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The Hindu Temple of The Woodlands will host its 12th annual Diwali celebration Saturday. There will be no fireworks this year due to onsite construction of a new cultural and education center, but the Festival of Lights will still host bright lights and colors from its Diya wall and array of performances.

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Get the most recent info and news about Lantern on HackerNoon, where 10k+ technologists publish stories for 4M+ monthly readers.

Welcome to Lantern. Your trusted end of life and death planning expert and knowledgeable friend.

Lantern

How it Works by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE MICROSCOPE, THE TELESCOPE, AND THE MAGIC-LANTERN. here Chapter XIII. THE MICROSCOPE, THE TELESCOPE, AND THE MAGIC-LANTERN. The simple microscope—Use of the simple microscope in the telescope—The terrestrial telescope—The Galilean telescope—The prismatic telescope—The reflecting telescope—The parabolic mirror—The compound microscope—The magic-lantern—The bioscope—The plane mirror. IN Fig. 119 is represented an eye looking at a vase, three inches high, situated at a, a foot away. If we were to place another vase, b, six inches high, at a distance of two feet; or c, nine inches high, at three feet; or d, a foot high, at four feet, the image on the retina would in every case be of the same size as that cast by a. We can therefore lay down the rule that . the apparent size of an object depends on the angle that it subtends at the eye To see a thing more plainly, we go nearer to it; and if it be very small, we hold it close to the eye. There is, however, a limit to the nearness to which it can be brought with advantage. The normal eye is unable to adapt its focus to an object less than about ten inches away, termed the "least distance of distinct vision." THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE. A magnifying glass comes in useful when we want to examine an object very closely. The glass is a lens of short focus, held at a distance somewhat less than its principal focal length, f ( ), from the object. The rays from the head and tip of the pin which enter the eye are denoted by continuous lines. As they are deflected by the glass the eye gets the that a much longer pin is situated a considerable distance behind the real object in the plane in which the refracted rays would meet if produced backwards (shown by the dotted lines). The effect of the glass, practically, is to remove it (the object) to beyond the least distance of distinct vision, and at the same time to retain undiminished the angle it subtends at the eye, or, what amounts to the same thing, the actual size of the image formed on the retina. It follows, therefore, that if a lens be of such short focus that it allows us to see an object clearly at a distance of two inches—that is, one-fifth of the least distance of distinct vision—we shall get an image on the retina five times larger in diameter than would be possible without the lens. see Fig. 120 impression The two simple diagrams (Figs. 121 and 122) show why the image to be magnified should be nearer to the lens than the principal focus, f. We have already seen (Fig. 109) that rays coming from a point in the principal focal plane emerge as a parallel pencil. These the eye can bring to a focus, because it normally has a curvature for focussing parallel rays. But, owing to the power of "accommodation," it can also focus rays (Fig. 121), the eye lens thickening the necessary amount, and we therefore put our magnifying glass a bit nearer than f to get full advantage of proximity. If we had the object the principal focus, as in Fig. 122, the rays from it would converge, and these could not be gathered to a sharp point by the eye lens, as it cannot more than is required for focussing parallel rays. diverging outside flatten USE OF THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE IN THE TELESCOPE. Let us now turn to Fig. 123. At a is a distant object, say, a hundred yards away. b is a double convex lens, which has a focal length of twenty inches. We may suppose that it is a lens in a camera. An inverted image of the object is cast by the lens at c. If the eye were placed at c, it would distinguish nothing. But if withdrawn to d, the least distance of distinct vision, behind c, the image is seen clearly. That the image really is at c is proved by letting down the focussing screen, which at once catches it. Now, as the focus of the lens is twice , the image will be twice as large as the object would appear if viewed directly without the lens. We may put this into a very simple formula:— d In Fig. 124 we have interposed between the eye and the object a small magnifying glass of 2½-inch focus, so that the eye can now clearly see the image when one-quarter away from it. b already magnifies the image twice; the eye-piece again magnifies it four times; so that the total magnification is 2 × 4 = 8 times. This result is arrived at quickly by dividing the focus of b (which corresponds to the object-glass of a telescope) by the focus of the eye-piece, thus:— d The ordinary astronomical telescope has a very long focus object-glass at one end of the tube, and a very short focus eye-piece at the other. To see an object clearly one merely has to push in or pull out the eye-piece until its focus exactly corresponds with that of the object-glass. THE TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE. An astronomical telescope inverts images. This inversion is inconvenient for other purposes. So the terrestrial telescope (such as is commonly used by sailors) has an eye-piece compounded of four convex lenses which erect as well as magnify the image. Fig. 125 shows the simplest form of compound erecting eye-piece. THE GALILEAN TELESCOPE. A third form of telescope is that invented by the great Italian astronomer, Galileo, in 1609. Its principle is shown in Fig. 126. The rays transmitted by the object-glass are caught, coming to a focus, on a concave lens which separates them so that they appear to meet in the paths of convergence denoted by the dotted lines. The image is erect. Opera-glasses are constructed on the Galilean principle. before THE PRISMATIC TELESCOPE. In order to be able to use a long-focus object-glass without a long focussing-tube, a system of glass reflecting prisms is sometimes employed, as in Fig. 127. A ray passing through the object-glass is reflected from one posterior surface of prism a on to the other posterior surface, and by it out through the front on to a second prism arranged at right angles to it, which passes the ray on to the compound eye-piece. The distance between object-glass and eye-piece is thus practically trebled. The best-known prismatic telescopes are the Zeiss field-glasses. THE REFLECTING TELESCOPE. We must not omit reference to the telescope, so largely used by astronomers. The front end of the telescope is open, there being no object-glass. Rays from the object fall on a parabolic mirror situated in the rear end of the tube. This reflects them forwards to a focus. In the Newtonian reflector a plane mirror or prism is situated in the axis of the tube, at the focus, to reflect the rays through an eye-piece projecting through the side of the tube. Herschel's form of reflector has the mirror set at an angle to the axis, so that the rays are reflected direct into an eye-piece pointing through the side of the tube towards the mirror. reflecting THE PARABOLIC MIRROR. This mirror (Fig. 128) is of such a shape that all rays parallel to the axis are reflected to a common point. In the marine searchlight a powerful arc lamp is arranged with the arc at the focus of a parabolic reflector, which sends all reflected light forward in a pencil of parallel rays. The most powerful searchlight in existence gives a light equal to that of 350 million candles. THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE. We have already observed (Fig. 110) that the nearer an object approaches a lens the further off behind it is the real image formed, until the object has reached the focal distance, when no image at all is cast, as it is an infinite distance behind the lens. We will assume that a certain lens has a focus of six inches. We place a lighted candle four feet in front of it, and find that a diminished image is cast on a ground-glass screen held seven inches behind it. If we now exchange the positions of the candle and the screen, we shall get an enlarged image of the candle. This is a simple demonstration of the law of —namely, that the distance between the lens and an object on one side and that between the lens and the corresponding image on the other bear a definite relation to each other; and an object placed at either focus will cast an image at the other. Whether the image is larger or smaller than the object depends on which focus it occupies. In the case of the object-glass of a telescope the image was at what we may call the focus. sharp conjugate foci short Now, a compound microscope is practically a telescope with the object at the focus, very close to a short-focus lens. A greatly enlarged image is thrown ( ) at the conjugate focus, and this is caught and still further magnified by the eye-piece. We may add that the object-glass, or , of a microscope is usually compounded of several lenses, as is also the eye-piece. long see Fig. 129 objective THE MAGIC-LANTERN. The most essential features of a magic-lantern are:—(1) The ; (2) the for concentrating the light rays on to the slide; (3) the for projecting a magnified image on to a screen. source of light condenser lens Fig. 130 shows these diagrammatically. The is most commonly an oil-lamp, or an acetylene gas jet, or a cylinder of lime heated to intense luminosity by an oxy-hydrogen flame. The natural combustion of hydrogen is attended by a great heat, and when the supply of oxygen is artificially increased the temperature of the flame rises enormously. The nozzle of an oxy-hydrogen jet has an interior pipe connected with the cylinder holding one gas, and an exterior, and somewhat larger, pipe leading from that containing the other, the two being arranged concentrically at the nozzle. By means of valves the proportions of the gases can be regulated to give the best results. illuminant The is set somewhat further from the illuminant than the principal focal length of the lenses, so that the rays falling on them are bent inwards, or to the slide. condenser The , or object lens, stands in front of the slide. Its position is adjustable by means of a rack and a draw-tube. The nearer it is brought to the slide the further away is the conjugate focus ( ), and consequently the image. The exhibitor first sets up his screen and lantern, and then finds the conjugate foci of slide and image by racking the lens in or out. objective see p. 239 If a very short focus objective be used, subjects of microscopic proportions can be projected on the screen enormously magnified. During the siege of Paris in 1870–71 the Parisians established a balloon and pigeon post to carry letters which had been copied in a minute size by photography. These copies could be enclosed in a quill and attached to a pigeon's wing. On receipt, the copies were placed in a special lantern and thrown as large writing on the screen. Micro-photography has since then made great strides, and is now widely used for scientific purposes, one of the most important being the study of the crystalline formations of metals under different conditions. THE BIOSCOPE. "Living pictures" are the most recent improvement in magic-lantern entertainments. The negatives from which the lantern films are printed are made by passing a ribbon of sensitized celluloid through a special form of camera, which feeds the ribbon past the lens in a series of jerks, an exposure being made automatically by a revolving shutter during each rest. The positive film is placed in a lantern, and the intermittent movement is repeated; but now the source of illumination is behind the film, and light passes outwards through the shutter to the screen. In the Urban bioscope the film travels at the rate of fifteen miles an hour, upwards of one hundred exposures being made every second. The impression of continuous movement arises from the fact that the eye cannot get rid of a visual impression in less than one-tenth of a second. So that if a series of impressions follow one another more rapidly than the eye can rid itself of them the impressions will overlap, and give one of , if the position of some of the objects, or parts of the objects, varies slightly in each succeeding picture. motion THE PLANE MIRROR. This chapter may conclude with a glance at the common looking-glass. Why do we see a reflection in it? The answer is given graphically by Fig. 131. Two rays, a , a , from a point a strike the mirror m at the points and . Lines n, o, drawn from these points perpendicular to the mirror are called their . The angles a n, a o are the of rays a , a . The paths which the rays take after reflection must make angles with n and o respectively equal to a n, a o. These are the . If the eye is so situated that the rays enter it as in our illustration, an image of the point a is seen at the point a1, in which the lines d , e meet when produced backwards. b c b c b c normals b c angles of incidence b c b c b c angles of reflection b c When the vertical mirror is replaced by a horizontal reflecting surface, such as a pond (Fig. 132), the same thing happens. The point at which the ray from the reflection of the spire's tip to the eye appears to pass through the surface of the water must be so situated that if a line were drawn perpendicular to it from the surface the angles made by lines drawn from the real spire tip and from the observer's eye to the base of the perpendicular would be equal. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2009). How it Works. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/28553/pg28553-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE MICROSCOPE, THE TELESCOPE, AND THE MAGIC-LANTERN.

