Extend allows any merchant to offer extended warranties and protection plans as a service, both online and offline, while also providing the merchant's end customers with a vastly improved and modern support experience that eliminates many of the issues customers face today with legacy underwriters

Extend

extend

A few days ago, I was fixing a flaky test, and it turned out I needed some unique and valid values within my factory. Laravel wraps FakerPHP, which we usually access through the fake() helper. FakerPHP comes with modifiers like valid() and unique(), but you can use only one at a time, so you can't do fake()->unique()->valid(), which is exactly what I needed. This made me think, what if we want to create our own modifier? For example, uniqueAndValid() or any other modifier. How can we extend the framework? Thinking Out Loud I will be dumping my train of thought. Before jumping into any over-engineered solution, I always want to check if there is a simpler option and understand what I'm dealing with. So, let's take a look at the fake() helper: function fake($locale = null)
{
    if (app()->bound('config')) {
        $locale ??= app('config')->get('app.faker_locale');
    }

    $locale ??= 'en_US';

    $abstract = \Faker\Generator::class.':'.$locale;

    if (! app()->bound($abstract)) {
        app()->singleton($abstract, fn () => \Faker\Factory::create($locale));
    }

    return app()->make($abstract);
} Reading the code, we can see that Laravel binds a singleton to the container. However, if we inspect the abstract, it's a regular class that does not implement any interface, and the object is created via a factory. This complicates things. Why? Because if it were an interface, we could just create a new class that extends the base \Faker\Generator class, add some new features, and rebind it to the container. But we don't have this luxury.


There is a factory involved. This means it's not a simple instantiation; there is some logic being run. In this case, the factory adds some providers (PhoneNumber, Text, UserAgent, etc.). So, even if we try to rebind, we will have to use the factory, which will return the original \Faker\Generator. Solutions 🤔? One might think, "What's stopping us from creating our own factory that returns the new generator as outlined in point 1?" Well, nothing, we can do that, but we won't! We use a framework for several reasons, one of them being updates. What will happen if FakerPHP adds a new provider or has a major upgrade? Laravel will adjust the code, and people who haven't made any changes won't notice anything. However, we would be left out, and our code might even break (most likely). So, yes, we don't want to go that far. So, What Do We Do? Now that we've explored the basic options, we can start thinking of more advanced ones, like design patterns. We don't need an exact implementation, just something familiar to our problem. This is why I always say it's good to know them. In this case, we can "decorate" the Generator class by adding new features while maintaining the old ones. Sounds good? Let's see how! First, let's create a new class, FakerGenerator: <?php

namespace App\Support;

use Closure;
use Faker\Generator;
use Illuminate\Support\Traits\ForwardsCalls;

class FakerGenerator
{
    use ForwardsCalls;

    public function __construct(private readonly Generator $generator)
    {
    }

    public function uniqueAndValid(Closure $validator = null): UniqueAndValidGenerator
    {
        return new UniqueAndValidGenerator($this->generator, $validator);
    }

    public function __call($method, $parameters): mixed
    {
        return $this->forwardCallTo($this->generator, $method, $parameters);
    }
} This will be our "decorator" (kinda). It is a simple class that expects the base Generator as a dependency and introduces a new modifier, uniqueAndValid(). It also uses the ForwardsCalls trait from Laravel, which allows it to proxy calls to the base object. This trait has two methods: forwardCallTo and forwardDecoratedCallTo. Use the latter when you want to chain methods on the decorated object. In our case, we will always have a single call. We also need to implement the UniqueAndValidGenerator, which is the custom modifier, but this is not the point of the article. If you are interested in the implementation, this class is basically a mixture of the ValidGenerator and UniqueGenerator that ship with FakerPHP, you can find it here. Now, let's extend the framework, in the AppServiceProvider: <?php

namespace App\Providers;

use Closure;
use Faker\Generator;
use App\Support\FakerGenerator;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    public function register(): void
    {
        $this->app->extend(
            $this->fakerAbstractName(), 
            fn (Generator $base) => new FakerGenerator($base)
        );
    }

    private function fakerAbstractName(): string
    {
        // This is important, it matches the name bound by the fake() helper
        return Generator::class . ':' . app('config')->get('app.faker_locale');
    }
} The extend() method checks if an abstract matching the given name has been bound to the container. If so, it overrides its value with the result of the closure, take a look: // Laravel: src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php

public function extend($abstract, Closure $closure)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract])) {
         // You are interested here
        $this->instances[$abstract] = $closure($this->instances[$abstract], $this);

        $this->rebound($abstract);
    } else {
        $this->extenders[$abstract][] = $closure;

        if ($this->resolved($abstract)) {
            $this->rebound($abstract);
        }
    }
} That's why we defined the fakerAbstractName() method, which generates the same name as the fake() helper binds in the container. Recheck the code above if you missed it, I left a comment. Now, every time we call fake(), an instance of FakerGenerator will be returned, and we will have access to the custom modifier we introduced. Every time we invoke a call that does not exist on the FakerGenerator class, __call() will be triggered, and it will proxy it to the base Generator using the forwardCallTo() method. That's it! I can finally do fake()->uniqueAndValid()->randomElement(), and it works like a charm! Before we conclude, I want to point out that this is not a pure decorator pattern. However, patterns are not sacred texts; tweak them to fit your needs and solve the problem. Conclusion Frameworks are incredibly helpful, and Laravel comes with a lot of built-in features. However, they can't cover all the edge cases in your projects, and sometimes, you might hit a dead end. When that happens, you can always extend the framework. We've seen how simple it is, and I hope you understood the main idea, which applies beyond just this Faker example. Always start simple and look for the simplest solution to the problem. Complexity will come when it's necessary, so if basic inheritance does the trick, there's no need to implement a decorator or anything else. When you do extend the framework, ensure you don't go too far, where the loss outweighs the gain. You don't want to end up maintaining a part of the framework on your own. A few days ago, I was fixing a flaky test, and it turned out I needed some unique and valid values within my factory. Laravel wraps FakerPHP, which we usually access through the fake() helper. FakerPHP comes with modifiers like valid() and unique() , but you can use only one at a time, so you can't do fake()->unique()->valid() , which is exactly what I needed. unique valid fake() valid() unique() fake()->unique()->valid() This made me think, what if we want to create our own modifier? For example, uniqueAndValid() or any other modifier. How can we extend the framework? uniqueAndValid() extend Thinking Out Loud I will be dumping my train of thought. I will be dumping my train of thought. Before jumping into any over-engineered solution, I always want to check if there is a simpler option and understand what I'm dealing with. So, let's take a look at the fake() helper: fake() function fake($locale = null)
{
    if (app()->bound('config')) {
        $locale ??= app('config')->get('app.faker_locale');
    }

    $locale ??= 'en_US';

    $abstract = \Faker\Generator::class.':'.$locale;

    if (! app()->bound($abstract)) {
        app()->singleton($abstract, fn () => \Faker\Factory::create($locale));
    }

    return app()->make($abstract);
} function fake($locale = null)
{
    if (app()->bound('config')) {
        $locale ??= app('config')->get('app.faker_locale');
    }

    $locale ??= 'en_US';

    $abstract = \Faker\Generator::class.':'.$locale;

    if (! app()->bound($abstract)) {
        app()->singleton($abstract, fn () => \Faker\Factory::create($locale));
    }

    return app()->make($abstract);
} Reading the code, we can see that Laravel binds a singleton to the container. However, if we inspect the abstract, it's a regular class that does not implement any interface, and the object is created via a factory. This complicates things. Why? Because if it were an interface, we could just create a new class that extends the base \Faker\Generator class, add some new features, and rebind it to the container. But we don't have this luxury. There is a factory involved. This means it's not a simple instantiation; there is some logic being run. In this case, the factory adds some providers (PhoneNumber, Text, UserAgent, etc.). So, even if we try to rebind, we will have to use the factory, which will return the original \Faker\Generator. Because if it were an interface, we could just create a new class that extends the base \Faker\Generator class, add some new features, and rebind it to the container. But we don't have this luxury. Because if it were an interface, we could just create a new class that extends the base \Faker\Generator class, add some new features, and rebind it to the container. But we don't have this luxury. \Faker\Generator There is a factory involved. This means it's not a simple instantiation; there is some logic being run. In this case, the factory adds some providers (PhoneNumber, Text, UserAgent, etc.). So, even if we try to rebind, we will have to use the factory, which will return the original \Faker\Generator. There is a factory involved. This means it's not a simple instantiation; there is some logic being run. In this case, the factory adds some providers (PhoneNumber, Text, UserAgent, etc.). So, even if we try to rebind, we will have to use the factory, which will return the original \Faker\Generator . \Faker\Generator Solutions 🤔? One might think, "What's stopping us from creating our own factory that returns the new generator as outlined in point 1?" Well, nothing, we can do that, but we won't! We use a framework for several reasons, one of them being updates. What will happen if FakerPHP adds a new provider or has a major upgrade? Laravel will adjust the code, and people who haven't made any changes won't notice anything. However, we would be left out, and our code might even break (most likely). So, yes, we don't want to go that far. So, What Do We Do? Now that we've explored the basic options, we can start thinking of more advanced ones, like design patterns. We don't need an exact implementation, just something familiar to our problem. This is why I always say it's good to know them. In this case, we can "decorate" the Generator class by adding new features while maintaining the old ones. Sounds good? Let's see how! Generator First, let's create a new class, FakerGenerator : FakerGenerator <?php

namespace App\Support;

use Closure;
use Faker\Generator;
use Illuminate\Support\Traits\ForwardsCalls;

class FakerGenerator
{
    use ForwardsCalls;

    public function __construct(private readonly Generator $generator)
    {
    }

    public function uniqueAndValid(Closure $validator = null): UniqueAndValidGenerator
    {
        return new UniqueAndValidGenerator($this->generator, $validator);
    }

    public function __call($method, $parameters): mixed
    {
        return $this->forwardCallTo($this->generator, $method, $parameters);
    }
} <?php

namespace App\Support;

use Closure;
use Faker\Generator;
use Illuminate\Support\Traits\ForwardsCalls;

class FakerGenerator
{
    use ForwardsCalls;

    public function __construct(private readonly Generator $generator)
    {
    }

    public function uniqueAndValid(Closure $validator = null): UniqueAndValidGenerator
    {
        return new UniqueAndValidGenerator($this->generator, $validator);
    }

    public function __call($method, $parameters): mixed
    {
        return $this->forwardCallTo($this->generator, $method, $parameters);
    }
} This will be our "decorator" (kinda). It is a simple class that expects the base Generator as a dependency and introduces a new modifier, uniqueAndValid() . It also uses the ForwardsCalls trait from Laravel, which allows it to proxy calls to the base object. Generator uniqueAndValid() ForwardsCalls This trait has two methods: forwardCallTo and forwardDecoratedCallTo. Use the latter when you want to chain methods on the decorated object. In our case, we will always have a single call. This trait has two methods: forwardCallTo and forwardDecoratedCallTo . Use the latter when you want to chain methods on the decorated object. In our case, we will always have a single call. forwardCallTo forwardDecoratedCallTo We also need to implement the UniqueAndValidGenerator , which is the custom modifier, but this is not the point of the article. If you are interested in the implementation, this class is basically a mixture of the ValidGenerator and UniqueGenerator that ship with FakerPHP, you can find it here . UniqueAndValidGenerator ValidGenerator UniqueGenerator here Now, let's extend the framework, in the AppServiceProvider : extend AppServiceProvider <?php

namespace App\Providers;

use Closure;
use Faker\Generator;
use App\Support\FakerGenerator;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    public function register(): void
    {
        $this->app->extend(
            $this->fakerAbstractName(), 
            fn (Generator $base) => new FakerGenerator($base)
        );
    }

    private function fakerAbstractName(): string
    {
        // This is important, it matches the name bound by the fake() helper
        return Generator::class . ':' . app('config')->get('app.faker_locale');
    }
} <?php

namespace App\Providers;

use Closure;
use Faker\Generator;
use App\Support\FakerGenerator;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    public function register(): void
    {
        $this->app->extend(
            $this->fakerAbstractName(), 
            fn (Generator $base) => new FakerGenerator($base)
        );
    }

    private function fakerAbstractName(): string
    {
        // This is important, it matches the name bound by the fake() helper
        return Generator::class . ':' . app('config')->get('app.faker_locale');
    }
} The extend() method checks if an abstract matching the given name has been bound to the container. If so, it overrides its value with the result of the closure, take a look: extend() // Laravel: src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php

public function extend($abstract, Closure $closure)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract])) {
         // You are interested here
        $this->instances[$abstract] = $closure($this->instances[$abstract], $this);

        $this->rebound($abstract);
    } else {
        $this->extenders[$abstract][] = $closure;

        if ($this->resolved($abstract)) {
            $this->rebound($abstract);
        }
    }
} // Laravel: src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php

public function extend($abstract, Closure $closure)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract])) {
         // You are interested here
        $this->instances[$abstract] = $closure($this->instances[$abstract], $this);

        $this->rebound($abstract);
    } else {
        $this->extenders[$abstract][] = $closure;

        if ($this->resolved($abstract)) {
            $this->rebound($abstract);
        }
    }
} That's why we defined the fakerAbstractName() method, which generates the same name as the fake() helper binds in the container. fakerAbstractName() fake() Recheck the code above if you missed it, I left a comment. Recheck the code above if you missed it, I left a comment. Now, every time we call fake() , an instance of FakerGenerator will be returned, and we will have access to the custom modifier we introduced. Every time we invoke a call that does not exist on the FakerGenerator class, __call() will be triggered, and it will proxy it to the base Generator using the forwardCallTo() method. fake() FakerGenerator FakerGenerator __call() Generator forwardCallTo() That's it! I can finally do fake()->uniqueAndValid()->randomElement() , and it works like a charm! fake()->uniqueAndValid()->randomElement() Before we conclude, I want to point out that this is not a pure decorator pattern. However, patterns are not sacred texts; tweak them to fit your needs and solve the problem. Before we conclude, I want to point out that this is not a pure decorator pattern. However, patterns are not sacred texts; tweak them to fit your needs and solve the problem. Conclusion Frameworks are incredibly helpful, and Laravel comes with a lot of built-in features. However, they can't cover all the edge cases in your projects, and sometimes, you might hit a dead end. When that happens, you can always extend the framework. We've seen how simple it is, and I hope you understood the main idea, which applies beyond just this Faker example. Always start simple and look for the simplest solution to the problem. Complexity will come when it's necessary, so if basic inheritance does the trick, there's no need to implement a decorator or anything else. When you do extend the framework, ensure you don't go too far, where the loss outweighs the gain. You don't want to end up maintaining a part of the framework on your own.

