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Decimal Technologies

Funding trends and performance YTD Disclaimer : Article inspired from InWara . This is not financial advice. The gaming sector is expected to grow from $108.9 billion in 2017 to $128.5 billion in 2020 according to Statista.com. The adoption levels are increasing, and the sector has jumped to rank 5 in terms of the number of ICOs. Despite this, many projects who have already adapted blockchain in the gaming industry, are facing challenges. Gaming sector jumps to number 5 in terms of number of ICOs in Q3, 2018 Despite the general slowdown, Gaming sector has seen growth in the number of ICOs from Q2, 2018 to Q3, 2018. In Q2, gaming was at the Xth position from where it has frogged to 5th. Source: InWara’s Q3 report Geographical Outlook Source: InWara’s ICO database USA retains the lead Gaming ICOs have seen some serious traction in the United States with Refereum alone raising $33 million in their main sale in 2018. As a percentage of total ICOs, USA dominated the gaming sector with 23% of all ICOs. China: Challenges at 2nd Despite the rumors of China cracking down on the nascent crypto market, ICOs in the gaming sector have managed to raise $53 million collectively in China. Estonia: Surprising entrant in the top 5 Surprisingly, Estonia made its way to the top 5 countries by not only drawing venture capitalists but also individual investors to successfully close 7 ICOs in the gaming sector. Active VCs in this space Bridgelink Capital Bridgelink Capital is a UK-based investment firm which focuses on quality early startup investment, to be the leading investment company globally Genesia Ventures Inc Genesia Ventures, Inc. is a Japan based venture capital firm focusing on seed to pre-series stage investment. Winter Capital Winter Capital is a private equity and venture capital firm specializing in startup and growth capital investments operating mainly in Russia and Europe. Block VC BlockVC is one of the leading blockchain and digital asset management firm with an exclusive focus on projects, tokens, and ventures related to blockchain technologies. 8 Decimal capital 8 Decimal Capital operates as a venture capital investment focused in the United States. Challenges faced by the Gaming industry Creating a token is easy. Listing it is the challenge Source: InWara’s ICO database Listing has been one of the prime challenges adversely impacting the sector. The listing rate in the gaming sector was 33% in 2017 and dipped to 30% in 2018. While this rate is better than other sectors such as Healthcare, this still bodes unfavorably to individual investors and liquidity remains the primary concern. However, the potential use of those tokens as casino tokens can alienate pressure, if adoption is strong. Returns on Investment: Gaming sector returns were not favoring the odds Source: InWara’s ICO database Although the Gaming sector was successful in terms of number of ICOs, the returns in Gaming sector ICOs were not good. Only 3 of the 36 listed ICOs delivered positive RoI, and what’s worse, they declined steadily over 2018. The average RoI of Gaming sector after witnessing an all time high in early 2018, have steadily slid downwards. Pundits have been betting on the overall Gaming sector to thrive and thus drive growth in the performance of the ICOs in the sector. Top Fundraisers - Gaming Sector Source: InWara’s ICO database Top 5 ICOs raised 60+% of total funds in the sector Game Credits tops the list by raising $106 million and Mediarex Enterprise raised $65 million — both in 2017. It is interesting to note that a majority of these rounds are from and blockchain/digital asset accumulators and not specific VCs as virtual money has been a part of gaming for the last 10 years. Refereum was the most successful with $33 million raised in 2018. The sector is expected to have a higher community support. Gamers have traditionally used fiat currency (i.e. USD) to purchase gaming items and this is expected to be conducive to the adoption of digital currency. GameCredits GameCredits: Founded in 2014. The GameCredits Mobile Store aims to be an alternative choice and the first one built around cryptocurrency to solve issues in the larger gaming industry. After two years of development with gaming industry leaders, Datcroft LTD., Game credits are close to completion of development of the first crypto mobile gaming store. MobileGo tokens will be used to gamify the mobile platform and to incentivize gamers for loyalty and participation through rewards. Mediarex Enterprises Ltd Mediarex Sports & Entertainment: Founded: 2012 Mediarex runs ChiliZ, a tokenized voting platform that empowers fans to crowd-manage sport and e-sports organizations. Headquartered in Gzira, Malta, Mediarex Sports & Entertainment (S&E) is a gaming event, statistics & ranking company. ENJIN Pte Ltd Enjin: Founded: 2008 Enjin is a decentralized gaming platform that aims to provide a solution for the existing issues in the gaming industry. Enjin is a gaming platform launched in 2009, based in Singapore. Enjin provides community management services (CMS) platform for gamers, developers, clan leaders, server owners, etc. They have 250,000 gaming communities across thousands of games and 18.7 million registered gamers. REFEREUM Refereum: Founded in 2017 The RFR Utility Product Token is a digital token on the Ethereum blockchain with an ability to execute code it will be held in a digital wallet. Refereum, Inc. was incorporated in September 2017 and its Management team comprises specialists in the game industry. DMarket Dmarket: Founded in 2017 DMarket aims to provide an opportunity for every gamer to perform easy, one-click buy/sell, exchange, and evaluation of every possible game asset, item, skin, or another game object. DMarket, a blockchain-based marketplace, helps connect all games and platforms together. Where is this data coming from? To leverage InWara’s data, schedule a free expert walkthrough here To get a detailed investment analysis on all ICOs and Private funding rounds, visit InWara’s ICO database and Private funding database

Gaming ICOs, poised for growth in 2019? | Complete Synopsis | Gaming sector ICOs analysis