HackerNoon Reporter: Please tell us briefly about your  background. I build companies that tackle taboo topics. The org has been running (on its own) for nearly half my life. I founded my first social venture at age 15 focused on dating abuse and domestic violence education in schools. After graduating with a BBA from Parsons the New School for Design, I ran Special Projects for , one of the largest global orgs for teens and social change. Then, I joined the founding team of Crisis Text Line as the Director of Communications. I oversaw brand, PR, marketing, strategic partnerships and business development--- growing the org to 12,000 volunteers, 76 million messages, in 3 countries. DoSomething.org I left Crisis Text Line in 2018 to launch Lantern, a venture backed Public Benefit Corporation on a mission to change the way we talk about and manage end of life and death. I earned a Masters of Science in Strategic Communications from Columbia University in 2019. I’m an active volunteer and Board member for Experience Camps, a one-week free summer camp for children who've lost a loved one. I’m also a World Economic Forum Global Shaper, and committee member for the Dying Well Initiative of the Global Wellness Institute. In my free time, I’m on a global search for the spiciest food. What's your startup called? And in a sentence or two, what does it do? is your step-by-step guide to navigating life before and after a death. Lantern We provide people and companies with all the tools and resources you need for end-of-life planning, death and grief. What is the origin story? Lantern began in the fall of 2018 with one sentence: “I think we need to do something about death.” Some background: having lost my dad as a young kid, when my grandmother (my dad’s mom) died in the winter of 2018, I was tasked with all of the planning that ensued. I walked into the nursing home where my grandmother lived and was confronted with two police officers, a nurse, my grandmother’s body, and a question of “what do you want to do next?” Needless to say, the experience was overwhelming, complicated, and pretty much entirely unguided. I started asking questions about why a better option didn’t exist and turned to Alyssa, my go-to person for cracking a difficult challenge. Together we started answering that question with “it should and we should build it.” What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? . We even have a matching tattoo to prove it. We’ve worked together on and off since 2012 and found a true entrepreneurial soulmate in each other. I tend to look at things from 10,000 feet up, big picture dreaming (the kite!). I get insanely excited about new ideas. I can be extremely creative and also, extremely scattered. Alyssa is the person that brings those ideas to life. She has an innate ability to keep me firmly grounded (the string!) by focusing our energy, figuring out what works and what doesn’t, then laying the groundwork that makes it happen. My co-founder, Alyssa, and I call each other the kite and string Our teammates (Shae, Wendy, Shivani, Linde, Ndie, and Adeyemi) are why Lantern exists today. Shae built the foundation of Lantern from scratch. The team has taken a lofty vision and made it better than we could’ve ever dreamed. As a team, we’ve created a culture of care and support. Everyone is generous with information, willing to teach and learn, and celebrate one another. Doing this together is what makes the experience so meaningful and rewarding. If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? It’s hard to envision a life without Lantern! My background is in non-profits so I think I would’ve stayed in that realm. Or, possibly doing CSR for a company that has CSR built into the foundation of the business (no marketing campaigns!). At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? Linde, our Product Manager, introduced OKRs to our team, and we are loving it! Other than revenue/partnership development, our primary focus is on engagement. . We’d rather one person find deep meaning and connection to our service than 100 that visit once. We steer clear of vanity metrics What’s most exciting about your traction to date? Helping real people every single day. One story that forever comes to mind: Three days after Lantern went live, a friend's father died suddenly. Typically, in these circumstances, the community around the family frantically searches for things to do or say. Perhaps they send flowers or a text saying “let me know if there’s anything I can do”. We were able to offer her Lantern, a tool that not only reduces the burden of logistics on the grieving family but allows them to delegate and take people up on their offer to help. She later texted us this: "Know that the Lantern checklist is bringing my mom so much comfort. She feels so validated checking things off." Messages like this are a regular occurrence at Lantern and it’s what gets our team out of bed each morning. What technologies are you currently most excited about, and most worried about? And why? Most excited: Stem cell research. I took a stem cell research class in college and have followed developments ever since. Most worried about: Deep fake technology and the ramifications of false information on the internet. What drew you to get published on HackerNoon? What do you like most about our platform? Our technical lead, Shae, is a HackerNoon reader! When we found out we were being considered for StartUp of the Year the team was thrilled. What advice would you give to the 21-year-old version of yourself? You have to get comfortable with not knowing how to do things. Believing you can and should know how to do everything is largely ego-based when you’re older. When you’re young, it’s mostly because you think everyone else knows what they’re doing. News flash: they don’t. And, essentially everything is new when starting a business. You may possess certain skill sets but they’re being applied to something that hasn’t existed before. I’ve learned that the best thing I could do for myself, my team and our company is tell people “I don’t know how to x” and seek out the best possible person to help me learn. What is something surprising you've learned this year that your contemporaries would benefit from knowing? Young people aren’t as afraid to end-of-life plan as previous generations. COVID-19 really highlighted this shift in our culture. Discussing death is seen as a taboo in the US when, in reality, it’s a fact of life. In choosing whether to discuss mortality, the real choice we are making is whether to ensure our loved ones are taken care of after we are gone… or not. Even if you don’t have a dollar to your name, an end-of-life plan is still necessary. It’s the greatest gift you can give those you love. Lantern was nominated as in Startups of the Year hosted by HackerNoon one of the best startups in Brooklyn, New York

"We need to do something about death", said Liz Eddy, Lantern's Co-Founder and CEO

