At Invisible AI our goal is to create a digital tool to error-proof your manufacturing. Invisible AI's computer vision platform monitors body posture and ergonomics to give operators real-time feedback. We help ensure processes are done correctly and safely, every time.

Invisible AI

The Story-book of Science by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE EXPERIMENT WITH THE BOTTLE OF COLD WATER CHAPTER XLIII. THE EXPERIMENT WITH THE BOTTLE OF COLD WATER UNCLE PAUL had rightly said, the evening before, that clouds are nothing but fog floating high in the air instead of spreading over the earth; but he had not said what fogs are composed of and how formed. So the next day he continued his talk on clouds. “When Mother Ambroisine hangs the clothes she has just washed on the line, what does she do it for? To dry the linen, to free it from the water with which it is saturated. Well, what becomes of this water, if you please?” “It disappears, I know,” answered Jules, “but I should find it very hard to tell what becomes of it.” “This water is dissipated in the air, where it dissolves and becomes as invisible as the air itself. When you wet a heap of dry sand, the water permeates it throughout and disappears. It is true that the sand then takes a different appearance: it was dry before, it is wet afterward. The sand drinks the water that comes into contact with it. Air does the same: it drinks the moisture from the linen and becomes damp itself; and it drinks it so completely that all—air and water—remain as invisible as if the air held no foreign substance. Vapor is the name given to water thus made invisible, or in some sort aërial, that is to say resembling the air; and the reduction of water to this new state is called evaporation. The moisture of the linen we wish to dry evaporates; the water is dissipated in the air and thus becomes invisible vapor, which spreads in every direction at the will of the wind. The warmer it is, the quicker and more abundant the evaporation. Have you not noticed that a wet handkerchief dries very quickly in a hot sun, and loses its moisture only very slowly if the weather is cloudy and cold?” “Mother Ambroisine is always very glad when she has a fine day for her washing,” Claire remarked. “Remember, too, what happens after watering the garden. When, at close of a very warm day, we have to give a drink to those poor plants dying of thirst, something like this happens: The pump runs at its utmost capacity; you all make haste with your watering-pots; one goes here, another there, carrying water to the suffering plants, seed-plots, and potted flowers. Soon the garden has drunk copiously. How fresh it is then, how the plants, wilted by the heat, regain vigor and straighten up again, as happy as ever! You could almost think you heard them whispering to one another and telling how glad they were to be watered. If it could only stay that way! But, bah! the next day the earth is dry once more and all has to be done over again. What has become of the last evening’s water? It has evaporated, dissolved into the air; and now it is perhaps traveling far away, at a great height, until, turned into a scrap of cloud, it falls again in rain. When Jules tires himself working the pump to water the flowers, has he ever thought that the water drawn from the well and spread over the ground sooner or later is dissipated in the immensities of the air to play its modest part in the formation of clouds?” “In watering my garden,” answered Jules, “I did not think I was watering the air more than anything else. But I see now: air is the great drinker. Of the contents of a watering-pot the plants take perhaps a handful; the air drinks up the rest. And that is why we have to do it all over again every day.” “And if you exposed a plateful of water to the sun what would finally become of it?” “I will answer that,” Emile hastened to reply. “Little by little, the water would turn into invisible vapor and there would be nothing but the plate left.” “What takes place at the expense of a plate of water, and of the moisture of the soil or wet linen, takes place also, on a vast scale, over the entire surface of the earth. The air is in contact with damp soil, with innumerable sheets of water, lakes, marshes, streams, rivers, brooks, above all with the sea, the immense sea, which presents thrice as much surface as the dry land. The great drinker, as Jules calls it, the air, must therefore drink to satiety and everywhere and always contain moisture, sometimes more, sometimes less, according to the heat. “The air that is around us now, that invisible air in which the eye distinguishes nothing, nevertheless contains water that can be made visible. The means is very simple; all that is necessary is to cool the air a little. When you squeeze a wet sponge with the hand, you make water ooze out of it. Cold acts on moist air very much as the pressure of the hand on the sponge: it causes the moisture to distil in the form of minute drops. If Claire will go to the pump and fill a bottle with very cold water, I will show you this curious experiment.” Claire went to the kitchen and came back with a bottle full of the coldest water possible. Her uncle took the bottle, wiped it well with his handkerchief so that no trace of moisture should remain on the outside, and put it on an equally well-wiped plate. Now the bottle, at first perfectly clear, becomes covered with a kind of fog which tarnishes its transparency: then little drops appear, run down its sides, and fall into the plate. At the end of a quarter of an hour there was enough water accumulated in the plate to fill a thimble. “The drops of water now running down the outside of the bottle,” Uncle Paul explained, “do not come, it is very clear, from the inside, for glass cannot be pierced by water. They come from the surrounding air, which cools off on touching the bottle and lets its moisture distil. If the bottle were colder, if full of ice, the deposit of liquid drops would be more abundant.” “The bottle reminds me of something of the same kind,” said Claire. “When you fill a perfectly clean glass with very cold water, the outside of the glass immediately tarnishes and looks as if badly washed.” “That again is the surrounding air depositing its moisture on the cold side of the glass.” “Is that invisible moisture contained in the air abundant?” asked Jules. “The invisible vapor of the air is always a thing so subtle, so disseminated, that it would take enormous volumes to make a small quantity of water. During the heat of summer, when the air holds the most vapor, it takes 60,000 liters of moist air to furnish one liter of water.” “That is very little,” was Jules’s comment. “It is a great deal if one thinks of the immense volume of the atmosphere,” replied his uncle, and then added: “The experiment of the bottle teaches us two things: first, there is always invisible vapor in the air; in the second place, this vapor becomes visible and changes into fog, then into drops of water, by cooling. This return of invisible vapor to visible vapor or fog, then to a state of water, is called condensation. Heat reduces water to invisible vapor, and cold condenses this vapor, that is to say brings it back to a liquid state or at least to the state of visible vapor or fog. We will have the rest this evening.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2018). The Story-book of Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56795/pg56795-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE EXPERIMENT WITH THE BOTTLE OF COLD WATER