The Easy Way to Begin Test-Driven Development

*** The History of Science Funding The scientist has always been a risky employee in terms of ROI.  They are trying to uncover truths about the universe, and oftentimes, the universe gives them the bird. Because experimenting means risking a lot of money and time on a possibly worthless idea, a scientist is a forever intern, until they make a breakthrough, then they become senior associates. That said, the scientist has been trying to make his own money. With the Alchemists, this was literal. While they invented Chemistry and catalyzed the birth of worldwide gold rushes, turning lead into gold was, alas, a wrong idea believed for centuries. The search consumed the lifetime of one person after another, with only dreams of wealth to get them through. But their tenacity was a testament to their resilience and patience. Patience meant, for the time being, remaining in the employ of someone who could afford the risk of backing science in the past. And that meant a King because they had gold/money collected from taxes. Wizards and fortune tellers didn’t make much sense, and they were comedians come to give the King a jolly time before he went to war. Though, while throwing guts on a wall may be stupid, it was mysterious and if they were right, doubly impressive. And here was this (broke) scientist, insisting that they knew a REAL strategy to help the King win. What was their credibility? Circa 200BC, the scientist is Archimedes and the King is the political head of Syracuse. Being a leader in those times largely meant you needed to win wars and as history had taught Kings the utter uselessness of charlatans, the scientist was given a chance to make his case. Archimedes made his case alright. It that he sunk the ships of the Romans with ingenious cranes and catapults that threw heavy stones. has been recounted Since his time, patronage from Kings, Princes, Bankers and Presidents to scientists has been immense. The scientist is respected, and all great scientists, even Leonardo da Vinci who was mostly fawned over for his impressive artwork, took off some time to design weapons. For weapons help the King win and hence, keep the scientist with a job. Scientists soon became ever more pivotal in war efforts. Especially Physicists and Chemists, who have designed countless forms of military hardware to date. However, the emergence of scientific methods in Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Biology, all riding on the power of statistical analysis and logical inference, quickly made the scientist important in every field of human endeavour. The problem however remained. To get a loan, the scientist usually had to, and still has to, rely on government funding because the government remains the biggest fish able to take on sufficient risk in the financial markets. Hate it all you want, but without credit from the government, be it debt or real money, a lot of scientific work would have stalled. Best example - SpaceX. However, governments and their ability to debase money and finance things on debt, made the world wars last longer to destroy the world much harder. It also led to economic depressions and after the 2008 financial crisis, Satoshi Nakamoto, a genius computer scientist, decided to create Bitcoin – a monetary tool outside the purview of government currency debasement. Birth of a financial model divorced from the King Bitcoin has been controversial from its inception. Of course, Kings and governments hate it. It is cutting into their business. A big part of the private sector also loathes its nature of priding in technological exclusivity, so that six years later, a hard fork was implemented to create Ethereum, a cryptocurrency built to provide extra blockchain services such as smart contracts. Many other hard forks quickly followed from the faithless. However, Bitcoin is still mainstream and has recently become interesting to Big Finance. The Bitcoin ETF proves as much. After 15 years of laughing at a thing that keeps building bigger and better, even the harshest critic will shut up and start listening more intimately. Because they now know they are missing something. Energy scientists are also starting to pay attention, with some claiming that Bitcoin mining may be our . are doing well selling cheaper electricity packages that have been subsidized by Bitcoin mining on the side. fast track to an energy transition Energy engineers But these are late to the party. Computer scientists have been earning well in Bitcoin, Ethereum, Doge for decades. And if any scientist has been comfortably living outside the need to get big budget funding from governments, that has been the computer scientist, from way back in the 20th century. While the field of Computer Science is much younger than Physics, Astronomy, Biology, many computer scientists quickly learned to earn big from private enterprise and individualized work, without begging the Kings and their Big Bankers for a loan. Futuristic Science Funding itself through Bitcoin Bitcoin is money for the people, and science has evolved to also be something done as a public good, on an open source plan, by dedicated people who put in their own time and money to make something good happen. As I mentioned, Computer Scientists now exist on the internet who are eagerly improving the Bitcoin ecosystem using the power of collaboration and their earnest efforts. These mostly come from the land of software development and after getting orange-pilled, decide to stay at Bitcoiner-land and build the Bitcoin ecosystem. However, there has not been much of an on-ramp for other types of scientists and this is the opportunity existing, wide open, for anybody to take. Currently, many a scientist in the Bitcoin world is a computer scientist of the type who builds zero-knowledge proofs, rollups, and more layers of the Bitcoin blockchain. But many more scientific people are needed. To re-iterate, I feel more electrical and power engineering scientists should be at the forefront of how Bitcoin mining equipment can provide electricity access to those without, making investments in clean, stranded energy sources much easier to manage. What better job than to be the electric engineer who designs their own job by bringing electricity to your people? Every university student of electrical engineering, whatever the developing country, should learn about this. Because developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America are struggling with scaling electricity usage from otherwise cheap energy sources, because of the high premiums that locals just cannot pay. The knowledge of using Bitcoin to subsidize electricity access from stranded energy sources should be spread as far and as widely as possible. Now, as an aspiring quantum information scientist, I feel there is also a place for me in the Bitcoin ecosystem. While the public might know how quantum information science threatens to undo the good that Bitcoin has done by potentially hacking it, I find that building quantum-resistant algorithms is far from scratching the surface of quantum capabilities. For example, quantum technologies could provide for Bitcoin nodes, allowing even weak signals to be successfully transmitted and ensure blocks are mined. better signal sensors Quantum computing could help guide better on how Bitcoin infrastructure could be better set up across nations and continents for optimum usage. solutions in logistics Quantum networks could provide better ways to securely. transmit Bitcoin information Some problems in the Bitcoin ecosystem could be (Bounded-error Quantum Polynomial) problems, which are the purview of quantum information science and these should be discovered and worked on using quantum computers. BQP Most importantly, quantum computers will be orders of magnitude better at mining proof-of-work cryptocurrencies than classical computers. When Bitcoin befriends Quantum Mechanics Moore’s law is coming to an end. IBM has already built transistors with only 5 atoms. To get smaller, it becomes harder to manage thermal noise and other nanoscale problems. To manage thermal noise, even more cooling will be done, the way it is done for qubits. Also, a 1-atom transistor is effectively a qubit. This is the quantum realm, and like it or not, more people will study quantum mechanics in the not-too-distant future, and by extension, quantum computing. The classical computing world can only scale by a multiplicity of the same technology, which will consume even more energy. The efficiency gains of quantum technologies like quantum computers will be needed. While , the science of building qubits is ramping upwards and systems are getting more powerful. There might not be an exponential growth in qubits with their own Moore’s law, but a linear growth in qubits leads to exponential computational power. Which kind of is a Moore’s law! I have said quantum computing is very expensive You remember this graph; If approximately 14 billion dollars in 2023 can bring in (logical qubits are the real qubits as manipulated in mathematical theory), by linear extrapolation, $125 billion by 2030 as seen above will bring in 428 logical qubits. 48 logical qubits But 7 years from now, Bitcoin itself might have ballooned to $200,000 per bitcoin which is a $4.2 trillion market cap. By linear extrapolation, $3 trillion is needed in global investments to take us to 10,000 logical qubits. As we can see, Bitcoin alone can pay for it over a 7-year span. Why 10,000 qubits? My Research Project Over the past three months, I have been studying QCourse551-1 which was offered in a collaboration between QWorld and Classiq Technologies. My research project was Project 11 - Bitcoin Mining using Grover’s Search Algorithm. The motivation for my project came from that shows that 10,000 logical qubits alone can do Bitcoin mining faster than any classical system using the same energy consumption. a research paper This is because 10,000 qubits can encode the full double SHA256 hashing process that goes into mining Bitcoin, but since they use Grover’s search algorithm, they effectively achieve quadratic speed-up by square_root(N) where N is the number of elements to check in an unstructured database. ASICs mining for bitcoins also check an unstructured database of random hashes for the nonce value. The question is, which one is faster? Most ASIC miners today are checking terahashes or For example checks 120TH/s. That is 120 million hashes every second. 1 million hashes every second. this miner Can a quantum computer beat that? Of course. square_root( 120 million) = only 10954 checks per second. A 1,095,400 % efficiency increase. And the more the competition, the more the quantum computer tears ahead in the race. The is rocketing upwards of 600 million million hashes per second. This is outputting enough heat to make climate scientists worried sick. But what if we replaced all those clunky ASICs with state-of-the-art QPUs from the year 2032, how many comparative hashes per second would they clock? square_root( 600 million million) = 24 million checks per second. A . current hash rate 2.4 billion % increase in efficiency If the above is not an attractive proposition, I don’t know what is. Bitcoin should fund quantum computing research. It will take a while, but when it happens, it will be glorious. It will be a more canonical event than the Moon landing. In our research, we were checking a much-simplified system with only 8-bit inputs and outputs, modeled on a Grover’s operator working with under 25 qubits. Given our really low hashing power, the advantages of Grover’s search could not be gleamed first hand, and could only be inferred with a relevant complexity analysis of the runs/depth of the Classical computer (my laptop) vs the depth of our Grover’s circuit executed on the Classiq Aer simulator. While it would have been good to model the energetics and the complexity graph of what this means, unfortunately, we ran out of time. However, we had some deliverables to show for our work. Below is what we had including the depth of each circuit. a) The simplified MD5 classical algorithm We modeled a simplified version of the MD5 (a most primitive cousin of SHA256) hashing 95 printable ASCII characters to find the nonce for hex values with difficulty = 1. Note: Our hex values were only 2-digit because we are working with 8-bit values. So our possible difficulty 1 values are only in 16 possibilities i.e. 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0a, 0b, 0c, 0d, 0e, 0f. 00 is also a difficulty 2 element. Hence the searching/hashing function is called simplified_MD5_8bit_difficulty_1or2. def simplified_MD5_8bit_difficulty_1or2():
    printables_list = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'
    for i in printables_list:
        x2 = ord(i)