Have you ever paused to consider just how much of your personal life is floating around in the digital world? And what exactly are faceless companies and dubious people doing with it? It could be an unsettling thought, indeed. That's precisely why safeguarding your digital privacy is so crucial in today's interconnected age. It's all about ensuring your security and maintaining your autonomy —financial autonomy, data autonomy, etc. In this era, where every digital move you make is being monitored. Countries like North Korea, China, and Iran are notorious for their stringent Internet censorship policies, modifying the truth to their convenience. It's not merely about restricting access to certain websites; there are regions it's about overseeing virtually every aspect of your online presence and even manipulating your thoughts and money. Fortunately, there are initiatives aimed at addressing these concerns and championing your digital rights. Several organizations and projects worldwide are already there, aiming to use new technologies to reach freedom and privacy for everyone. And you could even collaborate with some of them. Let’s find out more below. Free Software Foundation (FSF) This organization is dedicated to preserving the ethos of free and open-source software (FOSS). They firmly believe in affording you the freedom to utilize, examine, adapt, and distribute software as you see fit. Moreover, they're fervently committed to disseminating knowledge and raising awareness about the significance of these principles. ** ** It was created in October 1985 by Richard Stallman and has been supported from its inception by digital freedom enthusiasts. Over the years, the FSF has achieved remarkable milestones, —ideated by Stallman in 1983. This initiative seeks to develop a fully free and open-source operating system. The GNU Project is considered the beginning of the FOSS movement, inspiring countless developers and users worldwide. with one of its most significant accomplishments being the coding and support of the GNU Project According to the published by Stallman: GNU Manifesto “I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement." With unwavering dedication, the FSF continues to strive towards its overarching goal: to foster a world where all software respects the fundamental freedoms of its users. They accept support in the form of donations . You can join the FSF community team, participate in campaigns, attend local events, or even organize activities in your own community. or volunteering Additionally, you can contribute through writing, blogging, or assisting with technical tasks such as maintaining websites or contributing to the GNU Project itself. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) This NGO was founded in 1990 by John Gilmore, also a founding member of cypherpunks, along with John Perry Barlow (author of the ), and Mitch Kapor (creator of Firefox). Their mission revolves around safeguarding online rights, whether it entails combatting mass surveillance or defending freedom of expression. Not only do they advocate for these causes, but they also equip people with the requisite tools and insights to fortify their online defenses. Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace ** ** They also work to shape policies and legislation that protect digital rights and promote Internet freedom, and develop technologies to enhance online privacy and security. Education and awareness efforts are part of their job as well while offering support and assistance to individuals and organizations facing digital rights issues, providing guidance, referrals, and legal resources to navigate challenges such as censorship and surveillance. They operate worldwide. Through legal advocacy, the EFF takes on cases involving privacy violations, government surveillance, and free speech issues. It’s possible to donate to them, but also with your own skills. If you're a technologist, you can volunteer your skills to support software projects crucial to EFF's work. Additionally, you could also help with translations and mailing lists as an attorney, researcher, or artist. Every collaboration is welcomed. volunteer Privacy International (PI) Founded in 1990 by privacy activist Simon Davies, the primary goal of this charity is to restore agency over personal data. They tirelessly strive to ensure that neither governmental bodies nor corporate entities encroach upon personal online activities without explicit consent. Their efforts extend beyond rhetoric since they're actively developing tools to empower people to monitor who's tracking them online. It’s based in London but operates globally. ** ** Through research, advocacy campaigns, and strategic litigation, PI advocates for policies and practices that safeguard people's privacy in an increasingly interconnected digital environment prone to intrusion, from digital content to biometrics. Their work has had quite an impact, indeed. As we can see , Additionally, PI's advocacy efforts have led to 20 court decisions against exploitative practices in more than 50 countries and advancements in privacy legislation in 20 countries. They also have published numerous studies and research exposing abuses and supported public campaigns to build pressure against problematic conduct by companies and governments. on their website PI has influenced significant changes in business practices, with 39 companies adjusting their models or products since 2019, affecting over 3 billion people worldwide. To support their goals, you could donate, subscribe to their community, learn from them how to protect your online privacy, or join their privacy campaigns. The latter might involve to local authorities asking for accountability about privacy issues. sending letters Freedom Tech Not to be confused with TechFreedom ( interesting NGO, by the way), Freedom Tech involves cryptocurrencies more actively. Something that was to be expected since it’s an initiative in 2023 by Foundation, a crypto hardware wallet manufacturer. , activism, and real use cases of technology to avoid authority oppression. another launched This is a content hub for learners and experts alike to share their knowledge and resources about cryptocurrencies, privacy, open-source tools ** ** The platform was also made to promote and support software projects designed for freedom and privacy. Their ethos is fully aligned with crypto-anarchism and cypherpunk principles, empowering individuals through technology while championing privacy, decentralization, and cryptographic solutions to enhance personal freedom and autonomy. Inspired by the legacy of crypto-anarchists and cypherpunks who sought to use technology to enable individual sovereignty and resist oppressive control, Freedom Tech embraces the belief that technology should serve as a tool for liberation rather than surveillance. Individuals can contribute by sharing their unique narratives and perspectives, amplifying diverse voices, and establishing connections with like-minded individuals and projects. Additionally, backing freedom tech projects financially and raising awareness about them helps sustain and expand initiatives aimed at empowering users and safeguarding their privacy. They’ve shared of freedom tech software projects in need of support. their own list Open Technology Fund (OTF) This NGO was established in 2012 by privacy activist Libby Liu, then president of Radio Free Asia, an entity of the United States Agency for Global Media (USAGM). It operates internationally with a mission to promote freedom of expression and access to information by funding and supporting open-source technology projects. Through its initiatives, empower individuals and communities worldwide, particularly those living under repressive regimes, by providing them with tools to circumvent censorship and surveillance. It supports projects that develop and maintain technologies such as Tor, a decentralized network that enables anonymous communication and bypasses Internet censorship, as well as various encryption tools and digital security resources. OTF aims to Additionally, OTF advocates for Internet freedom through research and collaboration with civil society organizations and tech communities globally. including but not limited to OpenVPN, Global Surveillance Tracker, Filezilla, Digital Democracy, FreeWeChat, and Lantern. Any project aligned with their ethos could apply for funding. So, in this one, you could actually receive some help instead of giving it. Besides Tor, they financially support numerous open-source projects against surveillance and censorship, Bonus: Obyte We can say that the initiatives above support several software projects, and by collaborating with them (either with funds or time), we could make a difference. However, it’s also important to use privacy tools to protect your own data, funds, and online activities against surveillance, manipulation, censorship, or even robbery. could help you with it as much as the tools under the umbrella of these organizations. Obyte Our DAG-based and decentralized network aligns with the principles of and movements by providing a neutral, ownerless space that enhances individual privacy, security, freedom, and autonomy online. , without relying on traditional banking institutions, centralized companies or blockchain miners, and without fear of being censored or blocked. crypto-anarchism cypherpunk By using Obyte's decentralized platform, users can circumvent local limitations and securely chat and transact with anyone, anywhere in the world Moreover, Obyte's smart contract capabilities enable users to create and execute self-enforcing agreements without the need for intermediaries, further empowering people to exercise their autonomy and freedom online. Overall, Obyte network offers a means to preserve online rights and financial freedom anytime, anywhere. ** Featured Vector Image by Freepik