With the dawn of the information era, the idea of privacy has become progressively more elusive. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about a new era of technological advancements, but it also poses significant threats to our privacy. As we embrace the conveniences and benefits of AI, we must also grapple with the Orwellian reality it presents: a world where "Big Brother" is not just a dystopian concept, but a tangible reality. This article explores the intricate dance between AI and privacy, highlighting the potential threats and discussing how we can navigate this complex landscape. The Rise of AI and the Erosion of Privacy Artificial intelligence has woven itself into the fabric of our everyday existence, from tailoring suggestions on our favorite media platforms to powering the virtual aides on our mobile devices. Yet, this very technology that simplifies our lives also carries the risk of encroaching on our personal privacy. Reflect on the incident involving Verkada, a budding security firm, which experienced a breach in its network of internet-linked cameras, leading to the exposure of private instances in residential and healthcare settings. Another example could be TheTruthSpy, a piece of stalker ware that exposed a wealth of data from phones that have the malware installed, including photos of children and pets. These instances underscore the potential for AI to be used in ways that violate our privacy. The Orwellian Reality: Big Brother is Watching George Orwell's "1984" introduced us to the concept of "Big Brother," an omnipresent government authority constantly monitoring its citizens. Today, we see real-world manifestations of this concept. Governments worldwide are altering web security through legislation, network interference, or direct requests to internet governance authorities. The UK government's ISP internet snooping system and the Karma Police surveillance program are prime examples of this. In the private sector, companies are also engaging in practices that echo the "Big Brother" concept. Take for example, the situation where two undisclosed broadband or mobile internet service providers are said to be assisting the UK Home Office and the National Crime Agency in testing a novel internet surveillance system. This system is designed to keep a record of the Internet Connection Records (ICRs) of all their users for a period of up to a year, a practice that raises substantial concerns about privacy. AI: The Solution to its Own Problem? Despite the potential threats, AI also holds the key to mitigating the privacy issues it has created. An innovative squad of brainiacs has put their heads together to concoct a system dubbed 'Privid'. This clever piece of tech allows for video analysis to take place while keeping privacy firmly in the driver's seat. Privid is built on the foundation of differential privacy, a statistical technique that collects and shares aggregate information about users while safeguarding individual privacy. A quick rundown. Q: What is the main privacy concern with AI? A: The main concern is that AI can collect, analyze, and store vast amounts of personal data, potentially infringing on individual privacy. Q: How can AI potentially solve the privacy issues it has created? A: AI can be designed to respect privacy by incorporating techniques like differential privacy, which allows for the collection and sharing of aggregate information while safeguarding individual privacy. Q: What is the "Big Brother" concept? A: "Big Brother" is a concept from George Orwell's "1984," referring to an omnipresent government authority that constantly monitors its citizens. Today, it is often used to describe invasive surveillance practices by governments or corporations. Jin Park, Exiting the AI Watchtower The relationship between AI and privacy is complex and fraught with challenges. As we continue to embrace AI's benefits, we must also remain vigilant about the potential threats to our privacy. The Orwellian reality of "Big Brother" is no longer a dystopian concept but a tangible reality that we must navigate with caution. As we move forward, it is crucial to strike a balance between technological advancement and privacy preservation. After all, in the words of Benjamin Franklin, "Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety." The future of AI and privacy is uncertain, but one thing is clear: we must be proactive in addressing these issues. Be it through the enactment of laws, the development of tech-based solutions, or the amplification of public consciousness, we possess the means to guarantee that the rise of AI doesn't spell doom for our privacy. As we stand on the precipice of this new era, let's ensure that our technological advancements don't come at the cost of our fundamental rights. Join hands with Jin Park and step into the 'Jinius' world. Your support can spark a revolution. Visit @https://ko-fi.com/jiniusme and be a part of our journey ❤️

AI's Invisible Eye: Your Privacy on the Line in the Digital Age

Message to readers: smoking sucks, f*#$ smoking. It's killing people. Case Study 1: How robots improve the efficiency of the packaging work Scandinavian Tobacco Group is constantly optimizing its pipe tobacco production to ensure a healthy working environment and competitive production. The giant of tobacco recently selected a robot from Universal Robots for a task that no other robot on the market is capable of performing. The world's largest producer of tobacco for pipes uses Universal Robots technology for avoiding its employees having to repeatedly make strenuous movements with serious back fatigue. A robot took over the management of metal box lids of tobacco in a tobacco packaging installation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6QIhttHLc8 “This installation freed 1 or 2 people who previously did the job manually. Now they perform other duties in the factory, which means we don't have to spend as much on temporary workers, ”
says Henning Kristensen, Scandinavian line manager Tobacco Group. There was no room for protection of the robot in the factory installation. “We ultimately chose Universal Robots because their robots are the only ones approved for operation without the need for protection. Thus the costs were reduced and the installation was very simplified, ” says Henning Kristensen. The factory is located in Assens in Denmark. “We have to make sure that the owners are convinced that producing tobacco here is still affordable. For this reason, we are constantly striving to optimize our processes, ” says Henning Kristensen. Having self-confidence is a good thing. As for the Scandinavian Tobacco Group, the factory must have resources installed to manage their machinery. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay_J-k1FnKY “Who has never had a breakdown right when the programmer just came out? For this reason, we want to keep the know-how inside the building, so that we can guarantee fast and avoid operating times of having to pay expensive external consultants. -- explains Henning Kristensen. One of our technicians programmed the Universal Robots robot himself and the gripping tools were also designed by our technicians” A little bit of history: Scandinavian Tobacco Group sells its products in over 100 countries and is the largest manufacturer of pipe tobacco world and the second-largest producer of cigars. Globally, the Group has divisions in more than 15 countries, with a total of about 10,000 employees. Production began in 1750 when the first factory of the Group started operations in Denmark. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh2B6G--_tM But what about costs? Scandinavian Tobacco Group reported that the costs recovery period was 330 days. Holly Molly, right? The robot was a prudent investment for the manufacturer of tobacco because it leaves free workers for other duties. Case study 2: The robot manipulates parts of microscopic size for Oticon company Rediscover the sounds of your life with Oticon hearing aids. Explore all our hearing aids & accessories, learn about hearing loss, and more. The hearing aids of today always are smaller, to the point that they are hardly noticeable when they are mounted in the ear of the person. This involves large requirements of precision at the production level. The high technology team of Oticon now uses few Universal Robots robots for manipulating parts only a millimeter long. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAfWxc0hErQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMlWwJ4Oxsc Oticon has used robot technology for the past decade, but the innovative trend towards nearly invisible hearing aids means parts that need to be built and assembled very small. -- declares Arne Oddershede, supervisor of the maintenance department of one of the Oticon manufacturing facilities. “The parts of modern appliances acoustics are often about a millimeter in size, so we need a solution that can extract very small parts from a mold. It is not possible to do it manually " https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJrcm_fTCPE The two large two- and three-axis robots that Oticon used in the past were no longer suitable. Movements that are limited to the inside / out and up / down are not effective enough. “If there is a small part in one mold, for example, maybe needed to tilt it, ” says Lars Gasberg, Sales Director by Amiga, the system integration specialist who distributes Universal Robots products. Wider range, shorter production cycles Another challenge faced by Oticon is that the company stands offering more and more variations and models, but doing it in cycles, which of course they were made in the most economical way possible. “We switched to Universal Robots because we have wanted a more flexible solution that is also financially viable for multiple small production lines. Important is that the robot is easily accessible and logically designed, as well as be easy to reprogram. Traditional robots require specialized personnel, while with this robot all our technicians are simply able to take it and show him the model of movement" Previous Articles https://hackernoon.com/manufacturing-robotization-drivers-and-barriers https://hackernoon.com/robotic-welding-process-welding-applications-systems-and-techniques https://hackernoon.com/about-cisco-alascom-and-fanucs-progress-on-building-collaborative-cobots