        x3 = bin(x2)[2:]

        if len(str(x3))==7:
            x4 = x3+'0'
        if len(str(x3))==6:
            x4 = x3+'00'

        x5 = list(x4)

        a0 = 2*int((x5[0]))
        a1 = int(x5[1])

        b0 = 2*int((x5[2]))
        b1 = int(x5[3])

        c0 = 2*int((x5[4]))
        c1 = int(x5[5])

        d0 = 2*int((x5[6]))
        d1 = int(x5[7])

        a = a0 + a1

        b = b0 + b1

        c = c0 + c1

        d = d0 + d1
    
        a = ((d ^ (b & (c ^ d))) + (c ^ (d & (b ^ c))) + (b ^ c ^ d) + (c ^ (b | ~(d))) + b)
        
        print()

        d1 = d//2
        d0 = d%2
        d = d1*(2**7) + d0*(2**6)

        a1 = a//2
        a0 = a%2
        a = a1*(2**5) + a0*(2**4)

        b1 = b//2
        b0 = b%2
        b = b1*(2**3) + b0*(2**2)

        c1 = c//2
        c0 = c%2
        c = c1*(2**1) + c0*(2**0)

        decimal_result = d + a + b + c
        binary_result = bin(decimal_result)[2:]
        print(binary_result)
        hex_result = hex(decimal_result)
        print(hex_result)

        if hex_result == '0x0':
            difficulty_2.append(hex_result)
            collisions_difficulty_2.append(i)
        if hex_result == ('0x1' or '0x2' or '0x3' or '0x4' or '0x5' or '0x6' or '0x7' or '0x8' or '0x9' or '0xa' or '0xb' or '0xc' or '0xd' or '0xe' or '0xf'):
            difficulty_1.append(hex_result)
            collisions_difficulty_1.append(i)

    print('Difficulty_1 list = ',difficulty_1)
    print('Difficulty_2 list = ',difficulty_2)
    print('Colliding inputs for difficulty 1 = ',collisions_difficulty_1)
    print('Colliding inputs for difficulty 2 = ',collisions_difficulty_2)
    
difficulty_2 = []
difficulty_1 = []     
collisions_difficulty_1 = []
collisions_difficulty_2 = []

import numpy as np
simplified_MD5_8bit_difficulty_1or2() As can be seen, to find the difficulty 1 (and by extension the difficulty 2) elements, we have to reiterate through 40 lines of code (ignoring spaces and printing in the for loop). There are 96 printable ASCII characters to hash and check hence 96 * 40 which gives us a circuit depth of 3840. However, this is run through fast by my laptop. Less than a few seconds. b) The simplified MD5 quantum algorithm We modeled a quantum version of our simplified MD5 algorithm to simulate finding the difficulty 1 nonce values no matter what the input ASCII character to the circuit was. This is possible because all we need is a zero at the beginning of our hex value. Since our hash set was small (only 96 ASCII characters), we tuned the system to ignore the input ASCII value so it is redundant, and to aim to capture all possible zeros given the Arithmetic expression; a == ((d ^ (b & (c ^ d))) + (c ^ (d & (b ^ c))) + (b ^ c ^ d) + (c ^ (b | ~(d))) + b) which is also in the classical Python algorithm. Notice that the 4 functions being added together are derived from the . original MD5 algorithm Since we want difficulty 1 values, we add and to the above function and then synthesize it in the Classiq platform. d = 0 a = 0 (Note: This is a shortcut thanks to the tireless work of the Classiq team. The Python code was also built in the Classiq Python SDK but it had a last-minute glitch. Hence we only have working Python SDK code for the Grover’s operator, but not for the Grover’s operator with a difficulty-1 hash/search, which is what you had to see here ) Hence our input Arithmetic expression is; a == ((d ^ (b & (c ^ d))) + (c ^ (d & (b ^ c))) + (b ^ c ^ d) + (c ^ (b | ~(d))) + b) and d == 0 and    a == 0 The resulting circuit has a depth of only 913 The quantum circuit wins! Endnote While the project time ended, our work is still a work in progress, to continue until we build a functional 10,000 qubit quantum bitcoin miner. Voluntary efforts to support us technically are most welcome. Some of our code is still glitchy and we have only scratched the surface of the Classiq platform’s capabilities. An ingenious software tool that takes away the cumbersome tinkering with gates, as would have been needed for anybody building the same project using Qiskit. Special thanks to Classiq and QWorld for the opportunity. And our mentor - Dr. Eyal Cornfeld, for the guidance. ***

Hash Rate Analysis Projections: Why Bitcoin Should Embrace Quantum Information Science

হ্যাশ রেট বিশ্লেষণ অনুমান: কেন বিটকয়েন কোয়ান্টাম তথ্য বিজ্ঞানকে আলিঙ্গন করা উচিত

Prognosen zur Hash-Rate-Analyse: Warum Bitcoin die Quanteninformationswissenschaft nutzen sollte

Proyecciones del análisis de la tasa de hash: por qué Bitcoin debería adoptar la ciencia de la información cuántica

Projections d'analyse du taux de hachage : pourquoi Bitcoin devrait adopter la science de l'information quantique

हैश दर विश्लेषण अनुमान: बिटकॉइन को क्वांटम सूचना विज्ञान को क्यों अपनाना चाहिए

ハッシュレート分析の予測: ビットコインが量子情報科学を採用すべき理由

해시레이트 분석 예측: 비트코인이 양자 정보 과학을 수용해야 하는 이유

Projeções de análise de taxa de hash: por que o Bitcoin deveria adotar a ciência da informação quântica

Прогнозы анализа скорости хэширования: почему Биткойн должен использовать квантовую информатику

Hash Rate Analizi Projeksiyonları: Bitcoin Neden Kuantum Bilgi Bilimini Kucaklamalı?

