here are so many problems and difficulties in software development

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This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ayei E. Ibor, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (2) Mark Hooper, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (3) Carsten Maple, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (4) Gregory Epiphaniou, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Background Review of Literature Methodology Discussion of Findings Conclusion and Future Work & References 3. Review of Literature Although interoperability has the potential to create a seamless identity ecosystem for data exchange, verification, and validation of digital identities, and expand the reach of national governments for effective service delivery, there are very few research-based approaches for cross-border interoperable identity systems. Backhouse and Halperin (2009) posited that the challenge of establishing interoperable systems is enormous, which does not only consider the technical linking of databases and systems. To this effect, they proposed a three-fold conception of interoperability for identity management systems viz-a-viz technical, legal, and regulatory components to enhance data sharing in the provision of e-government. The factors militating against the full interoperability of federated identity management systems are studied in Catuogno and Galdi (2014). They argued that the tendency for per-site authentication and authorization of ID holders culminates in huge overhead for both the identity/service providers and the ID holders as each site stores different credentials of the user. Therefore, the authors presented Shibboleth as the de facto standard for identity management and point of access to providers of information (PAPI) as a solution that leverages the joining of federations and translation of protocols during cross-federation authentication and authorization (AA) sessions. Sharma and Panigrahi (2015) proposed a roadmap useful to plan and implement the capabilities of interoperability in e-government solutions. The roadmap considered the notion of knowledge sharing among key stakeholders based on vital legal, regulatory, technical, and organisational components that can foster the interoperability of e-government services. One significant limitation of this research is its inability to explore cross-country differences in legislation and regulatory requirements, as it focused only on the inputs from stakeholders in India. Also, Kotzé and Alberts (2017) proposed a baseline conceptual model to achieve an egovernment interoperability framework. The model considered the technical, legislative, social, and political environments of South Africa to serve as a guideline for enterprises that are evolving towards e-governance. Similar studies were carried out by Kanagwa et al. (2018), who investigated the relevance of a national enterprise architecture to support several e-government systems including the systems for the registration of persons in Uganda through semantic interoperability that is achieved based on a set of related ontologies. Still, in both studies, country-specific technical, legislative, social, and political considerations were made, which indicate the absence of cross-border considerations to interoperability, Saputro et al. (2020) discussed the Estonian XRoad as an e-governance solution for secure data exchange and the interoperability of information systems across nine countries. This notwithstanding, this research did not categorise whether the countries investigated are developed or developing to ascertain the level of inclusion or exclusion required for facilitating e-governance. In Hölbl, Kežmah and Kompara (2023), the interoperability and compliance issues in eIDAS are discussed. The authors asserted that eIDAS has limited applicability in the public sector since the regulation does not address new market demands with the added complexity of private online providers connecting to the eIDAS network. Further, the issue of the isolation and inflexibility of notified eID solutions in member states makes it difficult for eIDAS to support a variety of use cases. Domingo and Teevan (2022) discussed the interoperability of cross-border payment solutions to expand trade in Africa. They argued that the success of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) depends largely on the cross-border interoperability of low-value instant payment systems such as mobile money. Consequently, the authors posited that such a policy will enhance inclusion and long-lasting benefits to small-scale businesses. Additionally, Masiero (2023) argued that the effectiveness of digital identity schemes depends on platform features, which must be considered to comprehend the true extent of harm that digital identification might cause due to interoperability. Furthermore, Benaddi et al. (2023) identified the challenges in data sharing and the interoperability of e-government systems. Their focus was on the technical interoperability of e-government entities to enhance collaboration in the use of public data. However, their approach does not consider crossborder perspectives to data sharing including the identification of entities that consume these data. This paper is available on [Arxiv](https://This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.) under CC 4.0 license.