5 Freedom Tech and Privacy Projects You Can Join

5টি ফ্রিডম টেক এবং প্রাইভেসি প্রোজেক্টে আপনি যোগ দিতে পারেন

5 Freedom Tech- und Datenschutzprojekte, denen Sie beitreten können

5 proyectos de privacidad y tecnología de Freedom a los que puedes unirte

5 projets Freedom Tech et confidentialité auxquels vous pouvez participer

5 फ्रीडम टेक और प्राइवेसी प्रोजेक्ट्स में आप शामिल हो सकते हैं

参加できる 5 つのフリーダム テックとプライバシー プロジェクト

참여할 수 있는 5가지 Freedom 기술 및 개인 정보 보호 프로젝트

5 projetos de Freedom Tech e privacidade dos quais você pode participar

5 проектов Freedom Tech и Privacy, к которым вы можете присоединиться

Katılabileceğiniz 5 Özgürlük Teknolojisi ve Gizlilik Projesi

5 dự án công nghệ tự do và quyền riêng tư mà bạn có thể tham gia

您可以加入的 5 个自由技术和隐私项目

The World Wide Web, thank you Sir Tim, was conceived as a technology designed to be “ ” It has devolved from that into a (cyber)space of moated castles, Disneylandish . a powerful source for social change and individual creativity. cathedrals, not bazaars While very entertaining and very useful in many ways the hegemonic Web platforms present as artificial rather than organic, hierarchical rather than egalitarian. The Big Platforms are owned and managed by a handful of dominant, supervalued, companies. Prominent are Alphabet (Google’s parent) and Meta (Facebook’s parent). Low cost and high profit, they are great at informing and entertaining us. Meanwhile, however, in consequential ways they are beggaring those who provide the content and the users who consume that content. The top platforms are richly paid to channel advertising. To us. The Web has evolved into a massive, and massively profitable, advertising engine. As such, the Web now might be (and is becoming) seen as a form of de facto feudalism, digital imperialism, and digerati aristocracy. The attention of us billions of serfs is the product sold to advertisers. No coercion there. More like… seduction. Note, this critique does not imply a call for legislation or government regulation. Both tend to be blunt instruments that land much harder on startups than on the hegemons of the digital megaverse. It calls for transformation. Which will come, as always, , as Microsoft dethroned IBM, Google (partially) dethroned Microsoft, Facebook (partially) dethroned Google, Apple (partially) dethroned Facebook, and so forth. from more innovation How did we get here? Can we, and if so how can we, once again unleash the imprisoned lighting ( ) of the colonized Web to create a new golden age of innovation and equitable prosperity? h/t Emma Lazarus Enter the blockchain. First, though, who am I to judge? I am one of the few surviving Original Gangsters of the Supply Side/Reaganomics revolution. We, relentlessly mocked by the right (“voodoo economics”) and the left (“trickle-down economics”), got policies enacted that, over time , pushed the Dow from 814 (on that day in November 1979 that Reagan officially declared his candidacy for the presidency) to its current flirtation with 40,000. Our voodoo doubled real per capita GDP (from $30,000 to $60,000). It raised nominal American and world GDP by a factor of ten. Pretty good voodoo. That said, what’s the next act? The juice from the original equitable prosperity policy formula -- of stabilizing the dollar (slaying the inflation dragon for two generations and cutting the top marginal income tax rate from 70% to, initially, 28%) -- got wrung out around the time Bill Clinton left the building. I was and am enthusiastic about reducing counterproductively high marginal tax rates across-the-board. Yet much of what ensued in the name of supply-side during the 21st century is a cargo-cult version of supply-side’s successes of the ‘80s and ‘90s. The post-Reagan/Clinton grotesque caricature of authentic supply-side economics has left the economy limping for a generation. Cumulatively, over 20+ years, sub-par growth rates are crippling. They leave us with an economy, both national and personal, far lower than what consistent 3+% supply-side growth rates would have delivered over time. As , compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world.  A one or two percent differential compounded over 20 years makes a huge difference. Einstein probably never said Is there a new, plausible, way to re-ignite vibrant, widely shared, rising living standards? As Nobel Prize winner Paul Romer has pointed out, the secret sauce is innovation. Tech. Enter A16z’s , “a General Partner and has been at Andreessen Horowitz since 2012. He founded and leads a16z crypto, which invests in web3 technologies through four dedicated funds with more than $7 billion under management.” Chris Dixon Dixon has delivered a splendid new book . It lays out in clear, practical terms how the wild wild Web was lost. And how to set it right in such a way that everyone, including us serfs, can prosper. Read Write Own: Building the Next Era of the Internet As , prosperity is too important to be left to the economists. Enter Dixon. war is too important to be left to the generals How to restore sizzling, equitable, prosperity? The blockchain. The blockchain is a revolutionary form of software which, when more fully developed, portends to allow most of the value created by the community and by its cultural creatives to be enjoyed by the full community and its cultural creatives. Not (as now) exclusively, or at least primarily, by the corporate royalty and tech aristocracy. At long last, Dixon gives us a presentation of the blockchain and its properties imbued with an enthusiasm leavened with shrewd practical insight devoid of hype. Dixon is one of the Masters of the Digital Universe (as coder, entrepreneur, and investor). He knows whereof he writes and has written the first really great, comprehensive, book on the blockchain, . Read Write Own: Building the Next Era of the Internet Eureka! Dixon provides an overview in his introduction. He there provides us a World-Wide-Webb-telescopic-eye view of the three eras of the internet, of a new movement, of seeing the truth and determining the internet’s future. Part One, “Read Write”—treats the early internet, which was effectively read only, and Web2, allowing us surfers to write and post through websites, blogs, podcasts, social media and so forth. He explains why networks matter and lays out a trenchant taxonomy of the two dominant incumbent networks (protocol, like the internet and email, and corporate, such as Google and Facebook) and their properties. In Part Two, “Own,” Dixon then goes on to explain what blockchains are, what “tokens” are, and what the – radically great – properties of blockchain networks are… or could and can be. “Own” is a short word with huge implications. Ownership is what has been lost, and which can be restored via a (better) blockchain. In Part Three, “A New Era,” Dixon explains and explores the fundamentals of the business model, community-created software, and take rates (meaning the vigorish that the corporate network proprietors extract from their communities, a process he aptly calls “attract and extract”). He lays out how building networks with token incentives can dramatically change the way the world works for the better, making it more prosperous, cultured, and equitable. He presents vividly the attendant “tokenomics” … and how to restore popular, rather than corporate-autocratic, governance. In Part Four, “Here and Now”, he contrasts the culture of the computer (blockchain as compute platform) with the casino (cryptocurrency), concluding with “What’s Next” … showing how mobile computing, starting with the iPhone, changed everything. He then lays out “some promising applications.” Dixon concludes with a pragmatic vision of the reinvention of the internet… and what grounds his cause for optimism. Until Dixon, in many years of my searching, like Diogenes with his lantern, I had encountered not one single really good, comprehensive, book on the blockchain. (I may have missed one, admittedly, for instance, not yet having gotten to Alex Tapscott’s critically acclaimed .) Web3 There I rested, baffled. So much sizzle. So little steak. So, together with a brilliant acquaintance, I helped write one: . That said, it mainly was focused on the potential finance applications of the blockchain, not the Big Picture. Redefining the Future of the Economy: Governance Blocks and Economic Architecture I thereafter co-authored a second book on this subject, , a compilation of ten superior policies designed to let the sector thrive while protecting the public. Blockchain With American Character It took a long odyssey to arrive at Dixon. I wandered around for years asking