Laravel Under The Hood - How to Extend the Framework

লারাভেল আন্ডার দ্য হুড - কীভাবে ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক প্রসারিত করবেন

Laravel unter der Haube – So erweitern Sie das Framework

Laravel Under The Hood: cómo ampliar el marco

Laravel Under The Hood - Comment étendre le framework

लारवेल अंडर द हुड - फ्रेमवर्क का विस्तार कैसे करें

Laravel の裏側 - フレームワークを拡張する方法

Laravel Under The Hood - 프레임워크를 확장하는 방법

Laravel Under The Hood - Como estender a estrutura

Laravel под капотом — как расширить фреймворк

Laravel Under The Hood - Çerçeve Nasıl Genişletilir

Laravel Under The Hood - Cách mở rộng khung

Laravel 底层原理 - 如何扩展框架

**LONDON, United Kingdom, May 16th, 2024/Chainwire/--**Talos, the premier provider of digital asset trading technology for institutions, and One Trading, a crypto trading venue headquartered and regulated in the European Union, announced an integration designed to expand liquidity access for institutions. As part of the collaboration, One Trading joins the Talos network of liquidity providers, expanding the possible destinations for their shared clients looking to achieve best execution. Talos users will now be able to access One Trading’s high-speed trading platform with a matching engine time of just 1 microsecond. In addition to expanding its potential reach to Talos’s institutional clients, One Trading also adopts the Talos trading platform as a sell-side client to support its OTC trading desk. The award-winning Talos trading platform will help One Trading efficiently source liquidity to better serve its clients’ needs. The multi-faceted relationship between the two firms highlights the different ways that the Talos network and platform can enhance a partner’s business. “We are thrilled to welcome One Trading into the Talos network of liquidity providers,” said Daniel Packham, VP and Head of Operations, EMEA. “They have built a leading regulated trading venue in Europe using cutting-edge technology to build an incredibly fast and secure exchange, holding themselves to the highest standards of security and transparency that are important to Talos and our institutional clients. In addition, as a client themselves using our trading platform, One Trading is a great example of how an OTC dealer can leverage Talos to help manage liquidity efficiently.” Commenting on the integration, Joshua Barraclough, CEO of One Trading, said, “Talos shares our goal of bridging the gap between traditional and crypto asset trading. That’s why we’re excited to integrate with Talos as a liquidity provider as well as a sell-side trading client. They provide us with the same institutional grade of technology that we seek to provide to our own clients.” One Trading is an EU-based trading venue built by a highly experienced ex-TradFi team. One Trading provides an institutional-grade digital asset exchange for both retail customers and institutional clients, with a focus on achieving market-leading execution speed, deep order books, and low fees. The exchange provides zero fees for both maker and taker transactions. One Trading operates a regulated spot trading venue and an OTC business with plans to roll out a MiFID II regulated derivatives business in the near future. As the Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) European regulation elevates the importance of best execution, Talos’s integration with One Trading will empower shared clients with an additional option for sourcing the best available liquidity. About Talos Talos provides institutional-grade technology that supports the full digital asset trading lifecycle, including liquidity sourcing, price discovery, trading, settlement, lending, borrowing, and portfolio management. Engineered by a team with unmatched experience building institutional trading systems, the Talos platform connects institutions to key participants in today’s digital asset ecosystem – exchanges, OTC desks, prime brokers, lenders, custodians, and more – through a single point of entry. By streamlining the entire trading process, Talos helps mitigate intermediary risk and facilitate best execution. For additional information, visit www.talos.com. Talos Disclaimer: Talos offers software-as-a-service products that provide connectivity tools for institutional clients. Talos does not provide clients with any pre-negotiated arrangements with liquidity providers or other parties. Clients are required to negotiate bilaterally and independently with liquidity providers and other parties. Talos is not a party to any of these arrangements. Services and venues may not be available in all jurisdictions. About One Trading One Trading is a leading European digital asset trading platform with a VASP registration in Italy with Organismo Agenti e Mediatori (OAM). The One Trading platform has various offerings: Exchange, Instant Trade, and an OTC desk. The Exchange is where registered customers can access the fastest trading venue in the world with zero fees — also boasting a transparent order book with deep liquidity, and charting tools for technical analysis. The team behind One Trading has strong ex-TradFi expertise and is focused on providing an unparalleled product experience. Instant Trade offers a simplified UI for trading a wide range of fiat, stablecoin, and altcoin pairs at 0% additional commission. One Trading retrieves the best prices for customers by plugging into a number of major liquidity providers with access to deep liquidity. These relationships have been established through the over-the-counter (OTC) offering and are typically only reserved for HNWs or institutional customers. Through Instant Trade, all trader types can access this unique trading mechanism through a simple UI. The OTC desk offers a high-touch trading team to work with clients, typically institutional partners, to facilitate trades of any size and digital asset, with access to deep pools of liquidity, rapid settlement, and large asset coverage. One Trading Disclaimer: This material is for informational purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax, financial, or investment advice. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of the future nor a reliable indicator of the likely performance of any investment. Recipients should consult their own advisors before making these types of decisions. One Trading has no responsibility or liability for any decision made or any other acts or omissions in connection with the Recipient’s use of this material. Contact Andy Keelaghan One Trading info@3webdigital.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. **LONDON, United Kingdom, May 16th, 2024/Chainwire/--**Talos, the premier provider of digital asset trading technology for institutions, and One Trading, a crypto trading venue headquartered and regulated in the European Union, announced an integration designed to expand liquidity access for institutions. As part of the collaboration, One Trading joins the Talos network of liquidity providers, expanding the possible destinations for their shared clients looking to achieve best execution. Talos users will now be able to access One Trading’s high-speed trading platform with a matching engine time of just 1 microsecond. In addition to expanding its potential reach to Talos’s institutional clients, One Trading also adopts the Talos trading platform as a sell-side client to support its OTC trading desk. The award-winning Talos trading platform will help One Trading efficiently source liquidity to better serve its clients’ needs. The multi-faceted relationship between the two firms highlights the different ways that the Talos network and platform can enhance a partner’s business. “We are thrilled to welcome One Trading into the Talos network of liquidity providers,” said Daniel Packham, VP and Head of Operations, EMEA. “We are thrilled to welcome One Trading into the Talos network of liquidity providers,” said Daniel Packham, VP and Head of Operations, EMEA. “They have built a leading regulated trading venue in Europe using cutting-edge technology to build an incredibly fast and secure exchange, holding themselves to the highest standards of security and transparency that are important to Talos and our institutional clients. In addition, as a client themselves using our trading platform, One Trading is a great example of how an OTC dealer can leverage Talos to help manage liquidity efficiently.” “They have built a leading regulated trading venue in Europe using cutting-edge technology to build an incredibly fast and secure exchange, holding themselves to the highest standards of security and transparency that are important to Talos and our institutional clients. In addition, as a client themselves using our trading platform, One Trading is a great example of how an OTC dealer can leverage Talos to help manage liquidity efficiently.” Commenting on the integration, Joshua Barraclough, CEO of One Trading, said, “Talos shares our goal of bridging the gap between traditional and crypto asset trading. That’s why we’re excited to integrate with Talos as a liquidity provider as well as a sell-side trading client. They provide us with the same institutional grade of technology that we seek to provide to our own clients.” “Talos shares our goal of bridging the gap between traditional and crypto asset trading. That’s why we’re excited to integrate with Talos as a liquidity provider as well as a sell-side trading client. They provide us with the same institutional grade of technology that we seek to provide to our own clients.” One Trading is an EU-based trading venue built by a highly experienced ex-TradFi team. One Trading provides an institutional-grade digital asset exchange for both retail customers and institutional clients, with a focus on achieving market-leading execution speed, deep order books, and low fees. The exchange provides zero fees for both maker and taker transactions. One Trading operates a regulated spot trading venue and an OTC business with plans to roll out a MiFID II regulated derivatives business in the near future. As the Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) European regulation elevates the importance of best execution, Talos’s integration with One Trading will empower shared clients with an additional option for sourcing the best available liquidity. About Talos Talos provides institutional-grade technology that supports the full digital asset trading lifecycle, including liquidity sourcing, price discovery, trading, settlement, lending, borrowing, and portfolio management. Engineered by a team with unmatched experience building institutional trading systems, the Talos platform connects institutions to key participants in today’s digital asset ecosystem – exchanges, OTC desks, prime brokers, lenders, custodians, and more – through a single point of entry. By streamlining the entire trading process, Talos helps mitigate intermediary risk and facilitate best execution. For additional information, visit www.talos.com . www.talos.com www.talos.com Talos Disclaimer: Talos offers software-as-a-service products that provide connectivity tools for institutional clients. Talos does not provide clients with any pre-negotiated arrangements with liquidity providers or other parties. Clients are required to negotiate bilaterally and independently with liquidity providers and other parties. Talos is not a party to any of these arrangements. Services and venues may not be available in all jurisdictions. About One Trading One Trading is a leading European digital asset trading platform with a VASP registration in Italy with Organismo Agenti e Mediatori (OAM). The One Trading platform has various offerings: Exchange, Instant Trade, and an OTC desk. The Exchange is where registered customers can access the fastest trading venue in the world with zero fees — also boasting a transparent order book with deep liquidity, and charting tools for technical analysis. The team behind One Trading has strong ex-TradFi expertise and is focused on providing an unparalleled product experience. One Trading One Trading Exchange Exchange Instant Trade offers a simplified UI for trading a wide range of fiat, stablecoin, and altcoin pairs at 0% additional commission. One Trading retrieves the best prices for customers by plugging into a number of major liquidity providers with access to deep liquidity. These relationships have been established through the over-the-counter (OTC) offering and are typically only reserved for HNWs or institutional customers. Through Instant Trade, all trader types can access this unique trading mechanism through a simple UI. Instant Trade Instant Trade The OTC desk offers a high-touch trading team to work with clients, typically institutional partners, to facilitate trades of any size and digital asset, with access to deep pools of liquidity, rapid settlement, and large asset coverage. OTC OTC One Trading Disclaimer: This material is for informational purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax, financial, or investment advice. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of the future nor a reliable indicator of the likely performance of any investment. Recipients should consult their own advisors before making these types of decisions. One Trading has no responsibility or liability for any decision made or any other acts or omissions in connection with the Recipient’s use of this material. Contact Andy Keelaghan One Trading info@3webdigital.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

One Trading Partners With Talos To Extend Institutional Trading Services Across Europe

Form manipulation is a typical task for a Front-End engineer. They are used everywhere - from simple feedback forms to a complex ones for creating something big. While you are using any of the UI frameworks or libraries, they offer us a convenient way to create forms of any complexity easily and quickly. With Angular, we have two options for form building: template-driven and reactive forms. Both of them can be applied in different scenarios. For example, if we need to create some simple form with primitive (or even without) validation, we can consider a template-driven form as a good candidate. Another case is when we need to build something more complex than a login form, with tons of validation, field dependencies from another field, etc. In this way, reactive forms come on the stage. But even with this powerful tool, we sometimes need to build some functionality that is not available from the box. In this article, I will show one of the possible cases, and you can apply this approach to your project. Let's cut to the chase and move to the problem: we need to update a form field based on a value from another form field. Moreover, to enhance the application experience and not confuse a user, we want to highlight (put some message and color the field) the updated field. The fields can be any kind of element (input, dropdown, date picker, etc.), and any combination of field values can lead to the updation of another field. How can we solve this problem? There are some possible ways: We can write a directive for it. It will be used in any control you want despite your choice of form type. But it's quite a complicated task to support this directive in the future, and possibly, it will go for an awkward legacy code that nobody would like to extend or fix some issue related to this; Use EventEmitter. We can observe the expected condition for updating a target field and emit a value. When we do it - update the target field with the emitted value (or you can use this like a trigger and set any value you want). This option is better than the previous one, but it still requires a lot of manual work, and it won't be easy to reuse it somewhere - we will have to implement this mechanism for each case by hand; Extend the FormControl class. In functionality, which is available from the box, we won't find any methods or fields (or even a combination of them) to check that the form control was updated by another one. Let's create it! First things first, we need to create a class for our new control, which extends the FormControl class: import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

export class AutoUpdateFormControl<TValue> extends FormControl {
  constructor() {
    super();
  }
} Then, to add a new functionality, we need to write our method for the control updating and mark the inner state as auto-updated: import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

export class AutoUpdateFormControl<TValue> extends FormControl {
    public isAutoUpdated: boolean = false;

    constructor() {
        super();
    }

    public autoUpdateValue(value: any, options?: { emitEvent: boolean }): void {
        super.setValue(value, options);
        this.markAsAutoUpdated();
    }

    public setValue(
        value: TValue,
        options?: {
            onlySelf?: boolean;
            emitEvent?: boolean;
            emitModelToViewChange?: boolean;
            emitViewToModelChange?: boolean;
        },
    ): void {
        super.setValue(value, options);
        this.markAsNotAutoUpdated();
    }

    public markAsAutoUpdated(): void {
        this.isAutoUpdated = true;
    }

    public markAsNotAutoUpdated(): void {
        this.isAutoUpdated = false;
    }
} An example of usage: Create a form: interface IForm {
  sourceField: AbstractControl<string>;
  targetField: AutoUpdateFormControl<string>;
}

const form = new FormGroup<IForm>({
    sourceField: new FormControl(''),
    targetField: new AutoUpdateFormControl(),
}); Subscribe to the control and check the required value. If matches - call the autoUpdateValue method. It sets the control value and updates the control field: sourceField form.controls.sourceField.valueChanges.subscribe((value) => {
    if (value === 'test') {
        this.form.controls.testField.autoUpdateValue('updated field');
    }
}); We can add mark-up for handling field highlighting and showing the text depending on the control field: <span *ngIf="form.controls.targetField.isAutoUpdated">Auto-updated</span> If you use some custom components or the wrappers around the third-party ones, you can directly add this kind of template into the component to not repeat it again and again. I found this solution perfect for my needs and decided to share it. Perhaps, it will help someone. But if you want to go further, remember: Your custom form control should remain compatible with Angular's forms API. Avoid altering the existing behavior of FormControl unless necessary; Test your custom form control thoroughly, especially if you're also overriding any of the existing methods; Document your custom methods and any changes to standard behavior to help other developers in your team understand your custom control. With these bits of advice, you can create your custom controls safely and with pleasure.

