubin Ghahramani. We’d also like to recognize the AlphaCode team, the Borg Scheduling team, the Facilities team, the Gemini Demo Team, the Global Server Ops (GSO) team, the JAX team, the the Legal team, ML SRE team, the ML Supercomputer (MLSC) team, the PartIR team, the Platforms Infrastructure Engineering (PIE) team, and the XLA Compiler team. We thank everyone at Google not explicitly mentioned above, who have shared excitement, given feedback on early Gemini models or created interesting demo uses of Gemini, and worked with or supported the core Gemini team on many aspects of this project.

Gemini -  A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models: Contributions and Acknowledgments

230 Stories To Learn About Blockchain

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE PRODUCTION OF FIRE. here THE PRODUCTION OF FIRE. In 1867 the Abbé Bourgeois found at Thenay, near Pont-levoy (Loir-et-Cher), in a marly bank belonging to the most ancient part of the middle Tertiary formation, fragments of silex which bore traces of the action of fire. This fire had not been lighted by accidental causes, for, says Mr. DeMortillet ( , p. 90), the causes of instantaneous conflagrations can be only volcanic fires, fermentations, and lightning. "Now, in the entire region there is no trace of volcanic action, and neither are there any traces of turfy or vegetable deposits capable of giving rise to spontaneous inflammations--phenomena that are always very rare and very exceptional, as are also conflagrations started by lightning. Well, in the Thenay marls, the pieces of silex that had undergone the action of fire were found disseminated at different levels, and this could not have been a simple accident, but was evidently something that had been done intentionally. There existed, then, during the Aquitanian epoch, a being who was acquainted with fire and knew how to produce it." Le Prehistorique Mr. De Mortillet supposes that this being was an animal intermediate between man and the monkey, which he calls the . anthropopithecus This precursor of man made use of fire for splitting silex and manufacturing from it instruments whose cutting edge he perfected by means of a series of retouchings produced by slight percussions upon one of the surfaces only. I shall not enter in this place upon a discussion as to the existence of an anthropopithecus or Tertiary man, whom every one does not as yet accept, but will confine myself to giving the facts as to the use of fire in the remotest epochs, incontestable proofs of which exist from the time at which Quaternary man made his appearance. How this was discovered is indicated, according to Aryan tradition, by the Vedic hymns. The ancestors of the Aryans, these tell us, had seen the lighting dart forth from the shock of black clouds. They had seen the spark that fired the forests issue from the friction of dry branches agitated by the storm. They took a branch of soft wood, , and passing a thong around a branch of hard wood, , they caused it to revolve rapidly in a cavity in the , and thus evoked the god , whom they nourished with libations of clarified butter, . arani pramontha arani Agni soma The , became the of the Greeks, the Titan who stole the fire, and it is from the Sanscrit that is derived the Latin , "fire," and the Greek Αγνος, "pure," and the of the Christians, who purifies all. Pramontha Prometheus Agni Ignis Agnus Dei Orientalists generally agree that the sign which is seen under the forms , , or , on a large number of objects of Aryan origin is a sort of sacred hieroglyphic, representing the or , formed of two pieces of soft wood fixed by four pins in such a way as not to revolve under the pressure of the Pramontha. arani svastika This process of producing fire is also found among a host of more or less savage peoples, and especially in India, where, during the last month of the great feast of sacrifices, the sacred fire must always be kindled three hundred and sixty times a day with nine different kinds of wood that are prescribed by the rite. Fig. 1 shows the arrangement in use among the Eskimos, and Fig. 2 that employed by the Indians of North America. In 1828 there still existed at Essen, in Hanover, an analogous apparatus designed to produce an alarm fire. This was a large, horizontal, round wooden bar whose extremities pivoted in two apertures formed in vertical posts, and which was provided with a cord that was wound around it several times. Several persons, by pulling on the ends of this cord, caused the bar to revolve alternately in one direction and the other, and the heat developed by the friction lighted some tow that had previously been inserted in one of the apertures in the post. It is certain that the alternate motion must have been produced directly by hand before being effected by cords. This simpler process is still in use in Tasmania, Australia, Polynesia, Kamtschatka, Thibet, Mexico, and among the Guanches of the Canary Isles, who are supposed to be the last representatives of the inhabitants of Atlantis, which sank under the waters at the close of the Quaternary epoch. Chamisso, who accompanied Kotzebue in his voyage, describes it as follows: "In the Caroline Islands, they rest a vertical piece of roundish wood, terminating in a point, and about a foot and a half in length and one inch in diameter, upon a