people vastly smarter than me what the blockchain was good for and seeking examples of killer applications (“use cases” in the prevailing jargon). In response, I got oodles of hype. And almost no satisfying answers … with one exception, though a largely unpublished one. noteworthy Cometh now Chris Dixon. I am not the only one impressed. Sam Altman, the godfather of ChatGPT, blurbs Read Write Own: “Read this book to understand a compelling vision of where the Internet should go and how to get there.” Shark Tank’s Mark Cuban: “Chris Dixon succeeds at explaining how crypto technology is vital to our technological future and how we all can benefit much as we have from the internet.” And many more captains of industry, tech titans, and nouveau billionaires discovered Dixon’s writings before I did. My own modest credentials? I have been working within and with the Blockchain ecosystem for, well, eons. One of my LinkedIn verticals is aggregating some of the most interesting stories about NFTs. Ralph Benko’s Cryptozoic Eon Geology nerds will recognize the original to be the pre-Cambrian era … before the trilobites and dinosaurs... comprising 80% of Earth’s geo-history. Are we trembling at the verge of the blockchain’s equivalent of the ? Cryptozoic Eon Cambrian explosion Dixon thinks so. So do I. Call me yet my odyssey through the blockchain ecosystem has brought me into contact with creatures and cultures as exotically beautiful and, sometimes, as weird as those encountered by Odysseus during his long return to Ithaka. Nobody My own pilgrimage: Senior advisor to the fabulous Perianne Boring’s Chamber of Digital Commerce, one of the sector’s earliest and most distinguished cheerleaders. Long-time active member of the Federal Blockchain Working Group. Privileged to present more than once at the conferences of the , the preeminent association of officials and international career civil servants. Government Blockchain Association Serving, for two years, as the senior counselor to the American Blockchain PAC, with its advisory board chaired by who generously contributed the introduction to . The breakthrough nature of Stornetta and Haber’s discovery is decisively evidenced by the fact that three of Satoshi’s eight footnotes referenced his and Stuart Haber’s . blockchain-co-inventor Dr. W. Scott Stornetta Blockchain With American Character seminal paper The high privilege of working with one of Satoshi’s earliest Bitcoin core devs (and major contributor to the Android OS) in establishing a DC think tank devoted to smart energy policy, . Jeff Garzik Washington Power and Light Voted Contributor of the Year in 2022 at for my blockchain writings in six categories: politics, economics, science, art, philosophy, and (with Greg Meredith) scaling. HackerNoon My blockchain-related efforts have migrated primarily to the , rather than policy, side. enterprise My primary focus is on the use of rho calculus (a refinement of Robin Milner’s Turing Award-winning pi-calculus) to deploy a blockchain that, unlike the dominant platforms, scales. Bitcoin does a mere 7 transactions per second, Ethereum, 70 transactions per second. Inadequate for practical utility. And expensive to operate. And storable. (Currently it costs almost half a million dollars to store one iTune on the dominant incumbent chains, hence the referenced data are mostly stashed behind someone else’s firewall, not at all optimal.) And searchable. (Currently the dominant blockchains are largely opaque, like the Web before search engines.) And secure. So … now what? Dixon is a true Master of the Blockchain Universe. Not (like me) a practiced propagandist. Thus he buries his lede on page 179: “The stakes are high. As I’ve argued here, blockchain networks are the only known technology that can re-establish an open, democratic internet.” Hello Congress my old friend, I’ve come to talk to you again…. This re-establishment is a very big deal indeed. What’s next? For the tantalizing promise of the blockchain to be realized we need smart policy that protects the public while not stifling innovation or exporting this cutting-edge tech, and the potentially trillions of associated dollars, to Berlin, Singapore or Zug. Imagine how worse off America would be today if Congress and our regulators had effectively deported the headquarters of the big Web success stories, like Google, to Europe or the Pacific? The need for a savvy legal and regulatory environment is something that legislators, regulators, and the ethical actors within the industry (like Dixon) all agree upon. Yet Washington has thus far proved mostly thrown, acting like the primates upon encountering the monolith at the beginning of . 2001: a Space Odyssey We’re at the precipice of deporting Web3 and its associated power, prestige and wealth. That may be about to change. The blockchain’s thought leaders are at long last gearing up to help guide the footsteps of the Washington elite back onto the Paths of Righteousness via smart policy, smart legislation, and smart regulation. Some very smart leaders of the blockchain ecosystem are now promising to , a modest investment in support a multi-billion dollar sector. invest $78M in lobbying and advocacy in 2024 The open question? Will they deploy their resources effectively? Or be taken in by the wily Beltway Bandits? What to do? Those of us who remember C.P. Snow’s seminal understand that the “physical scientists” (which would include software engineers, notwithstanding that software is, so to speak, metaphysical) among whom I count myself as a very lesser figure do not really understand the “literary intellectuals” (among whom I also count myself in a very minor way). The Two Cultures And The Scientific Revolution This misunderstanding causes a terrible disconnect. As Snow reported, in 1959: “They have a curious distorted image of each other. Their attitudes are so different that, even at the level of emotion, they can’t find much common ground.” This can be countered… if the blockchain thought leaders know how to adopt an effective approach. There is abundant potential common ground. Dixon’s book offers a “ ” – the brain’s bridge connecting the left (logical, dominating the physical scientists) and right (narrative-based, dominating the literary intellectuals) hemispheres – to enable both sides to understand each other. corpus callosum To their mutual, and our, great benefit. There’s a simple way to expedite this process, one with a high ROI. Were the thought leaders of the $78M blockchain advocacy effort to allocate an absurdly small fraction (less than 1%) of their dedicated resources to distributing two copies (one for the Congressperson or Senator, one for his or her most relevant legislative aide) of Read Write Own, the impact almost surely will be disproportionately valuable compared to the low cost of such an operation. How do I know? I’ve pretty much single-handedly gotten (non-blockchain related) legislation passed through the House. Twice. There are a lot of smart, idealistic, people working on Capitol Hill, many actively interested in the blockchain and in its tantalizing potential. Put Read Write Own in front of them! The power of can hardly be overestimated: Joseph Pulitzer’s principles “…put it before them briefly so that they will read it, clearly so that they will understand it, forcibly so that they will appreciate it, picturesquely so that they will remember it, and, above all, accurately so that they may be wisely guided by its light.” The late supply-side chief propagandist Jude Wanniski’s book “The Way the World Works” played an outsized role in igniting the worldwide wave of unprecedented equitable prosperity driven by supply-side economics. This arcane fact is mostly long forgotten. That said, I was there and remember. In the , “And I only am escaped alone to tell thee.” words of Ishmael Read Write Own, properly deployed, very well could catalyze a comparably magnificent equitable prosperity transformation. Putting Dixon’s Read Write Own in front of the right eyeballs in the right way on Capitol Hill, could very well release the djinn of “the only known technology that can re-establish an open, democratic internet” from its lamp. Which eyeballs? Don’t try to guess. Simply trust the process known as “ as described by James Surowiecki. the wisdom of crowds” Flood the zone and let the implicate order take it from there. And then … let a new golden age of equitable prosperity, via the road thereto so ably mapped out by Dixon, foment well-designed policy and thereby foster the next great manifestation of equitable prosperity for America. And the world. Read. Write. Own.

