DataLion

datalion

What Is the Network? A network is a group of two or more connected computing devices. Usually, all devices in the network are connected to a central hub — for instance, a router. A network can also include subnetworks or smaller subdivisions of the network. Subnetworking is how very large networks, such as those provided by ISPs, are able to manage thousands of IP addresses and connected devices. What Happens at the Network Layer? Anything that has to do with inter-network connections takes place at the network layer. This includes setting up the routes for data packets to take, checking to see if a server in another network is up and running, and addressing and receiving IP packets from other networks. This last process is perhaps the most important, as the vast majority of Internet traffic is sent over IP. What Is a Packet? All data sent over the Internet is broken down into smaller chunks called "packets." When Bob sends Alice a message, for instance, his message is broken down into smaller pieces and then reassembled on Alice's computer. A packet has two parts: the header, which contains information about the packet itself, and the body, which is the actual data being sent. At the network layer, networking software attaches a header to each packet when the packet is sent out over the Internet, and on the other end, networking software can use the header to understand how to handle the packet. A header contains information about the content, source, and destination of each packet (somewhat like stamping an envelope with a destination and return address). For example, an IP header contains the destination IP address of each packet, the total size of the packet, an indication of whether or not the packet has been fragmented (broken up into still smaller pieces) in transit, and a count of how many networks the packet has traveled through. What Is the (OSI) Model? (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that divides network communications functions into seven layers OSI Model Application


Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP.



presentation


Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer.



session


Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol).



Transport


Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP.



Network


Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP.



DataLink


Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here.



Physical

Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Layers Layer 1 Devices


Analog Modem


HUB



Layer 2 Devices


Switch


Wireless Access Point (Wap)



Layer 3 Devices

Multi-layer switch
Router Security Devices Firewall
intrusion detection system (IDS)
intrusion presentation system (IPS)
virtual private network (VPN) Optimization And Performance Devices In short, Network Optimization refers to the tools, techniques, and best practices used to monitor and improve network performance. It involves analyzing the network infrastructure, identifying bottlenecks and other performance issues, and implementing solutions to eliminate or mitigate them. Load balancer
Proxy server Networking Services And Application Network services are applications at the network application layer that connect users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network. These services typically run on servers. VPN Types

site-to-site
host-to-site (remote access)
host-to-host (SSL) Protocol Used By Vpn Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol What Protocols Are Used at the Network Layer? A protocol is an agreed-upon way of formatting data so that two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other. A number of different protocols make connections, testing, routing, and encryption possible at the network layer, including: IP (Internet Protocol)
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) Resources: https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-the-network-layer/ Thanks for reading. Regards, Elliot :) What Is the Network? What Is the Network? A network is a group of two or more connected computing devices. Usually, all devices in the network are connected to a central hub — for instance, a router . A network can also include subnetworks or smaller subdivisions of the network. Subnetworking is how very large networks, such as those provided by ISPs, are able to manage thousands of IP addresses and connected devices. router subnetworks What Happens at the Network Layer? What Happens at the Network Layer? Anything that has to do with inter-network connections takes place at the network layer. This includes setting up the routes for data packets to take, checking to see if a server in another network is up and running, and addressing and receiving IP packets from other networks. This last process is perhaps the most important, as the vast majority of Internet traffic is sent over IP. What Is a Packet? What Is a Packet? All data sent over the Internet is broken down into smaller chunks called "packets." When Bob sends Alice a message, for instance, his message is broken down into smaller pieces and then reassembled on Alice's computer. A packet has two parts: the header, which contains information about the packet itself, and the body, which is the actual data being sent. At the network layer, networking software attaches a header to each packet when the packet is sent out over the Internet, and on the other end, networking software can use the header to understand how to handle the packet. A header contains information about the content, source, and destination of each packet (somewhat like stamping an envelope with a destination and return address). For example, an IP header contains the destination IP address of each packet, the total size of the packet, an indication of whether or not the packet has been fragmented (broken up into still smaller pieces) in transit, and a count of how many networks the packet has traveled through. IP address What Is the (OSI) Model? What Is the (OSI) Model? (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that divides network communications functions into seven layers OSI Model OSI Model Application


Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. presentation


Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. session


Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Transport


Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Network


Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. DataLink


Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Physical

Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Application Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP . HTTP presentation Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. HTTPS encryption session Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol ). TCP protocol Transport Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP . UDP Network Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. DataLink Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Physical Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Layers Layers Layer 1 Devices


Analog Modem


HUB Layer 2 Devices


Switch


Wireless Access Point (Wap) Layer 3 Devices

Multi-layer switch
Router Layer 1 Devices Analog Modem


HUB Analog Modem HUB Analog Modem Analog Modem HUB HUB Layer 2 Devices Switch


Wireless Access Point (Wap) Switch Wireless Access Point (Wap) Switch Switch Wireless Access Point (Wap) Wireless Access Point (Wap) Layer 3 Devices Multi-layer switch
Router Multi-layer switch Router Multi-layer switch Router Security Devices Security Devices Firewall intrusion detection system (IDS) intrusion presentation system (IPS) virtual private network (VPN) Firewall intrusion detection system (IDS) intrusion presentation system (IPS) virtual private network (VPN) Optimization And Performance Devices Optimization And Performance Devices In short, Network Optimization refers to the tools, techniques, and best practices used to monitor and improve network performance. It involves analyzing the network infrastructure, identifying bottlenecks and other performance issues, and implementing solutions to eliminate or mitigate them. Load balancer Proxy server Load balancer Proxy server Networking Services And Application Networking Services And Application Network services are applications at the network application layer that connect users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network . These services typically run on servers. applications at the network application layer that connect users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network VPN Types

site-to-site
host-to-site (remote access)
host-to-host (SSL) VPN Types site-to-site
host-to-site (remote access)
host-to-host (SSL) site-to-site host-to-site (remote access) host-to-host (SSL) site-to-site host-to-site (remote access) host-to-host (SSL) Protocol Used By Vpn Protocol Used By Vpn Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol What Protocols Are Used at the Network Layer? What Protocols Are Used at the Network Layer? A protocol is an agreed-upon way of formatting data so that two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other. A number of different protocols make connections, testing, routing, and encryption possible at the network layer, including: IP (Internet Protocol) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) IP (Internet Protocol) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) Resources: https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-the-network-layer/ https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-the-network-layer/ Thanks for reading. Regards, Elliot :)