second one fixed in the ground, and then give it a rotary motion by acting with the palms of the hands. This motion, which is at first slow and measured, is at length accelerated, while at the same time the pressure becomes stronger, whereupon the dust from the wood which has formed by friction and accumulated around the point of the movable piece begins to carbonize. This dust, which, after a fashion, constitutes a match, soon bursts into flame. The women of Eap are wonderfully dexterous in their use of this process." Fig. 3 shows another manner of obtaining fire by rotation which is employed by the Guachos, a half savage, pastoral people who inhabit the pampas of South America. Longitudinal friction must have preceded that obtained by rotation. It is still in use in most of the islands of Oceanica (Fig. 4), and especially in Tahiti and in the Sandwich Islands. In these latter, says again Chamisso, upon the fixed piece of wood they place another piece of the same kind, about the length of the palm, and press it obliquely at an angle of about 30 degrees. The extremity that touches the fixed piece is blunt, and the other extremity is held with the two hands, the two thumbs downward, in order to allow of a surer pressure. The piece is given an alternating motion, and in such a way that it shall always remain in the same plane inclined at an angle of 30 degrees, and form, through friction, a small groove from six to eight centimeters in length. When the dust thus produced begins to carbonize, the pressure and velocity are increased. Wood of a homogeneous texture, neither too hard nor too soft, is the best for the purpose. The Malays operate as follows: A dry bamboo rod, about a foot in length, is split longitudinally, and the pith which lines the inside is scraped off, pressed, and made into a small ball which is afterward placed in the center of the cavity of one of the halves of the tube. This latter half is then fixed to the ground in such a way that the cavity and ball face downward. The operator next fashions the other half of the tube into a straight cutting instrument like a knife-blade, which he applies transversely to the fixed half and gives an alternating motion so as to produce a sort of sawing. After a certain length of time, a groove, and finally a hole, is produced. The cutting edge of the instrument is then so hot that it sets on fire the ball with which it has come in contact. Some peoples, the Fuegians especially, procure fire by striking together two flints. In the Aleutian Islands these latter, having been previously covered with sulphur, are struck against each other over a small saucer of dry moss dusted with sulphur. The Eskimos employ for this purpose pieces of quartz and iron pyrites. In the Sandwich Islands recourse is had to a process that necessitates much skill. There is arranged in a large dry leaf, rolled into the shape of a funnel, a certain number of flints along with some easily combustible twigs. On attaching the leaf to the end of a rod, and revolving the latter rapidly, it is said that fire is produced. Processes that are based upon the clashing of two flint stones must be much more inconvenient of application than we would be led to suppose. We are, in fact, accustomed to see the flint and steel used, but here the spark is a bit of iron raised to red heat through a mechanical action that has violently detached it from the mass under the form of a small sliver. In the case of two flint stones, the light that is perceived is of an entirely different nature, for it is a phosphorescence which is produced, even by a very slight friction, not only between two pieces of silex, but also between two pieces of quartz, porcelain, or sugar; and that the heat developed is but slight is proved by the fact that the phenomenon may occur under water. Of course, fragments of stones may be raised to a red heat through percussion; but this does not often occur, so for this reason the Fuegians keep up with the greatest care the fires that they have lighted, and it is this very peculiarity that has given their country a characteristic aspect and caused it to be named Terra del Fuego (land of fire). When they change their residence they always carry with them a few lighted embers which rest in their canoes upon a bed of pebbles or ashes. The same thing occurs, moreover, among the Australians and Tasmanians, who employ, as we have just seen, the rotary process. There are women among these peoples whose special mission it is to carry day and night lighted torches or cones made of a substance that burns slowly like punk. When, through accident, the fire happens to get extinguished in a tribe, these people often prefer to undertake a long voyage in order to obtain another light from a neighboring tribe rather than have recourse to a direct production of it. We can understand from what is still taking place in these distant countries why the worship of fire should have existed among our ancestors, and why sacerdotal associations, such as the Brahmins of India, the Guebers of Persia, the Vestals of Rome, the priests of Baal in Chaldea and Phenicia should have been specially instituted for producing and preserving it. Plutarch narrates (Numa, chap. ii.) that when the sacred fire happened to go out, there was employed for relighting it a brass mirror that had the form of a cone generated by the hypothenuse of an isosceles rectangular triangle revolving around one of the sides of the right angle. In a poem upon stones attributed to Orpheus, it is said that the sacred fire was also lighted by a bit of crystal which concentrated the rays of the sun upon the material to be inflamed. This process must have been the one that was most usually employed before fire became common. In fact, a plano-convex crystal lens has been found among the ruins of Nineveh. Aristophanes, in the , puts on the stage a coarse personage named Strepsiades, who points out to Socrates how he must manage so as not to pay his debts: Clouds "Streps.