How to Extend the FormControl Functionality in Angular

USA v. eBay Court Filing, retrieved on January 11, 2024, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 11 of 12. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here COUNT FIVE - Witness Tampering (18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3) and 2) The United States Attorney further charges: 58. The United States Attorney re-alleges and incorporates by reference paragraphs 1 through 53 of this Information. 59. From on or about August 20, 2019 through on or about August 30, 2019, in the District of Massachusetts and elsewhere, the defendant, eBay Inc., did knowingly engage in misleading conduct toward the persons described below, with intent to hinder, delay, and prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer of the United States of information relating to the commission and possible commission of a Federal offense, that is, the harassment and intimidation campaign charged in this Information. All in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3). Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on January 11, 2024, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. ecommercebytes.com

eBay Inc.'s Legal Woes Extend to Witness Tampering

Authors: (1) Dominic Petrak, UKP Lab, Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany; (2) Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; (3) Ye Tian, Wluper, London, United Kingdom; (4) Nikolai Rozanov, Wluper, London, United Kingdom; (5) Iryna Gurevych, UKP Lab, Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Work Datasets Examined Manual Error Type Analysis and Taxonomies Automatic Filtering for Potentially Relevant Dialogs Statistical Analysis Evaluation and Experiments Discussion Conclusion, Limitation, Acknowledgments, and References A Integrated Error Taxonomy – Details B Error-Indicating Sentences And Phrases C Automatic Filtering – Implementation D Automatic Filtering – Sentence-Level Analysis E Task-Oriented Dialogs – Examples F Effectiveness Of Automatic Filtering – A Detailed Analysis G Inter-Annotator Agreement – Detailed Analysis H Annotation Guidelines I Hyperparameters and Baseline Experiments J Human-Human Dialogs – Examples Abstract Learning from free-text human feedback is essential for dialog systems, but annotated data is scarce and usually covers only a small fraction of error types known in conversational AI. Instead of collecting and annotating new datasets from scratch, recent advances in synthetic dialog generation could be used to augment existing dialog datasets with the necessary annotations. However, to assess the feasibility of such an effort, it is important to know the types and frequency of free-text human feedback included in these datasets. In this work, we investigate this question for a variety of commonly used dialog datasets, including MultiWoZ, SGD, BABI, PersonaChat, Wizardsof-Wikipedia, and the human-bot split of the Self-Feeding Chatbot. Using our observations, we derive new taxonomies for the annotation of free-text human feedback in dialogs and investigate the impact of including such data in response generation for three SOTA language generation models, including GPT-2, LLAMA, and Flan-T5. Our findings provide new insights into the composition of the datasets examined, including error types, user response types, and the relations between them. 1 Introduction If a dialog system generates a dissatisfying or erroneous response, e.g., a response with factually incorrect information, users tend to provide a textual descriptions of what went wrong or what they would have expected (See and Manning, 2021; Xu et al., 2023; Ung et al., 2022). This textual description is usually referred to as free-text human feedback, and it is an important source to improve dialog systems, to keep them engaging and socially acceptable (Shuster et al., 2022; Christiano et al., 2017; Ouyang et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2023). Learning from such data requires annotations for errors in system utterances and subsequent free-text human feedback, but available datasets are scarce and typically cover only a small subset of the error types known in conversational AI, such as in the cases of SaFeRDialogues (Ung et al., 2022) and FITS (Xu et al., 2023). As a result, data collection is usually a first step for research on learning from free-text human feedback (Hancock et al., 2019; Veron et al., 2021; Park et al., 2021). To avoid this in future research, recent advances in synthetic dialog generation (Kim et al., 2022; Zheng et al., 2022) could be used to augment existing dialog datasets with annotations for errors and free-text human feedback. However, to assess the feasibility of such an effort, it is important to know the types and frequency of such data included in these datasets. In this work, we investigate this question for a variety of dialog datasets, including MultiWoZ (Budzianowski et al., 2018), PersonaChat (Zhang et al., 2018), Wizards-ofWikipedia (Dinan et al., 2019), SGD (Rastogi et al., 2020), BABI (Bordes et al., 2017), and the humanbot split from the Self-Feeding Chatbot (Hancock et al., 2019). For this, we follow a two-step approach in which we first use the Integrated Error Taxonomy proposed by Higashinaka et al. (2021) to study the types of errors in system utterances and subsequent user responses in subsets of these datasets. We use the insights gained during this process to derive a new user response type taxonomy and a modified Integrated Error Taxonomy for the annotation of free-text human feedback in dialog data. In the second step, we use SentenceTransformer (Reimers and Gurevych, 2019) to identify similar situations in the remaining dialogs of the datasets. For a subsequent statistical analysis, we manually annotate subsets of the identified dialogs with error and user response types. We also use this manually annotated data to investigate the impact of including this data in response generation, using three SOTA language generation models, i.e., GPT-2 (Radford et al., 2019), LLAMA (Touvron et al., 2023), and FlanT5 (Chung et al., 2022). We find that types and frequency of errors and user responses that include free-text human feedback largely depend on (1) whether the dialogs are human-human or human-bot, and (2) whether the dialogs are task-oriented, open-domain, or knowledge-grounded. Our analysis and experiments show that using our taxonomies is beneficial for identifying free-text human feedback, and that including such data has a positive impact in response generation. This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Learning From Free-Text Human Feedback—Collect New Datasets Or Extend Existing Ones?

The Christmas incident involving has generated extensive media coverage. However, it's the team's resilience and the extension of their holiday promotional offer that are . By effectively responding to the attack, Telcoin continues to provide exciting opportunities for cryptocurrency enthusiasts. Telcoin now making headlines Contrary to what some media reports have suggested, it would appear that the Christmas cyber attack did not significantly hinder Telcoin’s plans to continue building and growing as a force in both DeFi and fintech. With the situation now firmly under control, they offer a fresh opportunity for those interested in cryptocurrency to get involved. The Christmas Cyber Attack and Telcoin's Prompt Response The Christmas cyber attack on Telcoin captured widespread attention. However, what was truly remarkable was the company's rapid response. Telcoin's dedicated team sprang into action soon after detecting the attack. Their swift intervention mitigated potential damage, reinforcing the firm's resilience. Despite sensationalist headlines, Telcoin's integrity and commitment to security and customer protection remained steadfast. The incident highlighted the ongoing need for vigilance in the evolving Web3 landscape. It underscored Telcoin's commitment to fortifying its defense mechanisms, ensuring top-tier safety for its clients. As detailed in a , Telcoin acted promptly and effectively in addressing the issue. Throughout the event, users’ data and keys remained secure, showcasing the project’s resilience. report by BlockSec The Holiday Promo Extension In response to the resolved technical incident, Telcoin is . This gesture reflects gratitude for the continuous support from its user base. extending its December Holiday Promo until the end of January Participants in the original promo have already been airdropped TEL, equivalent to their December cash-in fees. Those joining the extended campaign can expect a TEL airdrop in February. To participate, users must deposit USDC into their Telcoin App using Transak as the payment method. This process is straightforward for fully registered users in eligible markets, using either a debit card or bank account. The reimbursement in TEL will match the sum of January’s cash-in fees. Users can view these fees on the "Confirm Deposit" screen in the app, labeled next to "Fee." All accumulated fees will be converted into TEL based on the token's price at the end of the promotion, with the airdrop scheduled for February. Notably, there will be no cost for USDC cash-ins throughout January. For those new to Telcoin, the app is readily available for download on iOS and Android devices, offering easy access to DeFi services and crypto management on the go. A New Opportunity for Crypto Enthusiasts Telcoin's adept handling of the Christmas incident underlines its robust resilience. Despite the media coverage, the company's commitment to user protection remains steadfast, further cementing its dedication to security. With the recent extension of their December Holiday Promo through the end of January, Telcoin rewards users with TEL equivalent to their cash-in fees, presenting a renewed opportunity for crypto enthusiasts to engage in a resilient and secure digital ecosystem. To learn more about Telcoin and its offerings, or connect with them on their social media platforms: , , , . visit their website X (Twitter) Facebook Instagram Telegram

Telcoin Extends Holiday Promo, Demonstrating Resilience Following Christmas Incident

টেলকয়েন হলিডে প্রোমো প্রসারিত করে, ক্রিসমাসের ঘটনার পরে স্থিতিস্থাপকতা প্রদর্শন করে৷

Telcoin verlängert Weihnachtsaktion und demonstriert damit Widerstandsfähigkeit nach dem Weihnachtsvorfall

Telcoin extiende la promoción navideña, demostrando resiliencia luego del incidente navideño

Telcoin prolonge la promotion des fêtes, démontrant sa résilience après l'incident de Noël

टेलकॉइन ने क्रिसमस की घटना के बाद लचीलेपन का प्रदर्शन करते हुए हॉलिडे प्रोमो का विस्तार किया

Telcoin、ホリデープロモーションを延長、クリスマス事件後の回復力を実証

Telcoin, 크리스마스 사건 이후 회복력을 보여주면서 휴일 프로모션 연장

Telcoin estende promoção de férias, demonstrando resiliência após incidente de Natal

Telcoin продлевает праздничную акцию, демонстрируя устойчивость после рождественского инцидента

Telcoin, Noel Olayının Ardından Direnç Göstererek Tatil Promosyonunu Uzatıyor

Telcoin kéo dài chương trình khuyến mãi dịp lễ, thể hiện khả năng phục hồi sau sự cố Giáng sinh

Telcoin 延长假期促销，展现圣诞节事件后的韧性

Great news for the HackerNoon community - The submission deadline for the Crypto Trading Writing Contest has been extended till December 31st! This means we have 15 more days to submit the crypto trading stories to win 1000 USDT. Those who have already submitted their entries - you have more time to promote your stories and get more eyeballs 👀 There have been reports of using bot traffic to get more reads, and we are closely observing such cases. What is the Crypto Trading Writing Contest? Reading about the contest about the contest for the first time, Here are the details - and HackerNoon bring you the Crypto Trading Writing Contest. This is your chance to win 1000 USDT by sharing a crypto trading story with the HackerNoon community. Whether you're an experienced trader with battle-tested strategies or a novice with unique perspectives, your story matters. BYDFi on anything relevant to crypto trading. Write a story Add the # or cryptocurrency-trading tag to your story, and submit. crypto-trading Here are a few topics suggested by the sponsor: crypto and crypto trading crypto exchanges and trading platforms derivatives and crypto derivatives trading For more ideas and topics, check out our ! writing prompt for the crypto trading writing contest right now Read the announcement to learn more about the rules and guidelines. Crypto Trading Writing Contest There’s more for all the participants- You can now mint your name.hackerNoon Web3 Identity for FREE. HackerNoon’s web3 identities enable users (sign up to become a user here) to map their HackerNoon profiles to a wallet of their choice. Thanks to our partnership with namespace.gg, these wallets no longer need to be remembered as long text strings. claim your crypto winnings You can receive your crypto trading writing contest winnings by connecting your wallet with your HackerNoon account and claiming your free name.hackernoon ID! All you need to do is to follow ! these steps to mint your web3 identity on HackerNoon . There is no fee to mint your HackerNoon namespace. Our friends at namespace.gg for all HackerNoon contributors have it covered Decentralization for the win! Happy writing.

The Crypto Trading Writing Contest: Submission Deadline Extended!  