Replacing Manual Labor With Robotics Manufacturing Lines

The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. — Alfred North Whitehead The origin of Artificial Intelligence is filled with the tales of gods. Gods like Ada Lovelace, Kurt Godel, Alonzo Church, Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, John McCarthy, Andy Hillis, McCulluch, Pitts, Jerome Lettvin and Marvin Minsky. These gods breathed life into mechanics. They also shaped each other’s histories. Case in point, (who once famously called Bullshit on Timothy Leary in a debate) made Danny Hillis quit neurobiology when he arrived at MIT in the 70s: Jerome Lettvin once shocked when he told him that he saw within the equations of his superstring theory. Dr. Sylvester James Gates Neil deGrasse Tyson Claude Shannon’s ‘computer code’ (1:45) _Listen to Just Dao It episodes free, on demand. Headhunter and Stand-up tackles today's most complex issues in way…_www.stitcher.com Just Dao It served as the basis for of the . Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem Turing’s Invention Turing Machine The and invention of , will usually round out a typical History of Computer Science. Church-Turing Thesis Church’s Lambda Calculus All of these names and stories are correct, but they are not complete telling of the origins of Artificial Intelligence. Far from it. Turing reads Alfred North Whitehead’s Science & The Modern World aka The Lowell Lectures. Why? _The origins of modern science. -- Mathematics as an element in the history of thought. -- The century of genius. -- The…_archive.org Science and the modern world : Whitehead, Alfred North, 1861-1947 : Free Download, Borrow, and… Beware the rabbit hole. published his Incompleteness Theorem in 1931. Kurt Godel Alonzo Church’s published his Lambda Calculus in 1936. Warren S. McCulloch and Walter H. Pitts published their Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in nervous activity in 1943. These ideas spawned Computing and Artificial Intelligence as we know it. We’ve certainly come a long way. Google, Apple, Facebook, Netflix — they all rely on the Theses created by the Founding Fathers of AI (not to mention Einstein’s Theory of Relativity) to operate. The Theses of the Founding Fathers of AI are all correct, but they are not a complete telling of the origins of Artificial Intelligence. Far from it. The Input of Gods— Alfred North Whitehead & Bertrand Russell The two people that Kurt Godel, Alonzo Church, Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, John, McCarthy, Andy Hillis, McCulloch, Pitts, and Marvin Minsky all have in common are Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. When writing their Theses and Dissertations, the Fathers of AI all referenced Alfred North Whitehead’s and Bertrand Russell’s Principia Mathematica. Why? Principia Mathematica is one of the most celebrated works in the discipline of mathematical logic. It was ranked 23rd in the list of top 100 non-fiction books in English language of the twentieth century. PM is known for taking 300 pages to prove 1+1=2. This monumental work in logic was so thorough that all of the Founding Fathers of AI studied it in their undergraduate work. But don’t take my word for it. Origins of Alonzo Church’s Lambda Calculus Alonzo Church — inventor of the Lambda Calculus — said it best in a letter to Dr John Dawson Jr on July 25, 1983, The common belief is that Kurt Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem completely disproved everything in Whitehead and Russell’s Principia Mathematica. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, Church states that his Lambda Calculus, “is based on a system of logic to which Godel’s Incompleteness does not apply.” Software Programming Languages based on Turing Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem lead to the invention of the Universal Turing Machine. The Universal Turing machine lead to John Von Neumann’s invention of Von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann Architecture lead to the invention of Fortran, C, and Java, the most dominant software languages of the 20th century aka Von Neumann Languages. 50 years after Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem, John Backus discovered the Von Neumann bottleneck: Software Languages Based on Church Whitehead & Russell’s Principia Mathematica lead to Church’s Invention of the Lambda Calculus, which solved the von Neumann bottleneck. Church himself states that he is ‘heavily indebted’ to Whitehead & Russell before everyone else as forerunners of his Thesis. In fact, Kurt Godel, Alonzo Church, Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, John McCarthy, Andy Hillis, McCulluch, Pitts, Jerome Lettvin and Marvin Minsky ALL READ Whitehead & Russell’s Principia Mathematica RELIGIOUSLY. Huh!? I thought Church invented the Lambda Calculus solely based on Turing and Godel’s work? Nope. (By the way, why did Church choose the notation “λ”? In [Church, 1964, §2] he stated clearly that it came from the notation “xˆ” used for class-abstraction by , by first modifying “xˆ” to “ˆx” to distinguish function abstraction from class-abstraction, and then changing “ˆ” to “λ” for ease of printing. This origin was also reported in [Rosser, 1984, p.338]. — Whitehead and Russell Why Church Chose Lambda, Grant Church’s Invention of the Lambda Calculus lead to John Backus’ invention of Functional Programming and languages like LISP, Haskell, StandardML, Perl 6, Clojure, Rust, Elixir, etc. But don’t take my word for it: Turing was Church’s PhD student. Norbert Wiener, who was instrumental in the work of gods like McCulloch, Pitts and Levitt wrote his thesis on Russell & Whitehead’s work. NORBERT WIENER DID HIS THESIS ON WHITEHEAD AND RUSSELL. IS THIS MAKING SENSE YET. An American mathematician and philosopher, as well as an esteemed professor at MIT, Norbert Weiner is widely recognized as being one of the greatest scholars in United States history. Not only did Weiner make important contributions to fields such as electronic engineering and control systems, but he is also considered by most as the founder of cybernetics. — The Father of Cybernetics, Doug West To know your future your must know your past. — George Santayana Source Q: What did Whitehead and Russell’s “Principia Mathematica” achieve? A: Whilst Whitehead and Russell failed in their main aim of deriving mathematics from logic, the logic that they developed is the mathematical logic that is used universally today.— Thony C Turing not only read Whitehead & Russell’s PM but he also read d while studying at Sherborne in England between 1928 and 1930. Whitehead attended Sherborne 30 years earlier, before going onto Trinity College, Cambridge. Whitehead’s Science and The Modern Worl Still not convinced? Turing was not the only one to ask whether a machine could model intelligent life. The notion that it might be possible to create an intelligent machine was an alluring one indeed, and it led to several subsequent developments. For instance, Arthur Samuel built a Checkers-playing program in 1952 that was the world’s first self-learning program. . Later, in 1955, Newell, Simon and Shaw built Logic Theorist, which was the first program to mimic the problem-solving skills of a human and would eventually prove 38 of the first 52 theorems in PM ( Genesis of AI ) Aristotelian Science lead us to try and discover the most fundamental building block of the universe (what is the substance that underlies all other substance?). Heraclitean Science leads us to assume that change is the only fundamental building block of the universe we can be sure of (what is the only thing we can be sure of?). Pivot your Conception of the Universe An Incredibly Clear Thinker, he is UnicornLaunching Launches Startups Worth Launching. Connect with us on Linkedin .