Network++ Part 1: A Beginner's Guide

Let's learn about via these 53 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Product Market Fit /Learn Repo 1. What the Pandemic Taught Me About Product/Market Fit The question is not, “Does the company have product/market fit or not?”. The more appropriate question is, “What’s the strength of the company’s product/market fit?” 2. How We Iterated on 10 Ideas in a Month After a discussion (that lasted 30 seconds, as it was an obvious decision for us), we decided to share our complete journey with our new startup, Dataline, with as much transparency as possible. Learnings should be shared! Anybody can leverage our journey, and it’s also a good way for us to take a step back and understand what we did right and what we could improve upon. So here is our first story: how we iterated and sorted through 10 ideas in our first month of working on a new startup. 3. How is Product Management in a Tech Startup Different Than a Large Company? I’ve been asked many times what is product management in a tech startup and how the job differs from product management at a larger company with a more mature product. 4. Painkillers, Vitamins and Misunderstood Startup Lessons If you’re a startup founder, you may be short of many things : funding, sleep, the will to live. 5. How Discord Became the Most Successful US Consumer App in the Last 5 Years I recently came across this very interesting Twitter thread which claims that: 6. Everything About Product-Market Fit: And Why You're Probably Confused About It Many people talk about product-market fit, and how important it is in the early days of a startup. Actually, most people agree that product-market fit is fundamental to a startup’s trajectory. 7. Reddit's Origin Story and Persistent  Path to Product Market Fit Welcome to the first edition of Product Stories. The first product that I have chosen is Reddit — a company that thousands of startups have tried to emulate but always failed to do so. Let’s look at why that is and what’s so special about Reddit. 8. Existing Security Tools are not built for developers, so this developer-turned-founder created one SecureStack was nominated as one of the best startups in Gold Coast, Australia in Startups of the Year hosted by HackerNoon 9. Top 5 Effective Product Positioning Strategies Product positioning is one of the most discussed topics in product marketing, and it could either make or mar the performance of any product that you developed. 10. In Search of a Better way to Measure Product/Market fit 11. 3 Questions Founders Should Answer to Scale and Raise VC Investment Do I Understand the VC Asset Class and Perspective? Am I Building a Predictable Customer Acquisition Model? Is My Startup a Billion Dollar Company? 12. The Rise of Refurbished Phones — Except in the U.S. Refurbished phones are becoming more and more popular, but the U.S. is lagging behind in sales. Here's a look at why. 13. Shifting from a sales-led growth to product-led growth mindset The transition from sales-led to product-led growth model: What are the benefits and challenges of the product-led growth model. 14. Introducing Spark: Our New Early-Stage Launchpad for Startup Founders This year we have been quietly developing and launching our first micro-incubator programme at ucreate. Since 2015 we have been working with talented founders as their tech partner across a variety of industries and technologies. 15. What Makes a Successful Product Launch: 6 Lessons for First Time Founders Launch is neither the beginning nor the end. It is a series of overlapping sequences. A typical one may include pre-build, pre-launch, launch, and post-launch. 16. How We Applied Twice for the Same YCombinator Batch Back in September, we were iterating on many ideas. We had come up with a 2-day invalidation process to make sure that we were not wasting too much time on bad ideas. 17. Retool for Startups: Early-stage startups can now build internal tools for free Retool for Startups is a program designed to help early-stage startups build critical internal tools. Eligible startups get 12 months of free Retool credits. 18. Chase Bowers Got His First Thousand Customers Without Spending Any Money - Here's How! How Did Chase Bowers Get 1,000+ New Customers Without Spending a Dime? He gave away 1,000 free plans, used feedback to improve, & then launched paid plans. 19. How to Discover User Issues: A Beginners' Guide First Things First: 20. How to Test Product-market Fit Using Software Prototypes An entrepreneur at any level can make a software prototyping model to show or test how their idealized product would work in real life. 21. How We Carved A Niche For An Rx Delivery Service Few years ago, I consulted for a small Rx delivery startup in HongKong where I focused on strategy, go-to-market and built out their product direction from the 22. Will The Customers Like This Feature? We’ve all had arguments about whether customers are going to want this feature or that. Maybe it’s about how the feature might work or even what colour a button might be. It’s an important debate to have, but all too often an important follow-up question is left out: how many customers will this really serve? 23. How to Find Your Product Market Fit Using Creative Brand Voice – A Guide By Creative Director Manifesting your community's values and unmet needs through creative brand and product ideas is the secret to product market fit. 24. A Deep Dive into the Probability of Future Success Model Intelligence Node’s access to immense online & competitor data & AI analytics puts it at an advantage to understand product trends based on probability model. 25. A Good Product/Market-Fit Needs a Good Roadmap Tech products, whether digital features, products, or services, need to achieve product-market fit if they have any hope of succeeding. 26. How Your Churn Can Aid Business Growth How tracking your churn rate can provide valuable insights into your business. Learn how to calculate churn rate to drive exponential growth. 27. An Overview of our PH Launch for AskMakers v2.0 Oh…I am so sleepy…because I launched AskMakers 2.0 on Product Hunt and I have been monitoring it almost without sleeping😪 28. Looking for a New Smartphone Led Me to Create a Platform That Aims to Reverse the Product-Market Fit We have hundreds of brands producing the same things and no one catering for any other needs, be it in terms of size, keyboard, or other characteristics. 29. Mining Fiat is Unsustainable In an earlier article, I outlined the opportunities that blockchains offer investors from a wide angle. This prompted a number of requests for more in-depth analysis of the disruptive qualities of this technology. The following is a first principle examination of the market opportunities blockchain-based solutions offer within the realm of government-controlled currencies, commonly referred to as "fiat money". Quite literally addressing all the money in the world. 30. A Deep Dive Into Product Manager Roles and Responsibilities Product Manager as a function or practice is fairly old now. It has been around since 1931 (well at least in theory). It originated from a memo written by Neil McElroy, an Advertising Manager at Proctor and Gamble. He wrote this memo to the Executive Team of P&G suggesting the need of a “brand man”, a person solely responsible for the product and not the business. 31. How Doing Product Discovery Can Help You Build A Truly Invincible Company Many teams and organisations jump into build mode too early. Then they build something that customers reject, they miss the mark, or they need extra budget to get it there. When you suggest a Product Discovery as a way to help get better results it gets rejected. This article is a way to answer the question: “Why do Product Discovery?” 32. The Startup Action Framework Explained How to Take Your Startup from Foundation to Flourish 33. How to Find Market Fit for Data Products By the time I entered the bar on that rainy spring afternoon, Justin had already started on his cocktail. It had been a few months since I saw him last; after his product design firm ended their work with my previous healthcare technology employer, he had taken on some new projects and
it was tough to find time to connect. I had recently left that employer myself to take on a new job that ticked all the boxes- pay raise, prestigious company, work from home, great boss. Plenty of changes to catch up on. 34. Design Thinking as a Practice for Business Innovation & Breakthrough There's no denying that Design Thinking is the way of the future. Applying this approach to a strategy and Innovation, brands can completely satisfy the needs of customers. To stay on the top, they should realize the significance of design for product success rates and have a clear understanding of a Design Thinking method. 35. Pre-PMF Startup: How To Do It Right In the beginning of June 2020, we had enough cash to sustain ourselves for 2 years, and had decided to pivot. At the time, we weren’t sure if we needed to move away from our product, on which revenues were growing very slowly, or not. We spent 6 weeks in full exploration mode to identify what our next step was. 36. How to Find Product-Market Fit by Starting With an MVP MVP is a basic version of a product that consists of minimum features and core functionality, solving an important problem for the end-users. 37. Is Telegram Premium Worth Buying Telegram Premium was released in June this year. It brings added customization features, increased limits, and an ad-free experience. 38. 8 Questions Startup Founders Ask Too Late Recently I’ve been able to interview several startup founders, ranging from very early stage to actively scaling, bootstrapped to funded. Along with the lessons learned from my own hands-on work with startups, I’ve put together my highlights on key points that could make or break your startup venture. 39. What was the Product Masterclass by Product School all about? One of the things, I had decided, was that during the lockdown I would sharpen my skills around Product Management. For this, I have been religiously attending many webinars and doing some online courses. One of the courses that hit the chord was this course 40. Service & Marketplace-model fit Services are ambiguous, and creating an online services marketplace requires finding a fit b/w the service and the marketplace model 41. Market Research is the Key to Your Business Success: Here’s Why Today’s customers are smarter than you think. They are capable enough to research your product and make buying decisions on their own. With this in mind, you have to adopt new technologies and learn market trends. You have to understand your customers’ preferences, feelings, and attitudes. For that, you need to do market research. Market research is the core of your every successful business strategy. It’s the one and only way to get a deeper knowledge about your customers, competitors, and most importantly, your employees. 42. Ask Yourself These 80 Questions Before Starting a New Business I think you'll agree with me when I say: 43. Codeless Product Demos is the Key to Closing Deals for the Sales Team in 2021 This article talks about product demo and why codeless product demo creation is critical for sales teams to get leads. 44. The Epic Story of a Stellar Product Manager: From 0 to 100k Users Sunil Tej Gorantla is a product expert, growth hacker, and writer. He believes in solving for what people need and making data-driven decisions. 45. 4 Surprisingly Easy Steps To Make Your Product Into A Habit For Customers I did a survey this summer: I asked the founders what they want help with for their startup. I created a long list of options including sales, metrics, marketing, and product development. 46. How Carta is Capturing the Atomic Unit of the Entrepreneurial Stack When founders, limited partners, and investors ask us which companies exemplify Tribe’s culture, process, and decision-making towards successful outcomes, we point to three companies: Facebook, Slack, and Carta. These companies track our trajectory from operators to investors culminating in our partnership with Carta, where we’ve doubled, tripled and quadrupled down on our initial investment. This article explains why at Tribe we say, “We make N-of-1 companies.” 47. How to Unlock Product Market Fit and Rapid Growth for Startups Discover the key finding the elusive “product market fit” and unlocking rapid growth with steps you can start today. 48. Product Management Experience: Corporate vs. Early Stage Startup Work in a corporation can blind a product manager's eyes, due to the safety provided. Why it is necessary to gain more experience by building your own startup? 49. Make Product Experience The Differentiator [Explained] When someone asks me about how to make a product stand out and what could be one of the key product differentiators. 50. Why Building Enterprise Products Is Awesome While consumer products get all the hype, B2B products are a quiet gem 51. How Blockchain Startups Can Find Product Market Fit Follow our detailed guide for discovering the product-market fit for your startup 52. A Practical Setapp Guide For Measuring Product-Market Fit If you Google anything around "product - market fit", you're going to find hundreds of articles saying why this is so important for startups and software companies. Without it, the experts claim, you can't scale your idea. Won't have a viable company. But there isn't much on how to implement this theory. 53. How We Find A Way to Grow our MRR by 800% in 6 Months At the end of 2018, my co-founder Steve and I sat down and reflected on the year. We had grown 100% across many key metrics during the previous year and usage of doopoll had increased 300% in a matter of weeks. Thank you for checking out the 53 most read stories about Product Market Fit on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