Having a sufficient runway is more than just a number. It's a vital metric that guides your budgeting, strategic planning, forecasting, and fundraising efforts. In 2023's unpredictable fundraising climate, with high inflation proving persistent across most major economies and investors becoming extremely cautious, exploring alternative approaches to extending your startup's runway has grown into a pressing priority. We explore several strategies that startups in our accelerator program have used to stay in the game and persist on the road to success. Being a global accelerator deeply embedded in one of the world's largest crypto ecosystems, we have seen first hand the trends and successful approaches adopted by start-ups to survive and thrive in the world of Web3 and AI. If you are an entrepreneur you can discover the empowering potential of our accelerator and grants programs, designed to elevate your start-up to new heights. Unlock a world of opportunities and support tailored to your entrepreneurial journey. Visit us now at and take the first step towards accelerating your success. Let's innovate together! Cronos Accelerators Step 1: Assessing Your Startup's Current Runway Before exploring any strategies for extending your startup's runway, it's first essential to know where your finances stand. Taking the time to sit with your founding team to calculate: Current runway: How many months of working capital will you need until you reach your next raise, exit, or achieve a level of profitability that removes the necessity for outside money? Available cash: What is the total amount of liquid assets you currently have on hand? This will include cash you have in bank accounts, initial investments, and any other readily accessible funds. Monthly burn rate: How much is your venture burning in cash every month to stay afloat? This can be arduous, but is necessary to understanding the current life expectancy of your start-up. This review sets the starting point for all of your planning and allows you to have a holistic perspective of your start-up’s status and options in front of you. Step 2: Cutting Your Cash Burn Rate Once you have an overview of your current forecasts, one of the most immediate ways to extend your runway is by reducing your monthly cash burn rate. While increasing your revenue and cash is crucial, optimising your expenses and ruthlessly cutting your non-essential expenses can have a more immediate impact. For Web3 start-ups this might mean re-evaluating your timeline for the launch of a token offering, cutting your budget for hiring and marketing, or re-allocating resources to the development of your product and organic community building. Efficiency and being honest on your business’ true fundamental necessities is key to extending your start-ups runway. Step 3: Fundraising and Raising Capital Fundraising remains a crucial avenue to extending startups’ financial runway; securing additional capital not only helps to ease immediate liquidity pressures but also positions you to navigate future funding rounds more smoothly. While early-stage investment played a key role in fueling Web3s explosive growth during it’s early stages, the current economic uncertainty has reshaped the fundraising landscape and risk tolerance of investors for start-ups in this sector. That said, traditional early-stage investment firms are always on the lookout for good projects and ideas, and are ready to financially support teams they strongly align with. Getting on their radar during a bear market is important, due diligence takes time and persistence is key. Demonstrating early-stage traction, building a service/product that delivers actual value, and having a well-thought-out plan to profitability are now considered basic requirements for investors. Investors are still eager to invest; competition has just become considerably more fierce. A significant number of investment firms have taken measures such as temporarily suspending or reducing the deployment of new funds, however, this has also been done in order to preserve existing capital to provide ongoing support to their current portfolio companies. If you’ve previously raised and built an existing network, your earlier investors can be a lifeline during bridge rounds, as they are typically more willing to make follow-on investments. Raising for a Longer vs Shorter Runway In most scenarios, it’s advisable not to aim to raise too little. Instead, target for a runway that extends for at least a year and a half. Some startups may consider raising for a shorter period, with the expectation of achieving a higher valuation in the next funding round, following improved product development and traction. This approach ensures that you avoid giving away too much of a stake in your business at a valuation that compromises it. However, predicting future market dynamics can often be tough. In the current economic climate, securing a more extended financial cushion is a sensible strategy. But be flexible, this approach should be tailored to the specific circumstances of your project. Staying adaptable and not giving a sense of desperation is key. Token-Based Fundraising If you're considering raising funds via a token-based approach, your fundraising will take on a unique dimension. You'll encounter a diverse set of stakeholders, including angels, syndicates, DAOs, and early-stage VCs. While the fundamentals of your business and roadmap will still be crucial points of focus for each of these investors, your tokenomics and token utility will hold even greater influence on investors’ confidence. In this case, the performance, returns, and risk to the investor is linked to the token. Including clear and well-thought out token value flow and token allocation slides in your deck is a must. Any serious token investor, who is legitimately invested in the project, needs confidence that your team comprehensively understands where and how the token value is accruing. It’s worth highlighting that at present, we’ve observed a reduced enthusiasm from investors to invest in pure token-based fundraising, given the lack of liquidity and uncertainty on the positioning of tokens in current and future security regulatory frameworks. While we’ve seen a lot of different trends come and go even in the last 2 years, in 2023 the SAFE+Token warrant has become the standard. Tailoring your Approach Although the pool of potential investors, and to a greater extent pure-token investors, may be smaller during this live market, each avenue is still worth assessing. Making the right decision depending on your start-up’s unique position and approach, regardless of the current market trends, is fundamental. Preparation and Leg Work for the Next Bull Market Fundraising in a crypto bear market presents unique challenges, making it a strategic move to consider holding off until the next market cycle. To prepare for the next bull market, it’s often beneficial to start socialising with investors as early as possible before you really need the money. This early engagement can be instrumental in building rapport and trust; even when your project is in its infancy. When investors already know the founder and have witnessed the startup's journey from inception, they are more likely to have a warmer and more understanding relationship with you. This can be invaluable when you eventually officially present your case and start to raise. Step 4: Exploring Alternative Sources of Funding Given the current fundraising landscape, it's wise to also explore alternative sources of funding. Various social, governmental, and corporate support initiatives are widely available to provide financial support to early-stage projects. Consider researching the programs available to you, and tapping into blockchain ecosystem funds, grants programs, accelerators, and crowdfunding platforms that run all year round. These initiatives will typically have a thesis or specific type of start-up that they aim to support. Performing some basic online research and keeping an eye out for the opportunities that you are most suitable for, will put you in the best position for success and save you valuable time. As part of the application process, prepare your pitch deck and engage in interviews with the program team in a similar manner to how you would for a traditional investor meeting. First impressions always matter. Taking caution and the time to also carefully evaluate the terms and restrictions associated with these sources is essential. For instance, ecosystem funds often offer grants with specific milestones and exclusivity requirements, or may require you to build on top of their blockchain. Ensuring that the ecosystem aligns with your startup's value proposition and target audience before committing is crucial. For crowdfunding platforms the process is slightly different. These platforms offer you the chance to get your startup in front of a broad global audience. Here, if your idea resonates with retail audiences, you have the potential to receive smaller investments from a large number of people, as opposed to the more traditional route of getting larger funds from one or two investors. This approach can be especially advantageous for a Web3 startup, given the important role that community plays, as it allows you to engage and build a community that is more deeply involved and connected with your start-up’s journey. Learn more about how our accelerator and grants programs can help support your start-up today: https://cronos.org/accelerators Step 5: Bootstrapping For many early-stage founders, the attraction of bootstrapping may not be immediately obvious, especially with start-ups having more financing opportunities available than ever before. It’s often tempting to believe that the only path to success is through external investment. However, self-financing your business through organic growth has actually been the foundation of successful entrepreneurship, and can be conducive to a resilient business that is successful in the long run. The key to successful bootstrapping lies in establishing sustainable cash flow back into the business as quickly as possible. Operating with limited funds requires you to be innovative and maximise how efficiently you re-invest your business revenue and initial capital to grow organically. With an immediate focus on bringing in revenue, the business must be structured in an especially cost-effective way, prioritizing product development, customer service, and organic marketing efforts. While bootstrapping can be a challenging path, it offers you a significant advantage - maintaining full ownership and control of your business. Without external investors, your business remains undiluted, allowing you to set the direction, pace, and make decisions that align with your project and goals, without the external pressure to push for rapid and often unsustainable growth. Organic Community Growth: The Root of Success in Web3 Engaging directly with your community isn't just a strategy; it's the cornerstone of success in the Web3 space. Startups within our current cohort are reaping the benefits of organic marketing — a cost-effective and genuine approach. In these bear market times, direct interaction from the founders and team resonates more deeply than any outsourced efforts could. This hands-on approach doesn't just save on costs; it cultivates a more authentic and involved community. Consistency is key, with projects offering regular updates through newsletters or Twitter spaces seeing a surge in loyalty and support. This isn't merely about staying connected; it's about nurturing a community that can attract investors when you're ready to take the next step in your fundraising journey. Take Bubblemaps, from our first cohort, for instance. They've recently closed an impressive €3M funding round, and they attribute a significant part of their success to the organic growth of their community. See their story unfold here: . Bubblemaps Success Story Conclusion: Extending Your Startup's Runway It's not just about surviving the market's ebbs and flows; it's about laying a solid foundation for enduring success. An in-depth review of your finances, coupled with strategic expense management and a keen eye for diverse funding avenues, can bolster your startup's resilience. In a market that prizes adaptability, a thoughtfully extended financial runway distinguishes the startups that merely survive from those that thrive. Join the Cronos Accelerator Program With a substantial $100M backing, the Cronos Accelerator Program propels developers toward building the future of Web3 within the thriving Cronos ecosystem. Being part of our accelerator means you're in sync with over 80 million active users, enjoying direct access to the resources of and Cronos — leadership insights, marketing support, and a collaborative community. Crypto.com We are more than a program; we are a launchpad for innovation and partnerships, a space where advice flows freely, and collective growth is the goal. Applications for our next cohort are now open. Discover how we can elevate your project and join a network where building together is the norm. Ready to extend your reach? Learn more and apply now: Cronos Accelerator Program Explore Cronos Elevate your Web3 project with us. Your success story starts here.

Navigating Market Cycles: How to Extend Your Web3 Startup's Runway for Success

বাজারের চক্রগুলি নেভিগেট করা: সাফল্যের জন্য আপনার Web3 স্টার্টআপের রানওয়েকে কীভাবে প্রসারিত করবেন

Durch Marktzyklen navigieren: So verlängern Sie die Erfolgschancen Ihres Web3-Startups

Navegando por los ciclos del mercado: cómo ampliar la pista hacia el éxito de su startup Web3

Naviguer dans les cycles du marché : comment étendre la piste de réussite de votre startup Web3

बाज़ार चक्रों को नेविगेट करना: सफलता के लिए अपने वेब3 स्टार्टअप के रनवे को कैसे बढ़ाएं

市場サイクルを乗り切る: Web3 スタートアップの成功への道を伸ばす方法

시장 주기 탐색: Web3 스타트업의 성공 활주로를 확장하는 방법

Navegando pelos ciclos de mercado: como ampliar o caminho para o sucesso de sua startup Web3

Навигация по рыночным циклам: как расширить взлетно-посадочную полосу вашего стартапа Web3 для достижения успеха

Pazar Döngülerinde Gezinme: Web3 Startup'ınızın Başarı Pistini Nasıl Genişletebilirsiniz?

Điều hướng các chu kỳ thị trường: Cách mở rộng đường băng khởi nghiệp Web3 của bạn để thành công

驾驭市场周期：如何扩展 Web3 初创公司的成功之路

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Extending the Time of Action of Forces here Chapter 5. Extending the Time of Action of Forces 45. This is one of the most common and most useful of the employments of machinery. The half minute which we daily devote to the winding-up of our watches is an exertion of labour almost insensible; yet, by the aid of a few wheels, its effect is spread over the whole twenty-four hours. In our clocks, this extension of the time of action of the original force impressed is carried still further; the better kind usually require winding up once in eight days, and some are occasionally made to continue in action during a month, or even a year. Another familiar illustration may be noticed in our domestic furniture: the common jack by which our meat is roasted, is a contrivance to enable the cook in a few minutes to exert a force which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in turning the loaded spit; thus enabling her to bestow her undivided attention on the other important duties of her vocation. A great number of automatons and mechanical toys moved by springs, may be classed under this division. 46. A small moving power, in the shape of a jack or a spring with a train of wheels, is often of great convenience to the experimental philosopher, and has been used with advantage in magnetic and electric experiments where the rotation of a disk of metal or other body is necessary, thus allowing to the enquirer the unimpeded use of both his hands. A vane connected by a train of wheels, and set in motion by a heavy weight, has also, on some occasions, been employed in chemical processes, to keep a solution in a state of agitation. Another object to which a similar apparatus may be applied, is the polishing of small specimens of minerals for optical experiments. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Extending the Time of Action of Forces