Dự đoán phân tích tỷ lệ băm: Tại sao Bitcoin nên áp dụng khoa học thông tin lượng tử

哈希率分析预测：为什么比特币应该拥抱量子信息科学

ZKP Meets ML in Verifiability: Existing Scheme & Experimental Analysis

You can jump to any section of the US Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial here. Section 3 - Definitions. For purposes of this order: (a)  The term “agency” means each agency described in 44 U.S.C. 3502(1), except for the independent regulatory agencies described in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5). (b)  The term “artificial intelligence” or “AI” has the meaning set forth in 15 U.S.C. 9401(3):  a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments.  Artificial intelligence systems use machine- and human-based inputs to perceive real and virtual environments; abstract such perceptions into models through analysis in an automated manner; and use model inference to formulate options for information or action. (c)  The term “AI model” means a component of an information system that implements AI technology and uses computational, statistical, or machine-learning techniques to produce outputs from a given set of inputs. (d)  The term “AI red-teaming” means a structured testing effort to find flaws and vulnerabilities in an AI system, often in a controlled environment and in collaboration with developers of AI.  Artificial Intelligence red-teaming is most often performed by dedicated “red teams” that adopt adversarial methods to identify flaws and vulnerabilities, such as harmful or discriminatory outputs from an AI system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, limitations, or potential risks associated with the misuse of the system. (e)  The term “AI system” means any data system, software, hardware, application, tool, or utility that operates in whole or in part using AI. (f)  The term “commercially available information” means any information or data about an individual or group of individuals, including an individual’s or group of individuals’ device or location, that is made available or obtainable and sold, leased, or licensed to the general public or to governmental or non-governmental entities. (g)  The term “crime forecasting” means the use of analytical techniques to attempt to predict future crimes or crime-related information.  It can include machine-generated predictions that use algorithms to analyze large volumes of data, as well as other forecasts that are generated without machines and based on statistics, such as historical crime statistics. (h)  The term “critical and emerging technologies” means those technologies listed in the February 2022 Critical and Emerging Technologies List Update issued by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), as amended by subsequent updates to the list issued by the NSTC. (i)  The term “critical infrastructure” has the meaning set forth in section 1016(e) of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 42 U.S.C. 5195c(e). (j)  The term “differential-privacy guarantee” means protections that allow information about a group to be shared while provably limiting the improper access, use, or disclosure of personal information about particular entities. (k)  The term “dual-use foundation model” means an AI model that is trained on broad data; generally uses self-supervision; contains at least tens of billions of parameters; is applicable across a wide range of contexts; and that exhibits, or could be easily modified to exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that pose a serious risk to security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters, such as by: (i)    substantially lowering the barrier of entry for non-experts to design, synthesize, acquire, or use chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons; (ii)   enabling powerful offensive cyber operations through automated vulnerability discovery and exploitation against a wide range of potential targets of cyber attacks; or (iii)  permitting the evasion of human control or oversight through means of deception or obfuscation. Models meet this definition even if they are provided to end users with technical safeguards that attempt to prevent users from taking advantage of the relevant unsafe capabilities. (l)  The term “Federal law enforcement agency” has the meaning set forth in section 21(a) of Executive Order 14074 of May 25, 2022 (Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety). (m)  The term “floating-point operation” means any mathematical operation or assignment involving floating-point numbers, which are a subset of the real numbers typically represented on computers by an integer of fixed precision scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. (n)  The term “foreign person” has the meaning set forth in section 5(c) of Executive Order 13984 of January 19, 2021 (Taking Additional Steps To Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities). (o)  The terms “foreign reseller” and “foreign reseller of United States Infrastructure as a Service Products” mean a foreign person who has established an Infrastructure as a Service Account to provide Infrastructure as a Service Products subsequently, in whole or in part, to a third party. (p)  The term “generative AI” means the class of AI models that emulate the structure and characteristics of input data in order to generate derived synthetic content.  This can include images, videos, audio, text, and other digital content. (q)  The terms “Infrastructure as a Service Product,” “United States Infrastructure as a Service Product,” “United States Infrastructure as a Service Provider,” and “Infrastructure as a Service Account” each have the respective meanings given to those terms in section 5 of Executive Order 13984. (r)  The term “integer operation” means any mathematical operation or assignment involving only integers, or whole numbers expressed without a decimal point. (s)  The term “Intelligence Community” has the meaning given to that term in section 3.5(h) of Executive Order 12333 of December 4, 1981 (United States Intelligence Activities), as amended. (t)  The term “machine learning” means a set of techniques that can be used to train AI algorithms to improve performance at a task based on data. (u)  The term “model weight” means a numerical parameter within an AI model that helps determine the model’s outputs in response to inputs. (v)  The term “national security system” has the meaning set forth in 44 U.S.C. 3552(b)(6). (w)  The term “omics” means biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, that make up a cell or cellular system. (x)  The term “Open RAN” means the Open Radio Access Network approach to telecommunications-network standardization adopted by the O-RAN Alliance, Third Generation Partnership Project, or any similar set of published open standards for multi-vendor network equipment interoperability. (y)  The term “personally identifiable information” has the meaning set forth in Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-130. (z)  The term “privacy-enhancing technology” means any software or hardware solution, technical process, technique, or other technological means of mitigating privacy risks arising from data processing, including by enhancing predictability, manageability, disassociability, storage, security, and confidentiality.  These technological means may include secure multiparty computation, homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, federated learning, secure enclaves, differential privacy, and synthetic-data-generation tools.  This is also sometimes referred to as “privacy-preserving technology.” (aa)  The term “privacy impact assessment” has the meaning set forth in OMB Circular No. A-130. (bb)  The term “Sector Risk Management Agency” has the meaning set forth in 6 U.S.C. 650(23). (cc)  The term “self-healing network” means a telecommunications network that automatically diagnoses and addresses network issues to permit self-restoration. (dd)  The term “synthetic biology” means a field of science that involves redesigning organisms, or the biomolecules of organisms, at the genetic level to give them new characteristics.  Synthetic nucleic acids are a type of biomolecule redesigned through synthetic-biology methods. (ee)  The term “synthetic content” means information, such as images, videos, audio clips, and text, that has been significantly modified or generated by algorithms, including by AI. (ff)  The term “testbed” means a facility or mechanism equipped for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of tools and technologies, including AI and PETs, to help evaluate the functionality, usability, and performance of those tools or technologies. (gg)  The term “watermarking” means the act of embedding information, which is typically difficult to remove, into outputs created by AI — including into outputs such as photos, videos, audio clips, or text — for the purposes of verifying the authenticity of the output or the identity or characteristics of its provenance, modifications, or conveyance. This content was published on October 30, 2023, on . WhiteHouse.gov Attribution - Creative Commons 3.0