53 Stories To Learn About Product Market Fit

138 Stories To Learn About Startups Top Story

Let's learn about via these 60 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Makers /Learn Repo 1. Open Source Series: Starting a Project or how to open your project to the world 2. Build Data-Driven Web App Without Backend During the last couple of decades websites' functionally has increased dramatically - from simple landing pages serving simple static ads to complex progressive web apps whose functionality close to native applications including user authorization, location tracking, bluetooth handling, and offline mode. 3. Complaint About BitMex’s WebSocket API, and Update On Profitable Market Makers 4. Open Source Ventilator Projects: Status, Challenges, How You Can Help At this moment, there are thousands of intelligent, diligent, well-meaning engineers trying to help the design of open source ventilators to address a possibly imminent life-threatening shortage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This wealth of creative technical energy is currently disorganized, scattered, and unfocused. Rather than being a tremendous force for saving lives that it may become, energy and time is currently being wasted on oversimplifications of the problem and the belief that the projects are closer to deployable than they really are. 5. Bye Bye Google: How I Botched My Company's Launch After Leaving I like to analyze my past work through the prism of evaluating my mistakes (I’m sure my therapist would have a field day with that one). I launched my first publicly available engineering project in early December and as George W. Bush once said, “Mistakes were made”. 6. 3 Lessons That I Learned From my Failed Indie Hackers Project Earlier this year, I shamelessly ripped off an idea and built an app for making printable place cards thinking I too could generate some passive income. 7. Build an eCommerce Mobile App using Google Sheets, Stripe And Glide Last week, one of my Product2kit customers who bought a no-code template asked if I can create a template for eCommerce use cases. I took his idea and came up with this online sneaker store. Here’s my app building process: 8. How To Track All Your Side Projects in 1 Notion Template Note: This article is part of my toolkit newsletters↗️ where I share resources about building things. Join me :) 9. Top 3 Online Mentoring Platforms For Startups Stop passive learning and hack your growth with a mentor 10. Mozilla Summer Startup Studio and MVP Lab TLDR: See mozilla.org/builders for more details regarding our summer programs! 11. Our Secret Recipe for Product Hunt 👀 Hey Folks, we recently launched on Product Hunt and are proud to announce that we won Product of the Day! 12. The Best Way to Learn Arduino for Beginners Are you interested in Arduino, but don't know where to start? Here are 5 resources to help! 13. Finding Market Fit Modern startup advice is to launch and grow revenue as quickly as possible, as aggressively as possible. 14. How No Code ML Can Create an Impact on Businesses There’s a process for solving business problems via machine learning. If you Google “learn machine learning,” you’ll find a bunch of guides, online courses, and such that walk you through the coding languages of ML and the processes it takes to solve data predictions. You conclude it takes a lot of time to learn technical machine learning. 15. An insight into Asia's Tech Startup Scene With the boom in technology, tech startups are booming all over the world, especially in the Asian region. In recent years, it has been noticed that startups are growing the track record of success stories in the business world. 16. Top Management Tips for Startup Founders Here are some top dos and don'ts for startup founders, alongside some management tips for startup founders from successful entrepreneurs. 17. A Year in Review of My Developer-Focused SAAS This is the first annual review of Snipline. The shell command bookmarker app. [18. Building End-to-End Digital Onboarding Workflows Using Low-code](https://hackernoon.com/building-end-to-end-digital-onboarding-workflows-with-low-code-solution-2nak3y9x) On average, organizations admit they have identified around three major time wasters inside their companies: 19. Keeping People Focused by Distracting Them In developing my Chrome Extension Serenity, I believe I have hit the perfect balance between keeping users focused on their task while also distracting them with what your app has to offer. 20. Open Source Series: Intro or where the journey begins 21. How we built ToDoBot for Slack in 3 days Technically, it was four days, but we were working on it in between taking customer calls and fixing OneBar bugs so, let’s call it three ;) 22. Why You Should Always Build a MVP First Let’s take a look at a classic example of a situation that I have observed numerous times. An enthusiastic maker has an idea for a great product and starts building right away without checking for competitors, creating a landing page first or getting some feedback from potential users. The maker sits down in front of his computer and starts building his product blindly. 23. 5 Important Books For Indie Hackers: 2020 Edition In this post, I’ve listed five books that helped me to shape my mindset and that help with creating and marketing a viable product 24. My First Pitch to Investor: From Outsourcing to Product Hi community! My name is Sergii, I'm a CEO at WellSpeak from Kyiv Ukraine. We build a mobile app for practicing English speaking skills. 25. How We Iterated on 10 Ideas in a Month After a discussion (that lasted 30 seconds, as it was an obvious decision for us), we decided to share our complete journey with our new startup, Dataline, with as much transparency as possible. Learnings should be shared! Anybody can leverage our journey, and it’s also a good way for us to take a step back and understand what we did right and what we could improve upon. So here is our first story: how we iterated and sorted through 10 ideas in our first month of working on a new startup. 26. What to do when you hear about your idea: “That’s been done…” About twenty times in my career as a Computer Scientist and Public Inventor I have somehow informally presented an idea to someone or a group of people, only to hear them say, “That’s been done.” 27. Abstract + Flawless App Introduction Hello to all designers here! 28. Sergio Mattei: The Beautiful Humans Of Hacker Noon (Noonies Winner for Under 20ish Award, 2019) In Hacker Noon’s inaugural awards last year, we wanted to recognize the brightest and best, in tech, and the award category ‘2-or-3 under 20ish’, is for the ones who are super young, yet entrepreneurial and motivated. This is our sweet little Q&A with an awesome human named Sergio Mattei, who is the winner of the award. 29. Meet a Simple API for PDF Docs PDF API, fill, generate and e-sign PDFs 30. Creating a Free Feedback Platform From Scatch During Pandemic Hey there, sit back, relax, and enjoy the story about how namelss, an anonymous feedback platform was created all from scratch during the COVID pandemic. 31. Why We Need Open-Source Spirit We have gone through an era in which software and the Internet have devoured the world, and now we are all enjoying the convenience brought by software and the Internet. After returning for a few years, we can not imagine that express delivery is so convenient now, and takeaway is so convenient, everything is completely different from before. Even when we went out for tourism, a new model Airbnb or short-term rental appeared. In the old days, few people could imagine that there are so many people who rent out their free houses or even rooms for tourists. This was impossible to imagine before the prosperity of the Internet and software. 