Oracle vs. Google (2014) Court Filing, retrieved on May 9, 2014, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 6 of 16. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here A. Copyrightability The Copyright Act provides protection to “original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression,” including “literary works.” 17 U.S.C. § 102(a). It is undisputed that computer programs— defined in the Copyright Act as “a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result,” 17 U.S.C. § 101—can be subject to copyright protection as “literary works.” See Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of Am., Inc., 975 F.2d 832, 838 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (“As literary works, copyright protection extends to computer programs.”). Indeed, the legislative history explains that “literary works” includes “computer programs to the extent that they incorporate authorship in the programmer’s expression of original ideas, as distinguished from the ideas themselves.” H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 54, reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5667. By statute, a work must be “original” to qualify for copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. § 102(a). This “originality requirement is not particularly stringent,” however. Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 358 (1991). “Original, as the term is used in copyright, means only that the work was independently created by the author (as opposed to copied from other works), and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity.” Id. at 345. Copyright protection extends only to the expression of an idea—not to the underlying idea itself. Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 217 (1954) (“Unlike a patent, a copyright gives no exclusive right to the art disclosed; protection is given only to the expression of the idea—not the idea itself.”). This distinction—commonly referred to as the “idea/expression dichotomy”—is codified in Section 102(b) of the Copyright Act, which provides: In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work. 17 U.S.C. § 102(b); see Golan v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 873, 890 (2012) (“The idea/expression dichotomy is codified at 17 U.S.C. § 102(b).”). The idea/expression dichotomy traces back to the Supreme Court’s decision in Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 101 (1879). In Baker, the plaintiff Selden wrote and obtained copyrights on a series of books setting out a new system of bookkeeping. Id. at 100. The books included an introductory essay explaining the system and blank forms with ruled lines and headings designed for use with that system. Id. Baker published account books employing a system with similar forms, and Selden filed suit alleging copyright infringement. According to Selden, the “ruled lines and headings, given to illustrate the system, are a part of the book” and “no one can make or use similar ruled lines and headings, or ruled lines and headings made and arranged on substantially the same system, without violating the copyright.” Id. at 101. The Supreme Court framed the issue on appeal in Baker as “whether the exclusive property in a system of book-keeping can be claimed, under the law of copyright, by means of a book in which that system is explained.” Id. In reversing the circuit court’s decision, the Court concluded that the “copyright of a book on book-keeping cannot secure the exclusive right to make, sell, and use account-books prepared upon the plan set forth in such book.” Id. at 104. Likewise, the “copyright of a work on mathematical science cannot give to the author an exclusive right to the methods of operation which he propounds.” Id. at 103. The Court found that, although the copyright protects the way Selden “explained and described a peculiar system of book-keeping,” it does not prevent others from using the system described therein. Id. at 104. The Court further indicated that, if it is necessary to use the forms Selden included in his books to make use of the accounting system, that use would not amount to copyright infringement. See id. (noting that the public has the right to use the account-books and that, “in using the art, the ruled lines and headings of accounts must necessarily be used as incident to it”). Courts routinely cite Baker as the source of several principles incorporated into Section 102(b) that relate to this appeal, including that: (1) copyright protection extends only to expression, not to ideas, systems, or processes; and (2) “those elements of a computer program that are necessarily incidental to its function are . . . unprotectable.” See Computer Assocs. Int’l v. Altai, 982 F.2d 693, 704-05 (2d Cir. 1992) (“Altai”) (discussing Baker, 101 U.S. at 103-04). It is well established that copyright protection can extend to both literal and non-literal elements of a computer program. See Altai, 982 F.2d at 702. The literal elements of a computer program are the source code and object code. See Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Phoenix Control Sys., Inc., 886 F.2d 1173, 1175 (9th Cir. 1989). Courts have defined source code as “the spelled-out program commands that humans can read.” Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522, 533 (6th Cir. 2004). Object code refers to “the binary language comprised of zeros and ones through which the computer directly receives its instructions.” Altai, 982 F.2d at 698. Both source and object code “are consistently held protected by a copyright on the program.” Johnson Controls, 886 F.2d at 1175; see also Altai, 982 F.2d at 702 (“It is now well settled that the literal elements of computer programs, i.e., their source and object codes, are the subject of copyright protection.”). Google nowhere disputes that premise. See, e.g., Oral Argument at 57:38. The non-literal components of a computer program include, among other things, the program’s sequence, structure, and organization, as well as the program’s user interface. Johnson Controls, 886 F.2d at 1175. As discussed below, whether the non-literal elements of a program “are protected depends on whether, on the particular facts of each case, the component in question qualifies as an expression of an idea, or an idea itself.” Id. In this case, Oracle claims copyright protection with respect to both: (1) literal elements of its API packages— the 7,000 lines of declaring source code; and (2) non-literal elements—the structure, sequence, and organization of each of the 37 Java API packages. The distinction between literal and non-literal aspects of a computer program is separate from the distinction between literal and non-literal copying. See Altai, 982 F.2d at 701-02. “Literal” copying is verbatim copying of original expression. “Non-literal” copying is “paraphrased or loosely paraphrased rather than word for word.” Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int’l, 49 F.3d 807, 814 (1st Cir. 1995). Here, Google concedes that it copied the declaring code verbatim. Oracle explains that the lines of declaring code “embody the structure of each [API] package, just as the chapter titles and topic sentences represent the structure of a novel.” Appellant Br. 45. As Oracle explains, when Google copied the declaring code in these packages “it also copied the ‘sequence and organization’ of the packages (i.e., the three-dimensional structure with all the chutes and ladders)” employed by Sun/Oracle in the packages. Appellant Br. 27. Oracle also argues that the nonliteral elements of the API packages—the structure, sequence, and organization that led naturally to the implementing code Google created—are entitled to protection. Oracle does not assert “literal” copying of the entire SSO, but, rather, that Google literally copied the declaring code and then paraphrased the remainder of the SSO by writing its own implementing code. It therefore asserts non-literal copying with respect to the entirety of the SSO. At this stage, it is undisputed that the declaring code and the structure and organization of the Java API packages are original. The testimony at trial revealed that designing the Java API packages was a creative process and that the Sun/Oracle developers had a vast range of options for the structure and organization. In its copyrightability decision, the district court specifically found that the API packages are both creative and original, and Google concedes on appeal that the originality requirements are met. See Copyrightability Decision, 872 F. Supp. 2d at 976 (“The overall name tree, of course, has creative elements . . . .”); Id. at 999 (“Yes, it is creative. Yes, it is original.”); Appellee Br. 5 (“Google does not dispute” the district court’s finding that “the Java API clears the low originality threshold.”). The court found, however, that neither the declaring code nor the SSO was entitled to copyright protection under the Copyright Act. Although the parties agree that Oracle’s API packages meet the originality requirement under Section 102(a), they disagree as to the proper interpretation and application of Section 102(b). For its part, Google suggests that there is a two-step copyrightability analysis, wherein Section 102(a) grants copyright protection to original works, while Section 102(b) takes it away if the work has a functional component. To the contrary, however, Congress emphasized that Section 102(b) “in no way enlarges or contracts the scope of copyright protection” and that its “purpose is to restate . . . that the basic dichotomy between expression and idea remains unchanged.” Feist, 499 U.S. at 356 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 54, reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5670). “Section 102(b) does not extinguish the protection accorded a particular expression of an idea merely because that expression is embodied in a method of operation.” Mitel, Inc. v. Iqtel, Inc., 124 F.3d 1366, 1372 (10th Cir. 1997). Section 102(a) and 102(b) are to be considered collectively so that certain expressions are subject to greater scrutiny. Id. In assessing copyrightability, the district court is required to ferret out apparent expressive aspects of a work and then separate protectable expression from “unprotectable ideas, facts, processes, and methods of operation.” See Atari, 975 F.2d at 839. Of course, as with many things, in defining this task, the devil is in the details. Circuit courts have struggled with, and disagree over, the tests to be employed when attempting to draw the line between what is protectable expression and what is not. Compare Whelan Assocs., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab., Inc., 797 F.2d 1222, 1236 (3d Cir. 1986) (everything not necessary to the purpose or function of a work is expression), with Lotus, 49 F.3d at 815 (methods of operation are means by which a user operates something and any words used to effectuate that operation are unprotected expression). When assessing whether the non-literal elements of a computer program constitute protectable expression, the Ninth Circuit has endorsed an “abstraction-filtration-comparison” test formulated by the Second Circuit and expressly adopted by several other circuits. Sega Enters. Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510, 1525 (9th Cir. 1992) (“In our view, in light of the essentially utilitarian nature of computer programs, the Second Circuit’s approach is an appropriate one.”). This test rejects the notion that anything that performs a function is necessarily uncopyrightable. See Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1372 (rejecting the Lotus court’s formulation, and concluding that, “although an element of a work may be characterized as a method of operation, that element may nevertheless contain expression that is eligible for copyright protection.”). And it also rejects as flawed the Whelan assumption that, once any separable idea can be identified in a computer program everything else must be protectable expression, on grounds that more than one idea may be embodied in any particular program. Altai, 982 F.2d at 705-06. Thus, this test eschews bright line approaches and requires a more nuanced assessment of the particular program at issue in order to determine what expression is protectable and infringed. As the Second Circuit explains, this test has three steps. In the abstraction step, the court “first break[s] down the allegedly infringed program into its constituent structural parts.” Id. at 706. In the filtration step, the court “sift[s] out all non-protectable material,” including ideas and “expression that is necessarily incidental to those ideas.” Id. In the final step, the court compares the remaining creative expression with the allegedly infringing program.[4] In the second step, the court is first to assess whether the expression is original to the programmer or author. Atari, 975 F.2d at 839. The court must then determine whether the particular inclusion of any level of abstraction is dictated by considerations of efficiency, required by factors already external to the program itself, or taken from the public domain—all of which would render the expression unprotectable. Id. These conclusions are to be informed by traditional copyright principles of originality, merger, and scenes a faire. See Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1372 (“Although this core of expression is eligible for copyright protection, it is subject to the rigors of filtration analysis which excludes from protection expression that is in the public domain, otherwise unoriginal, or subject to the doctrines of merger and scenes a faire.”). In all circuits, it is clear that the first step is part of the copyrightability analysis and that the third is an infringement question. It is at the second step of this analysis where the circuits are in less accord. Some treat all aspects of this second step as part of the copyrightability analysis, while others divide questions of originality from the other inquiries, treating the former as a question of copyrightability and the latter as part of the infringement inquiry. Compare Lexmark, 387 F.3d at 537-38 (finding that the district court erred in assessing principles of merger and scenes a faire in the infringement analysis, rather than as a component of copyrightability), with Kregos, 937 F.2d at 705 (noting that the Second Circuit has considered the merger doctrine “in determining whether actionable infringement has occurred, rather than whether a copyright is valid”); see also Lexmark, 387 F.3d at 557 (Feikens, J., dissenting-in-part) (noting the circuit split and concluding that, where a court is assessing merger of an expression with a method of operation, “I would find the merger doctrine can operate only as a defense to infringement in that context, and as such has no bearing on the question of copyrightability.”). We need not assess the wisdom of these respective views because there is no doubt on which side of this circuit split the Ninth Circuit falls. lity are considered questions of copyrightability, concepts of merger and scenes a faire are affirmative defenses to claims of infringement. Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1082; Satava v. Lowry, 323 F.3d 805, 810 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003) (“The Ninth Circuit treats scenes a faire as a defense to infringement rather than as a barrier to copyrightability.”). The Ninth Circuit has acknowledged that “there is some disagreement among courts as to whether these two doctrines figure into the issue of copyrightability or are more properly defenses to infringement.” EtsHokin, 225 F.3d at 1082 (citations omitted). It, nonetheless, has made clear that, in that circuit, these concepts are to be treated as defenses to infringement. Id. (citing Kregos, 937 F.2d at 705 (holding that the merger doctrine relates to infringement, not copyrightability); Reed-Union Corp. v. Turtle Wax, Inc., 77 F.3d 909, 914 (7th Cir. 1996) (explaining why the doctrine of scenes a faire is separate from the validity of a copyright)). With these principles in mind, we turn to the trial court’s analysis and judgment and to Oracle’s objections thereto. While the trial court mentioned the abstractionfiltration-comparison test when describing the development of relevant law, it did not purport to actually apply that test. Instead, it moved directly to application of familiar principles of copyright law when assessing the copyrightability of the declaring code and interpreted Section 102(b) to preclude copyrightability for any functional element “essential for interoperability” “regardless of its form.” Copyrightability Decision, 872 F. Supp. 2d at 997. Oracle asserts that all of the trial court’s conclusions regarding copyrightability are erroneous. Oracle argues that its Java API packages are entitled to protection under the Copyright Act because they are expressive and could have been written and organized in any number of ways to achieve the same functions. Specifically, Oracle argues that the district court erred when it: (1) concluded that each line of declaring code is uncopyrightable because the idea and expression have merged; (2) found the declaring code uncopyrightable because it employs short phrases; (3) found all aspects of the SSO devoid of protection as a “method of operation” under 17 U.S.C. § 102(b); and (4) invoked Google’s “interoperability” concerns in the copyrightability analysis. For the reasons explained below, we agree with Oracle on each point. [4] Importantly, this full analysis only applies where a copyright owner alleges infringement of the non-literal aspects of its work. Where “admitted literal copying of a discrete, easily-conceptualized portion of a work” is at issue—as with Oracle’s declaring code—a court “need not perform a complete abstraction-filtration-comparison analysis” and may focus the protectability analysis on the filtration stage, with attendant reference to standard copyright principles. Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1372-73. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 10-CV-3561 retrieved on September 22, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. law.justia.com

Copyright Protection Can Extend to Both Literal and Non-literal Elements of a Computer Program

Snowflake is now the de facto standard for cloud data warehouse platforms. It is architected to support a variety of data tasks from pipelines, ETL, analytics and governance. Traditionally, all the data needed to be moved into Snowflake for an enterprise to take advantage of the Snowflake capabilities. Snowflake, however, has understood that enterprises want to integrate their data wherever it may reside, without having to move the data. As a result, with the introduction of external table support, enterprises will now be able to achieve just that. This has real impacts, both on the economics of the Snowflake deployment, but also in the amount of data available to the Snowflake Platform for analytics and data science. The availability of external tables will not change the locations where Snowflake runs - it will still run exclusively in the three major public clouds (AWS, GCP, Azure). It will however, remove the requirement that all the data be stored in Snowflake for Snowflake to operate on it. MinIO is perhaps the biggest beneficiary of this change. MinIO is a high-performance, cloud native object store. It will work on all flavors of Kubernetes (up-stream, EKS, AKS, GKE, etc.) as well as on virtual machines like the public cloud VMs, VMWare, etc. and on bare metal hardware. Because of this, MinIO can become the global datastore for Snowflake customers - wherever their data sits. To guarantee that the right data is available to the right user, it is imperative that there be fine-grained access control on these multi-cloud data lakes. MinIO’s ability to integrate with 3rd party IDPs and its sophisticated Policy Based Access Control (PBAC) capabilities ensure that this is not an after-thought. While Snowflake will support S3 endpoints (which naturally includes other object stores), those object stores are not capable of running in all of the places that an enterprise keeps its data. For example, appliances don’t run in the public cloud or on OpenShift or Tanzu. To achieve a consistent, data anywhere strategy, enterprises will need to adopt MinIO. Furthermore, Snowflake has become mission critical in the enterprise. So much so that resiliency is now getting architected into these systems. That resiliency doesn’t just account for region failure in the cloud, it accounts for entire cloud failure. SIngle cloud reliance has proven to be poor architecture as I have written about previously. MinIO, with its ability to be available everywhere and replicate between private, public and edge clouds, provides the only true solution for multi-cloud data availability. Simple to Use So, how simple is it for the end user? Imagine you have a bucket in MinIO called ‘Bucket1’. You can set it up so that you can run any SnowSQL command on it like it is just another table. For example: Select * from Bucket1; Like most things in Snowflake, connecting to your data stored on MinIO is also relatively simple. Here is what you need to get started: Setting up Snowflake External table support needs to be turned on for your Snowflake environment. If you get errors like 'invalid URL prefix found in: ' ', it probably means that it is not enabled. Please contact your Snowflake rep to get it enabled. s3compat://snowflake/ Setting up MinIO There are only a couple of requirements on the MinIO setup to get it to work with Snowflake. MinIO has to be set up to allow for DNS style access and the bucket has to be available publicly. Currently, the region has to be set to NULL or the same as the region of the Snowflake instance (e.g. ‘us-west-2’). You will get an error message from the Snowflake query so you will know which region it is expecting. In the example below, the bucket “snowflake” has 4 objects in it and another object in the folder/sub-prefix “sn1”. Snowflake will fetch all of these objects. In order to integrate this with Snowflake, if the MinIO server is at , the bucket should be accessible at https://play.min.io https://snowflake.play.min.io The sample files are available at https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/getting-started-tutorial-prerequisites.html#sample-data-files-for-loading There are two ways that the MinIO buckets can be integrated with Snowflake. The first is as a “Staging Area” and the second is as an external table. Let’s look at both Staging Area Access As part of an ETL process, data is normally selected and prepared from a data source or a data lake, moved into a staging area and then loaded into a Warehouse so that queries can be run against it. Traditionally, these staging areas for Snowflake were in Snowflake itself, so this was the flow: Data lake (on-prem, public cloud, etc.)  -> Snowflake staging -> Snowflake internal table Enterprises can now set up MinIO as a staging area and move the data directly into an internal Snowflake table to run queries against it. This does the following Simplifies the flow Allows for data to be available faster for analysis to meet business needs Ensures that there are no unnecessary copies of the data which helps in both governance and cost. The new flow would be: Data in MinIO (on-prem, public cloud, etc.) -> Snowflake internal table The following examples are shown in the Snowflake console, but the same can be run through the Snowflake CLI. For , use AWS_KEY_ID='Q3AM3UQ867SPQQA43P2F' AWS_SECRET_KEY='zuf+tfteSlswRu7BJ86wekitnifILbZam1KYY3TG' play.min.io The reference for the Snowflake CREATE STAGE command is available here: https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-stage.html External Table Access Queries in Snowflake had to be performed on internal tables. This meant that all data - even for ad hoc queries - had to be moved to Snowflake. This resulted in both cost as well as the inability to query in a timely manner. Enterprises can now directly access data in MinIO buckets using the new external table access capabilities introduced by Snowflake. The time taken by the initial query will depend on the amount of data that is being transferred, but reads are cached and subsequent queries may be faster till the next refresh. Using the external table approach the data does not need to be copied and the bucket can be used as an external table for queries, joins, etc. However, in exchange, the benefits are huge. This extends the capabilities of the warehouse without incurring the cost of the move. The ability to run analysis on real-time data is now available. Moving data just to run an ad hoc query can be completely avoided. Analysis is possible in instances when the data cannot be moved for compliance or other business reasons. You still get all the advantages of the Snowflake capabilities with the same resources who are already familiar with the Snowflake platform An example is shown below: The reference for the Snowflake CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE command is available here: https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-external-table.html Using Snowflake CLI (SnowSQL) The same commands can be performed using the Snowflake CLI (SnowSQL). You can find the instructions on how to install SnowSQL on your platform here: https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowsql-install-config.html The only difference is that you have to start with the command $ snowsql -a <account_identifier> -u <user_name> The account-identifier is of the format <organization-name>-<account-name>. You can find this from the Admin page in the Snowflake console. Summary And that is it. If you are a MinIO customer looking to add Snowflake capabilities or if you are a Snowflake customer looking to extend its capabilities to data stored outside Snowflake, give it a try. Either way you get to extract more out of your current investment. Also published . here