Defining Key Terms in the Presidential Order on AI Governance

Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) have emerged as a promising alternative to blockchain technology. Unlike blockchains, DAGs boast a unique structure where transactions are linked in a directed, non-circular manner, with new ways to reach consensus. This innovation promises faster transaction speeds and higher decentralization, making them an attractive choice for crypto enthusiasts. However, they could come with their own set of security challenges. There are bug bounty programs for a reason, after all. Cybercriminals will target the most vulnerable points, and that’s usually outside the DAG itself, but targeting its users anyway. However, so far, we can say that no DAG structure has been hacked. On the other hand, their related services, from social media and even smart contracts, are another story. We’ll delve ahead into some attacks involving DAG platforms, recounting five instances when their related services fell victim to hacking attempts. Besides, we’ll explore strategies and best practices to shield oneself from such threats. Whether you're a seasoned investor or a newcomer, understanding is essential to protect your digital assets in an increasingly complex crypto ecosystem. these challenges Nano + BitGrail In 2018, the cryptocurrency world witnessed a major security breach involving the Italian cryptocurrency exchange BitGrail and the digital currency Nano (formerly known as Raiblocks). This currency uses a ledger structured like a DAG (more accurately, block lattice), and its consensus system is quite similar to a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain. began when BitGrail reported a substantial amount of Nano tokens missing from its platform. The exchange's founder, Francesco Firano, claimed that the hack had resulted The incident in the theft of approximately 17 million Nano tokens, equivalent to roughly $170 million at the time. The aftermath of the BitGrail hack was marked by a contentious dispute between the exchange's management and the Nano development team. Firano initially suggested that Nano's code was responsible for the vulnerability, blaming the developers for the theft. He demanded a contentious fork (update) to be held by the Nano team (to erase the hack), which they refused. Indeed, the hack happened just in time to see a price rise in Nano, and Firano hid that the breaches had been happening since 2017. BitGrail and Firano received at least , and ultimately, Firano was found to be directly liable for the attack. More investigations later revealed that BitGrail's security measures and internal controls were inadequate, leading to the compromise of user funds. two class-action lawsuits In this case, the DAG wasn’t attacked, but the users trusted the wrong company. In centralized exchanges, you don’t have private keys to your funds. Instead, only an account with a password is provided, and the funds are in full custody (control) by that company. If they lose (hacks, bankruptcy, etc.), then you lose too. That’s why it’s important not to use exchanges as permanent wallets. IOTA + Moonpay IOTA is a cryptocurrency platform that utilizes Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) technology to enable faster transactions, and it’s focused on the Internet of Things (IoT) sector. Unlike blockchains, IOTA's Tangle DAG allows users to validate transactions by confirming others, but there’s an ultimate coordinator node to achieve consensus. They intend (since 2016) to get rid of it, but in the meantime, the coordinator is controlled by the IOTA Foundation, and the network is centralized. That was vastly proved in February 2020, when the whole network was frozen by the coordinator after a major breach. The IOTA suffered a security breach due to a third-party dependency from Moonpay (a crypto payment service), which compromised users' wallet seeds by loading illicit versions of Moonpay's SDK from Moonpay's servers. Back then, hackers stole 8.5 million in IOTA's native token MIOTA directly from users —approximately $2 million at the time. Trinity wallet The cyber-criminal awaited a new Trinity version to overwrite cached files and eliminate traces. Immediate actions were taken by the IOTA Foundation, including halting the coordinator and creating an incident management plan with public status updates. The attack involved DNS interception, code modification, and API key misuse. IOTA responded by developing migration tools for affected users, enhancing analytical tools, and collaborating with security experts and law enforcement. Trinity isn’t used anymore, and MoonPay with them to fix the issue. So, again, it wasn’t a breached DAG but an external service related to it. collaborated Hedera Hashgraph Hedera Hashgraph is a distributed ledger system that utilizes Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) for consensus. In Hedera's , nodes share new information with each other, gradually reaching a consensus through multiple rounds of sharing. This history of information-sharing events is represented as a hashgraph —a type of DAG. gossip protocol This system is patented, but it’s not error-free. On March 9, 2023, the Hedera Hashgraph network to a smart contract exploit, resulting in the theft of various tokens from decentralized exchanges (DEXs) such as Pangolin, SaucerSwap, and HeliSwap. Retail user accounts and Hedera wallets remained unaffected, but fell victim the attacker managed to steal tokens valued at nearly $600,000. They included DAI Stablecoin, Tether USD, USD Coin, and Wrapped HBAR. Swift action was taken to mitigate the attack. DEXs and bridges collaborated to halt the token flow over the bridge within an hour of being alerted to the breach. The Hedera team disabled proxy access to the Hedera mainnet (thanks to the network being centralized, like IOTA), preventing further access by users and the attacker. A fix was swiftly developed, tested, and implemented within 41 hours of discovering the vulnerability. Unlike previous attacks in other DAGs, this time, the native system was actually the one compromised, specifically, its smart contract layer. The team acted quickly to mitigate it. Sui Network + Discord Sui Network is a distributed ledger launched in May 2023. It splits transactions into simple ones (like sending money) and complex ones (like online auctions). Simple transactions don’t require consensus, but use Proof-of-Stake (PoS) validators and a high-throughput DAG-based consensus protocol called Bullshark. complex transactions This network has proved that prevention is important, especially when it comes to new technologies. Just before their mainnet release, the security firm CertiK found a critical bug in the system. The flaw was an infinite loop bug within Sui's code that could be triggered by a malicious smart contract. This type of attack, known as the "HamsterWheel attack," doesn't crash nodes but instead keeps them endlessly running without processing new transactions, rendering the network inoperable. Once the bug , Sui developers swiftly implemented fixes to mitigate its impact, and CertiK confirmed that these fixes were already deployed. The Sui Foundation awarded $500,000 to CertiK as a bug bounty. However, it wasn’t the only threat faced by this platform. was identified Even before the potential bug, in August 2022, The announcement was shared , where several users complained about having lost funds due to the event. The incident involved hackers sharing a link to an alleged airdrop on the server's announcement channel. Since then, they reinforced their security and verification processes in the chat. Mysten Labs’ (Sui creators) Discord server was hacked. on Twitter Avalanche + DeFi Avalanche is another crypto protocol that uses DAG structures instead of blockchains. It comprises : the Contract Chain (C-Chain) for smart contracts, the Exchange Chain (X-Chain) for fast fund transfers with low fees, and the Platform Chain (P-Chain) for staking and rewards. The X-Chain, in particular, leverages DAG technology to achieve high throughput and rapid transaction finality. different chains Several DeFi protocols based on Avalanche have faced important attacks over the years. The first high-profile hack was against the lending platform in September 2021. The attack happened because they relied on a single source for their price information (oracle), and this source didn't handle decimal points properly. This allowed the attacker to manipulate prices and execute trades on pairs that weren't supposed to be traded. Vee Finance The tokens were subsequently bridged to Ethereum and remain in the attacker's possession. Vee Finance suspended platform contracts and related functions (which demonstrated that the platform wasn’t as decentralized as the term DeFi implies), actively pursuing asset recovery efforts. However, this wasn’t all for Avalanche. More attacks would come in time. That resulted in the unauthorized withdrawal of 8804.7 ETH and 213.93 BTC (around $36 million at the time). Last February 2023, two more DeFi protocols were hacked again: the multi-chain aggregator Dexible and the DEX Platypus. , the attacker leveraged the app's selfSwap function to move over $2 million worth of crypto from users who had authorized the app to access their tokens. Dexible paused its contracts and advised users to revoke token authorizations. In the first case The hacker exploited the protocol's asset contracts using a malicious smart contract with unverified source code. Now, about the three cases, we can say that some bugs escaped from DeFi developers since the beginning, resulting in the loss of funds. In the second case, Platypus $8.5 million in a flash loan attack. lost over Protect yourself from DAG risks For average users of Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) platforms, several key security measures and protections can be applied to mitigate risks: Before using any third-party services, such as wallets or exchanges, do your research to ensure they have a good reputation for security. Also, avoid leaving large amounts of crypto on exchanges for extended periods. Use Reputable Services: If you have wallets that give you control over your private keys, use them. This means you have direct control over your funds. Cold wallets offer an extra layer of security. Secure Your Private Keys: When dealing with any cryptocurrency-related accounts, use strong, unique passwords. Consider using a reputable password manager to keep them safe. Whenever possible, enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) on your accounts. Use Strong Passwords and enable 2FA: Keep up to date with the latest news and developments regarding the DAG platform you're using. Understanding potential vulnerabilities can help you take preventive action. Stay Informed: Be cautious of phishing emails, messages, or websites that aim to steal your login information or private keys. Always double-check URLs and sources. Beware of Phishing Scams: For applications or services that request permission to access your wallet or tokens, review and revoke these permissions when they're no longer needed. Regularly Review Permissions: Avoid putting all your assets into a single cryptocurrency or platform. Diversification can help spread risk. Diversify Your Investments: So far, Obyte (also a crypto-DAG platform) hasn’t suffered a high-profile hack on its system or related services. That doesn’t mean they are immune to attacks, though. is active on Immunefi, with high rewards for skilled developers. However, it’s always important to apply the on your own wallet and do your own research for each platform! A bug bounty program best security measures Featured Vector Image by Freepik