--Hast thou seen among druggists that beautiful transparent stone that they employ for lighting a fire? "Socr.--Thou meanest glass. "Streps.--Yes. "Socr.--Well! what wouldst thou do with it? "Streps.--When the registrar shall have made out his summons against me, I will take the glass, and, placing myself thus in the sun, will cause his writing to melt." As well known, writing was then traced on waxen tablets. Servius (in ., xii., 200) affirms that men of ancient times, instead of lighting fire upon the altar themselves, in their sacrifices, caused it to descend from heaven. He adds, according to Pliny, Titus Livius, and several old Latin historians, that Numa, who was initiated into all the wisdom of Etruria, practiced this art with success, but that Tullius Hostilius, having desired to repeat the evocation, guided only by the books of Numa, did not accomplish all the formalities prescribed by the rite and was struck dead by lightning. Æn Is it not curious that twenty-four centuries afterward, in 1753, the physicist Reichman was killed by lightning in trying to repeat Franklin's experiment? This coincidence, however, is not the only one. Pliny (ii., 53) recounts that lightning was evoked by King Porsenna at the time when a monster named , who was ravaging the country, was directing himself toward the capital, Volsinies. Volta If we return to the Vedas, who had the habit of personifying all phenomena, we shall find that the fire Agni was the son of the carpenter who had manufactured the instrument by which it was produced, and of (magic). He took the name of Akta (anointed, [Greek: christos]) when, nourished by libations of butter, he had acquired his full development. The Persians attributed likewise to Zoroaster the power of causing fire to descend from heaven through magic. Saint Clement of Alexandria ( ., lib. iv.) and Gregory of Tours ( , i., 5) speak of this. However this may be, the marvelous art was lost at an early date, for it was at such a date that priests began to have recourse to tricks that were more or less ingenious for lighting their sacred fireplaces in an apparently supernatural manner.-- . Maya Recog Hist. de Fr. A. De Rochas, in La Nature About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE PRODUCTION OF FIRE

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CEREAL FOODS IN THEIR RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE. here CEREAL FOODS IN THEIR RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE. By F.R. CAMPBELL, A.B., M.D. The cereals are subject to many diseases which retard their development, rendering them unfit for food, and even poisonous. The relation of unwholesome foods to the diseases of the animal body are now being thoroughly studied, recent advances in chemistry and microscopy contributing valuable aid to the prosecution of such investigations. Some enthusiastic advocates of the germ theory of disease believe that many, if not all, the so-called disease germs may be transplanted into the human system with the food ingested. But whatever may be the real truth in regard to this subject, it has been positively demonstrated that many diseases of the human body may be produced by unwholesome food. The specific symptoms produced in man by the various grain diseases are not accurately known, consequently our remarks upon this subject must be of a very general character. Pappenheim divides the diseases of the cereals into two classes, internal and external. The internal diseases are those depending upon conditions of soil, climate, cultivation, etc., and may be neglected in our discussion, as they produce no special disease of the body, only impairing the nutritive value of the grain. The external diseases are of much greater importance, as they probably produce some of the most fatal maladies to which the human race is subject. These external diseases of the cereals are due to parasites, which may be either of an animal or vegetable nature. Among the animal parasites may be mentioned the , which feeds upon the starch cells of the grain. Grain attacked by this parasite was at one time supposed to be injurious to health. weevil, vibrio tritici In 1844 the French Commission appointed to examine grain condemned a large quantity imported with this parasite, but afterward reconsidered their decision and permitted its sale, concluding that it was deficient in nutritive properties, but not otherwise unwholesome. Rust is the most common disease of the cereals, produced by vegetable parasites. Like the other diseases of this class, it is most prevalent in warm, damp seasons. Prof. Hensboro is of the opinion that rust is but an earlier stage of mildew or blight, the one form of