How to Use MinIO as External Tables to Extend Snowflake

Cómo usar MinIO como tablas externas para extender Snowflake

Comment utiliser MinIO comme tables externes pour étendre Snowflake

स्नोफ्लेक का विस्तार करने के लिए बाहरी तालिकाओं के रूप में मिनियो का उपयोग कैसे करें

MinIO を外部テーブルとして使用して Snowflake を拡張する方法

Como usar o MinIO como tabelas externas para estender o Snowflake

Cách sử dụng MinIO làm bảng bên ngoài để mở rộng Snowflake

如何使用MinIO作为外部表来扩展Snowflake

We have exciting news 🥁 Due to overwhelming demand, we are extending the deadline for Startups Of The Year 2023 nominations! It has been one month since the launch, and we've already surpassed 100,000 votes! Till now, we have 31,000+ startups nominated across 4000+ cities worldwide. The competition we see this year is fierce - the nominated startups are not shying away from announcing their achievement, and we have observed thousands of shares on social media. 🔥🔥 In this spirit, let's add more startups that deserve to be in the limelight - LET'S We will announce the closing date soon! NOMINATE MORE THRIVING STARTUPS!!! This is the perfect opportunity (and time!) to nominate your favorite startup or yourself (we won't tell if you don't). Help us acknowledge and celebrate the remarkable achievements of the most innovative startups in 2023 and their profound impact on the tech industry. Startups of the Year: How to Nominate? It’s easy as A.B.C! A: Visit our website, and choose the region you wanna nominate from B: Click on 'Nominate Startup' C: Fill out the form and submit your nomination. We'll review each submission and choose the top contenders. You can now update the description to your liking. You do need a valid email that matches your company's URL. Nominate your . fav startup NOW P.S. Spread the word Don't keep this exciting news to yourself - share it with your friends, family, and colleagues, encourage them to participate in the nominations and voting process, and let's recognize the most innovative and impactful startups of 2023 together! P.P.S. It pays off to be nominated… Apart from validation and acknowledgment from the coolest tech publication on the planet, you get: relevant to your industry, region, and funding. Free interviews A discounted publishing package designed for the nominated startups. Learn more about the . startup package here We can’t wait to see who you’re nominating next… The Team at HackerNoon.

Startups of The Year: Nominations Date Extended!

বছরের স্টার্টআপস: মনোনয়নের তারিখ বাড়ানো হয়েছে!

Startups des Jahres: Nominierungstermin verlängert!

Startups del año: ¡extensión de la fecha de nominación!

Startups de l'année : date de nomination prolongée !

स्टार्टअप्स ऑफ द ईयर: नामांकन की तारीख बढ़ाई गई!

Startups of The Year: ノミネート期限を延長!

올해의 스타트업: 후보 추천 날짜가 연장되었습니다!

Startups do ano: data de nomeações prorrogada!

Yılın Startup'ları: Adaylık Tarihi Uzatıldı!

Khởi nghiệp của năm: Ngày đề cử được gia hạn!

年度初创企业：提名日期已延长！

Silicon Valley darling Apple saw its worth increase this past week after it reported its earnings, which, while not necessarily better than before, were still nothing to scoff at. In fact, the results were much better than expected, causing investors to rally towards Apple stock and increasing the market cap of the iPhone maker by a cool $100 billion. That rally has cemented Apple's position as one of the most valuable company in the world, giving it a formidable lead over Microsoft, which is ranked as the second most valuable company in the world. So how much is Apple worth, you ask? $2.7 trillion. That's more than the GDP of so many countries in the world! For Microsoft to catch up to Apple, it would need to see its market cap increase by half a trillion dollars. We're not making this up, folks! Given how well Microsoft is performing thanks to AI, and given that Apple really hasn't forayed into the AI part of things yet, it might not be long before Microsoft becomes the most valuable company in the world. Still, Apple has the honor of being Warren Buffett's sweetheart 😉. Apple ranked #11 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings this week. 👋 You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. Inactive on Twitter? Kiss Your Account bye-bye 👋👋 The world's richest man, and also Twitter CEO, Elon Musk recently disclosed that the social media company will be purging accounts that have not been active for several years. The action is one of many that Twitter has taken under the leadership of Musk, who bought the social media company for a whopping $44 billion last year (more than what it was probably worth). Ever since then, the CEO has been shaking things up, including__turning the organization leaner__ and telling employees to work hard or GTFO. It's still too early to tell whether Twitter will regain the dominance and relevance it once hand and lost to the likes of Meta's Facebook, but for now, the company ranked #12 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings. Facebook ranked higher at #2. In Other News.. 📰 Nintendo isn't selling as many Switch as it used to. Sales of the company's wildly successful console were down 22.1% in the year ended March 31st. The company ranked #84 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings this week.
AI can now create music! Spotify has removed tens of thousands of songs that it believed were generated using AI. The removal has more to do with copyright more so than the fact that the songs were created using machines.
$100 million: the amount Google is paying The New York Times to feature its content.
Airbnb will now let users rent out single rooms.
Utah now requires users to verify their age before visiting adult websites.
LinkedIn cut more than 700 jobs as part of its decision to leave China. And that's a wrap! Don't forget to share this newsletter with your family and friends! See y'all next week. PEACE! ☮️ — Sheharyar Khan, Editor, Business Tech @ HackerNoon Featured image generated using Kadinsky 2 with the following prompt: Two marathon runners with one far ahead of the one behind him, with clear faces Silicon Valley darling Apple saw its worth increase this past week after it reported its earnings, which, while not necessarily better than before, were still nothing to scoff at . In fact, the results were much better than expected, causing investors to rally towards Apple stock and increasing the market cap of the iPhone maker by a cool $100 billion. worth increase worth increase still nothing to scoff at still nothing to scoff at That rally has cemented Apple's position as one of the most valuable company in the world, giving it a formidable lead over Microsoft, which is ranked as the second most valuable company in the world. So how much is Apple worth, you ask? $2.7 trillion. That's more than the GDP of so many countries in the world! For Microsoft to catch up to Apple, it would need to see its market cap increase by half a trillion dollars . We're not making this up, folks! half a trillion dollars Given how well Microsoft is performing thanks to AI, and given that Apple really hasn't forayed into the AI part of things yet, it might not be long before Microsoft becomes the most valuable company in the world. Still, Apple has the honor of being Warren Buffett's sweetheart 😉. how well how well honor honor Apple ranked #11 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings this week. Apple Apple Tech Company Rankings Tech Company Rankings 👋 You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. 👋 You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. part 2 Part 1 Part 1 here complete Inactive on Twitter? Kiss Your Account bye-bye 👋👋 Inactive on Twitter? Kiss Your Account bye-bye 👋👋 The world's richest man, and also Twitter CEO, Elon Musk recently disclosed that the social media company will be purging accounts that have not been active for several years. Twitter Twitter recently disclosed The action is one of many that Twitter has taken under the leadership of Musk, who bought the social media company for a whopping $44 billion last year (more than what it was probably worth). Ever since then, the CEO has been shaking things up, including__ turning the organization leaner __ and telling employees to work hard or GTFO. turning the organization leaner It's still too early to tell whether Twitter will regain the dominance and relevance it once hand and lost to the likes of Meta 's Facebook , but for now, the company ranked #12 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings . Facebook ranked higher at #2. Meta Meta Facebook Facebook Tech Company Rankings Tech Company Rankings In Other News.. 📰 In Other News.. 📰 Nintendo isn't selling as many Switch as it used to. Sales of the company's wildly successful console were down 22.1% in the year ended March 31st. The company ranked #84 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings this week. AI can now create music! Spotify has removed tens of thousands of songs that it believed were generated using AI. The removal has more to do with copyright more so than the fact that the songs were created using machines. $100 million: the amount Google is paying The New York Times to feature its content. Airbnb will now let users rent out single rooms. Utah now requires users to verify their age before visiting adult websites. LinkedIn cut more than 700 jobs as part of its decision to leave China. Nintendo isn't selling as many Switch as it used to. Sales of the company's wildly successful console were down 22.1% in the year ended March 31st. The company ranked #84 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings this week. Nintendo Nintendo isn't selling isn't selling AI can now create music! Spotify has removed tens of thousands of songs that it believed were generated using AI. The removal has more to do with copyright more so than the fact that the songs were created using machines. Spotify Spotify removal removal $100 million : the amount Google is paying The New York Times to feature its content. $100 million $100 million Google Google The New York Times Airbnb will now let users rent out single rooms. rent out rent out Utah now requires users to verify their age before visiting adult websites. verify their age verify their age LinkedIn cut more than 700 jobs as part of its decision to leave China. cut cut And that's a wrap! Don't forget to share this newsletter with your family and friends! See y'all next week. PEACE! ☮️ — Sheharyar Khan, Editor, Business Tech @ HackerNoon Featured image generated using Kadinsky 2 with the following prompt: Two marathon runners with one far ahead of the one behind him, with clear faces Featured image generated using Kadinsky 2 with the following prompt: Two marathon runners with one far ahead of the one behind him, with clear faces

Apple Extends Lead Over Microsoft as World's Most Valuable Company 

অ্যাপল বিশ্বের সবচেয়ে মূল্যবান কোম্পানি হিসাবে মাইক্রোসফ্টকে ছাড়িয়েছে

Apple baut seinen Vorsprung vor Microsoft als wertvollstes Unternehmen der Welt aus

Apple, 세계에서 가장 가치 있는 기업으로 Microsoft 제치고 선두 확대

Apple Dünyanın En Değerli Şirketi Sıralamasında Microsoft'un Önünü Artırdı

The Earth's Beginning by Robert S. Ball is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . FOREWORD FOREWORD Since these lectures were delivered in the Royal Institution of Great Britain there has been much advance in our knowledge of astronomy. The simultaneous advance in other sciences allied with astronomy has been, perhaps, even more remarkable. I am glad to avail myself of the opportunity afforded by a new issue of “The Earth’s Beginning” to draw attention to certain recent developments of science which relate in a very striking way to the subject of this volume, namely, the famous Nebular Theory of the origin of the solar system. It appears to me that these recent developments tend to reduce greatly, even if they do not altogether remove, the chief outstanding difficulty which has hitherto retarded the acceptance of the Nebular Theory. I have explained in Chapter VI. those views of Helmholtz which have for so long provided the received explanation of the maintenance of solar heat. Calculation shows that if the sun’s heat has been maintained by the contraction of the primæval nebula—and this was the supposition of Helmholtz—the orb of day cannot have radiated with its present intensity for a period much longer than twenty million years. But from the evidence of geology it must now be viadmitted that the existence of our earth, indeed even that part of its existence during which it has been the abode of life, has endured for a period far in excess of that which this calculation would allow. It therefore seems to follow that the theory of Helmholtz does not provide an adequate explanation of such an amazing phenomenon as the continuance of a sufficient supply of sunbeams throughout the vast periods demanded by geological phenomena. There is another entirely different line of reasoning by which Professor John Joly has recently taught us the immense antiquity of our earth. His argument is based upon an estimate of the time that must have elapsed since the waters of the ocean, which had previously been sustained in the great vapours of the atmosphere, were deposited in the ocean beds. When the earth had become sufficiently cool to permit of the vapours now forming the ocean passing from the gaseous to the liquid form, the oceans descended from the heavens above to the earth beneath in the form of fresh water. In the lapse of subsequent ages the sea has become salt because ordinary river water, which always contains some small quantity of salt in solution, is continually bearing salt down to the sea. No doubt water is constantly being abstracted from the sea by evaporation, but only fresh water is thus removed, so in this cycle of change the salt in the sea must be gradually accumulating. Thus, day by day, though no doubt extremely slowly, the sea has been growing more and more salt. Professor Joly has made an estimate of the quantity of salt daily added to the sea by all the rivers of the globe. He has also made an estimate of the viitotal quantity of salt which is at present contained in the sea. He has thus the means of forming an estimate of the number of years necessary for the sea to have become converted from its primæval freshness to its present saltness. His result is not a little astonishing. The saltness of the sea could not be accounted for unless the rivers had been running into the sea for at least a hundred million years. This period is five times as long as the total period during which the sun could have been shining if the Helmholtzian view were correct. Of course, there are many elements of uncertainty in such a calculation. We have assumed that the total flow of the rivers is practically constant, and that our estimate fairly represents the average salinity of river water. We have also made a large assumption in supposing that we have accurately estimated the total volume of salt in the oceans. But taken in conjunction with the geological evidence already referred to, taken in conjunction with the immense periods of time that have been required for the evolution of life on the globe by the process of natural selection, the conclusion arrived at is inevitable. It seems impossible to doubt that the sun must have been shining and that our solar system must have existed in practically the same form as it is at present for periods enormously greater than would have been possible if the heat of the sun had been sustained by the solar contraction only. The difficulty here indicated has been not unjustly considered the most serious difficulty with which the development of modern physical and astronomical science has been confronted. The time during which viiithe sun must have lasted, according to the received explanation of the source of its heat and the time during which the sun has actually lasted, as shown by the facts of geology, present a wide discrepancy. Science demands that some reconciliation must be effected, yet how is that to be accomplished? There is only one possible solution of the problem. It is obvious that there must have been some vast reserve of heat in the sun in comparison with which the quantity of heat yielded by the contraction may be deemed insignificant. Until this new source of solar energy had been discovered, our knowledge of the physics of the solar system lay under a reproach, which it was the bounden duty of men of science to endeavour to remove. During the last few years lines of research carried on in various directions have, in a most unexpected manner, thrown much light on the origin of the sun’s heat, and, indeed, we may now say that the great difficulty which has for so long troubled us no longer exists in a serious form. Recent discoveries show that matter possesses stores of energy which, if not actually boundless, are enormously in excess of what had been previously deemed possible. These stores of energy are available for supplying the heat of the sun, and it is easy to show that they are amply sufficient to furnish the necessary sunbeams for even the longest periods during which the claims of geology maintain that the sun must have been shining. The researches of Professor Sir J. J. Thomson have shown how corpuscles of matter are sometimes moving with velocities enormously greater than those ixof any celestial body with which astronomy had made us acquainted. The case of high corpuscular velocity which is most generally known is that presented by radium, the particles from which are being continually shot forth in myriads. It is quite true that each of these corpuscles is excessively small, and it may be useful to give the following illustration bearing on the subject. Think of a number represented by unity followed by eighteen cyphers, or more concisely as 1018, and think of a line a kilometre long. If that line were divided into 1018 parts, each of those parts would represent the diameter of a corpuscle of radium. If that line were multiplied by 1018, the result would be a line so long that a ray of light would require a period of no less than 100,000 years to pass from one end to the other. These corpuscles of radium are, no doubt, excessively small, but the velocity with which they are moving is comparable with the velocity of light. When a material object is moving with a velocity of that magnitude the energy it contains in virtue of that velocity is indeed startling. A very small grain of sand would, if moving with the velocity of light, contain, in virtue of that motion, the equivalent of more heat than could be produced by the combustion of a ton of the best coal. The late Dr. W. E. Wilson showed that if an excessively minute percentage of radium should be found to exist in the sun, it would completely account for the sustentation of the solar heat, and the Hon. R. Strutt has shown that the minute quantities of radium which he has proved to exist in terrestrial rocks would enormously protract the earth’s cooling. These discoveries have, in fact, xcompletely changed the outlook on the problem of the sun’s heat, and, though no doubt much has yet to be done before the whole subject is cleared up, the great difficulty may be regarded as vanquished. Thus, the discovery of radium, and the wonderful phenomena associated therewith, has pointed out a possible escape from one of the gravest difficulties in science. The most notable fact which emerges from the modern study of the structure of the heavens is the ever-increasing significance and importance of the spiral nebulæ. The following pages will have failed in their object if they have not succeeded in emphasising the fact that the spiral nebula is, next to a fixed star itself, the most characteristic type of object in the material universe. With every increase in the power of the telescope, and with every development of the application of photography to celestial portraiture, the importance of the spiral structure in nebulæ becomes of ever-increasing interest. But I revert to this subject here for the purpose of taking notice of a suggestive paper by Mr. C. Easton in the “Astrophysical Journal,” Vol. XII., No. 2, September, 1900, entitled “A New Theory of the Milky Way.” This paper advances the striking view that the Milky Way is itself a spiral nebula, and certainly the considerations adduced by Mr. Easton seem to justify his remarkable conclusion. It is first to be noticed that the Milky Way extends as an irregular band completely round the heavens, and that it follows very nearly the course of a great circle. The curious convolutions of the Milky Way, the varying star densities of its different parts, would, as shown by Mr. Easton, be completely xiaccounted for if the Milky Way were a mighty spiral. We view the ordinary celestial spirals from the outside at an immense distance in space. We view the Milky Way from a position within the circuit of the nebula. It has, however, been shown by Mr. Easton that the centre of the Spiral Nebula is not exactly at the sun. The centre of the Milky Way is near that superb region of the galaxy which lies in Cygnus. Thus, the significance of the spiral structure in the universe becomes greatly enhanced. The spirals abound in every part of the heavens; they are placed in every conceivable position and in every possible plane; they have every range in size from comparatively small objects, whose destiny is to evolve into a system like our solar system, up to stupendous objects which include a myriad of such systems. There is now the further interest that as the sun and the solar system are included within the Milky Way, and as the Milky Way is a spiral, this earth of ours is itself at this moment a constituent part of a great spiral. Finally, I would say that, so far as I have been able to understand the subject, it appears to me that every advance in our knowledge of the heavens tends more and more to support the grand outlines of the Nebular Theory as imagined by Kant and Laplace. R. S. B. May 1, 1909. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Robert S. Ball (2019). The Earth's Beginning. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/59080/pg59080-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Milky Way Extends as an Irregular Band Completely Round the Heavens