A Trustworthy Cross-Border Interoperable Identity System: A Review of the Literature

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Thomas Pethick, EPFL (LIONS) thomas.pethick@epfl.ch; (2) Wanyun Xie, EPFL (LIONS) wanyun.xie@epfl.ch; (3) Volkan Cevher, EPFL (LIONS) volkan.cevher@epfl.ch. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related work Setup Inexact Krasnosel’ski˘ı-Mann iterations Approximating the resolvent Last iterate under cohypomonotonicity Analysis of Lookahea Experiments Conclusion & limitations Acknowledgements & References 6 Last iterate under cohypomonotonicity The above lemma allows us to obtain last iterate convergence for IKM on the inexact resolvent by combing the lemma with Theorem C.1. Remark 6.3. Notice that the rate in Theorem 6.2 has no dependency on ρ. Specifically, it gets rid of the factor γ/(γ + 2ρ) which Gorbunov et al. (2022b, Thm. 3.2) shows is unimprovable for PP. Theorem 6.2 requires that the iterates stays bounded. In Corollary 6.4 we will assume bounded diameter for simplicity, but it is relatively straightforward to show that the iterates can be guaranteed to be bounded by controlling the inexactness (see Lemma E.2).

Stable Nonconvex-Nonconcave Training via Linear Interpolation: Last iterate under cohypomonotonicity

998 Stories To Learn About Literature

Engineers, whether they’re data, software, or DevOps, often strive to build or design the perfect solution. They tend to focus predominantly on technical aspects, sometimes overlooking business outcomes. This is a common oversight. However, our main goal is to develop a product that addresses a business problem, not necessarily to create a flawless solution. Therefore, we need to continually revise our design to ensure we’re on the right track. Incremental design results in a working system at the end of implementation. On the other hand, iterative design produces a functioning system at the end of each iteration. Notable examples of iterative design are presented in the picture, created by Henrik Kniberg. Sounds good? In the realm of data engineering, consider the task of building a data pipeline. This pipeline needs to ingest data from a source, transform it, load it into a destination, and provide data access. To build the right solution, we need to address several questions: What is the source (technology, format, etc.)? How much data do we need to ingest (overall, regularly)? What is the destination (technology, format, etc.)? What are the business expectations from the pipeline (SLA, availability, latency, etc.)? The first three questions are technical, while the fourth is business-oriented. The answers to these will guide our technical decisions. Based on business priorities and level of expertise, we might hear responses such as: We need fresh data daily. Fresh data should be available during working hours. Assuming we have a relational database as a source system and a data platform (data warehouse, data lake, lakehouse, etc.) as a target, we can start designing our pipeline. Our initial solution might be a batch pipeline that runs daily and loads data into our data platform. But with past experience in data ingestion with lower latency, or if we’ve used Change Data Capture (CDC), we might suggest a pipeline that ingests data with lower latency (hourly or near real-time). However, implementing a streaming pipeline requires several tasks: Enabling CDC on the source database, which may require: Changes on the source database, involving DBAs Choosing, configuring, and installing CDC software, involving DevOp 2. Defining a target system for CDC data (file system, object storage, message broker). 3. Writing a streaming pipeline that ingests CDC data to our data platform (to a raw layer). 4. Writing a streaming pipeline that transforms data and incrementally loads it to the next layers. 5. Covering all components with monitoring, alerting, logging, etc. Depending on the company’s size and existing technologies, implementing such a solution could take several weeks to months. To avoid building a solution that might not be needed, we should build our system incrementally and iteratively. Here is a possible approach: Phase 1: Implement a batch pipeline that ingests data from the source database and loads it to our data platform (to a raw layer). Depending on the amount of data, this could be a full load or a partial load based on certain criteria. Implement a batch pipeline that reads only actual data from a raw layer and does truncate inserts to further layers. This approach saves us from dealing with updates, deletes, and merge operations, allowing faster implementation. Cover all components with monitoring, alerting, logging, etc. Phase 2: Implement incremental data processing from the raw layer to further layers, which can reduce processing time and infrastructure costs. Phase 3: Enable CDC on the source database. Define a target system for CDC data (file system, object storage, message broker). Implement a streaming pipeline that ingests CDC data into our data platform and processes it incrementally to further layers. Cover all components with monitoring, alerting, logging, etc. At each phase, we have a working system that solves a business problem, allowing the business to benefit from our implementation. We can stop at any phase or continue to implement more features as per business needs.