parasite being capable of development into the other, and the fructification characteristic of the two supposed genera having been evolved on one and the same individual. Blight is a term loosely applied to a number of parasitic diseases. In it are included mildew, cories, and even rust and smut. The fungi producing these diseases attack the plant and seed at various stages of its growth. The whole kernel is affected, and not merely the external coat, as is sometimes maintained. When blighted grain is sown, the disease recurs the following year, often making it necessary to import new seed before the disease can be eradicated. Various remedies have been used to destroy the spores of these fungi, but all are uncertain and some are dangerous to health. Special machinery and methods have been employed in the mills to separate the mildew from the grain. Some of these succeed in removing the fungi and discoloration from the surface of the grain, but have no effects upon the parts within. Blighted grain is soft, and has an unpleasant taste and smell, and bread made of it is liable to be heavy and sodden. It is undeniable that the use of blighted grain as food is exceeding dangerous to health. It is a well known fact that vegetable parasites may attack animals; the silk worm disease produced by the , being an example. It is stated that the same vegetable parasites which produce plant diseases, when transmitted to the animal body produce special affections, the form and appearance of the germs being altered by their environments. The same germs developed under different conditions of temperature and surrounding medium, assume forms so various that they have been supposed to belong to different species and even different genera. If there is any truth, then, in the germ theory of disease, it is not so very improbable that a fungus which will produce blight in grain may cause cholera or tetanoid fever in an animal. Botrytis baniana Hallier, the famous physiological botanist, observed in 1867 that there was a peculiar disease of the rice plant associated with an epidemic of cholera. Rice plants fertilized with the discharges of cholera patients were affected with blight. A concentrated infusion of the blighted grain would produce changes in all animal substances, blood and albumen being converted into thin odorless products resembling in every respect the material found in the kidneys of cholera patients. The most formidable of the diseases attributed to the use of diseased grain is cerebro-spinal meningitis, commonly known as spotted or blanoid fever. The disease is rare in England, but is frequently epidemic in the United States, in Ireland, and on the Continent. In 1873, in the State of Massachusetts alone, 747 persons died of it, and other epidemics even more fatal have lately occurred in New York and Michigan. The disease is a nervous fever attended with convulsions, the pathological lesion being congestion and inflammation of the membrane of the spinal cord and brain. Dr. Richardson in writing on the nature and causes of spotted fever concludes that it is due to the use of diseased vegetable substances, especially grain, and from a careful analysis of the statistics of this disease reported by the Michigan State Board of Health considers it demonstrated that "under favoring condition for its action diseased grain received as a food is the primary cause of the phenomena which characterize the disease." These views are substantiated by the experiments of Dr. H. Day, who found that by feeding rabbits on unsound grain, spasmodic affections were produced, due to inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord and brain. In warm climates, pellagra or Italian leprosy is said to be produced by eating diseased maize, which forms the principal article of food among the poorer classes of the rural districts. Pellagra is epidemic in northern Italy and the south of France. The disease is manifested by a redness and discoloration of the exposed parts of the body. It is most active during the hot weather, the inflammation subsiding in the winter, leaving a pigmentation of the skin. Each year the symptoms become more alarming, nervous disorders finally setting in, and a large number die insane. The disease is most prevalent in the country. In the towns, where maize is supplemented by other articles of food, it does not exist. Ergot is a very common disease of the cereals. The fungus producing it was discovered in 1853, but for centuries previous its injurious effects upon the human body were recognized, and it was observed that ergot of rye was the most poisonous. Taken in large doses, ergot will produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, and weakness of the heart. In small repeated doses it will produce contraction of all the unstriped muscles, as those of the blood vessels, the womb, and intestines. Ergotium is the name given to the disease produced by the continued use of grain affected by this fungus. Aitken describes it as "a train of morbid symptoms produced by the slow and cumulative action of a specific poison peculiar to wheat and rye, which produces convulsions, gangrene of the extremities, and death. In countries where rye bread is much used ergotium is sometimes epidemic. This was a frequent calamity before the introduction of suitable purifiers into the mills. There