32. How To Code Faster with Hundreds of Shortcuts in TeaCode TeaCode is a time-saving app from Apptorium that gives you an enormous library of expendable code snippets for any programming language. Instead of typing the whole action, you can only put down the expander and it with unfold into a full section of code. Every time you use an expander, you save loads of efforts on hand-coding every line. Plus, you can create your own expanders in any language. 33. How I Made My Side Project Going Viral on Hacker News In December 2019, I finally decided to kill my side project after 12 months of coding. It was a tough moment, I felt disappointed and angry. 34. Bourbon Makers Face a Major Problem: Tariffs Kentucky distilleries are expected to pay more than $33 million in aging-barrel taxes in 2021 alone. That figure is 140% higher than it was 10 years ago. 35. Three Bs to Avoid That 2AM alert Solo founder, CTO for a small team, or side-hustler. The story is the same. When your app goes down, you’re on the hook. So, what can you do to reduce those dreaded 2AM page alerts? 36. The Unseen Areas Augur Your Future Failure It is 1943 and you are Head of the United States Eighth Air Force. Your mission is to destroy Germany's ability to wage war and free up the skies for the Allied Forces. The problem is that your Bombers are being zapped out of the sky like mosquitos drawn into the fire in a summery night. 37. How to Go About Planning a Hackathon? Hacks are novel creations or solutions to problems and the purpose of a Hackathon is to create them.  The word “Hackathon” comes from combining the words ‘Hack’ and ‘Marathon’, and implies a long sprint to create something useful in a single event. 38. How to Build a Product in Public And Get Traction Image by Jorge Guillen from Pixabay An increasing number of indie makers decide to build in public. Some do it via their blog, on Twitter, on an open page or via communities. But it can be incredibly daunting to makers who are used to build their products in a more private fashion. 39. A Couple of Nomad Makers: finding friends and side project profits This article is the second in a three part series. If you want to read the first one you can do here. 40. AVC Room Booking System Introduction Service Overview 41. Do You Know How to Fail Fast With Your Next Idea? I am sharing all the knowledge I gathered during my research in four months of testing different business ideas. Before starting investing lots of time and building an MVP (minimum viable product) you can test ideas with adtotyping and get some metrics without writing a single line of code. This process shows a powerful way to validate ideas with the help of Facebook. 42. Coding Does Not Need to Be A Curse While having an ability to build things is definitely a blessing, sometimes, however, it can prove to be a curse as well. I realized it when I was building KnowyKnowy. 43. Using a Spreadsheet to Build a Mobile App (in 3 hours) As a product builder↗️, I built micro tools to solve my own problems. For example: article tool, portfolio tracker, SaaS tracker, habit tracker, and finance tracker 44. How to build an effective MVP in 3 steps Building a startup! You have an epiphany and say to yourself: 45. 10 Ideas to Create a Daily Writing Habit This writing discusses ways to reduce barriers to creating a daily writing habit. 46. Skip the SSL w/ Serverless Telegram Bot via Now.js Note: these directions come without much conversation, let the hacking begin! 47. Elimo Impetus: a tiny S3 OSHW, FOSS System-on-Module In case you missed our latest update, Elimo Engineering designed a small, powerful Linux System-on-Module, designed for low cost and fast system integration. It’s FOSS and OSHW and sports all of the following: 48. Divide et Impera: Tips On Content Creation From a Full-Stack Founder When I'm working on any single project, I'm becoming bored pretty quickly. I'm sure that a lot of people will empathize with this feeling. When a project is fresh and new everything is interesting about it. However, when the newness is gone, and you're actually doing the day-to-day routine of just hardcore work, it can become pretty dull. 49. Find The Right Sponsor for Your Open Source Project The ongoing maintenance and growth of open source projects are clearly in the best interest of the software companies using them. And yet, raising money for an open-source project is difficult, and many developers struggle with finding the right sponsors for their projects. What is the best way to get the resources open source developers need to keep developing? 50. Product Marketing Tech Stack Options Under $100/Month User acquisition is one of the biggest struggles growing SaaS and app companies face. The right product marketing tech stack will push the number of new and active users up and decrease customer acquisition costs at the same time – the perfect recipe for a growing product. But marketing tools cost money, and growing businesses have tight budgets to keep. Use these tools to build a killer product marketing strategy at a total cost of less than $100 per month. 51. My Journey Of Going Viral With A Humble Github Project 🚀 I made a simple project which got spread in various tech communities and social media. Github featured it in 'Trending repositories of day' section. 52. Don't Make These Common Mistakes When Launching Your Website On October 22 I've launched online my first website. I'd like to share with you my experience. 53. Top 5 Challenges For Indie Hackers It's a tough lifestyle being a solo indie hacker. Here are some of the hardest parts. 54. A Beginners Guide to Developing, Recording and Releasing your Podcast This is how I developed and launched my first podcast, The Brave, in under 2 months 55. What if I got Hit by a Bus? – Taking Care of the Code You Created You, and you alone managed to birth your solution, despite the ambitious deadlines and resource constraints. The solution works - it’s standing tall on its own, but you know that it is but a gentle gust of wind away from needing your delicate and nuanced maintenance. 56. Top Articles This Week In Tech: WN 14 We hope you did have an awesome week! Here is your dose of the best
articles that came up over the last week. Have fun reading them! 57. Pet Projects are Fun I love pet projects, they are great excuse to use libraries and other technologies that you can’t use at work. Lately I’ve been working on a bigger pet project that needs to parse Go files, I’ve used ANTLR before to make this kind of things but unfortunately, ANTLR’s Go target has poor performance. So I began to search for alternatives written in pure Go and came across with this one, which took a different approach on creating parsers with Go, but before we’re going to understand how this library is different from others, let’s cover some basic concepts about parsing. 58. Our Nomad Makers Origin Story Our journey so far has comprised of one year in South East Asia, five months in Australia and New Zealand, two months in Berlin, two months in the UK, and one month in Eastern Europe. Now we’re working our way through South America, having explored Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia. At the time of writing we’re actually on a bus to Peru, trying to type while bouncing around on the terrible roads out here! 59. How and Why Makers Should Set a Deadline They Can't Extend Hi, makers:) 60. How we built an A.I Radio Presenter "Radio, we still love you." Thank you for checking out the 60 most read stories about Makers on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