5 Security Incidents Involving DAG Networks—and How to Protect Yourself

DAG নেটওয়ার্কের সাথে জড়িত 5 নিরাপত্তা ঘটনা—এবং কীভাবে নিজেকে রক্ষা করবেন

5 Sicherheitsvorfälle im Zusammenhang mit DAG-Netzwerken – und wie Sie sich schützen können

Cinco incidentes de seguridad que involucran redes DAG y cómo protegerse

5 incidents de sécurité impliquant les réseaux DAG et comment vous protéger

डीएजी नेटवर्क से जुड़ी 5 सुरक्षा घटनाएं—और अपनी सुरक्षा कैसे करें

DAG ネットワークに関連する 5 つのセキュリティ インシデントと身を守る方法

DAG 네트워크와 관련된 5가지 보안 사고 및 자신을 보호하는 방법

5 incidentes de segurança envolvendo redes DAG – e como se proteger

5 инцидентов безопасности, связанных с сетями DAG, и как защитить себя

DAG Ağlarını İçeren 5 Güvenlik Olayı ve Kendinizi Nasıl Korursunuz

5 sự cố bảo mật liên quan đến mạng DAG—và cách tự bảo vệ mình

涉及 DAG 网络的 5 个安全事件以及如何保护自己

When Marc Andreessen wrote his techno-optimist manifesto, he was trying to preach to the few to join his new religious cult and forgo their humanity in search of a heaven where only those purged of emotional connection can be happy to live among androids and thrive. Move to Vulcan, then. that showcased exactly who the human race really is. The differences between the two are stark; one wants humanity to become some sort of technology-infused super-species akin to the kind of imagination a 7-year-old geek bullied at school comes up with in the late hours alone in their bedroom. When Andy Weir wrote he unwittingly wrote a manifesto of the complete opposite , The Martian “Also, I have duct tape. Ordinary duct tape, like you buy at a hardware store. Turns out even NASA can’t improve on duct tape.” The other strives to show humanity at its best, a species able to overcome impossible odds using the ingenuity, knowledge, adaptability, and tools available to them at the time. And this is precisely the optimistic message we need to convey to this generation and all generations who have dreams and want to become builders of the future. We do not need to merge with the machine in order to release that kind of creativity and drive to become the absolute best we can be as a species, to take to the stars and settle beyond our own Earthly borders, or master some other hidden force behind physics. At some point, everything’s gonna go south on you… everything’s going to go south and you’re going to say, this is it. This is how I end. Now you can either accept that, or you can get to work. That’s all it is. You just begin. You do the math. You solve one problem… and you solve the next one… and then the next. And if you solve enough problems, you get to come home. All right, questions? I was lucky enough to read the book long before it became a movie and would definitely urge you, if you haven’t already, to seek out a copy even if you’ve watched the film. I watched the longer movie edit over the weekend, and it still shines, but the greatest detail is in the book, and that’s where you’ll find just what a real future human manifesto reads like. It’s actually quite funny pulling out quotes from the book like the one above because this particular one literally could talk about the life of a founder, too, something that I don’t think Marc even remembers or experienced because he got lucky with Netscape and then thought he was Internet Jesus. “If a hiker gets lost in the mountains, people will coordinate a search. If a train crashes, people will line up to give blood. If an earthquake levels a city, people all over the world will send emergency supplies. This is so fundamentally human that it’s found in every culture without exception. Yes, there are assholes who just don’t care, but they’re massively outnumbered by the people who do.” Everything contained in Marc’s manifesto could be underlined in red pen under certain words that form the investment thesis behind a16z. If you don’t believe in hypergrowth or particular tech trends that they want you to push forward with, then you’re not in the gang. Marc and his disciples have become masters of manipulation in the venture community. They have become synonymous with successful venture capitalism and skating to where the puck is going to be, as Wayne Gretzky once said. He appears prophetic and a techno-shamanic futurist. However, this is not entirely true. and shape the future he wanted when he was a boy in his bedroom. Seriously, he mentions “ ” 22 times in his manifesto. He uses the term “ ” 113 times. He really wants you to pay attention to these words. I’d go as far as to say that Marc is a master of neuro-linguistic programming, but instead of changing people’s minds and thoughts for their positive benefit, it’s all entirely to make a16z successful growth we believe As they’ve become larger, they have engineered a kind of self-fulfilling prophesy in relation to technology hype — when they herald a new trend, every tier 2 and tier 3, 4, 5, and 6 investor plows their money into whatever they say, and wherever they place their bets. It becomes a snowball effect driven by greed and FOMO, and therefore the prediction manifests itself beautifully. If a16z says that Key Lime Pie is the shit, then everyone will pile in and write long articles about why this is so and beg Techcrunch to publish it, third rate VCs will write books on how to pull together the perfect baking strategy to create Key Lime Pie, Big 4 consultants will perform incredible feats of mental gymnastics to convince themselves and their clients that Key Lime Pie is where the money is. And those at the bottom of the pyramid scheme pretend they know what they’re doing and talk about different flavors of Key Lime Pie. And so Key Lime Pie sells and becomes big, but not before a16z has already cashed out of Key Lime Pie tokens at a fever pitch and moved on to Lemon Meringue. If you really want to understand the mindset, go watch the utterly brilliant monologue delivered in The Fall of the House of Usher by Bruce Greenwood. https://youtu.be/rIK-q6JoOeU?si=fBR3MOyYuVBENjUo&embedable=true In the face of overwhelming odds, I’m left with only one option. I’m gonna have to science the shit out of this. Problem-solving, personal, national, and international collaboration to come up with solutions that allow for the next step forward, science and engineering — the skills many are advocating we shouldn’t bother with because the robots will do it for us, resilience, the ability to cope with isolation, making mistakes then solving the next problem, the human spirit of being so fucking stubborn we will never fucking giving up. If he paid attention to Andreeseen, then he’d have died waiting for someone to bootstrap a startup to invent quantum teleportation to save his ass because, clearly, going full-on MacGyver is just too low-key for humanity now. Mark Watney, on the other hand, demonstrates just what being a part of the human race really means and the type of manifesto we write every single day. Watney’s journey is more uplifting than a techno-optimist manifesto. Even though it’s a fictional story of survival, it speaks more about the human drive to conquer the future and claim a stake in it than Marc’s ChatGPT-prompted reality. Marc doesn’t want to get his hands dirty; Mark does. Marc wants to reinvent duct tape; Mark just wants to repair his spacesuit before he dies. It’s time we stopped not only paying attention to Marc but giving him a platform for attention, too. If the venture community stopped placing their bets on the same roulette wheel pockets, we might start seeing a lot more movement forward in diverse levels of technologies that deserve to see the light of day. — are there any venture capitalists or family offices that have a multi-generational investment strategy? “A society grows great when old men plant trees in whose shade they shall never sit.” I feel it’s the only perspective that will matter now, and it’s missing from his manifesto. Too many are working with LPs fixated on short-term gains they can spend in their lifetime rather than helping build a future they will never see. They want a 10x return in 10 years, and so founders with longer-term visions that could reshape humanity are sacrificed for another TikTok app or SaaS product knocked up by a code interpreter from ChatGPT. They all have spreadsheets with formulas driven to the smallest decimal point but nothing by gut feeling and a sense of high adventure. . Some of the biggest shifts in human history took place as a result of sheer willpower and the drive to go beyond capital-intensive risk. Now, it’s stunted by a focus on easy software and a set of “product-market fit” handcuffs. Venture capital used to be about high-risk tolerance and bets on future possibilities, not calculated certainties “Software will eat the world,” they said, but it doesn’t have the appetite for the long term. Bring back Adventure Capital. because those terms have been ruined, and the hardcore wants to be associated with something else that their masses see the appeal in. What else feels more appealing for Marc’s supporters than aligning yourself with an ‘optimist’ and then calling everyone else who doesn’t want to be happy a pessimist or an ? Techno-optimist is just another name for long-termism or Effective Altruism enemy of optimism “We believe technological progress, therefore, leads to material abundance for everyone.” — there is absolutely no evidence of this. This is the same mentality that drives a locust swarm, but repeatedly using the “we believe” phrase cements that Marc and a16z somehow know the future because they will shape it for us. It’s more NLP in action. And at the end, after all is read and digested, Marc sounds more like Khan Noonian Singh than Gene Roddenberry. “We offered the world order!” he proclaimed in Space Seed. It’s pretty much all there between the lines. Which one would you rather leave their on history: Marc or Mark? mark Also published . here