are two varieties of the disease, the convulsive and the gangrenous. The convulsive form begins with tingling of the extremities, drowsiness, and headache, followed by pain in the joints, violent muscular contractions, and death. The gangrenous variety begins with coldness and weakness of the extremities followed by gangrene and sloughing. This form is somewhat more fatal than the convulsive, the mortality of those affected being about 90 per cent. Mouldy grain and bread have also caused poisoning. Prof. Varnell states that "six horses died in three days from eating mouldy oats. There was a large amount of matted mycelium, and this when given to other horses for experiment, killed them within thirty-six hours." The writer has himself seen seven hogs die within a few days while being fed on mouldy corn. Flour which has become stale may produce similar injurious effects, although most of the germs are destroyed in the process of baking. It is quite probable, however, that a poisonous substance is generated by the mould fungus, which cannot be destroyed in this way.-- . Milling World About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

CEREAL FOODS IN THEIR RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE

186 Stories To Learn About Web3.0

Tales and Stories by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE FALSE RHYME here VI. THE FALSE RHYME. “Come, tell me where the maid is found Whose heart can love without deceit, And I will range the world around To sigh one moment at her feet.” —Moore. On a fine July day, the fair Margaret, Queen of Navarre, then on a visit to her royal brother, had arranged a rural feast for the morning following, which Francis declined attending. He was melancholy; and the cause was said to be some lover’s quarrel with a favourite dame. The morrow came, and dark rain and murky clouds destroyed at once the schemes of the courtly throng. Margaret was angry, and she grew weary: her only hope for amusement was in Francis, and he had shut himself up,—an excellent reason why she should the more desire to see him. She entered his apartment: he was standing at the casement, against which the noisy shower beat, writing with a diamond on the glass. Two beautiful dogs were his sole companions. As Queen Margaret entered, he hastily let down the silken curtain before the window, and looked a little confused. “What treason is this, my liege,” said the queen, “which crimsons your cheek? I must see the same.” “It is treason,” replied the king, “and therefore, sweet sister, thou mayest not see it.” This the more excited Margaret’s curiosity, and a playful contest ensued. Francis at last yielded: he threw himself on a huge high-backed settee; and as the lady drew back the curtain with an arch smile, he grew grave and sentimental, as he reflected on the cause which had inspired his libel against all womankind. “What have we here?” cried Margaret; “nay, this is lêse majesté— “‘Souvent femme varie, Bien fou qui s’y fie!’ Very little change would greatly amend your couplet:—would it not run better thus— “‘Souvent homme varie, Bien folle qui s’y fie?’ I could tell you twenty stories of man’s inconstancy.” “I will be content with one true tale of woman’s fidelity,” said Francis drily; “but do not provoke me. I would fain be at peace with the soft Mutabilities, for thy dear sake.” “I defy your grace,” replied Margaret rashly, “to instance the falsehood of one noble and well-reputed dame.” “Not even Emilie de Lagny?” asked the king. This was a sore subject for the queen. Emilie had been brought up in her own household, the most beautiful and the most virtuous of her maids of honour. She had long loved the Sire de Lagny, and their nuptials were celebrated with rejoicings but little ominous of the result. De Lagny was accused but a year after of traitorously yielding to the emperor a fortress under his command, and he was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. For some time Emilie seemed inconsolable, often visiting the miserable dungeon of her husband, and suffering on her return, from witnessing his wretchedness, such paroxysms of grief as threatened her life. Suddenly, in the midst of her sorrow, she disappeared; and inquiry only divulged the disgraceful fact, that she had escaped from France, bearing her jewels with her, and accompanied by her page, Robinet Leroux. It was whispered that, during their journey, the lady and the stripling often occupied one chamber; and Margaret, enraged at these discoveries, commanded that no further quest should be made for her lost favourite. Taunted now by her brother, she defended Emilie, declaring that she believed her to be guiltless, even going so far as to boast that within a month she would bring proof of her innocence. “Robinet was a pretty boy,” said Francis, laughing. “Let us make a bet,” cried Margaret: “if I lose, I will bear this vile rhyme of thine as a motto to my shame to my grave; if I win”— “I will break my window, and grant thee whatever boon thou askest.” The result of this bet was long sung by troubadour and minstrel. The queen employed a hundred emissaries,—published rewards for any intelligence of Emilie,—all in vain. The month was expiring, and Margaret would have given many bright jewels to redeem her word. On the eve of the fatal day, the jailor of the prison in which the Sire