60 Stories To Learn About Makers

178 Stories To Learn About Entrepreneurship

148 Stories To Learn About Team Management

In today's world, data has become an essential resource for businesses, driving decision-making and innovation. As the volume of data continues to grow, ensuring data quality and compliance with relevant regulations is more important than ever. One way to achieve better data governance is through data lineage, which tracks the flow of data throughout an organization. This article will discuss how data lineage can help in user data governance and explore how serverless technology can be incorporated to achieve better results. Understanding Data Lineage and User Data Governance refers to the life cycle of data, including its origin, transformations, and relationships within a system. By mapping data lineage, organizations can gain a better understanding of how data is used and ensure that it remains accurate, consistent, and secure. Data lineage User data governance, on the other hand, is the process of managing and securing user data in accordance with relevant regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Effective user data governance involves managing data access, storage, and deletion, as well as ensuring data privacy and security. II. The Role of Data Lineage in User Data Governance Data lineage plays a crucial role in user data governance for several reasons: : Regulatory frameworks like GDPR and have strict requirements for how user data is collected, stored, and processed. By understanding the flow of user data within an organization, data lineage helps ensure compliance with these regulations. Compliance CCPA Data lineage helps identify errors and inconsistencies in data, improving overall data quality. As user data is often used to make critical business decisions, maintaining accurate and reliable data is essential. Data Quality: Data lineage can help organizations identify potential security risks and vulnerabilities by highlighting areas where sensitive user data is being accessed or processed. This knowledge can be used to implement appropriate security measures to protect user data from unauthorized access or breaches. Data Security: Data lineage allows organizations to conduct impact analysis, evaluating how changes to a data source or process will affect downstream systems and processes. This is particularly important when dealing with user data, as changes can have significant consequences on data quality, security, and compliance. Impact Analysis: III. Incorporating Serverless Technology in Data Lineage and User Data Governance Serverless technology, which enables organizations to build and run applications without the need to manage infrastructure, has the potential to transform data lineage and user data governance. Here are some ways serverless technology can be incorporated: One of the key benefits of serverless technology is its ability to scale automatically based on demand. As organizations generate and process increasing amounts of user data, serverless architecture can ensure that data lineage systems are always able to handle the load. Scalability: With serverless technology, organizations only pay for the compute resources they actually use. This can lead to cost savings, particularly for data lineage and user data governance systems that may experience fluctuating demand. Cost Efficiency: Serverless technology allows organizations to develop and deploy data lineage and user data governance solutions using a variety of programming languages and platforms. This flexibility enables organizations to choose the best tools for their specific needs and to quickly adapt to changing requirements. Flexibility: Serverless technology can help improve the security of data lineage and user data governance systems by automatically managing and patching underlying infrastructure. This reduces the risk of security vulnerabilities and ensures that sensitive user data remains protected. Enhanced Security: IV. Implementing Serverless Data Lineage and User Data Governance Solutions Implementing Serverless Data Lineage and User Data Governance Solutions - A Detailed Approach To successfully implement serverless data lineage and user data governance solutions, organizations should follow these steps in more detail: Clearly outline the goals and objectives of the data lineage and user data governance initiative. This may include improving data quality, ensuring compliance with regulations, and enhancing data security. Set measurable targets and key performance indicators (KPIs) to evaluate the success of the implementation. Define Goals and Objectives: Analyze the current state of the organization's data systems, including data sources, processes, and storage. This will provide a baseline for designing and implementing serverless data lineage and user data governance solutions. Identify gaps and areas for improvement, and map the organization's data landscape to understand data flow and dependencies. Assess Existing Infrastructure and Data Flows: : Select a serverless platform that best aligns with the organization's goals, objectives, and technical requirements. Popular serverless platforms include AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, and Azure Functions. Consider factors such as cost, performance, ease of use, and compatibility with existing systems when making your decision. Choose the Right Serverless Platform : Design and build serverless applications to handle data lineage and user data governance tasks. These solutions should be scalable, cost-efficient, and flexible, taking full advantage of the benefits offered by serverless technology. Develop and Deploy Serverless Data Lineage and User Data Governance Solutions A. Data Lineage Solution: Develop a serverless application to capture, process, and visualize data lineage information. For example, using AWS Lambda and Amazon Step Functions, you can create a serverless workflow to extract metadata from various data sources, transform and store the metadata in a centralized database like Amazon DynamoDB, and visualize the data lineage using Amazon QuickSight. Here's an example of a simple Lambda function to extract metadata from an S3 bucket: import boto3
import json