More Mark Watney, Less Marc Andreessen: The Ideological Clash Over Humanity's Future

Imagine watching your favorite movies and TV shows anytime, anywhere, without worrying about slow loading times. That's the power of a movie streaming web app like Netflix. But what if you could build your movie streaming web app without managing the infrastructure? That's where Aptible comes in. Aptible is a platform that streamlines the code shipping process for development teams, facilitating deployment, monitoring, and infrastructure scaling. This means you can focus on building your app while Aptible takes care of the rest. This article will show you how to build a movie streaming web app like Netflix using Aptible, from choosing the right technologies to deploying your app to production. Choosing the right technologies for a streaming web app Streaming web apps need to handle many users and a high traffic volume. The technologies you choose should be able to scale to meet the demands of your app. Scalability: Streaming web apps need to deliver a high-quality user experience. This means that the technologies you choose should be able to deliver video and audio content quickly and smoothly. Performance: Streaming web apps need to be secure. The technologies you choose should be able to protect your users' data and prevent unauthorized access to your app. Security: Streaming web apps can be expensive to build and maintain. The technologies you choose should be cost-effective and scalable to meet your budget. Cost: Node.js, MySQL, and Aptible are well-suited technologies for building scalable, performant, and secure streaming web apps. What are the benefits of using Aptible to build a movie streaming web app? Simplified deployment Aptible makes it easy to deploy your movie streaming web app to production. You can upload your code to Aptible, and it will take care of the rest, including setting up the necessary infrastructure and configuring your app. Automatic scaling Aptible can automatically scale your movie streaming web app up or down based on demand. This is important for movie streaming apps, which can experience spikes in traffic at certain times of the day or during popular movie releases. Built-in monitoring Aptible provides built-in monitoring for your movie streaming web app. You can track your app's performance and identify potential problems early on. Aptible provides a variety of metrics, including CPU usage, memory usage, and response times, which can help you keep your movie streaming web app running smoothly and prevent major outages. Security features Aptible provides various security features to protect your movie streaming web app from attack. These features include: Aptible provides firewalls to protect your app from unauthorized access. Firewalls: Aptible provides IDS to detect and block malicious traffic. Intrusion detection systems (IDS): Aptible encrypts your app's data at rest and in transit. Data encryption: Teams: Aptible's team’s feature allows you to create groups of users and assign different permissions to each team. Environments: Aptible's environments feature allows you to create multiple isolated environments for your app. This can be useful for testing your app and deploying changes in a controlled manner. Backups: Aptible automatically backs up your app's data regularly. This can help you recover your data in case of a problem, such as a hardware failure or a software bug. Support: Aptible provides 24/7 support to help you with any problems you may have. You can contact Aptible's support team via email, chat, or phone. Build a movie app using Node.js and MySQL Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of JavaScript, Node.js, and MySQL. Node.js and npm (Node Package Manager) are installed on your system. A MySQL database server is installed and running. A basic knowledge of phpMyAdmin. A good knowledge of using the Aptible platform to create databases, environments, and apps. Step 1: Set Up MySQL Database First, you need to create a MySQL database to store movie information. In this tutorial, you will use phpMyAdmin. Create a new database and a table for movies: CREATE DATABASE movie_db;
USE movie_db;

CREATE TABLE movies (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    image_url VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    video_url VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    genre VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    description TEXT,
    rating DECIMAL(3, 1),
    release_year INT
); Step 2: Set Up Node.js Project Please create a new project folder and initialize it as a Node.js project. Node.js mkdir movie-app
cd movie-app
npm init -y Install the required dependencies: npm install express mysql2 multer : A popular Node.js framework for building web applications. express : A MySQL client for Node.js. mysql2 : Middleware for handling file uploads. multer Step 3: Create a Database Connection In your project, create a file to set up the MySQL database connection: Node.js db.js // db.js
const mysql = require('mysql2');

const db = mysql.createConnection({
  host: 'localhost', // Change to your MySQL host
  user: 'root',      // Change to your MySQL username
  password: 'password', // Change to your MySQL password
  database: 'movie_db',
});

db.connect((err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('Error connecting to the database:', err);
    throw err;
  }
  console.log('Connected to the database');
});

const createTable = `
  CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS movies (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    image_url VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    video_url VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    genre VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    description TEXT,
    rating DECIMAL(3, 1),
    release_year INT
  )
`;

db.query(createTable, (err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error("Error creating movies table:", err);
  } else {
    console.log("Movies table created or already exists");
  }
});

module.exports = db; Replace and with your MySQL credentials. 'your_username' 'your_password' Step 4: Create API Endpoints In your Node.js project, create an file to define your API endpoints using Express: app.js // app.js
const express = require('express');
const db = require('./db'); // Import the database connection
const multer = require('multer');

const app = express();
const port = process.env.PORT || 3000;

app.use(express.json());
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));