de Lagny was confined sought an audience of the queen; he brought her a message from the knight to say, that if the Lady Margaret would ask his pardon as her boon, and obtain from her royal brother that he might be brought before him, her bet was won. Fair Margaret was very joyful, and readily made the desired promise. Francis was unwilling to see his false servant, but he was in high good-humour, for a cavalier had that morning brought intelligence of a victory over the Imperialists. The messenger himself was lauded in the despatches as the most fearless and bravest knight in France. The king loaded him with presents, only regretting that a vow prevented the soldier from raising his visor or declaring his name. That same evening as the setting sun shone on the lattice on which the ungallant rhyme was traced, Francis reposed on the same settee, and the beautiful Queen of Navarre, with triumph in her bright eyes, sat beside him. Attended by guards, the prisoner was brought in: his frame was attenuated by privation, and he walked with tottering steps. He knelt at the feet of Francis, and uncovered his head; a quantity of rich golden hair then escaping, fell over the sunken cheeks and pallid brow of the suppliant. “We have treason here!” cried the king. “Sir jailor, where is your prisoner!” “Sire, blame him not,” said the soft faltering voice of Emilie; “wiser men than he have been deceived by woman. My dear lord was guiltless of the crime for which he suffered. There was but one mode to save him:—I assumed his chains—he escaped with poor Robinet Leroux in my attire—he joined your army: the young and gallant cavalier who delivered the despatches to your grace, whom you overwhelmed with honours and reward, is my own Enguerrard de Lagny. I waited but for his arrival with testimonials of his innocence, to declare myself to my lady, the queen. Has she not won her bet! And the boon she asks”— “Is de Lagny’s pardon,” said Margaret, as she also knelt to the king. “Spare your faithful vassal, sire, and reward this lady’s truth.” Francis first broke the false-speaking window, then he raised the ladies from their supplicatory posture. In the tournament given to celebrate this “Triumph of Ladies,” the Sire de Lagny bore off every prize; and surely there was more loveliness in Emilie’s faded cheek—more grace in her emaciated form, type as they were of truest affection—than in the prouder bearing and fresher complexion of the most brilliant beauty in attendance on the courtly festival. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (2018). Tales and Stories. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56665/pg56665-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE FALSE RHYME

Let's learn about via these 62 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Nft Tokenization /Learn Repo 1. My Love For "Drop Bears" and Collecting Specific NFTs Why the High Demand for PFP NFTs and logic of several collectors collecting a specific NFT - in my case “Drop Bears”. 2. How Weedbits is Bringing 420 Culture to the Metaverse 3. How to Model In-Game NFT Token Economics for Digital Games This article talks about NFT based games and how developers can model an NFT based in-game token economics for their decentralized gaming offering. 4. Healthcare, NFTs, and the Blockchain Can blockchain and NFTs solve long-standing problems in our healthcare industry? 5. The Rise of NFTs Means That Marketers Can Leverage Digital Scarcity Non-fungible tokens are unique representations of digital assets. NFTs allow for better monetization and introduce a way to tokenize services and experiences. 6. What is Art? - Can This AI Algorithm Answer the Age-Old Question Art is the flight of a soul, it addresses issues, unleashes the inner world of a person and aims to convey an either subtle, or heavily metaphorical sense. 7. How NFTs Will Disrupt These 5 Major Industries The ticketing industry is ripe for disruption. Tickets will eventually be sold as NFTs through the event directly instead of ticket marketplaces. 8. Will Non Fungible Tokens (NFT) Become a Trendsetter in the Industry? Non Fungible Tokens (NFT) are a special type of crypto token backed by an asset. They are non-interchanged with each other and are non-divisible. 9. Industry-Specific NFTs Will Bring Next-Level Growth NFTs are quickly breaking out into the real world in surprising ways. 10. Best Practices for Using Non-Fungible Tokens 11. The NFT Economy: Non-Fungible Tokens Paired with DeFi In April, the market capitalization of non-fungible tokens exceeded $25 billion for the first time. And this is just the beginning. 12. NFT Marketplace Development Relies on a Smart Contract Protocol One of the options to benefit from NFTs is to create an NFT marketplace, where people can buy and sell NFTs. So here's a guide. 13. Non-Fungible Tokens Are The Future How NFTs are the changing the game for owning a piece for true art. 14. Why is everyone going crazy over NFT? What are NFTs and why is everyone going crazy over them? 15. #Debunked - 4 Common Myths About NFTs NFTs are the digitized form of any artwork, and the people interested in these artworks can buy them from NFT marketplaces. 16. Unicorns in the Web3.0 Heat Wave - The Dark Horse Potential of FreeCity metaverse, socialfi, nft gaming, social audio, blockchain development, blockchain technology, nft collection, nft collectible, nft avatars, gamefi, p2e 17. Art Collecting Launches NFT Platform on Tezos Blockchain Domain The ArtCollecting.info team is pleased to announce the launch of a new