def lambda_handler(event, context):
    s3 = boto3.client('s3')
    bucket = event['Records'][0]['s3']['bucket']['name']
    key = event['Records'][0]['s3']['object']['key']
    response = s3.head_object(Bucket=bucket, Key=key)
    metadata = response['Metadata']
    
    store_metadata(bucket, key, metadata)

def store_metadata(bucket, key, metadata):
    dynamodb = boto3.resource('dynamodb')
    table = dynamodb.Table('DataLineage')
    item = {
        'Bucket': bucket,
        'Key': key,
        'Metadata': metadata
    }
    table.put_item(Item=item) B. User Data Governance Solution: Develop a serverless application to monitor and enforce user data governance policies, such as data access controls, data retention, and data anonymization. For example, you can use AWS Lambda and AWS Config to automatically detect and remediate non-compliant resources or configurations. Here's an example of a Lambda function to enforce data retention policies on Amazon S3 objects: import boto3

import datetime

def lambda_handler(event, context):

    s3 = boto3.client('s3')

    retention_period = 365  # Define the retention period in days

    for record in event['Records']:

        bucket = record['s3']['bucket']['name']

        key = record['s3']['object']['key']

        response = s3.head_object(Bucket=bucket, Key=key)

        creation_date = response['LastModified']

        if (datetime.datetime.now() - creation_date).days > retention_period:

            s3.delete_object(Bucket=bucket, Key=key) Monitor and Optimize: Continuously monitor the performance of serverless data lineage and user data governance solutions to identify areas for improvement. This may include optimizing code, adjusting resource allocation, and fine-tuning serverless platform settings. Use monitoring tools like Amazon CloudWatch, Google Stackdriver, or Azure Monitor to collect and analyze metrics, logs, and traces. Set up alerts to notify stakeholders of any performance or operational issues, and establish a process for continuous improvement. Ensure Security and Compliance: Regularly review and update security measures to protect user data and maintain compliance with relevant regulations. This may involve conducting vulnerability assessments, implementing encryption and access controls, and staying informed about the latest security best practices. Apply the principle of least privilege to limit access to sensitive data, and use tools like AWS IAM, Google Cloud IAM, or Azure Active Directory to manage permissions and roles. A. Encryption: Serverless platforms often provide built-in encryption options for data at rest and in transit. For example, you can use AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS, or Azure Key Vault to manage encryption keys and encrypt sensitive data. B. Access Control: Implement access control policies based on the organization's data governance requirements. Use API Gateway, CloudFront, or other tools to enforce authentication and authorization for data access. C. Auditing and Logging: Enable auditing and logging features provided by serverless platforms to track and record user actions and system events. Analyze these logs to detect potential security threats, and use them for compliance reporting. Conclusion Data lineage is a powerful tool for organizations looking to improve user data governance. By tracking the flow of data and providing insights into data quality, security, and compliance, data lineage can help organizations make better decisions and ensure the protection of sensitive user data. Incorporating serverless technology into data lineage and user data governance initiatives offers numerous benefits, including scalability, cost efficiency, and flexibility. By following the steps outlined above, organizations can successfully implement serverless data lineage and user data governance solutions, driving better outcomes and supporting data-driven decision-making.

Advancing User Data Governance with Data Lineage

How to Reverse Engineer a Drone With Wireshark Using Packet Dissection

প্যাকেট ব্যবচ্ছেদ ব্যবহার করে ওয়্যারশার্কের সাথে একটি ড্রোনকে কীভাবে উল্টানো যায়

So entwickeln Sie eine Drohne mit Wireshark mithilfe der Paketzerlegung zurück

Cómo aplicar ingeniería inversa a un dron con Wireshark mediante la disección de paquetes

Comment inverser l'ingénierie d'un drone avec Wireshark à l'aide de la dissection de paquets

पैकेट विच्छेदन का उपयोग करके Wireshark के साथ एक ड्रोन को उल्टा कैसे करें

パケット解析を使用して Wireshark でドローンをリバース エンジニアリングする方法

패킷 분석을 사용하여 Wireshark로 드론을 리버스 엔지니어링하는 방법

Como fazer engenharia reversa de um drone com Wireshark usando dissecação de pacotes

Paket Diseksiyonu Kullanılarak Wireshark Kullanılarak Bir Drone Nasıl Tersine Tasarlanır?

Cách thiết kế đảo ngược máy bay không người lái bằng Wireshark bằng cách sử dụng phân tách gói