System Design: An Iterative and Incremental Approach

Authors: (1) Nathan Lambert, Allen Institute for AI; (2) Roberto Calandra, TU Dresden. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Work Background Understanding Objective Mismatch Discussions Conclusion Acknowledgments, and References 5 Discussions The iterative deployment form of RLHF where reward models are retrained based on user data, which induces a second feedback loop, is shown in Fig. 4. Schulman (2023) discusses how this is used in ChatGPT to mitigate issues such as evasiveness, verbosity, and other unexpected, undesirable qualities. Designing in this framework introduces further complexity onto engineering objectives, but allows iterative mitigation of mismatch. This style of iterative RL deployment has been understood as exogenous feedback (Gilbert, Dean, Zick, & Lambert, 2022) and can have societal implications. Iterative deployment of RLHF There is some literature in this space, but expanding related works to the scale of use of modern LLMs will be difficult. For example, Suhr and Artzi (2022) shows theoretical results on outer-loop optimization of instruction-tuned models. The modifications made to the RL optimization of RLHF cast it as a contextual bandits problem, where an agent takes one action and the dynamics are abstracted into one trajectory-reward pairing. Work in this area has investigated the potential of integrating partial, skewed, or noisy human feedback into the optimization process (Nguyen, Daumé III, & Boyd-Graber, 2017). Contextual bandits The subarea of dueling bandits has further specified the problem that is closely aligned with RLHF, but in primarily theoretical work with much smaller models, datasets, and tasks. Yue, Broder, Kleinberg, and Joachims (2012) explains this space in work showing theoretical bounds: “In contrast to conventional approaches that require the absolute reward of the chosen strategy to be quantifiable and observable, our setting assumes only that (noisy) binary feedback about the relative reward of two chosen strategies is available. This type of relative feedback is particularly appropriate in applications where absolute rewards have no natural scale or are difficult to measure... but where pairwise comparisons are easy to make.” This, while closely related to RLHF, will require substantial experimentation to be applicable. Others have built on this into work directly learning from human preferences (Sekhari, Sridharan, Sun, & Wu, 2023) or from implicit human feedback (Maghakian et al., 2022). This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

The Iterative Deployment of RLHF in Language Models

The os package in Python provides a wide range of functionalities for interacting with the operating system. One of the most commonly used aspects of this package is its ability to perform file and folder operations such as iteration, deletion, creation, moving, and opening. In this article, we'll explore how to utilize the os package for these tasks. Iterate Through All the Items Within a Folder You can use the os package in Python to iterate through all the items within a folder using the os.listdir() method. And you can use the os.path.join function to concatenate the folder path with each item in the folder to get the absolute path. Here's an example of how to do it: import os

# Replace 'folder_path' with the path of the folder you want to iterate through
folder_path = 'path_to_folder'

# Iterate through all items in the folder
for item in os.listdir(folder_path):
		print(item) 
		# Get the absolute path of the item
		item_path = os.path.join(folder_path, item) 
		# Display the absolute path of the item
		print(item_path) In this example, returns a list of all the items (files and subfolders) in the specified folder. You can then iterate through this list and perform any operations you need for each item. os.listdir(folder_path) Remember to replace with the actual path of the folder you want to iterate through. 'path_to_folder' Deleting Files and Folders The package provides methods to delete both files and folders. Here's how you can achieve this: os To Delete a File: import os
os.remove('file_path/file.txt') To Delete an Empty Folder: import os
os.rmdir('folder_path')  # Replace with the actual folder path To Delete a Non-Empty Folder and All Its Contents: import shutil
shutil.rmtree('folder_path')  # Replace with the actual folder path Remember to replace and with the actual paths of the file or folder you want to delete. Use these functions with caution as they will permanently delete the specified files or folders. 'file_path/file.txt' 'folder_path' Creating Folders Creating a new folder using the package is straightforward: os import os
os.mkdir('new_folder')  # Replace with the desired folder name Moving and Renaming Files/Folders The package allows us to move and rename files and folders as well. Here's an example of moving a file: os import os
os.rename('old_location/file.txt', 'new_location/file.txt') Opening Files and Folders You can also open a folder in the default file explorer using the package. For instance, to open a folder in the File Explorer (Windows): os import os
os.startfile('folder_path')  # Replace with the actual folder path Conclusion The package in Python offers powerful capabilities for file and folder operations, allowing developers to efficiently manage file system tasks within their applications. os By utilizing the methods provided by the package, you can seamlessly iterate, delete, create, move, and open files and folders in your Python programs. os Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on . Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn Also published here