The Invisible Hand Behind The Future of AI

design is constantly evolving, but the current rise of artificial intelligence has completely upended the entire field. is ushering in a new era of interaction with a new paradigm. Traditional user interfaces are based on a command-and-control pattern, where users tell the computer a series of commands to achieve some user tasks. However, AI is making it possible for users to interact with computers more naturally, by telling them what they want, not how to do it. User experience AI This new paradigm of interaction with AI, known as an intent-based paradigm, is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with computers. For example, imagine being able to tell your computer, "I want to book a flight to Paris," and having it automatically find the best flights and book them for you. Or imagine being able to say, "I need help with my taxes," and having your computer walk you through the process step-by-step. It opens a lot of absolutely new opportunities to design "ultimate” UX and make it completely holistic and seamless. Intent-based interaction is not without its challenges. Modern language learning models also known as LLMs, already are very good at understanding natural language. However, the state of AI in UX is far from perfect, the current chat-based interaction style suffers from requiring users to write out their problems as prose text, so it produces a high cognitive load. Additionally, it can be difficult to design UIs that are intuitive and easy to use for this type of interaction. However, the potential benefits of intent-based interaction are significant, and UX designers are already exploring how to implement this new paradigm best. In this article, we will explore the rise of intent-based interaction and its implications for UX design. We will discuss currently existing types of AI-driven products, in which way they use input and output patterns, and how they are designed to make user experience in the AI environment better. Content Overview How AI changed the designer’s work Main types of AI workflows in products Chatbots Primary (AI-first) Contextual Invisible Conclusion How AI changed the designer’s work As we already figured out, the new challenge for designers, who are working with AI products, is to design in intent-first paradigm framing. When you think of traditional software, the way you are interacting with it, is you sending a chain of commands inside the system to get a desired output. Your input is a command, it can be anything interactive on your screen, like buttons, dropdowns, forms, etc. Combinations of your actions in your form a command, which leads you step by step through your journey. GUI After the set of steps, navigating information architecture in a product, you are finally getting a solution to your problem, the output of the system. For example, when you are trying to order a taxi, you are sending a set of commands to pick a destination point, set up ride parameters, and finally, send a command to confirm a drive, when the system picks a driver for you. Intent-based interaction is narrowed down to the input-processing-output system. You literally give a system what you want to get in the outcome (so-called prompt), the system processes your input and gives you an output. All the steps of calculation are on the system, you get only what you need. Back to our example with the taxi, in the intent-based system, you only need to give your prompt, ("Order a taxi to home”), and you will get a ride. This paradigm will still require commands in workflows, because machines can be mistaken and humans sometimes may want to modify and control an output or use it in different flows, to better set up the system’s behavior to their goals. Main types of AI workflows in products Let’s agree on these namings, however, when we integrate AI into user flow it can work differently depending on product workflows, tasks, problems, technical features, and other limitations. During the process of our research and analysis, certain patterns in the products are visible, let’s take a look at them. Also, we will tell you how this or that product uses the input-processing-output pattern, what UI solutions it uses, and how it solves usability problems standard for AI products. So let's get going. 1. Chatbots Let’s talk about the most obvious example. The current hype around AI is mostly about chatbots and their capabilities. In this pattern, using LLM, AI workflow occurs through the back and forth of dialog through a chatbot interface. The user interacts with the chatbot by having a conversation with it, and the chatbot responds to the user's questions and prompts. Usually, this type of workflow can be used for completing a wide range of tasks and solutions, most broad requests, studying new topics, etc. However, the current chat-based interaction style creates a high cognitive load for users, as it requires them to write out their problems as prose text. To address this issue, a new role has been developed: the "prompt engineer." Prompt engineers are responsible for eliciting the correct results from ChatGPT by providing the appropriate prompts. In other words, chatbots require a lot of attention to their usability design. Chatbot inputs Chatbot products usually use text prompting input patterns. This approach allows users to type and send any request in the form of text to the system and write anything they want. It provides the broadest possibility for the input and output results. User prompting pattern usually appears as a text field UI element. In chatbots commonly it stays fixed in place. In combination with prompts, pre-written prompts are also often added, thus reducing the user's misunderstandings and misconceptions of what to do with this chatbot, providing suggestions, and simplifying choices. Also, chatbots are quite often suggesting to use of voice input to fill the text input field, letting use your voice instead of keyboard typing. It creates an almost organic dialog between a person and a computer. Chatbot processing It is important to show what state the system is in and how it processes the user's request. Different applications use different approaches. The most common approach in chatbots is real-time text generation. Since the algorithm can take a while to deliver a result, showing text generation on the go is a good practice, allowing you to keep the user's attention focused and make the transition between input and output more seamless. Chatbot output In chatbot applications, the types of output can vary greatly. This can be text, images (generated by text input, for example), or other results that depend on the target topic of the application and its functions. It is important that the output copywriting reflects the user input and the desired character and personality of the app (if relevant). If you're going to design a chatbot, you should consider the best practices that other apps already use. Multiple outputs. Since the results of the system may be different and sometimes not of high quality or the system may misunderstand the user's request, it is a good practice to add the possibility of multiple outputs to increase the chances of the system guessing the query the user wants to see. Apologize for the inaccuracy. The artificial intelligence within the system might produce incorrect outcomes that lead to confusion, offensive content, or a sense of unease for the user. The system apologizes for any potential inaccuracies that might arise. Saved interactions. Remember recent actions of users within the system, allowing us to refer back to them more easily. Showing recent