如何使用 Wireshark 使用数据包解析对无人机进行逆向工程

Companies are increasingly using Artificial Intelligence services, especially when it comes to automating internal processes or improving their customers' experience. The strong development of AI makes it a commodity. These functionalities can be used in several fields: health, human resources, tech, etc. These AI technologies come in various forms: Image processing: object detection, facial recognition, text extraction, etc. Text analysis: keyword extraction, sentiment analysis, etc. Machine translation: customer relationships, document translation, etc. Audio transcription: phone call analysis, video subtitling, etc. Prediction: sales prediction, production optimization, etc. The big players in the cloud market (Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure or Google Cloud) offer solutions that provide access to this type of service, but there are also smaller providers that are already competing with them: Mindee, Dataleon, Deepgram, AssemblyAI, Rev.AI, Speechmatics, Lettria, etc. Because of their specialization, they often manage to offer very powerful solutions. In the AI sector, there are many different suppliers offering various solutions. As a result, it is complicated to correctly choose the best solution for your needs, as performance depends on the user's data. A transcription of audio into text will not necessarily be the same using Google Cloud as using AssemblyAI, for example. Indeed, depending on the language used, one provider might generate a better transcription in Spanish than the other one. In order to demonstrate this, here are some more in-depth analyses demonstrating the difference in performance of several providers with concrete examples of data for: , , , , and . An AI comparator also provides quick access to public benchmarks between vendors based on public data: . vision OCR prediction object detection speech-to-text facial recognition compare.edenai.run To address the complexity of this market, Eden AI is developing an API that allows users to access the AI engines of their choice. The company combines these engines and provides a single entry point to compare, test and use them. Offering different levels of performance, price, and response quality depending on the data processed, this is where Eden AI stands out thanks to its unique, multi-vendor approach. The company's ambition is to democratize the use of AI to make it easily accessible to all developers. To achieve this promise, Eden AI focuses on three main axes: → The company positions itself as an aggregator operating a standardization: it gives the possibility to use several engines at the same time, as well as replacing and combining them with the greatest simplicity. Eden AI also takes care of centralizing costs to allow users to save time. → It also develops the "Genius" feature: an automatic and dynamic recommendation system based on each user's data. Eden AI redirects to the best solution and engines adapted to the user. → Finally, the user will probably combine several AI engines for different uses. The "Pipelines" tool allows to directly create a data processing flow allowing to combine AI solutions instantly between them. To succeed in its project, Eden AI recently raised $1.6 million in a round of financing supported by the French accelerator 50 Partners, but also by renowned business angels: Olivier Pomel (Datadog), Nicolas Dessaigne (Algolia), Sébastien Pahl (Docker), Julien Lemoine (Algolia), Benjamin Fabre (DataDome), Laurent Letourmy (Ysance), Jean-Baptiste Aviat (Sqreen), Georges Gomes (Div Riots) and Thomas Grange (Botify): Eden AI is therefore developing in a booming market, with the ambition to make AI accessible to all developers. To do this, the company wants to expand its team with talented recruits: edenai.co/careers.