Here Comes Web3: Chris Dixon’s Read Write Own

এখানে আসে ওয়েব 3: ক্রিস ডিক্সনের পড়া লেখা নিজস্ব

Hier kommt Web3: Chris Dixons Read Write Own

Aquí viene Web3: Lectura y escritura propia de Chris Dixon

Voici le Web3 : Lire, écrire et posséder de Chris Dixon

यहाँ आता है वेब3: क्रिस डिक्सन का पढ़ें लिखें अपना

Web3 の登場: Chris Dixon の Read Write Own

Web3 출시: Chris Dixon의 읽기 쓰기

Aí vem a Web3: Read Write Own de Chris Dixon

А вот и Web3: книга Криса Диксона «Читайте, пишите сами»

İşte Web3 Geliyor: Chris Dixon'ın Oku Yaz Kendin Yaz

Đây là Web3: Tự đọc và viết của Chris Dixon

Web3 来了：Chris Dixon 的 Read Write Own

The , although derived from axioms and ground-set rules, has a quite peculiar interplay that dances within itself. The quantum realm recently discovered has opened avenues not only for a new science branch but also for science itself. world of science As empires are built and crumble, we fail to see that not only the wideness of the wall secures them, but also the inside aspects such as economy and faith. And of course, there’s a lot more to take into account when going towards the central figures. But for the sake of science, we will assume that there is a specific pattern. A green line in which, if the central figures of a city are found, the city is growing. Just like the habitable zone that allows our planet to sustain life. Further, I would like to explain my view of faith as the 100% certainty that all odds are in favor. However, to transcend faith, we would require tangible proof which would let our reasoning take the steps from 100% possible to absolute truthfulness. A state in which, every time we stumble under the same starting conditions, we can fast-forward to the past result and instantly acknowledge it as true or false, or even in some cases, use the same reasoning or formulas for different starting conditions, but under the same conceptual background to skip some math. Maybe the world of quantum represents a world in which we are forced to either find the true statement or keep looking for it. Further, as I lack the studies of a university, I will use ChatGPT to help me formalize and bring those ideas to a whole new level of understanding. Therefore, please keep in mind that all that comes next (and what I write after all) is purely theoretical and no previous research or ground-based testing has been done. I strongly believe however that the new road of science is only in its infant state, despite the results we have so far achieved. And what I find so great about it, is that and rule. reason logic The most fundamental aspects of logic and reasoning which we have used with both algebra and geometry could be revived as insights into this domain. Now, however, they might be used only as starting arguments that allow for action/reaction/movement/dimensionality and many more to take shape in a new form. Remember that the magic of storytelling should not be in the words, but in the story itself and how we decide to visualize it. Part 1: Fuzzy Logic Try to envision mathematical concepts as a background set of rules. Arrangements in which this fuzzy logic makes sense. Quantum mechanics is the whole of this world. A world that has segments that are either ordered by those rules or not. When a rule is not followed, the truthfulness of information kind of transcends into the realm of possibilities where they fade until they will eventually reappear. Higher-dimensional aspects are those that show us insights into where the state of the probability is. More clouds suggest a higher chance of rain. The mathematical rule has not been achieved yet. It's at a point where it is in the process of being completed. The full background shows us that it is not raining yet, even if it’s close. Let us see how our little AI helper sums these up. (Of course, I will lend my understanding to each point with italicized text.) Mathematics provides a set of rules and structures that help us model and understand the world. These rules can range from simple arithmetic to complex algebraic equations and beyond. The consistency and universality of mathematical principles make them a powerful tool for describing various phenomena. Mathematical Concepts as Background Set Rules: Fuzzy logic deals with degrees of truth rather than absolute truth values. It's often employed in situations where information is imprecise or uncertain. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles at the quantum level. The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics introduces an element of uncertainty, and the concept of superposition allows particles to exist in multiple states simultaneously. Fuzzy Logic and Quantum Mechanics: Here, we could say that those clouds are seen by 2 cities. In one city it’s raining, while in the other, it’s not. Even if the clouds are the central figure of the statement, the space marks the difference between where this is true and where it isn’t. Just like 2 particles can influence each other despite the distance, but when change is made, how can we know who made the change if it wasn’t us? In mathematics, higher-dimensional spaces extend beyond our familiar three-dimensional space. These spaces are often used to model complex systems or describe relationships involving more than three variables. The idea of higher dimensions is also explored in physics and string theory. Higher-Dimensional Spaces: Higher dimensions could simply be the newly opened avenues in which the probability fluctuates. Maybe dimensions are created and destroyed just like cells. Cells may depend on both internal and external variables when it comes to their destruction. Whereas dimensions are created and destroyed only by rules that result from a greater whole, the whole of summed parts. We could see them as being only externally dependent. Simply representing the “external” concept. Something beyond. Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of probability into the description of physical systems. The behavior of particles is often described by wave functions that provide probabilities for different outcomes. Observations collapse these probabilities into definite states. Probability and Quantum States: By observing, you see the “present” which was “present” 0.001, no, 2 seconds, no, 5 seconds ago. I believe there is no known way yet that allows us to see the real slope of growth as it is dependent on multiple factors. Focusing on just some of them will never allow us to see the full picture of the past, but we can use it to gather information for the potential full picture of the future. Just like a pirate using his spyglass to view a castle. He can never be sure that the castle is 100% the same as when he spies at the door since he cannot see the whole castle. The notion that certain mathematical concepts are not yet complete suggests ongoing exploration and discovery. In fields like pure mathematics, researchers are continuously working on extending existing theories, proving new theorems, and exploring the boundaries of mathematical knowledge. Incomplete Mathematical Concepts: In the end, we might get to a new science, a new understanding which we will call “true science” and for those that come next will be just… science. Part 2: A State of Chaos There is so much information. So many weights and counterweights to take into consideration. What has to remain and what has to be scratched off? Oh God… I feel like my head is going to explode—theoretically, of course. The point of no return, when the force of rejection will simply become stronger than the pull, is too far ahead. But then… we wouldn’t wish for a blackhole to appear either. How can we balance this play? What does it MEAN to be in balance yet, not be dead? We know (or theorize) that life could resemble the turning gears of change. Without change, everything is static. No good, no bad could happen further. But then, if life is always pulling up the rope of change, balance is surely broken. If we were to counterweight life, we would arrive at death. What else could happen here so that we will ever grow? Could life be its own domain? Could life be so inextricably different from death that it never touches it? Could life and death, and their impossibility to touch each other, be both enveloped into a both-enveloping sphere? So many questions, so few answers. “But how? And why?” - and this just makes it worse. Let’s turn our glare towards the prime numbers and something interesting ChatGPT explained to me. ”The distribution of prime numbers is a fascinating topic in number theory. Primes are often considered the "building blocks" of natural numbers, and their distribution on the number line has been a subject of extensive study. While primes themselves may seem somewhat irregular (as they have no divisors other than 1 and themselves), the overall pattern of their distribution exhibits some regularities. There are well-known results and conjectures related to the distribution of primes, such as the Prime Number Theorem, which describes the asymptotic distribution of primes among the natural numbers.” - ChatGPT. Part 3: When will this stop? “The overall pattern… exhibits some regularities.” Down below, I would like to place some patterns I randomly found a while ago when playing with primes. Now if you are to ask me what is going on in those pictures, I will ask you in return for better equipment. I will check the patterns and think that I see something. After days, weeks, or months, I would simply take a break from all the patterning and turn back to rational thinking in the hope that this time, the patterns that come into my mind support my claims. And this is how I deal with primes in a nutshell. No fuzzy logic. No fuzzy math (only to the point where logic and reason seem to hold tight to the primes). Only admiring and thinking about what could this great picture of art mean. Could we have discovered order itself? If yes, then how would we explain it? How can we understand its meaning? How can we communicate with/using it? Sadly, my job is not a full-time researcher. No matter how much I involve myself in the field there will always be someone ahead of me. Someone who will say: The Riemann zeta function is a mathematical function that plays a crucial role in number theory and complex analysis. It is named after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, who first defined and studied it. The Riemann zeta function is defined for complex numbers �(kind of S and C combined symbol)s with real part greater than 1 by the infinite series: �(�)=1�+2−�+3−�+4−�+…ζ(s)=1s+2−s+3−s+4−s+… This series converges when the real part of �s is greater than 1. The series can be analytically continued to other values of �s (except for �=1s=1, where it has a simple pole), providing a way to define the zeta function in a larger domain. One of the most famous properties of the Riemann zeta function is its connection to the distribution of prime numbers. In particular, the zeta function is closely related to the Prime Number Theorem, which describes the asymptotic distribution of prime numbers. - ChatGPT You are telling me that you found a function that correctly jumps at each prime number occurrence, yet, you have no idea why it does that. Now you try looking into those domains and dimensions that you had no idea even existed. Exploring a land of the unknown where all your beliefs shatter, only to force you to connect them once again if you want it to make sense. And that is… MARVELOUS. We, as humankind, are insignificant. Yet, here we are. Closer and closer to the power of understanding dimensionality. This pursuit of knowledge seems like it must be our happiest years. When in the meantime, some place their ideas into new smart ways for crypto. Others pray that today will be our happy day. Others are simply lost due to psychological or physical warfare. If knowledge is what we say defines us, it sure seems we never met our parents. I hope you all stay safe and healthy. It is a very foggy world out there. And our lanterns seem to shine only ourselves. Take care of your loved ones, of yourself, and of course, of your knowledge. “If she is cherished, one is exalted; if she is embraced, one is honored. But if you refuse to listen to her when she calls, when you pay no attention when she stretches out her hand, so too, will she ignore you when you most need her, in times of distress and trouble. How much better to get wisdom than gold, to get insight rather than silver!” - Eternalised Lead image by Manuel on Unsplash