destinations, searches, and other inputs can be a helpful nudge for easing the cognitive load. 2. Primary (AI-first) This type of product is very similar to chatbots, powered by language learning models, except that their positioning is narrowed to specific use cases, and they can produce very different types of results, from pictures to complex interactive answers to questions in a specific industry. These products use AI as their primary workflow through full-screen interactions and step-forms. Input for primary type As we already mentioned, input looks similar to chatbot input patterns, which usually look like the prompt field for text. Best practices are also left similar, such as prompt templates (to help start your process of thought), and voice input. Also, sometimes it makes sense to let the user set up some parameters if they can be applied to the system's output. It means the usage of criteria sliders and other standard UI patterns, which is familiar to the user. Processing for primary type Processing patterns consistent with the other workflow types, the best practice here is to generate systems output on the go simply. But when designing processing for AI-first workflows, pay attention to the output, if it's possible to show it part by part. For example, if an image can be shown in the process of generation, or your technology only allows you to show it completed. If this is the case, consider providing granular progress messages during calculations. Output for primary type In AI-first workflows, output types may vary from images to different UI structures (or even dynamic UI elements), depending on what the system is trying to give its user, and what solution it tries to achieve. When designing this type of workflow, consider using multiple output results, allow fine-tuning an output to let the user achieve the desired result, allow re-prompting, and provide a possibility to add feedback about the system’s work. 3. Contextual In this type, AI workflow is added on top of the existing primary workflow through triggers and contextual actions. Using LLM, it offers solutions to contextual tasks through various UI elements. Input for contextual workflows Inputs in contextual workflows depend on the types of tasks and can vary greatly. It can be a textual input, prompt templates, or buttons for enabling specific tasks, such as text summarization. When using this approach, consider designing the activation/deactivation process, which way the user triggers these prompts or commands. Prompt building This pattern appears as guided wizards that help users build detailed prompts without writing them, and uses different UI input elements, such as text fields, dropdowns, radio buttons, and others. All of this combines into form structures, which adapt to the context of the task and allow to split a complex prompt into small logical parts, reducing the load on the user, and freeing him from the need to think a lot about the format of the prompt. This can be especially useful when you have a frequently repeated query with the same structure, then you can let the user fill in only the parts that change, so as not to bother writing a new prompt every time. Processing for contextual workflows Not surprisingly, contextual systems require a contextual approach to processing design. Again, the right way highly depends on the types of tasks software is required to accomplish, but general practices stay the same. If possible, show the output of the results as they are generated. If not, show the step at which the algorithm is currently working and an explicit indicator of processing (loading icon or progress bar) Output for contextual workflows When designing output for integrated AI workflows, allow a user to check output in the context before applying it to the primary workflow. This will allow the user to verify the correctness of the result generated by artificial intelligence and, in case of incorrect results, to delete or change it. Combine benefits of the both command-based and intent-based interaction approaches. Depending on the task, which is your product solving, let users modify and use the given output to achieve their goals. Provide as smooth and easy flow, as possible. For example, in situations where there is a lot of body text, users with cognitive or literacy issues want to know what is contained within that content without having to read the whole text. The user can click to view a shortened and simplified version of the text that has been generated by an AI. It is also a good practice to store and display recent queries to allow you to quickly return to them if necessary. 4. Invisible Invisible AI workflows can be considered the most traditional ones. These types have been around for a long time, and they appeared long before the recent hype of language models. "Invisible" AI is literally invisible because the system processes user actions in a background mode. Working autonomously, machine learning algorithms try to find relevant content, improve prompts, and calculate and analyze behavior. Touchpoints and interactions in invisible systems are minimized Invisible systems also can assist users in accomplishing various tasks, interrupting their workflows. Suggestions and autocompletion adapting on the go are ways of implementing this idea into practice. Autocomplete features offering up multiple suggestions at a time is also a way to reduce mistakes and when the AI system isn’t sure what a user wants, allowing the user to choose from a selected line-up rather than feeding them a single option. Still, pay attention, even if certain AI-fueled corrections are sensible, they can still be wrong, and overriding them shouldn’t be difficult. So designed to allow to accept, edit, or reject AI suggestions. When creating the invisible experience, make sure the system displays relevant information, based on the user’s current activities and prioritize personalized recommendations. Update provided recommendations quickly and often. Showing recommendations to the user, clearly state the source of data, and explain why a specific outcome was predicted or suggested. Make it possible for users of the AI system to express their preferences through regular interactions. Acknowledge user feedback and inform them when adjustments will be made. Instead of simply thanking users, explain how their feedback will benefit them. This will make them more likely to provide feedback again. When a user taps on the dislike button, the system should provide immediate feedback and confirm that they will see less of that kind of content in the future. Conclusion AI will definitely change the way we interact, with computer systems. However, designing AI workflows requires careful consideration of the type of workflow being created and the target user. Whether your AI system is chat-based, contextual, invisible, or primary, it is crucial to keep in mind the best practices that have emerged from other similar AI systems. Providing multiple output options, apologizing for inaccuracies, and allowing users to express their preferences are just a few examples of the best practices that have been established. Additionally, it is essential to consider the input, processing, and output stages of the workflow and to design them in a way that is seamless and easy to understand for the user. By following these best practices and considering the unique needs of your users, you can create AI products that are effective, efficient, and user-friendly. Article Credits Research and Writing: Vadym Oliinyk Consultation and Editing: Liliya Kizlaitis Veronika Bogush Other Land Product Design Studio Produced by:

AI Workflows and Modern Application Design Patterns

এআই ওয়ার্কফ্লো এবং আধুনিক অ্যাপ্লিকেশন ডিজাইন প্যাটার্নস

KI-Workflows und moderne Anwendungsdesignmuster

Flujos de trabajo de IA y patrones de diseño de aplicaciones modernas

Flux de travail d'IA et modèles de conception d'applications modernes

एआई वर्कफ़्लोज़ और आधुनिक एप्लिकेशन डिज़ाइन पैटर्न

AI ワークフローと最新のアプリケーション設計パターン

AI 워크플로 및 최신 애플리케이션 디자인 패턴

Fluxos de trabalho de IA e padrões modernos de design de aplicativos

Рабочие процессы искусственного интеллекта и современные шаблоны проектирования приложений

Yapay Zeka İş Akışları ve Modern Uygulama Tasarım Modelleri

Quy trình làm việc AI và các mẫu thiết kế ứng dụng hiện đại

人工智能工作流程和现代应用程序设计模式

The Story-book of Science by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE ATMOSPHERE CHAPTER LIII. THE ATMOSPHERE “IF you pass your hand quickly before your face, you feel a breath blow on your cheeks. This breath is air. In repose it makes no impression on us; put in motion by the hand, it reveals its presence by a light shock that produces an impression of freshness. But the shock from the air is not always, like this, a simple caress. It can become very brutal. A violent wind, which sometimes uproots trees and overthrows buildings, is still air in motion, air that flows from one country to another like a stream of water. Air is invisible, because it is transparent and almost colorless. But if it forms a very thick layer through which one can look, its feeble coloring becomes perceptible. Seen in small quantities, water appears equally colorless; seen in a deep layer, as in the sea, in a lake, or in a river, it is blue or green. It is the same with air: in thin strata it seems deprived of color; in a layer several leagues in thickness, it is blue. A distant landscape appears to us bluish, because the thick bed of intervening air imparts to it its own color. “Now air forms all around the earth an envelope fifteen leagues thick. It is the aërial sea or atmosphere, in which the clouds swim. Its soft blue tint causes the sky’s color. It is in fact the atmosphere that produces the appearance of a celestial vault. “Do you know, my children, what is the use of this aërial sea at the bottom of which we live as fish live in water?” “Not very well,” Jules replied. “Without this ocean of air life would be impossible, plant life as well as animal. Listen. Chief of those imperious needs to which we are subjected are those of eating, drinking, and sleeping. As long as hunger is only its diminutive, appetite, that savory seasoning of the grossest viands; as long as thirst is only that nascent dryness of the mouth that gives so great a charm to a glass of cold water; as long as sleepiness is nothing more than that gentle lassitude that makes us desire the night’s rest, so long is it the attraction of pleasure rather than the rude prick of pain that urges the satisfaction of these primordial needs. But if their satisfaction is too long delayed, they impose themselves as inexorable masters and command by torture. Who can think without terror of the agonies of hunger and thirst! Hunger! Ah! you do not know what it is, my children, and God preserve you from ever knowing it! Hunger! If you could have any idea of its tortures, your heart would be oppressed at the thought of the unhappy ones who experience it. Ah! my dear children, always help those that are hungry; help them, and give, give; you will never do a nobler deed in this world. Giving to the poor is lending to the Lord.” Claire had put her hand before her eyes to hide a tear of emotion. She had observed a flash on her uncle’s face that spoke from the depth of his heart. After a moment’s pause Uncle Paul continued: “There is, however, a need before which hunger and thirst, however violent they may be, are mute; a need always springing up afresh and never satisfied, which continually makes itself felt, awake or asleep, night or day, every hour, every moment. It is the need of air. Air is so necessary to life that it has not been given us to regulate its use, as we do with eating and drinking, so as to guard us from the fatal consequences that the slightest forgetfulness would cause. It is, as it were, without consciousness or volition on our part that the air enters our body to perform its wonderful part. We live on air more than anything else; ordinary nourishment comes second. The need of food is only felt at rather long intervals; the need of air is felt without ceasing, always imperious, always inexorable.” “And yet, Uncle,” said Jules, “I have never thought of feeding myself with air. It is the first time I ever heard that air is so necessary for us.” “You have not given it a thought, because all that is done for you; but try a moment to prevent air entering into your body: close the ways to it, the nose and mouth, and you will see!” Jules did as his uncle told him, shut his mouth and pinched his nose with his fingers. At the end of a moment, his face red and puffed up, the little boy was obliged to put an end to his experiment. “It is impossible to keep it up, Uncle; it suffocates a person and makes him feel as if he should certainly die if it kept on a little longer.” “Well, I hope you are convinced of the necessity of air in order to live. All animals, from the tiniest mite, hardly visible, to the giants of creation, are in the same condition as you: on air, first of all, their life depends. Even those that live in the water, fish and others, are no exception to this rule. They can live only in water into which air infiltrates and dissolves. When you are older you shall see a striking experiment which proves how indispensable to life is the presence of air. You put a bird under a glass dome, shut tight everywhere; then with a kind of pump the air is drawn out. As it is withdrawn from the inside of the glass cage, the bird staggers, struggles a moment in an anguish horrible to see, and falls dead.” “It must take a lot of air,” was Emile’s comment, “to supply the needs of all the people and animals in the world. There are so many!” “Yes, indeed; a great quantity is needed. One man needs nearly 6000 liters of air an hour. But the atmosphere is so vast that there is plenty of air for all. I will try to make you understand it. “Air is one of the most subtle of substances; a liter of it weighs only one gram and three decigrams. That is very little: the same volume of water weighs 1000 grams; that is to say, 769 times as much. However, such is the enormous extent of the atmosphere that the weight of all the air composing it outstrips your utmost powers of imagination. If it were possible to put all the air of the atmosphere into one of the pans of an immense pair of scales, what weight do you think it would be necessary to put into the other pan to make it equal the air? Don’t be afraid of exaggerating; you can pile up thousands on thousands of kilograms; if air is very light, the aërial sea is very vast.” “Let us put on a few millions of kilograms,” suggested Claire. “That is a mere trifle,” her uncle replied. “Let us multiply it by ten, by a hundred.” “It is not enough, the pan would not be raised. But let me tell you the answer, for in this calculation numerical terms would fail you. For the great weight I am supposing, the heaviest counterweights would be insignificant. New ones must be invented. Imagine, then, a copper cube, a kilometer in each dimension; this metallic die, measuring a quarter of a league on its edge, shall be our unit of weight. It represents nine thousand millions of kilograms. Well, to balance the weight of the atmosphere, it would be necessary to put into the other pan 585,000 of these cubes!” “Is it possible!” Claire exclaimed. “I told you so! Imagination vainly seeks to picture the stupendous mass of the layer of air wound like a scarf by the Creator around the earth. Now do you know what relation it bears to the terrestrial globe—this ocean of air having a weight represented by half a million of copper cubes a quarter of a league each way? Scarcely what the imperceptible velvety down of a peach is to the peach itself. What, then, are we, materially, we poor beings of a day, who move about at the bottom of this atmospheric sea! But how great we are through thought, which makes game of weighing the atmosphere and the earth itself! In vain does the material universe overwhelm us with its immensity; the mind is superior to it, because it alone knows itself, and it alone, by a sublime privilege, has knowledge of its divine author.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2018). The Story-book of Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56795/pg56795-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE ATMOSPHERE