You are Not Using the Right AI/ML API: Here’s Why

And how to kill, killer AI! By ( Chief Technology Officer at Nodle) Eliott Teissonniere & ( Co-Founder at Nodle, Science fiction author) Garrett Kinsman - As Civilization rapidly expands off earth, we must ask how we will govern ourselves. With a new space race set off between the US and China, people, cargo, and information will travel across the void. But what does this look like exactly? How exactly will the basic underpinnings of an interplanetary civilization be architected and governed? In our last article we explored how an would operate, and its implications. We also surmised that the economic driver for Martian exploration may not be resources or manufacturing, but simple tax “optimization”. interplanetary financial system The nearly $100 Billion USD that the top six Silicon Valley Giants underpaid in taxes (Amazon, Facebook, Google, Netflix, Apple and Microsoft) between 2011 and 2020, is close to the costs of the entire Apollo Program adjusted for inflation! ( $146.7 Billion 2020 USD, $25.4 billion in 1973 , ). source source As countries band together to make corporations pay their taxes, and the cost of spaceflight reduces exponentially, our push to the heavens begins to look more financially sound. It just might be cheaper to set foot on Mars and declare tax residency there than it could be for an interconnected group of organizations to pay their taxes.  You can write off the expenses as well! Governing Mars as a Tax Haven As the Silicon Valley Monarchy uproots itself from the grounds of San Hill Road and impales itself upon the Martian dunes, questions of interplanetary governance come to rise. Under 1966 The Outer Space Treaty, Mars has been declared ungovernable. “Outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.” Considering the current state of international law, we don't expect the Outer Space Treaty to last long. Historically speaking, almost every land that has been settled upon has been declared independent from the colonizing party. Look at America, Africa, or India. As soon as a Martian colony maintains some semblance of self sufficiency, it quickly declares independence.  Even if a Martian Colony is not independent, there is nothing in the 1966 treaty stating it cannot declare a special economic zone. The Treaty does not even mention the word “tax” once. While the US-China cold war intensifies, we can assume that Martian colonies will be governed by two models, a highly centralized capitalist- communist approach, and a more decentralized capitalist - democratic approach. For this article we will assume that civilization will adopt a blockchain based, democratic decentralized autonomous organization model, also known as a DAO. A DAO brings people together to vote on “proposals” using decentralized technology. Such proposals can do quite a few things and are generally followed by an automated execution, a few non exhaustive examples are below: Funds management: a proposal could suggest spending funds, re-allocating the portfolio of a treasury fund, or even kickstart a colony in the form of martian tokenized bonds Constitutional, and legal management: a proposal could propose to amend a constitution, or a set of bylaws Dispute resolution: a DAO based jury system, like Kleros.io could be put in place in order to resolve disputes and limit escalations Elect Council members: In the case of a representative democracy. Command and Control: Direct and manage international policy and kinetic action. ** ** We suggest leveraging a “one-person-one-vote” governance model in order to  guarantee that each citizen of the colony would have a voice of its own, without falling into the trap of establishing a plutocratic system. Each citizen could be added to a registry tracking their right to vote or not, this registry entry would be tied to their public address used on the local colony’s blockchain used to settle transactions and take decisions at scale. Thanks to the use of , it would even be possible to preserve the privacy of voters and thus limit biases when debating on sensitive proposals. zero knowledge proofs Governance Between Bases International Law is generally more of an art today than a solidified rule of law. The compelling fact about decentralized governance is that it can allow for two opposing forces to exchange without trust. An example would be trading energy for stablecoins. One could imagine governance interoperability standards in place for Decentralized Finance, energy and resource agreements, combat, or even Nuclear Command and Control (assuming civilization is still trapped within the current deterrence theory of mutually assured destruction). We would feel far more comfortable with autonomous, decentralized mutually assured destruction versus the current human controlled model. As civilization is not generally stable, and history is defined by conflict,  let’s assume we end up in all out, interplanetary war. Martian bases will find themselves isolated, at war with each other, and under attack. DAO Threat Modeling Despite the tremendous command and control issues that decentralized governance poses to a real world settlement, there are many non-kinetic attacks that can be played out. We see later in this piece how these attack vectors could be critical to the survival of the human race. : Whichever voting system is supported by the Martian colony, it will need to take in account the risk of vote buying, where extraordinarily wealthy individuals could provide people a monetary compensation for voting in favor of certain proposals. This is another case where the use of privacy enhancing technologies, such as Zero Knowledge cryptography, could improve the status quo by making it incredibly hard to organize vote buying attacks at scale. For instance, it wouldn’t be possible to prove that somebody actually voted for a certain option, thus it would be incredibly hard to verify that somebody actually did the correct vote and later compensate them, which would make the economics of vote buying attacks collapse. 1) Vote Buying, Sybil attacks : But what if your cryptography has underlying problems? While this opinion is highly controversial, during an interplanetary conflict we should assume that our cryptographic primitives may come under attack through backdoors or advances in computing theory. Cryptography is based on one way functions, essentially math that makes information easy to “encrypt” in one direction, but very hard to “decrypt” the output unless you know the right variables. The only issue, as described it best, is that  “none of the functions currently in use have ever been definitively proved to be one-way functions — we don’t even know for sure that true one-way functions exist.” This means that cryptography is not provably secure, it is only “Hard” to attack. With the right computer, some presume that a quantum computer, or even a galactic computer, could create cryptographic vulnerabilities. In addition, some people believe that modern cryptographic standards, which are designed by the same agency created to break codes (The NSA), may have included cryptographic backdoors in the mathematics they selected for common cryptographic standards. Because of this, decentralized Protocols like Polkadot are using non NSA cryptographic primitives (Polkadot even goes so far to describes their reasoning ). Assuming the Internet is still online during an interplanetary conflict, a simple runtime update should be able to solve non hardware based backdoors or cryptographic vulnerabilities (Assuming you can detect such a cryptographic attack is even taking place, and fix it swiftly). 2) Quantum Key attacks Quanta Magazine here Malicious code caused to crash the network could be inserted into a governance or blockchain update proposal. Unless properly audited, could be used to take down or harm the network if voted into effect. 3) Malicious Governance proposals: Another way to attack a DAO is to attack the hardware on which it runs. This can be through hacking, or even backdoors inserted into the hardware itself. Significant work these days is going into securing hardware based voting machines. DARPA is doing some really incredible work here with the , and we are going to assume this technology, combined with open source HSMs, will be integrated into most consumer hardware by the time we are voting on Mars.  With decentralized roots of trust, and potentially billions of nodes, we can make hardware attacks very expensive to perform. 4) Hardware attacks: SSITH Program The Internet as we know it has a fairly centralized key scheme and could be fairly easily shut down. We should assume that some of these issues would be solved when deploying an interplanetary internet (mostly to improve scalability and efficiency). Nonetheless, an angry ICANN could certainly revoke the certificates or change the routing tables of core interplanetary governance components. We hope that ICANN adopts more decentralized governance models (like ENS support) in the future, and they have adopted a during the recent war in Ukraine. 5) Internet attack: neutral stance While NTP has been before, Network time protocol attacks can pose threats to interplanetary governance. The Primary time contributor of NTP is the US Navy. We should assume Mars would have its own clocks, not relying on the US Navy. Interplanetary NTP poses some interesting issues and . 6) Attacking time. weaponized research As DAOs evolve and move off earth, we will begin to see new types of DAOs emerge, and this is where things truly get interesting. Muskian Governance Lord Elon Musk proposed a simple tweak to the classical direct democracy approach, which we will call Muskian Governance. We can modify our democratic governance with a core constitution. This approach then includes proposals that when voted into block are time bound. Amendments to this constitution are proposed in governance proposals (EMIPs) which are then voted upon periodically. These proposals once voted onto place have an expiration date based on the block. After a set number of time (As determined by number of blocks, or decentralized time protocol) the proposal will expire. ** ** Dark DAOs As we mentioned before, Zero knowledge (Zk) voting will be essential to preserving the privacy of individuals participating in governance. The participants, functions and potentially even the existence itself of a Dark DAO can be nearly impossible to detect. Previously we coined the term DAO of Devices, where the DAO itself incentivizes hardware like base stations, sensors or servers to be deployed. Hardware that runs Dark DAOs can be hidden in the form of disposable computers, subsea servers, satellites on Lagrange points, and even base stations on distant planets. Distributing blockchain consensus across space and time creates many challenges in performance, of which we dove into in our previous post on interplanetary finance. Distributing blockchain validator nodes across the solar system would make such a Dark DAO extremely difficult to attack. Autonomous DAOs As Artificial intelligence advances exponentially, we will quickly see humans electing AI as core members of a governance committee. These AIs will submit proposals, and eventually be elected to vote on proposals. There is some incredible based around this concept, and it makes one ponder as to what kinds of proposals and votes that an AI would make in regards to current geopolitical events. anime As a first step, AI would leverage big data to create proposals that humans could then vote on. For example leveraging climate models to propose changes to energy and economic policy. AI and humans could further compete on proposals, with competing AI ranking these proposals and modeling their potential implications. This poses a great possibility of enhancing and improving democratic functions. As systems become increasingly relevant, autonomous command and control become key topics to debate. Distributed AI (multiparty neural networks) is a growing field where many different AI powered “nodes” work together to solve problems. Distributed AI helps preserve privacy by processing data locally, and sharing what is learned throughout the network. Startups are working to bring distributed AI on-chain, allowing AI to participate in trustless, decentralized governance models. The most interesting aspect of distributed AI running on-chain is that it is nearly impossible to kill. autonomous swarm weapons While we are still some years away from general, on-chain AI, we imagine a great amount of conflict brewing between AI governance mechanisms and human controlled elements. How would humans stop an AI DAO, distributed across a solar system or galaxy? Intergalactic DAOs Since the invention of the airplane in 1903, the speed of controlled flight has increased exponentially. As civilization expands beyond our host star, and AI helps us solve , we imagine a space opera of intergalactic DAOs spreading out across the heavens.  AIs governing billions of inhabitants will make peace, and go to battle with each other, and they may not be human controlled. key civilizational issues Due to limitations on speed of light, simply communicating between the closest DAOs could take decades. Without an Intergalactic transdimensional DAO ( ) how will governance proposals be synchronized across the galaxy? Based on the speed of light we might even be able to calculate the size of a DAO could grow before communication breakdowns lead to new ones being formed. History would tell us that even a few days of communication delay can cause empires to fall apart.  Could an AI DAO replicate itself and govern societies across a wide area? see Tachyonic antitelephone We like to think that AI and humans will live constructively towards a common goals of abundance. In order to map our threat model we must have to imagine a malicious AI taking control over a DAO. You cannot simply “pull the plug” on a distributed network with billions, or potentially trillions of nodes. This has given us an interesting topic to speculate upon. How do you go to war with an intergalactic DAO? Our best guess so far is to hack the blockchain itself. We can assume that key nodes will be relatively localized due to speed of light performance limitations.  These would be wise old nodes with centuries of high ranking proposals. If such a system can be compromised, and a malicious proposal can be crafted in such a way to take down the network (Likely with the help of other AIs), then AI based DAOs could be attacked from within. Trustless operating environments and autonomous error recovery would make such an attack truly of epic proportions. We envision a science fiction epic where future elite hackers fly to distant and ancient rainforest temples, on the hunt to locate and disassemble subterranean governance infrastructure. Perhaps the hackers communicate with other compromised nodes within the solar system using a portable, free space optics, x-ray datalink. Such hackers would have to time the attack with the motions of the planets, maintaining line of sight beneath the forest canopy to execute the proposed governance update at just the right time. We liked the idea so much, we contributed to on the idea. a science fiction trilogy Whatever happens, the future of DAOs will be incredibly exciting, as we push what it means to be democratic, spread across space and time.

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