How to Use the os Module for High-Level File Operations Such as Iterating, Moving, and More

Authors: (1) Nowshin Nawar Arony; (2) Ze Shi Li; (3) Bowen Xu; (4) Daniela Damian. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Motivation Related Work Methodology A Taxonomy of Inclusiveness Inclusiveness Concerns in Different Types of Apps Inclusiveness Across Different Sources of User Feedback Automated Identification of Inclusiveness User Feedback Discussion Conclusion & References 3 RELATED WORK In this section, we describe the existing literature on inclusive software and user feedback. 3.1 Inclusive Software The term inclusive software is related to the notion of “universal access” which implies software that is accessible and usable by everyone [1]. The underlying philosophy behind designing an inclusive product is to ensure that the product can be used by as many different users as possible rather than excluding anyone [11]. A study by Savidis and Stephanidis [1] highlights the significance of providing the necessary tools to support inclusive software design and development. They indicate that an important aspect of inclusive software development is identifying user requirements that emerge from interaction with the software. Conventionally, software is developed with a focus on the average user, and requirements for the software are developed with this perspective. Recent studies, however, highlight the need for more inclusive software. For example, although software is primarily intended to be neutral, software interfaces often contain stereotypical visual components that negatively impact many users’ senses of belonging [12]. Burnett et al. [13] revealed that problem-solving software is developed with a perception that users will adopt the features through tinkering. However, statistically, these features are preferred by men than by women, making the software less inclusive for women. There are some prior works toward building more inclusive software, particularly focusing on gender inclusion. Nunes et al. [14] proposed a conceptual model for genderinclusive requirements that involves creating a genderinclusive requirements document. The document supports practitioners in integrating the model into the requirement elicitation process. Upon evaluation of the model, they found 83.9% positive response in terms of the usefulness of the model [15]. The GenderMag (Gender Inclusiveness Magnifier) method developed by Burnett et al. [13] uses personas encapsulating five facets of gender differences to analyze gender inclusivity in software. An empirical investigation of GenderMag identified biases in an industrial software and helped derive design changes that improved the inclusiveness of the software [16]. Guizani et al., in their study, proposed a Why/Where/Fix approach to find and fix inclusivity bugs in an Open-Source Software project. They reported their approach reduced inclusivity bugs by 90%. While the studies focus on addressing gender-related concerns, the concept of inclusion extends beyond gender. Recent studies have indicated that to make software more inclusive, software companies need to better understand human aspects such as age, emotions, personality, human values, gender, ethnicity, and culture [17], [18]. There are various ways to understand the different human aspects of diverse users. For example, co-design or participatory design techniques where users are invited to participate and provide feedback during the design process [19]. However, as software grows and becomes more prevalent around the world, it becomes difficult for companies to conduct such design sessions. In such cases, CrowdRE (Crowd Requirement Engineering) [20] techniques can be leveraged. In our study, we complement current research and use the CrowdRE method of exploring inclusion from an end-user perspective in comparison to prior studies that focused on understanding inclusion from a developer or designer perspective. 3.2 User Feedback Prior literature has shown that user feedback is beneficial for continuous improvement of software quality [21]. User feedback from the online platforms, i.e., from the “Crowd” [22], has been studied to identify a variety of user needs. One common type of user feedback found in app reviews [23], Twitter (now referred to as X) [24], and Reddit [25] are feature requests and bug reports. More recently, Fazzi et al. [26] analyzed 2,611 app reviews from 57 COVID-19 apps and found nine categories of human aspect related discussions that impact software usage. The authors implied that these human aspects are not always taken into consideration and should be addressed during development. Another study on 1,500 top free Android apps more focused on accessibility issues revealed that the majority of these apps contain significant problems that prevent individuals with disabilities from using the apps [6]. The study demonstrated that various sub-categories of human aspects are identifiable from user feedback, which can raise awareness amongst developers and companies, enabling them to incorporate these insights during development. Similarly, Shahin et al. [5] conducted an analysis of gender related discussions on app reviews and found six major categories: AppFeatures, Appearance, Content, Company Policy and Censorship, Advertisement, and Community. In addition, they automated the identification of gender and non-gender related discussions and acquired an F1-score of 90.77%. Li et al. [4] obtained 4.5 million posts from Reddit and found 9 significant topics related to privacy concerns. Likewise, Olson et al. [27] examined 586 subreddit communities and identified discussions on ethical concerns from end users regarding social platforms. These studies provide empirical evidence that Reddit is a valuable source for gathering and understanding user concerns. Khalajzadeh et al. [7] examined (manually) 1,200 app reviews and 1,200 GitHub issue comments for 12 open source projects and characterised human-centric issues into three major categories: App Usage, Inclusiveness, and User Reaction. They present the categories in the form of a taxonomy for human-centric issues and employ machine learning and deep learning models to automatically classify humancentric issues. 31 inclusiveness related posts were identified from the user feedback in Google Play reviews. While insightful, they represent only a starting point – the open-source apps lack the full diversity of software end users and, therefore, are insufficient to build a deeper understanding of diverse end user concerns related to inclusion. To address the gap, we conduct an analysis of inclusiveness from an end-user perspective and analyze end-user feedback for 50 of the most popular software applications in the world, using three popular sources such as Reddit, Google Play Store, and Twitter. We do not consider GitHub as a source in this study because it primarily represents the developer’s perspective rather than that of the end users. Lastly, in contrast to prior work employing an iterative, open coding analysis method, we employ a socio-technical grounded theory [9] approach in our study. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Existing Literature on Inclusive Software and User Feedback