The Story-book of Science by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . ELECTRICITY CHAPTER XXXV. ELECTRICITY JULES gave a lengthy account of the day to his brother and sister. At the part relating to the thunderbolt Claire trembled like a leaf. “I should have died of fright,” said she, “if I had seen the lightning strike the pine.” After the deeper emotion came curiosity, and they all agreed to beg their uncle for a talk on the subject of thunder. And so the next day Jules, Emile, and Claire gathered around their Uncle Paul to hear him tell them all about it. Jules broached the subject. “Now that I am no longer afraid, will you please tell us, Uncle, why we should not take refuge under trees during a storm? Emile, I am sure, would like to know.” “I should first of all like to know what thunder is,” said Emile. “I too,” said Claire. “When we know a little what thunder is, it will be much easier to understand the danger from trees.” “Quite right,” commented their uncle, approvingly. “First let us see whether any one of you knows anything about thunder.” “When I was very small,” Emile volunteered, “I used to think it was produced by rolling a large ball of iron made of resounding metal over the vault of the sky. If the vault broke anywhere, the ball was dashed to the ground and the thunder fell. But I don’t believe that now. I am too big.” “Too big—a little fellow not so high as the first button on my vest! Say rather that your little reasoning powers are awakening and that the simple explanation of the iron ball no longer satisfies them.” Then Claire spoke. “I am not satisfied either with the explanations I used to give myself a while ago. With me, thunder was a wagon heavily loaded with old iron. It rolled on top of a sonorous vault. Sometimes a spark would flash out from under the wheels, the same as from a horse’s hoof when it strikes a stone: that was the lightning. The vault was slippery and bordered with precipices. If the wagon happened to tip over, the load of old iron would fall to the ground, crushing people, trees, and houses. I laughed yesterday at my explanation, but I am no farther advanced now: I still know nothing at all about thunder.” “Your two thunders, varying to suit your infant imaginations, are based on the same idea, the idea of a sonorous vault. Well, know once for all that the blue vault of the sky is only an appearance due to the air which envelops us, and which, owing to the thickness of the envelope, has a beautiful blue color. Around us there is no vault, only a thick layer of air; and beyond that there is nothing for a vast distance until you come to the region of the stars.” “We will give up the blue vault,” said Jules. “Emile, Claire, and I are persuaded there isn’t any. Please go on.” “Go on? Here is where difficulty begins. Do you know, my children, that your questions are sometimes very embarrassing? ‘Go on’ is soon said; and, filled with unbounded faith in your Uncle Paul’s knowledge, you expect an answer which, you feel sure, will satisfy your curiosity. You must, however, understand that there are innumerable things beyond your intelligence, and before you can grasp them you must attain to riper reason. With age and study many things will become clear that now are dark to you. In this number is the cause of thunder. I am very willing to tell you something about it; but if you do not understand all that I say you must blame your own premature curiosity. It is a difficult subject for you, very difficult.” “Only tell us about it,” Jules persisted; “we will listen attentively.” “So be it. Air is not visible, one cannot take hold of it; if it were always at rest you would not, perhaps, suspect its existence. But when a violent wind bends tall poplars and scatters the leaves in eddies, when it uproots trees and carries off the roofs of buildings, who can doubt the existence of air? For wind is only air streaming irresistibly from place to place. Air, so subtle, so invisible, so peaceful in repose, is therefore in very truth a material substance, even a very brutal one when in violent motion. That is to say, a substance can exist, although at times nothing betrays its presence. We do not see it or touch it, are not sensible of it, and yet it is there, all about us; we are surrounded by it, live in the midst of it. “Well, there is something still more hidden than air, more invisible, more difficult to detect. It is everywhere, absolutely everywhere, even in us; but it keeps itself so quiet that until now you have never heard of it.” Emile, Claire, and Jules exchanged glances full of meaning, trying to guess what it could be that was found ever where and that they did not yet know of. They were a hundred leagues from guessing what their uncle meant. “You might seek in vain by yourselves all day, all the year, perhaps all your life; you would not find it. The thing I am speaking of, you understand, is singularly well hidden; scholars had to make very delicate researches to learn anything about it. Let us make use of the means they have taught us to bring it to light.” Uncle Paul took from his desk a stick of sealing-wax and rubbed it rapidly over his cloth sleeve; then he put it near a small piece of paper. The children were all eyes. Behold, the paper flies up and sticks to the sealing-wax. The experiment is repeated several times. Each time the paper rises unaided, starts off, and fastens on to the stick. “The piece of sealing-wax, which formerly did not attract the paper, now does. The rubbing on the cloth has, then, developed in it something that cannot be seen, for the stick has not changed in appearance; and this invisible thing is nevertheless very real, since it can lift up the paper, draw it to the wax, and hold it glued there. This thing is called electricity. You can easily produce it by rubbing on cloth either a piece of glass or a stick of sulphur, resin, or sealing-wax. All these substances, when rubbed, will acquire the property of drawing to themselves very light objects, like small pieces of straw, little bits of paper, or particles of dust. This evening the cat shall teach us more about it, if it will be good.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2018). The Story-book of Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56795/pg56795-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