// Configure Multer for handling file uploads
const storage = multer.diskStorage({
  destination: (req, file, cb) => {
    cb(null, 'uploads/');
  },
  filename: (req, file, cb) => {
    cb(null, Date.now() + '-' + file.originalname);
  },
});

const upload = multer({ storage });

// Create a new movie
app.post('/movies', upload.fields([{ name: 'image', maxCount: 1 }, { name: 'video', maxCount: 1 }]), (req, res) => {
  const { title, genre, description, rating, release_year } = req.body;
  const image_url = req.files['image'][0].path;
  const video_url = req.files['video'][0].path;

  const query = 'INSERT INTO movies (image_url, video_url, title, genre, description, rating, release_year) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)';
  const values = [image_url, video_url, title, genre, description, rating, release_year];

  db.query(query, values, (err, result) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('Error creating a movie:', err);
      res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
    } else {
      res.status(201).json({ message: 'Movie created successfully' });
    }
  });
});

// List all movies
app.get('/movies', (req, res) => {
  const query = 'SELECT * FROM movies';

  db.query(query, (err, rows) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('Error listing movies:', err);
      res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
    } else {
      res.status(200).json(rows);
    }
  });
});

// Search movies
app.get('/movies/search', (req, res) => {
  const { query } = req.query;
  const searchQuery = `%${query}%`;

  const searchSql = 'SELECT * FROM movies WHERE title LIKE ? OR genre LIKE ?';
  const searchValues = [searchQuery, searchQuery];

  db.query(searchSql, searchValues, (err, rows) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('Error searching movies:', err);
      res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
    } else {
      res.status(200).json(rows);
    }
  });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${port}`);
}); Endpoints Base URL: http://localhost:3000/ 1. Create a New Movie : Endpoint /movies : POST Method : Create a new movie and add it to the database. Description Request : Body {
  "title": "Movie Title",
  "description": "Movie description goes here.",
  "release_year": 2023,
  "genre": "Action",
  "rating": 8.5,
  "image_url": "https://example.com/movie-image.jpg",
  "video_url": "https://example.com/movie-video.mp4"
} Response : 201 Created Status : Body jsonCopy code{
  "message": "Movie created successfully" 2. List All Movies : Endpoint /movies : GET Method : Get a list of all available movies. Description Response : 200 OK Status : An array of movie objects. Each object includes the following fields: Body jsonCopy code[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "title": "Movie Title 1",
    "description": "Movie description goes here.",
    "release_year": 2022,
    "genre": "Drama",
    "rating": 7.9,
    "image_url": "https://example.com/movie1-image.jpg",
    "video_url": "https://example.com/movie1-video.mp4"
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "title": "Movie Title 2",
    "description": "Another movie description.",
    "release_year": 2021,
    "genre": "Comedy",
    "rating": 6.8,
    "image_url": "https://example.com/movie2-image.jpg",
    "video_url": "https://example.com/movie2-video.mp4"
  }
] Step 5: Test your code Start your app by running the following command: node app.js Once your app runs, you can test the endpoints using an API testing platform. You can check your phpMyAdmin interface to confirm the data was saved successfully. Step 6: Push your project to GitHub Create a new repository on GitHub and clone it to your local machine. Make your changes to the code and commit them. Push your changes to GitHub. Once you have pushed your code to GitHub, you can deploy it to Aptible. Code folder structure To see the complete codebase, please check out my GitHub repository at https://github.com/wise4rmgod/moviedb Deploying your application to Aptible 1: Create environment Go to the Aptible dashboard and click on the tab. Environments Click on the button. Create Environment Enter a name for the environment and select the appropriate region. Click on the button. Create Environment 2: Create Database In this tutorial, you will create a MySQL database. After creating the database, go to the dashboard and click on the reveal to see your connection URL To avoid this error ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'aptible'@'ip-[IP_ADDRESS].ec2.internal' (using password: YES) Add this field to your db.js ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: false, ciphers: "DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA" }, Complete db.js const mysql = require("mysql2");

const db = mysql.createConnection({
  host: "", // Change to your MySQL aptible host
  user: "aptible", // Change to your MySQL username
  password: "", // Change to your MySQL password
  database: "db",
  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: false, ciphers: "DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA" },
  port: 26038,
});

db.connect((err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error("Error connecting to the database:", err);
    throw err;
  }
  console.log("Connected to the database");
});

const createTable = `
  CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS movies (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    image_url VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    video_url VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    genre VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    description TEXT,
    rating DECIMAL(3, 1),
    release_year INT
  )
`;

db.query(createTable, (err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error("Error creating movies table:", err);
  } else {
    console.log("Movies table created or already exists");
  }
});

module.exports = db; 3: Create an App Then, create an App by giving the and click Handle a name, Save App Aptible will take some time to provision your app Once provisioning is complete, click on the app name and click to continue the deployment process. Get Started 4: Upload your SSH public key. In your dashboard, click on your name in the top right corner and select . SSH Keys Click on the button. Add SSH Key Paste your SSH public key into the text box and click on the button. Add SSH Key 5: Create a Dockerfile Sample Dockerfile here # Use the official Node.js image as the base image
FROM node:16

# Set the working directory inside the container
WORKDIR /app

# Copy package.json and package-lock.json to the working directory
COPY package*.json ./

# Install project dependencies
RUN npm install

# Copy the application code to the container
COPY . .

# Expose the port that the app will run on
EXPOSE 3000

# Start the application
CMD ["node", "app.js"] 6: Deploy to Aptible via Git remote The Aptible Git remote URL is specific to your account. You can find it in the Get Started tab of your app's dashboard. Add the Aptible Git remote for this app, then push to the remote to begin deployment: git remote add aptible git@beta.aptible.com:env-prodzz/movieapp.git Push your code to Aptible. git push aptible main If successful, you will see an image similar to the following. 7: Add an Endpoint In your app, click on the tab. Endpoints Click on the button. Create Endpoint Once the endpoint has been created, you can send a , , , or any other supported HTTP method to the endpoint using an API testing platform. GET POST DELETE To test the endpoint, copy the HOSTNAME from the endpoint's dashboard and use it in your API testing platform. 8: Test your final project Conclusion In this article, you learned how to build a movie streaming app like Netflix using Node.js, MySQL, and Aptible. You also learned about the benefits of using these technologies for building streaming web apps and the steps involved in deploying a Node.js app to Aptible. If you want to build a movie streaming app like Netflix, I recommend using Node.js, MySQL, and Aptible. These technologies are well-suited for building scalable, performant, secure streaming web apps.

Build a Movie Streaming App Like Netflix Using Node.js, MySQL, and Deploy on Aptible

DECIMAL TECHNOLOGIES

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DECIMAL TECHNOLOGIES

decimal.com

51-200 employees

Since 2020

COMPANY RANKING

DECIMAL TECHNOLOGIES

EVERGREEN INDEX #2738

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