How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition by Edwin Abbott Abbott, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . BREVITY. here BREVITY. *46. Metaphor is briefer than literal statement.* See (13). "The cares and responsibilities of a sovereign often disturb his sleep," is not so brief as "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown," where the effect of care on the mind is assimilated to the effect of a heavy crown pressing on the head. *47. General terms are briefer, though less forcible, than particular terms.* Thus: "He devours , no matter of what kind," is shorter than, "Novels or sermons, poems or histories, no matter what, he devours them all." literature *47 a. A phrase may be expressed by a word.* "These impressions , i.e. are ." can never be forgotten indelible "The style of this book is , i.e. ." of such a nature that it cannot be understood unintelligible The words "of such a nature that" are often unnecessarily inserted. See the extract from Sir Archibald Alison. *48. Participles can often be used as brief (though sometimes ambiguous) equivalents of phrases containing Conjunctions and Verbs.* "Hearing (when he heard) this, he advanced." See (7) for more instances. So "phrases conjunctions" means "phrases conjunctions." " , (for, ) he retired." containing that contain This done when this was done Sometimes the participle "being" is omitted. "France at our doors, he sees no danger nigh," for "France being" or "though France is." *49. Participles and participial adjectives may be used like Adjectives, as equivalents for phrases containing the Relative.* "The never- wind," "the ocean," "the rain," are instances. The licence of inventing participial adjectives by adding to a noun, is almost restricted to poetry. You could not write "the wind" in prose. ceasing clamouring drenching -ing crannying *50. A statement may sometimes be briefly implied instead of being expressed at length.* Thus, instead of "The spirit of Christianity was humanizing, and therefore &c.," or "Christianity, since it was (or being) of a humanizing spirit, discouraged &c.," we can write more briefly and effectively, "Gladiatorial shows were first discouraged, and finally put down, by the ." So instead of "The nature of youth is thoughtless and sanguine, and therefore &c.," we can write, "The danger of the voyage was depreciated and the beauty of the island exaggerated by ." humanizing spirit of Christianity the thoughtless nature of youth Sometimes a mere name or epithet implies a statement. "It was in vain that he offered the Swiss terms: war was deliberately preferred by the ," "by the Swiss, ." "The deed was applauded by all honest men, but the Government affected to treat it as murder, and set a price upon the head of (him whom they called) the might be expected to hold different language from ," "Napoleon when elated by the victory of Austerlitz," and "Napoleon when depressed by his imprisonment at St. Helena." hardy mountaineers i.e. because they were mountaineers and hardy assassin." "The conqueror of Austerlitz the prisoner of St. Helena i.e. CAUTION.—Different names must not be used for the same person unless each of them derives an appropriateness from its context. Thus, if we are writing about Charles II., it would be in very bad taste to avoid repeating "he" by using such periphrases as the following: "The third of the Stewarts hated business," "the Merry Monarch died in the fifty-fourth year of his age," &c. *51. Conjunctions may be omitted.* The omission gives a certain forcible abruptness, "You say this: I (on the other hand) deny it." e.g. When sentences are short, as in Macaulay's writings, conjunctions may be advantageously omitted. Where a contrast is intended, the conjunction usually prepares the way for the second of the two contrasted terms: "He is good dull." Where is used instead of , the incongruity savours of epigram: "He always talks truthfully prosily." "He is always amusing false." but but and but and and *51 a. The Imperative Mood may be used for "if."