Things are heating up in the Extended Reality (XR) space, and many industries are jumping in to take advantage of the impressive innovation. But is the world ready to embrace the new reality just yet? Imagine what it might be like living and working in the world in 2030 and beyond. Recent developments in Extended Reality (XR) provide much food for thought. Thanks to Extended Reality (XR), you may be able to shop for a new house anywhere in the world as if you were on-site or enjoy a date in some faraway, impressively good-looking place (without breaking the bank!). According to IMARC Group, the XR market is set to reach by 2028, which is nearly 10X compared to today. This remarkable growth might mean the reality of life in 2030 is beyond a normal folk’s imagination. $604 billion That's what this article is all about. Below we will dive into the Extended Reality (XR) spectrum and the benefits and challenges of making XR part of our lives. What is Extended Reality (ER)? Extended Reality is just like the name suggests– a broader visualization of our physical environment, a new way of experiencing reality. This type of technology has opened many doors in many industries. From improved security to providing immersive experiences to consumers, ER technology has provided new tools to enhance customer experiences and loyalty. As a result, by combining the two worlds, digital and physical, XR allows people to get a new level of understanding of the task at hand. For example, training with Extended Reality (XR) technologies can make employees . What else: 70% more effective The provision of a unique experience: A dive into a completely different reality allows businesses to offer consumers special experiences or experiment with something extraordinary without leaving the house. Safe training: Those who need to practice in high-risk conditions, such as the army or chemists, can train safely in regular classrooms. Effective information uptake: XR offers users a more realistic view of their topic, enabling them to be trained more effectively. Seamless data access: XR allows humans to easily access remote data by removing distance barriers. But before we go there, there are a few hurdles to jump over… Challenges of Extended Reality (XR) Developers of extended reality (XR) technologies face certain obstacles that hinder widespread adoption. Firstly, XR innovations collect and process huge amounts of very detailed and personal data about what you do, what you look at, and even your emotions at any time, which needs to be protected. Also, the technology's implementation costs must be reduced to make it more accessible for companies with limited budgets. The wearable devices that allow a complete XR experience must be fashionable, comfortable, always connected, smart, and immersive. Significant technical and hardware hurdles are to tackle, such as display, power and thermal management, motion tracking, connectivity, and realistic lighting. These challenges aim to create virtual objects that blend seamlessly with the real world, maintaining authenticity even as lighting conditions change. As each day passes, the world is one step closer to overcoming these challenges to see a lot more mainstream applications of all XR technologies in the following years. Final thoughts: Is it the right time to give way to Extended Reality (XR)? As it matures, XR technology will change how you engage with your smartphones and PC. When you experience a large screen through glasses and take advantage of cloud-based solutions like Windows 365, your computer transitions to the cloud. This shift eliminates your need for a traditional PC, as you only require a high-powered, wireless device to access computing resources. Extended Reality (ER) is already impacting how businesses train people, build and repair products, and engage with their consumers. In time, Extended Reality is set to fully transform what's on people’s desks or may even make the desks completely obsolete.

Extended Reality: A Realistic Goal or a Faraway Dream?

The vast potential of extended reality (XR) cannot be underestimated. Used as something of an umbrella term to encompass ‘all real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions’, XR has become a buzzword that’s closely associated with other popular terms like , augmented reality, spatial computing, ubiquitous computing, and the metaverse–and deep into this litany of jargon lies the next frontier for digital learning. virtual reality Although the edtech sector has grown significantly in voracity since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is extended reality that holds the key to unprecedented levels of immersiveness. (Image: ) Mordor Intelligence Furthermore, Mordor Intelligence data suggests that the XR market is growing globally, and experiencing particularly high levels of growth in Asia and Oceania. With both Europe and North America also experiencing notable XR growth, it’s likely that XR learning platforms and initiatives will gather momentum at a significant rate over the coming years. With this in mind, let’s take a deeper look at why extended reality holds such vast potential for the future of learning across the world of education and many other sectors: Unprecedented Immersion When it comes to education, the challenge of delivering an immersive learning experience to all students and pupils can be a profoundly difficult one. According to a Udemy poll, around 74% of Millennials and Gen-Z claimed that they would become easily distracted in the workplace. This means that educators must find new ways to keep modern students engaged for as long as possible. Through embracing extended reality, we’re already seeing more immersive experiences delivered to students, and can help users to engage in real-time with digitally rendered content. platforms like GigXR Such platforms are excellent for learning via accurately rendered 3D graphics for topics like human anatomy and medicine–carrying its functionality beyond classrooms and into medical training for industry professionals. Although embracing XR can seem like a daunting prospect, its potential applications within the world of learning are vast, including: Refreshing the range of learning techniques available to students in order to deliver foundational learning To deliver more customized and personalized learning experience for students exploring complex topics Better defining competencies and assessment criteria for student experiences Offering data that can be utilized to deliver more focused interactive lessons for students that can incorporate better collaboration as well as engagement. While this can go some way in showing the , these applications also have the power to fundamentally change education over the course of the decade. As a future within the age of Web3 and the metaverse continues to redefine how far reality technology can evolve, the prospective applications for the future of learning appear to be endless. potential possibilities of XR Inspiring Curiosity Crucially, a recent survey conducted by the XR Association in collaboration with the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) found that many current educators are optimistic about the prospect of a future built on extended reality learning experiences. Of 1,400 high school teachers surveyed, some 82% of respondents stated that they believed the quality of AR/VR learning activities has improved in recent years–with 70% expressing their hope that XR tools can become more commonplace in schools moving forward. In total, 94% of respondents were happy to highlight the importance of to academic standards. aligning XR-driven curricula The study also found that 77% of those surveyed believed that XR technology ‘inspires curiosity’, and that the tools can help to address issues in maintaining student motivation and well-being which have been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. “To get a good sense of XR’s potential in schools, you have to ask the teachers and staff who will be administering this technology. The survey’s results suggest that is well positioned to become an essential teaching tool in school classrooms across the country,” , VP of Research at the XR Association. VR, AR and MR technology explained Stephanie Montgomery Extending XR Into the Workplace Beyond the traditional education sector, XR-based learning can also pay dividends when it comes to workplace training and recruitment. The potential of VR onboarding is vast across a number of industries, and it can be an essential tool when it comes to upskilling and combatting turnover challenges among existing workforces. Through the potential of extended reality, trainees and candidates alike can collaborate with human resource departments to undertake virtual interviews–which can provide and behavioral analysis for more accurate and unbiased assessments of competencies. real-time metrics By combining reality technology with artificial intelligence, companies can actively spot knowledge gaps among existing employees and automatically enroll them in new tailor-suited courses to enhance their skill sets. Extended reality can also help in a number of practical training scenarios. In practice, this is best illustrated within the healthcare industry, where The Johns Hopkins School of Nursing has become one of many providers to implement comprehensive VR training programs ranging from doctoral to prelicensure nursing. Delivering experiences via Oculus headsets and an Alienware computer, Johns Hopkins has managed to deliver multiplayer VR learning experiences that can render practice scenarios capable of accommodating up to 100 learners. “We make decisions based on what’s going on — time-critical decisions,” , assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing and the simulation strategic projects lead at the Johns Hopkins Medicine Simulation Center. “So one of the important components was that there was some sort of AI that’s really adapting to what we’re doing.” said Kristen Brown The beauty of extended reality in terms of training, is that it can provide a platform for learners to build their competencies in high-risk or highly sensitive areas without having to worry about high margins for errors to take place. In surgery scenarios, for instance, XR experiences can place students into a virtual operating theater with a 3D subject to deliver a true-to-life simulation of an operation. Similar experiences have been continually growing in quality within industries like aviation. Achieving Immersive Learning Within the Decade The rapid growth of the extended reality market means that we’re likely to see comprehensive learning technologies become commonplace sooner rather than later. This will undoubtedly delight the 70% of teachers surveyed in the aforementioned XR Association’s survey, but it has the potential to resonate across multiple sectors. From providing more immersive and comprehensive learning to students, to helping employees to gain a better quality of work experience during their onboarding and training processes, the arrival of XR learning can bring profound improvements to countless lives. Better onboarding programs can help to improve job satisfaction and to lower turnover rates, while competencies will improve immeasurably as more impactful learning experiences emerge. With this in mind, extended reality is well-placed to improve the lives of learners of all ages, and across a number of industries.

Immersive Inspiration: Why Extended Reality Learning Holds Multi-Sector Potential

This tutorial demonstrates how to use C/C++ code in your KMM shared module. You'll learn how to embed a simple SHA-256 implementation on C-language in the KMM library and use it for iOS and Android target platforms. Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile (KMM) is an SDK designed to simplify the development of cross-platform mobile applications. You can share common code between iOS and Android apps and write platform-specific code only where it's necessary You can use C and C++ code both with Android and iOS . KMM utilizes this functionality and allows you to use C and C++ code in your shared module. (Xcode supports C, C++, and out-of-the-box, and Android has ) Android NDK It can be useful in app development; there are a lot of libraries that have already been written in C/C++. A great example of this technique is the which embeds the engine in the KMM code. Zipline project QuickJs In this article, we won’t talk about how it works under the hood and will instead concentrate on writing the code and setting up the Gradle build. The code for this article could be found in the repository Start Building a Library for iOS and Android We won’t talk about how to create a KMM library as it is very well explained in the official Kotlin tutorial. Let’s take the SHA-256 code written on C as an example, and copy it into our folder. The sample code for the SHA-256 implementation was taken from this . native/sha256 repository Because Android and iOS applications support C-code differently, we need to use the . expected/actual approach First of all, let’s set up our common part: /**
 * Encoder interface which can encode byte arrays to Sha256 format.
 */
interface Sha256Encoder {
    fun encode(src: ByteArray): ByteArray

    fun encodeToString(src: ByteArray): String {
        val encoded = encode(src)
        return buildString(encoded.size) {
            encoded.forEach { append(it.toUByte().toString(16).padStart(2, '0')) }
        }
    }
}

expect object Sha256Factory {
    /**
     * Creates a new instance of [Sha256Encoder]
     */
    fun createEncoder(): Sha256Encoder
} Then, continue to platform-specific implementations. Embed C-code for iOS Target Platforms For iOS target platforms, we will set up the Gradle plugin, which will build our C-code as LLVM bitcode. C Klib C Klib is an experimental library with limited support from the authors. All we need to do is provide a path to the source folder with C-code; in our example, it will be : native/sha256 cklib {
    config.kotlinVersion = libs.versions.kotlin.get()
    create("sha256") {
        language = C
        srcDirs = project.files(file("native/sha256"))
    }
} Then we need to create a file for the KMM tool which generates Kotlin bindings from a C-header file. .def cinterop To learn more about , you could read .def the official cinterop tutorial In our case, we just need to create our in the folder (default searching place for tool) and name package where Kotlin bindings will be: sha256.def nativeInterop/cinterop cinterop package = com.ttypic.clibs.sha256 Finally, we need to add the cinterop step for our target platforms and specify the header file: kotlin {
    // ...
    listOf(
        iosX64(),
        iosArm64(),
        iosSimulatorArm64()
    ).forEach {
        it.compilations {
            val main by getting {
                cinterops {
                    create("sha256") {
                        header(file("native/sha256/sha256.h"))
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // ...
} After resyncing our Gradle build, we will see Kotlin bindings in the package, and we are ready to invoke native code. Our implementation will look like this: com.ttypic.clibs.sha256 actual actual object Sha256Factory {
    actual fun createEncoder(): Sha256Encoder = NativeSha256Encoder
}

object NativeSha256Encoder : Sha256Encoder {
    @OptIn(ExperimentalUnsignedTypes::class)
    override fun encode(src: ByteArray): ByteArray =
        memScoped {
            val ctx = alloc<SHA256_CTX>()
            sha256_init(ctx.ptr)
            val srcPointer = src.toUByteArray().toCValues().ptr
            sha256_update(ctx.ptr, srcPointer, src.size.toULong())
            UByteArray(32).apply {
                usePinned {
                    sha256_final(ctx.ptr, it.addressOf(0))
                }
            }.toByteArray()
        }
} That’s it; now we can run tests to check if everything is OK: class NativeSha256Test {