Quantum Realms, Fuzzy Logic, and the Enigma of Prime Patterns

92 Stories To Learn About Hackernoon Podcast

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Official lists of patents here Official lists of patents ISSUED BY THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE. FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1871. Reported Officially for the Scientific American. SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES On each Caveat $10 On each Trade-Mark $25 On filing each application for a Patent, (seventeen years) $15 On issuing each original Patent $20 On appeal to Examiners-in-Chief $10 On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 On application for Reissue $30 On application for Extension of Patent $50 On granting the Extension $50 On filing a Disclaimer $10 On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 On an application for Design (seven years) $15 On an application for Design (fourteen years) $30 For Copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years $1 A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of a machine as the Claim covers, from upward, but usually at the price above-named. $1 The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20, 1866 at which time the Patent Office commenced printing them $1.25 Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, we can supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount of labor involved and the number of views. Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had by addressing MUNN & CO., Patent Solicitors, 37 Park Row, New York. 112,309.—Hose Sprinkler.—William Anderson, San Francisco, Cal. 112,310.—Locomotive Spark Arrester.—J. G. Armstrong, New Brunswick, N. J. 112,311.—Tool for Carriage Makers' Use.—George Atkinson, San Francisco, Cal. 112,312.—Potato Probe.—John A. Beal, Waterford, N. Y. 112,313.—Hinge for Carriage Doors.—George W. Beers, Bridgeport, Conn. 112,314.—Stove Leg.—James Birckhead, Jr., Baltimore, Md. 112,315.—Clothes Pin.—Orris A. Bishop, Chicago, Ill. 112,316.—Manufacture of Rochelle Salts and Borax.—V. G. Bloede, Brooklyn, N. Y. 112,317.—Beehive.—Felix Brewer, Waynesville, Mo. 112,318.—Thill Coupling.—Theodore Burr (assignor to Allen Muir and Henry Muir), Battle Creek, Mich. 112,319.—Evaporating Pan for Saccharine Liquids.—F. C. Butler, Bellows Falls, Vt., assignor to himself and James B. Williams, Glastonbury, Conn. 112,320.—Door Securer.—William H. Caldwell, Wheeling, W. Va. 112,321.—Toe-calk Bar.—R. B. Caswell, Springfield, Mass. Antedated March 2, 1871. 112,322.—Glass Flattening Furnace and Leer.—James Clabby, Lenox, Mass. 112,323.—Spring Bed Bottom.—Alex. Cole, Manamuskin, N. J. 112,324.—Water Wheel.—E. E. Coleman, West Cummington, Mass. 112,325.—Toy Horse and Carriage.—John B. Cuzner, Bridgeport, Conn. 112,326.—Mackerel-line Holder.—E. L. Decker, Southport, Me. 112,327.—Sewing Machine.—J. William Dufour, Stratford, Conn. 112,328.—Steam Boiler.—Edwards Evans, North Tonawanda, N. Y. 112,329.—Medical Compound for Cure of Catarrh and Asthma.—Erastus Field, Ostrander, Ohio. 112,330.—Machine for Grinding the Cutters of Mowers, etc.—H. C. Fisk, Wellsville, N. Y. 112,331.—Machine for Making Hooks and Eyes.—Jeremy T. Ford, San Francisco, Cal. 112,332.—Churn.—Thompson Freeman, Westfield, Ill. 112,333.—Attachment for Revolving Mold Boards for Plows.—J. S. Godfrey, Leslie, Mich., assignor to himself and S. M. Loveridge, Pittsburgh, Pa. 112,334.—Grain Cleaner and Fertilizer Sifter.—J. A. Green, Mill Dale, Va. 112,335.—Screw Propulsion.—E. C. Gregg (assignor to A. H. Gregg and C. P. Gregg), Trumansburg, N. Y. 112,336.—Seeding Machine.—P. M. Gundlach, Belleville, Ill. 112,337.—Compound for Kindling Fires.—J. L. Hannum and S. H. Stebbins, Berea, Ohio. 112,338.—Lawn Mower.—Benjamin Harnish, Lancaster, and D. H. Harnish, Pequea, Pa. 112,339.—Composition for Pavements.—C. B. Harris, New York city. Antedated February 25, 1870. 112,340.—Spring for Vehicles.—John R. Hiller, Woodland, Cal. 112,341.—Harvester Rake.—S. T. Holly, (assignor to John P. Manny), Rockford, Ill. 112,342.—Door Clamp.—Henry O. Hooper, Diamond Springs, Cal. 112,343.—Taper Holder.—Thomas W. Houchin, Morrisania, N. Y. 112,344.—Metallic Garter.—Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. 112,345.—Bobbin Winder.—Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. 112,346.—Method of Knitting Stockings, etc.—Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. 112,347.—Apparatus for Evaporating and concentrating Liquids.—John Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. 112,348.—Apparatus for Evaporating and Concentrating Liquids.—John Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. 112,349.—Apparatus for Removing Oil from Vegetable and other Matters.—Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. 112,350.—Apparatus and Process for Removing Oil from Grain, Seeds, etc.—Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. 112,351.—Chandelier.—Charles F. Jacobsen, New York city. 112,352.—Culinary Vessel.—Carrie Jessup, New Haven, Conn. 112,353.—Machine for Cutting Leather.—Aberdeen Keith, North Bridgewater, Mass. 112,354.—Attaching Knobs to their Spindles.—John F. Keller and Nathaniel Sehner, Hagerstown, Md. 112,355.—Miter Machine.—T. E. King, Boston, Mass. 112,356.—Take-up for Corset Looms.—Julius Kuttner, New York city. 112,357.—Elevator and Carrier.—T. W. Lackore, Worth, Ill. 112,358.—Apparatus for Burning Hydrocarbon Oils.—James R. Lee, Grass Valley, Cal. 112,359.—Burglar Alarm.—Robert Lee, Cincinnati, Ohio. 112,360.—Telegraph Apparatus.—L. T. Lindsey, Jackson, Tenn. 112,361.—Harvester.—J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. 112,362.—Harvester.—J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. 112,363.—Harvester Rake.—J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. 112,364.—Cheese Curd Sink.—H. C. Markham, Collinsville, N. Y. 112,365.—Mowing Machine.—H. C. Markham and Dewitt C. Markham, Collinsville, N. Y. 112,366.—Propeller.—Alex. J. Marshall, Warrenton, Va. Antedated March 3, 1871. 112,367.—Oiler.—Edward McDuff and E. D. Forrow, Warwick, R. I. 112,368.—Wash Boiler.—John McInnes, Oxford, Pa. 112,369.—Propelling Canal Boats.—H. B. Meech, Fort Edward, N. Y. Antedated February 25, 1871. 112,370.—Water-proof Compound for Coating Cloth Wood, Metals, etc.—Peter E. Minor, Schenectady, N. Y. 112,371.—Cooking Stove.—W. N. Moore, Neenah, Wis. 112,372.—Boring Machine.—J. H. Pardieck (assignor to himself and S. M. Brown), Acton, Ind. 112,373.—Vapor Burner.—R. W. Park, Philadelphia, Pa. 112,374.—Machine for Pointing Blanks for Cultivator Teeth.—John Pedder and George Abel, West Pittsburgh, Pa. 112,375.—Bale Tie.—J. E. Perkins, San Francisco, Cal. 112,376.—Lining Walls with Felt, etc.—James Phillips, Chicago, Ill. 112,377.—Cooking Stove.—Samuel Pierce, Boston, Mass. 112,378.—Tack.—A. A. Porter, New Haven, Conn. Antedated Feb. 25, 1871. 112,379.—Machine for Shaping and Cutting Gear Cutters.—F. A. Pratt (assignor to the Pratt & Whitney Company), Hartford, Conn. 112,380.—Combination Camera and Developing Box.—E. C. Ratzell, Philadelphia, Pa. 112,381.—Punching Machine.—J. C. Rhodes, South Abington, Mass. 112,382.—Washing Machine.—J. W. Ricker, Chelsea, Mass. 112,383.—Curtain Fixture.—Charles Robin. Chester, Conn. 112,384.—Machine for Making Printers' Leads.—Isaac Schoenberg, New York city. 112,385.—Slide Valve for Steam Riveting Machines.—Coleman Sellers (assignor to William Sellers & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa. 112,386.—Machine for Polishing Thread.—Samuel Semple, Sr., John Semple, Samuel Semple, Jr., and R. A. Semple, Mount Holly, N. J. 112,387.—Paint Brush.—F. S. Shearer, Washington, Ill. 112,388.—Bee Hive.—S. A. Short, F. J. Short, J. B. Short, and Jasper Kile, Decatur, Ala. 112,389.—Apparatus for Removing Oil from Vegetable and other Matter.—Thomas Sim, Baltimore, Md. 112,390.—Retort for Producing Bisulphide of Carbon.—Thomas Sim, Baltimore, Md. 112,391.—Utilizing the Silky Down of the Wild Cotton. —M. H. Simpson, Boston, Mass. 112,392.—Pruning Shears.—Frank Smiley, Batavia, N. Y. 112,393.—Water-closet Valve.—A. J. Smith, San Francisco, Cal. 112,394.—Gang Plow.—J. W. Sursa, San Leandro, Cal. 112,395.—Grinding Pan and Amalgamator.—W. H. Thoss, West Point, Cal. 112,396.—Street Lantern.—Augustus Tufts, Malden, Mass. 112,397.—Cooking Stove.—Alvin Warren, Swanton, Ohio. 112,398.—Safety Bridle.—James Weatherhead, San José, Cal. 112,399.—Fire Grate.—George Wellhouse, Akron, Ohio. 112,400.—Hay Knife.—G. F. Weymouth, Dresden, Me. 112,401.—Claw Bar.—Charles Winter, Chillicothe, Ohio. 112,402.—Steam Generator.—J. C. Woodhead, Pittsburgh, Pa. 112,403.—Animal Trap.—W. D. Wrightson, Queenstown England. 112,404.—Brush.—John Ames, Lansingburg, N. Y. 112,405.—Clod Fender.—F. L. Bailey, Freeport, Ind. 112,406.—Ruler.—H. S. Ball, Spartanburg, S. C. 112,407.—Fanning Mill.—Benjamin Barney, Time, Ill. 112,408.—Ice-cutting Machine.—Lafayett Barnum (assignor to himself and A. R. Hale), Bridgeport, Conn. 112,409.—Manufacture of Ice.—T. J. Bigger, Kansas City, Mo. 112,410.—Machine for Heading Bolts and Spikes.—Reinhold Boeklen, Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to himself and Henry Torstrick New York city. Antedated Feb. 28, 1871. 