This thing is called electricity

Field, Forest and Farm by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . WINE-MAKING CHAPTER XLIV.  WINE-MAKING “When wine is heated, there is first an escape of an inflammable vapor that burns with a bluish flame. A person needs only to have seen once this preparation of hot wine to recall that curious flame flickering over the boiling liquid and darting up little blue tongues. Now, this inflammable vapor comes from alcohol, a fluid substance that gives to wine its peculiar properties and is hence sometimes called spirits of wine. There are, then, in wine two distinct liquids, one easily reducible to vapor and called alcohol, the other slower to vaporize and recognizable as water. This does not mean that the wine has been watered: the water in question is not there as the result of fraud; it belongs naturally to the wine and comes from grapes just as alcohol does. Wine is therefore a natural mixture of a small proportion of alcohol with a great quantity of water. In our ordinary wines the proportion of alcohol for each hundred quarts of liquid varies from nine to fourteen quarts. “Wine is made from the juice of grapes. This juice, as it is pressed out of the sweet grapes, has none of the taste or smell peculiar to wine, for it does not yet contain any alcohol; but it does have an [ ]agreeably sweet taste, the same taste that makes grapes so desirable a fruit for the table. This pleasant flavor is due to a sort of sugar present in the grapes. Examine carefully a handful of raisins such as you buy at the grocer’s: you will detect on their surface, certain tiny white grains that crunch under the teeth and have a sweet savor. Those grains are little particles of sugar that have collected on the outside of the grapes during the process of drying. Grapes, then, must contain sugar. 224 “Well now, this sugar is exactly what causes the formation of alcohol. What is sugar in the fresh juice of grapes is alcohol in the same juice after it has fermented and turned to wine. Let us consider briefly how this change comes about. “The vintage is first of all subjected to a process of treading by men who trample on the grapes in large vats, after which the resulting mixture of juice and skins is left to ‘work,’ as we say. Before long this liquid mush begins to heat of its own accord, and presently there sets in a sort of boiling which liberates big bubbles of gas as if there were a fire underneath. This working process is called fermentation, and its seat is in the sugar of the grape-juice. Little by little the sugar decomposes, splits apart as we might say, into two substances very different from each other and also very different from the sugar whence they came. Of these two substances one is alcohol; the other is a gas already known to us—carbonic acid, the same gas that plants feed on and that animals give forth in breathing; [ ]the same, finally, as that produced by burning coal. The alcohol remains in the liquid, which thus gradually loses its original sweet taste and acquires instead a vinous flavor. The gas, on the contrary, works its way to the surface, agitating the mass with a sort of tumultuous movement like that of boiling water, and is dissipated in the atmosphere. 225 “Let us bear in mind that carbonic acid gas is as invisible as the air itself, that it has no odor, no color, and finally that it kills quickly if inhaled in any considerable quantity. That explains the danger lurking in a wine-vat during fermentation, or even in a wine-cellar that lacks sufficient ventilation to carry off the perilous gas. No one should enter such places without holding before one a lighted taper at the end of a long stick. While the taper continues to burn in the usual manner, one can proceed without fear: there is no carbonic acid gas present. But if the flame becomes dim, gets smaller and smaller, and finally goes out altogether, one must beat a hasty retreat, for the extinction of the taper is a sure sign of the presence of carbonic acid gas, and further advance would mean exposing oneself to imminent death. “But to return to the subject of wine-making, we were saying that the sugar which imparts its sweet taste to the must (that is, the unfermented grape-juice) changes its nature and divides into two parts: alcohol, which remains in the liquid and turns it to wine, and carbonic acid gas, which is dissipated in the atmosphere. When this process is [ ]finished the wine is drawn off, leaving behind the residuum of skins and pips. The final product is thus composed of a large quantity of water from the grapes themselves, a small quantity of alcohol from the sugar which has undergone the chemical change just described, and, finally, a coloring substance furnished by the dark grape-skins. 226 “White wine is made from white grapes, which have skins with no coloring matter; but it can very well be made from dark grapes, colored though they are. The secret consists simply in this: the crushed grapes are pressed before fermentation begins. In this way the juice is separated from the skins, and, these latter being removed, the wine will be white even with dark grapes. In short, the coloring matter in grapes which gives its hue to red wine is contained solely in the skins; and furthermore it is insoluble in water, but easily soluble in alcohol. Hence it is only after fermentation has made some progress that the liquid becomes colored by the dissolving of the coloring matter through the agency of the alcohol that has been generated. Accordingly, if the skins are removed before the juice ferments and generates alcohol, the wine remains white, since it no longer contains any coloring matter to dissolve. “Some wines force out the corks from their bottles and are covered with foam on being poured into glasses. These are foamy wines, and to produce them the bottling must be done before fermentation is finished. The carbonic acid gas then continues to form, but as it finds no way of escape since the [ ]bottle is tightly corked, it dissolves in the liquid and accumulates there, though all the while endeavoring to free itself; and that is what makes the cork pop with a sharp report when the string that holds it down is cut; that is what causes the wine to rush foaming out of the bottle; and, finally, that is what gives the bead to a glass of wine and makes a slight crackling sound as the bubbles burst on the surface. 227 “Foamy wine has a pungent but agreeable taste owing to the carbonic acid it contains. We drink, dispersed through the liquid, the same gas as would kill us if freely inhaled; but it has no terrors except when thus inhaled. Mixed with our drinks, it imparts to them a slightly tart flavor, harmless and even salubrious, since it aids digestion. There is carbonic acid gas in nearly all water that we drink, and it is in fact by reason of this gas that water is able to hold in solution the small proportion of stony matter that contributes toward the formation of our bones. It is to this gas, finally, that effervescent lemonade, cider, beer, and Seltzer water owe their pungency and their foam.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2022). Field, Forest and Farm. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67813/pg67813-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

INVISIBLE AI

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INVISIBLE AI

invisible.ai

11-50 employees

Since 2018

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INVISIBLE AI

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