    @Test
    fun `should pass library sha256 checks`() {
        checkEncodeToString("Kotlin", "c78f6c97923e81a2f04f09c5e87b69e085c1e47066a1136b5f590bfde696e2eb")
        checkEncodeToString("abc", "ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad")
        checkEncodeToString("abcdbcdecdefdefgefghfghighijhijkijkljklmklmnlmnomnopnopq", "248d6a61d20638b8e5c026930c3e6039a33ce45964ff2167f6ecedd419db06c1")
        checkEncodeToString("aaaaaaaaaa", "bf2cb58a68f684d95a3b78ef8f661c9a4e5b09e82cc8f9cc88cce90528caeb27")
    }

    private fun checkEncodeToString(input: String, expectedOutput: String) {
        assertEquals(expectedOutput, Sha256Factory.createEncoder().encodeToString(input.asciiToByteArray()))
    }

}

private fun String.asciiToByteArray() = ByteArray(length) {
    get(it).code.toByte()
} Embed C-code for Android Target Platforms For Android, we will be using . Android NDK uses under the hood; that’s why we need to provide the build file: Android NDK CMake CMakeList.txt cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.4.1)
# setup C standard we used
set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 99)
# source code file mask
file(GLOB_RECURSE sources "../../native/*.c")
# build sources as dynamic library 
add_library(sha256 SHARED ${sources})
# link library
target_link_libraries(sha256) Then we have to specify this file in the Android plugin and setup the target platforms: android {
    // ...
    defaultConfig {
        // ...
        ndk {
            // target platforms
            abiFilters += listOf("x86", "x86_64", "armeabi-v7a", "arm64-v8a")
        }
    }
    // ...
    externalNativeBuild {
        cmake {
            path = file("src/androidMain/CMakeLists.txt")
        }
    }
} To invoke our native code, we need to use to map native code to JVM. Android Studio has great JNI support. Let’s create file, then include JNI and our library header files: JNI sha256-jni.c #include "jni.h"
#include "sha256/sha256.h" Now, we are ready to write our code: actual actual object Sha256Factory {
    actual fun createEncoder(): Sha256Encoder = AndroidSha256Encoder
}

object AndroidSha256Encoder : Sha256Encoder {
    init {
        System.loadLibrary("sha256")
    }
    external override fun encode(src: ByteArray): ByteArray
} It is very straightforward. First, we load our dynamic library, and next, we use to invoke native code. Now, all we need is to write JNI-bindings. You can do it yourself using the fully qualified class name or invoke the Android Studio context menu and choose JNI create JNI funtion JNI function in sha256-jni.c JNIEXPORT jbyteArray JNICALL Java_com_ttypic_clibs_AndroidSha256Encoder_encode(JNIEnv *env, jclass _, jbyteArray src) {
    BYTE hash[SHA256_BLOCK_SIZE];
    SHA256_CTX ctx;

    size_t len = (size_t) ((*env)->GetArrayLength(env, src));
    jboolean copied;
    jbyte* bytes = (*env)->GetByteArrayElements(env, src, &copied);

    sha256_init(&ctx);
    sha256_update(&ctx, (const BYTE *) bytes, len);
    sha256_final(&ctx, hash);

    (*env)->ReleaseByteArrayElements(env, src, bytes, JNI_ABORT);

    jbyteArray result = (*env)->NewByteArray(env, SHA256_BLOCK_SIZE);
    (*env)->SetByteArrayRegion(env, result, 0, SHA256_BLOCK_SIZE, (const jbyte *) hash);
    return result;
} And finally, we are ready to write tests: We need to write the instrumental test on the simulator; regular Unit-test won’t load our native library. class AndroidSha256Test {

    @Test
    fun should_pass_library_sha256_checks() {
        checkEncodeToString("Kotlin", "c78f6c97923e81a2f04f09c5e87b69e085c1e47066a1136b5f590bfde696e2eb")
        checkEncodeToString("abc", "ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad")
        checkEncodeToString("abcdbcdecdefdefgefghfghighijhijkijkljklmklmnlmnomnopnopq", "248d6a61d20638b8e5c026930c3e6039a33ce45964ff2167f6ecedd419db06c1")
        checkEncodeToString("aaaaaaaaaa", "bf2cb58a68f684d95a3b78ef8f661c9a4e5b09e82cc8f9cc88cce90528caeb27")
    }

    private fun checkEncodeToString(input: String, expectedOutput: String) {
        assertEquals(
            expectedOutput,
            Sha256Factory.createEncoder().encodeToString(input.asciiToByteArray())
        )
    }
}

private fun String.asciiToByteArray() = ByteArray(length) {
    get(it).code.toByte()
} We successfully embedded C-code in our Kotlin Multiplatform Library, which can be used in iOS and Android target platforms. Useful Links Github repository with final code Get started KMM Official KMM library tutorial Zipline project Native dependencies in KMM

How to Extend a KMM Shared Module With C/C++ Code

consists of frameworks and components that integrate the current “web” (i.e. world wide web) to the . This is not a replacement for the current web (called Web2), but is an extension. This  enables what are called Decentralized Applications or dApps.  A dApp runs on top of the which in turn can be built on top of Web2. This allows support for standard web protocols (e.g. HTTP) as the underlying layer for Web3 dApps. Web3 blockchain Web3 stack In general, Web3 is connecting users to the blockchain via their web browser or app. To support the existing web, it extends the feature with a . Developers can use the libraries that contain API modules to add Web3 integration with their own Web2 applications or dApps. The stack provides an abstraction to simplify the process, rather than have developers build their own frameworks from the ground up. Users can then use the web to connect to blockchains to access their digital assets like . Web3 stack cryptocurrency The Web3 Stack The Web3 stack consists of the building blocks for creating dApps that connect users to their digital assets on a blockchain (e.g. Ethereum, BInance Smart Chain, Solana). There are different that range from file storage, indexing, querying, off-chain (Layer 2 or L2) protocols, development frameworks, identity (i.e. wallets) and oracles to name some. These can be implemented as APIs that developers can use to call routines and methods to access a blockchain. categories What makes Web3 different from the traditional web (i.e. Web2) is the feature of . Web3 operates on an open source system in a distributed and decentralized network. The dApps do not require a central server to run the code. In a decentralized system, the code runs on multiple nodes on the network without the need for a trusted central party. This means it has the characteristics to be censorship resistant, tamper proof and less prone to influence from Big Tech since it is not highly centralized. decentralization From Web2 the can be created. It can then include libraries from Web3 to connect to the blockchain. Developers can use existing programming languages (e.g. Javascript, C++) to build their applications. Frameworks (e.g. Truffle, Hardhat) support existing languages for Web3, so that developers do not have to spend  more time learning to code in a new language. frontend application Access Layer The main component developers  add to give their web application Web3 compatibility is a . The wallet creates an address for a user account, in order to access cryptocurrency assets. This is like a username/password that is used in Web2, but with Web3, it makes use of a long hexadecimal with a . This appears complicated at first, but the concept is based on . wallet interface address private key public key cryptography When opening the wallet, a user can still use a username/password combination. That is just part of the basic security to access a wallet, but there is another layer that defines who owns the wallet. Each wallet contains a private key, which is granted custody to the wallet owner. This authorizes the wallet account’s transactions, like when trading cryptocurrency. In crypto, a wallet is not exactly like how a traditional wallet works. It does not store cryptocurrency like a wallet holds cash. A wallet stores the private key, which is a cryptographic code that generates a digital signature that is unique to the user’s wallet. Whenever a user spends their cryptocurrency, like in trading or sending to another user, their private key is used to properly authorize the transaction. Each wallet contains a public address (i.e. wallet address), which functions as the identification of the user account on the blockchain network. It is generated from the private key, and is unique for every user. In order to receive or trade cryptocurrency, a user must have a wallet address. It is like an e-mail or postal address, used for routing to the correct user. The digital signature is what proves the address does indeed belong to the owner of the wallet. When connecting a wallet to a Web3 site, a user is often asked to verify their identity. The user will sign a message request from the site, with the digital signature. If the digital signature is validated, the wallet is allowed to connect. Browsers like come with built-in wallet for Web3 support. For other browsers (e.g. Chrome) installing an extension is required (e.g. , ). The good thing about Web3 wallet extensions on browsers is that they can be used on many devices, from desktop computers to smartphones. This allows users different ways to access their digital assets on a blockchain. Brave Metamask Trust NFTs, Game Tokens, Cryptocurrency One of the most talked about platforms on Web3 is the . There is no standard definition to it, because there is the Big Tech interpretation and the crypto definition. While it portrays the integration of various technologies (e.g. AR, VR, 3D Avatars), Big Tech’s version is a virtual world that enhances user experiences for gaming and entertainment. For crypto, the metaverse is about  ownership of digital assets that can be tracked across various blockchains. These digital assets can be used in games, traded in marketplaces or purchased as a collectible for storing value. The blockchain helps to verify digital assets, like in-game purchases to validate ownership. metaverse Digital assets that are being used on the blockchain include NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), gaming tokens (e.g. Mana, Gala, SAND) and cryptocurrency (e.g. ETH, SOL, BNB). Web3-enabled sites allow users to bring their digital assets into the metaverse. It can be to access a digital exchange, online game or e-commerce portal. This is done by simply connecting a wallet to grant user access via their account address. NFT marketplaces (e.g. , ) are good examples of Web3-enabled sites. OpenSea Rarible The Web3 metaverse can be the same as the Big Tech metaverse, as an extension layer. Imagine being able to bring digital assets to a virtual world where users can interact and trade. An example is a virtual marketplace where users can trade or sell NFTs. Without Web3, a metaverse does not provide access to digital assets, so there is less utility in terms of value. Web3 brings the to the metaverse. “Internet Of Value” Gateway To DeFi Another important feature of Web3 is to provide users on the web a gateway to . This opens up alternative financial services, that users may not normally have access to. This includes crypto-collateralized lending, which allows users to borrow against the value of their cryptocurrency assets. Users can also stake tokens to earn more tokens by holding over a period of time.  For users who want to earn even more, yield farming earns with interest on a variety of DeFi instruments. DeFi (Decentralized Finance) Web3-enabled sites in DeFi (e.g. , , ) connect user’s wallets to . These are programs that execute code on the blockchain for DeFi services like staking, liquidity provision and swapping tokens. Web3 simplifies the process for users, via a web interface. Without these sites, users would have to know how to access blockchain nodes and program some code. That is much more complicated for the average user, and can discourage using DeFi. Compound Oasis App AAVE smart contracts DeFi has been hyped up but perhaps for the wrong reason. While it opens up new opportunities that has more inclusivity for users, it can also be risky. There have been users who have experienced rug pulls and other types of scams. Other times, users just made a poor investment decision in projects that were too centralized and therefore . That is why it is important for users to do their own research for due diligence in order to understand the different types of DeFi services and not lose a lot of money. bound to fail GameFi Ready Another exciting platform on Web3 are systems. This combines the concept of gaming with DeFi. It introduces cryptocurrency monetized gaming, through a blockchain-based network. This means more fairness and verification of data, through a decentralized  backend. The problem with a centralized gaming backend, which is controlled by the game developer, is that there are no guarantees of randomness or ownership of gaming assets. GameFi aims to solve those problems, and at the same time provide an incentive system that rewards gamers through monetization. GameFi There are GameFi platforms like and . Users can play games on these platforms from their browsers by connecting their wallets. Other GameFi apps require downloading the app in order to play (e.g. ). The appeal of these games is the rewards that gamers can earn from playing. This uses a model, but it does require some upfront costs like purchasing tokens or NFTs in order to participate in a game. Decentraland The Sandbox Axie Infinity Play-To-Earn (P2E) With the blockchain, gaming can be more transparent and fair. Proofs can be verified on-chain to prove the ownership of gaming assets and credibility of data (e.g. scores, rewards, points). This helps when validating rewards earned in P2E games. Randomness can also be verified for fairness to assure gamers that there is no manipulation by the platform or game developers. Synopsis Web3 brings an extension of the Internet or the web to the blockchain. Developers can use a development kit provided by blockchain companies or crypto projects to connect their applications to the blockchain. This is through the use of frameworks (i.e. development environments) and APIs for interoperability. Users get to experience the Internet Of Value from Web3-based applications or dApps. It allows the transfer and exchange of digital assets like cryptocurrency tokens and NFTs through a simple web interface. Web3 makes blockchain-based apps more user-friendly as well, thus allowing more users to participate and gain more value from the network. Disclaimer: This article is a perspective of Web3. The information provided is for educational purposes only. DeFi and GameFi is not without risk. Do your due diligence to research about cryptocurrency.

How the Web3 Stack Extends the Web to the Blockchain

Stories, News & Mentions about EXTEND

Extend’s Stories on HackerNoon