112,411.—Washing Machine.—Joseph Boswell, L. M. Boswell, Jonathan Palmer, and J. H. James (assignors to themselves and Thomas Starbuck), Wilmington, Ohio. 112,412.—Water Wheel.—E. C. Boyles, New York city. 112,413.—Cotton Press.—R. M. Brooks, Pike county, Ga. 112,414.—Paper-cutting Machine.—Samuel Brown (assignor to himself and C. R. Carver), Philadelphia, Pa. 112,415.—Governor for Direct-acting Engines.—A. S. Cameron, New York city. 112,416.—Governor for Direct-acting Engines.—A. S. Cameron, New York city. 112,417.—Butt Hinge.—J. W. Carleton (assignor to the Union Manufacturing Co.), New Britain, Conn. 112,418.—Machine for Cutting Sheet Metal.—C. R. Choate, East Saginaw, Mich. 112,419.—Bit Brace.—William Cleveland, Lawrence, Mass., assignor to himself and James Swan, Seymour, Conn. 112,420.—Steam Engine Governor.—C. A. Condé, Indianapolis, Ind. 112,421.—Carpet-cleaning Machine.—J. C. Craft (assignor to himself and Antonio Rosello), Baltimore, Md. 112,422.—Steam Regulator for Paper Dryers.—Daniel Crosby, Hampden, Me. 112 423.—Metallic Piston and Valve Rod Packing.—G. M. Cruickshank, Providence, R. I. 112,424.—Grain-thrashing and Separating Machine.—John Culham, Grand Rapids, Mich. Antedated Feb. 25, 1871. 112,425.—Cooking Stove.—David Curtis, Mishawaka, assignor to himself and C. B. Graham, South Bend, Ind. 112,426.—Lightning Rod.—S. D. Cushman, New Lisbon, Ohio. 112,427.—Hose Bridge.—Patrick Daily (assignor to himself and J. J. Kehoe), New York city. 112,428.—Cover for Openings in Sidewalks.—William Dale, New York city. 112,429.—Rotary Pump.—F. O. Deschamps, Philadelphia, Pa. 112,430.—Machine for Cutting Files.—James Dodge, Manchester, England, assignor to David Blake, Spencertown, N. Y. 112,431.—Coupling for Railway Cars.—Henry Dubs and S. G. Goodall-Copestake, Glasgow, Great Britain. 112,432.—Tobacco Pipe.—P. J. Dwyer, Elizabethport, N. J. 112,433.—Basket for House Plants.—Albert P. Eastman, Washington, D. C. 112,434.—Sulky Plow.—Milo A. Elliott, Stratford Hollow, N. H. 112,435.—Stretcher for Paintings.—James Fairman, New York city. 112,436.—Body Lantern Holder.—Samuel C. Fessenden, Stamford, Conn. 112,437.—Stove Leg.—Amon L. Finch, Sing Sing, N. Y. 112,438.—Pump Piston.—John S. Follansbee and George Doolittle (assignors to the Forrester Manufacturing Company), Bridgeport, Conn. 112,439.—Shoe.—Samuel W. Francis (assignor to himself and W. H. Newton), Newport, R. I. 112,440.—Guard-Finger for Harvesters.—George Fyfe and Chester Hard, Ottawa, Ill. 112,441.—Dining Table.—S. R. Gardner (assignor to himself and S. M. Marquette), Independence, Iowa. 112,442.—Step Ladder.—M. Boland Geary, New York City. 112,443.—Oilcloth Printing Machinery.—Ebenezer A. Goodes (assignor to Philadelphia Patent and Novelty Company), Philadelphia, Pa. 112,444.—Tenoning Machine.—Lyman Gould, Norwich, Conn. 112,445.—Printer's Case.—Wm. H. A. Gresham, Atlanta, Ga. 112,446.—Lamp Chimney.—Geo. W. Griswold, Factoryville, Pa. 112,447.—Grain Separator.—Philander Griswold, Hudson, Mich. 112,448.—Clamp for Thill Couplings.—John W. Guider (assignor to himself and John Kiefer), St. Joseph, Mo. 112,449.—Bird Cage.—Gottlob Gunther, New York city. 112,450.—Stop Cock and Valve.—William Haas, New York city. 112,451.—Valve for Steam Engines.—Joseph L. Harley, Baltimore, Md., and Xaver Fendrich, Georgetown, D. C. 112,452.—Metallic Hub.—John H. Harper, Pittsburgh, Pa. 112,453.—Composition for Lubricating Machinery.—E. Q. Henderson (assignor to John C. Burroughs and Richard A. Springs) Charlotte, N. C. 112,454.—Post-hole Digger.—Bryant B. Herrick, Decatur, Mich. 112,455.—Door Check.—Levi S. Hicks (assignor to himself, J. Perrin Johnson, and John Buell), Peoria, Ill. 112,456.—Railway-car Brake.—Luther Hill, Stoneham, and Seth D. Tripp, Lynn, Mass. 112,457.—Truss.—Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y. 112,458.—Feed Bag for Horses.—Walter A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y. 112,459.—Shade Holder for Lamps—Mark W. House, Cleveland, Ohio. 112,460.—Lamp Chimney.—Mark Wiggins House (assignor to the Cleveland Non-Explosive Lamp Company), Cleveland, Ohio. Antedated March 1, 1871. 112,461.—Horse Hay Rake.—James Howard and E. T. Bousfield, Bedford, England. 112,462.—Tongs for Rolling Barrels.—Mark W. Ingle, Indianapolis, Ind. 112,463.—Pitman.—George W. Jayson, Lodi, Ohio. 112,464.—Paste for Paper Hangings.—John Jones (assignor to himself and Henry A. Smith), New York city. 112,465.—Twine Holder.—Edward M. Judd, New Haven, Ct. 112,466.—Clothes Pin or Clasp.—Amos L. Keeports and William Yount, Littletown, Pa. 112,467.—Putting up Hams.—Samuel Edward Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa. 112,468.—Limn Kiln.—Thomas A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo. 112,469.—Fastening for Seats for Wagons or Sleighs.—John G. Knapp and John F. Robertson (assignors of one third their right to James H. Holly), Warwick, N. Y. 112,470.—Potato Planter.—George Knowlton (assignor for one-half his right to N. Haynes), Johnstown, Pa. 112,471.—Revolving Firearm.—Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn. 112,472.—Revolving Firearm.—Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor, by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn. 112,473.—Railroad Cattle-Guard Gate.—J. H. Mallory, La Porte, Ind. 112,474.—Back-reflecting Mirror.—Richard Mason (assignor to himself and Matthew Ely), Newark, N. J. 112,475.—Ventilator and Chimney Top.—James McGowan (assignor to himself and Daniel H. Waring), New York city. 112,476.—Apparatus for Rectifying and Refining Spirits.—Frederick Measey (assignor to himself and Henry D. Fling), Philadelphia, Pa. 112,477.—Tin Can.—John F. Merrill (assignor to himself and Alexander Stewart), Cincinnati, Ohio. 112,478.—Take-up Mechanism for Looms.—John Michna and Joseph Fischer, New York city. 112,479.—Combined Baker and Broiler.—Wm. H. Miller, Brandenburg, Ky. 112,480.—Shuttle for Sewing Machines.—James D. Moore, Grinnell, Iowa. 112,481.—Cotton Chopper and Grain Cultivator.—Daniel Mosely, Osark, Arkansas. 112,482.—Sad and Fluting Iron.—Frederick Myers, New York city. 112,483.—Reed for Organs and Melodeons.—Augustus Newell, Chicago, Ill. 112,484.—Straw Cutter.—Amon Park, Germanville, Iowa. 112,485.—Apparatus for Aging Whisky and Other Spirits.—Josiah Peiffer and Samuel Richards, Valonia, Pa. 112,486.—Combined Cotton and Corn Planter.—Louis A. Perrault (assignor to himself and Joseph Huber), Natchez, Miss. 112,487.—Faucet.—Solomon Pfleger, Reading, assignor to himself and J. S. Pfleger, Tamaqua, Pa. 112,488.—Treadle.—George K. Proctor, Salem, Mass. 112,489.—Lubricating Compound.—Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 112,490.—Fertilizer and Seeding Machine.—Archibald Putnam (assignor to Elizabeth Putnam), Owego, N. Y. 112,491.—Rotary Pump.—George W. Putnam, South Glens Falls, N. Y. 112,492.—Hat Brush.—Robert Dunbar Radcliffe, Palmyra, N. Y. 112,493.—Refrigerating Show Case.—Thomas L. Rankin, Lyndon, Kansas, assignor to himself and D. W. Rockwell, Elyria, Ohio. 112,494.—Device for Starting and Stopping Cars.—Philip Rhoads, Carlisle, Pa. 112,495.—Pipe-molding Machine.—George Richardson, Milwaukee, Wis. 112,496.—Sulky Cultivator.—Richard B. Robbins, Adrian, Mich. 112,497.—Hand Plow.—Nelson Rue, Harrodsburg, Ky. 112,498.—Mechanical Movement.—Edward G. Russell, Ravenna, Ohio. 112,499.—Railway Car Brake.—Lyman Alphonzo Russell, Shrewsbury, Vt. 112,500.—Stovepipe Cleaner.—David Sanford, Ashton, Ill. 112,501.—Twine Holder.—Joseph B. Sargent and Purmont Bradford (assignors to Sargent & Co.), New Haven, Conn. 112,502.—Dovetailing Machine.—James M. Seymour, Newark, N. J. 112,503.—Wooden Pavement.—Eaton Shaw, Portland, Me. 112,504.—Guard for Circular Saws.—George W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y. 112,505.—Breech-loading Firearm.—Dexter Smith and Martin J. Chamberlin, Springfield, Mass. 112,506.—Spark Arrester.—James Smith, Altoona, Pa. 112,507.—Horse Hay Rake.—Solomon P. Smith, Waterford, N. Y. 112,508.—Plow.—S. M. Stewart, New Harrisburg, Ohio. 112,509.—Medical Compound for Treating Fever and Ague.—George E. Swan, Mount Vernon, Ohio. 112,510.—Device for Cooling Journals of Car Axles.—Henry G. Thompson, Milford, Conn. 112,511.—Cooling Journal of Car Axles.—Henry G. Thompson, Milford, Conn. 112,512.—Cooling Journal of Car-wheel Axles.—Henry G. Thompson, Milford, Conn. 112,513.—Device for Cooling Journals of Railway Cars.—Henry G. Thompson, Milford, Conn. 112,514.—Non-heating Handle for Sad Irons, etc.—William H. Towers, Boston, Mass. 112,515.—Lubricator.—John Erst Uhl, Renovo, Pa. 112,516.—Combined Corn Planter and Cultivator.—Franklin Underwood, South Rutland, N. Y. 112,517.—King Bolt.—Wendel Vondersaar, Indianapolis, Ind. 112,518.—Wheat Roaster.—George W. Waitt (assignor to himself and Robert B. Fitts), Philadelphia, Pa. 112,519.—Plaster Sower.—Thomas J. West, Alfred Center, N. Y. 112,520.—Ticket Holder.—Henry Wexel, Providence, R. I. 112,521.—Tobacco Press.—Abraham N. Zell, Lancaster, Pa. 112,522.—Combined Bag Holder and Scales.—William Zimmerman, Lebanon, Pa. Antedated February 25, 1871. 112,523.—Breech-loading Firearm.—James M. Mason, Washington, D. C. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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