NFT platform. 18. How a Warm Beer Defined the Notion for Non-Fungible Tokens in 2015 From the inventors of NFTs and a historian that's been in since inception, here's the real story of how Smart NFTs or Niftys came to be- 19. The NFT Space is Enabling Celebrities to Develop High-Value Digital Representations of their Content This article talks about how blockchain and NFTs can disrupt the fan engagement economy by personalising engagement by leveraging NFTs. 20. Watch Out OpenSea! Your Competitors "Sea" You New NFT Marketplaces for 2022? There are sure to be many, but so far, be on the lookout for LooksRare and Coinbase NFT. 21. NF(royal)Ts: Building NFTs that Pay Creators Forever Once an NFT leaves the marketplace where it was sold, there are no guarantees that the original creator will ever see another penny again. But it doesn’t have to be this way. 22. The Next NFT Craze: Monetizing MMOs for Gamers One industry that has natural synergies with NFTs, and where much of the innovation is occurring, is gaming. 23. Are NFTs Used in Money Laundering Schemes? There’s a lot of buzz around non-fungible tokens (NFTs), especially in the last year and even recently. Hundreds of — maybe thousands — projects and marketplaces are initiated across the world every new day. Even though Ethereum remains the major blockchain network for minting NFTs, new blockchains are popping up for the same purpose. 24. Can NFTs Truly Impact The Art Market? (Part I) 25. 5 New NFT Projects On The Rise We selected some of the hottest trends on the NFT market, showing that innovation happens fast to create value. 26. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are Here to Stay: A Primer In recent months, a Vincent Van Gogh painting, 45 drawings of a renowned Marvel Comic artist, and a rare digital sword from an online gaming world were stolen. In the traditional criminal network, these items would eventually be sold on the black market. 27. What Would the Next Go-to NFT Marketplace Look Like? The profit-sharing mechanism, reward system, and creator's royalty would probably be the future go-to features NFT marketplace wanna be equipped. 28. Reducing The Environmental Impact of NFTs and Proof-Of-Work Why are NFTs bad for the environment? These are all examples built on blockchains that do not use Proof-of-Work or any other type of energy-intensive methods. 29. I Organized An Entire Conference In 30 days: Take That, Gary Vee This summer I run my first own conference using NFTs as tickets and it was epic. This is how I did it (and how you can do your own!) 30. Foodverse: Eating in the Metaverse Eatingentails more than fulfilling our nutritional needs-it goes deeper than that. Itis communal, enhances friendships and builds bonds. 31. Mining the Next NFTfi’s Treasure Trove of Data Value Measurement and Circulation DeNet is a multi-chain ecosystem that offers fully decentralized storage based on DeFi tokenomics and monetization services for every participant. 32. What are NFTs and Why Should I Care About Them Understanding NFTs, knowing what they are, what they are used for and how to buy or sell them 33. Blockchain Gaming: A Paradigm Shift in Economic Modeling Mobile as a gaming platform has dominated the gaming industry. Nearly 51% of the global games market came from mobile. It is expected that by 2021, mobile games revenue will grow to 100 billion dollars. Today mobile game developers pay a commission of 30% for any lead from the app store (paid app) or in-game transactions. 34. NFT: The Treachery of Digital Images NFTs are inherently treacherous and right-clickers, collectors, and artists worldwide are falling for their deception. 35. Everything You Wanted To Know About NFTs A herd of cartoon cats, a video of LeBron, a digital painting of 5,000 thumbnails - all of this has recently been turned into NFT tokens - a new tool for digital art buying and selling. NFT tokens are a hype topic in the world of cryptocurrencies today: three years ago, the entire NFT market was worth no more than $ 42 million, and by the end of 2020 it had grown by 705% to $ 338 million. 36. How the Future of Streaming Will Leverage Web 3.0 To Make Media Free of Every End User The next disruption to the media creation space will leverage Web 3.0 principles to reflect a new continuum: free streaming media services for all. 37. 4 Fractional NFTs that Help Accelerate Fantasy Sports Stock Trading NFTs have burgeoned in recent months, with Beeple’s art piece selling for $69 million or Twitter founder Jack Dorsey selling the first-ever tweet on Twitter for $2.9 million. However, fractional NFTs in sports stock trading may soon become the next hottest sector in NFT after digital art. 38. NFTs: The Simplest Explanation You’ll Ever Read Learn what an NFT is and why anyone would want to buy anything from this blockchain technology niche. 39. Top 5 Trends in NFT Development That Will Reshape the Future Currently, there are many types of NFT, such as art, music, sport, brand luxury, and music... but do you know which is the most potential NFT in the future? 40. Unique NFT Use Cases: What’s Beyond NFT Art? Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have been popularized through selling art. However, what's beyond NFT art? Let's take a look at other industries NFT can transform. 41. Building an MFA User Authentication System (Enrollment Component Code) Using Images Most interactive Internet applications require a user to first be “registered” in order to use the application and then further require the user to “log on” each time they wish to use the application. This process of first enrolling a user and then later recognizing that user to allow them access may be described as User Authentication. This article focuses on the code and processes used in the registration component of our Authur user authentication system. 42. Greener Pastures: Why EOSIO-based Systems Hold the Future of NFTs NFTs are here to stay, but the constraints of Ethereum are holding NFT markets from becoming sustainable. EOSIO-protocol platforms can enable them, though. 43. Stickers NFTs Sold on Secondary Markets for as High as 50,000 USDT Stickers platform has become a very popular NFT platform when it comes to digital art. Stickers NFTs Sold on Secondary Markets for as High as 50,000 USDT. 44. SENSO expert explains NFTs in VR: a perfect tech match or just hype? Non-fungible tokens and virtual reality are two trends on the verge of a major breakthrough in 2021. But does it make sense to blend the two, tokenizing unique digital objects within VR worlds, such as user avatars and user-created content? 45. Getting Started in the World of NFT Collectibles Now that NFTs are back on the rise, many investors are trying to find a way in, but it can be hard to identify value in the enigmatic world of collectibles. 46. Aping into NFTs: Here's Why You Should A 12-year-old coder from north London has made headlines around the world selling nearly $400,000 worth of programmable NFT artwork. The success of Benyamin Ahmed has now won positive press from major outlets including The New York Times, Business Insider, CNBC, The Telegraph, BBC, ITV News, Mirror, NY Post, Bitcoin.com and Decrypt. 47. Building a Community Around Your NFT Project is Critical This article talks about NFTs and how to market and build communities around NFT projects. 48. Slogging Insights: Let's Talk About NFTs NFTs have blown up in the past year. Are people using NFTs the wrong way? Also, should NFTs have a use case? 49. NFTs are Democratizing the Art Industry for Everyone This interview talks about NFTs and why it democratises the art industry by bringing digital art to the masses. 50. Bored Ape Yacht Club: The New Trend For Digital Collectibles? Remember the Crypto Punks? 51. Creating NFTs on the Bitcoin Network Bitcoin and NFTs are the future! But how do you create them? This article will show you how to create your very own NFTs on the blockchain. 52. Fussing for Fiat? RealtyDAO Is Generating Profits for Me with Dumb Domains Laying Around I love an excellent crypto story by rad people doing cool things for everyday people- That's how I found out how to turn my dumb URLs into some cold hard cash! 53. The Significant Importance of NFT Marketing Agencies Digital assets were at risk of theft or unknown ownership because there was a lack of virtual space or technology. 54. How to Succeed in the NFT Art World as an Artist This article talks about NFT based digital art and how artists can succeed in the world of crypto art by selling their artwork to users. 55. The Koinos Co-Founder Discusses The Inconvenient Truth of NFTs Blockchain architect and co-founder of Koinos Group reveals the "dirty secret" of NFTs. 56. Non Fungible Token (NFT) Standards: An Overview Learning about Non Fungible Token standards will help users better understand the nuances of each type of NFT and the blockchain protocols they are built on. 57. Issuing Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs): A How-To Guide Why are we all so entitled to the Blockchain industry? For the high development pace? Of course. For the number of appearing opportunities, growing like a weed under the sun and rain? Surely. For building up an alternative financial and tech sphere? You name it. 58. How the NFT Breathes New Life Into Branded Content Marketing How companies can protect their branded content and take their brand marketing to the next level by tapping into the NFT space. 59. Creators' Economy: Market Size, Scope, Social Validation, and NFTs “I'm not a businessman, I'm a business, man!” - Jay Z 60. I Bought This Image For $1,500 (and I sold it for +50% in two weeks) Using NFTs NFTs are the newest hype. Millions of dollars in transactions and to tell you the truth, I love how they disrupted the art gallery space. 61. Taking Auction Houses to the 21st Century With Portion CEO Jason Rosenstein Jason is the CEO and founder of Portion, a 21st-century auction house for rare, high-end NFT art, music, and collectibles.  We interviewed Jason. 62. Tokenizing Our Virtual Future: A Deep Dive Into Non-Fungible Tokens COVID-19 has changed the way we work, study and socialize, at least temporarily. Many of those who were privileged enough to transfer to remote working instead of losing their jobs will never return to the office, even if they want to. Thank you for checking out the 62 most read stories about Nft Tokenization on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

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