* " (for, ) Virtue of the awful authority she derives from the general reverence of mankind, and you rob her of half her majesty." Strip if you strip *52. Apposition may be used so as to convert two sentences into one.* "We called at the house of a person to whom we had letters of introduction, , and, what is more, a to all young students of music." This is as clear as, and briefer than, "He was a musician, &c." a musician good friend *53. Condensation may be effected by not repeating (1) the common subject of several verbs, (2) the common object of several verbs or prepositions.* (1) "He resided here for many years, and, after he had won the esteem of all the citizens, ( ) died," &c. So, (2) "He came to, and was induced to reside in, this city," is shorter than "He came to this city, and was induced to reside in it." he Such condensation often causes obscurity, and, even where there is no obscurity, there is a certain harshness in pausing on light, unemphatic words, such as , , &c., as in the first example. to in *54. Tautology.*—The fault of repeating the same word several times unnecessarily is called , e.g.: tautology "This is a painful ; it is a that I much , and he also will much the ." But the fault is not to be avoided by using different words to mean the same thing, as, "This is a painful ; it is a that I , and he also will the ." The true remedy is to arrange the words in such a manner that there may be no unnecessary repetition, thus: "This is a painful circumstance, a circumstance that causes me, and will cause him, deep regret." circumstance circumstance regret regret circumstance event circumstance much regret greatly lament occurrence The repetition of the same meaning in slightly different words is a worse fault than the repetition of the same word. See, for examples, the extract from Sir Archibald Alison, at the end of the book. Thus " for conquests is a characteristic of this nation. It is an that &c." Other instances are—"The opinion of men;" "His judgment is so that it is ," &c. A burning thirst ardent passion universal all infallible never deceived *55. Parenthesis may be used with advantage to brevity.* "We are all (and who would not be?) offended at the treatment we have received," is shorter and more forcible than the sentence would have been if the parenthesis had been appended in a separate sentence: "Who, indeed, would not be offended?" Extreme care must, however, be taken that a parenthesis may not obscure the meaning of a long sentence. *56. Caution: let clearness be the first consideration.* It is best, at all events for beginners, not to aim so much at being brief, or forcible, as at being perfectly clear. Horace says, "While I take pains to be brief, I fall into obscurity," and it may easily be seen that several of the rules for brevity interfere with the rules for clearness. Forcible style springs from (1) vividness and (2) exactness of thought, and from a corresponding (1) vividness and (2) exactness in the use of words. (1) When you are describing anything, endeavour to it and describe it as you see it. If you are writing about a man who was killed, the man before you, and ask, was he , , , , , or ? If you are writing about the capture of a city, was the city , , , , or ? Was an army , , , , or ? see see executed cut down run through the body butchered shot hanged stormed surprised surrendered starved out demolished before surrender repelled defeated routed crushed annihilated (2) Exactness in the use of words requires an exact knowledge of their meanings and differences. This is a study by itself, and cannot be discussed here.[17] FOOTNOTES: [17] See , pp. 1-53. English Lessons for English People About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edwin Abbott Abbott (2007). How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22600/pg22600.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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