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Deep Lake, a Lakehouse for Deep Learning: Conclusions, Acknowledgement, and References

গভীর লেক, গভীর শিক্ষার জন্য একটি লেকহাউস: উপসংহার, স্বীকৃতি, এবং উল্লেখ

Deep Lake, ein Lakehouse für Deep Learning: Schlussfolgerungen, Danksagungen und Referenzen

Deep Lake, una casa de lago para el aprendizaje profundo: conclusiones, reconocimientos y referencias

Deep Lake, un Lakehouse pour le Deep Learning : conclusions, remerciements et références

डीप लेक, डीप लर्निंग के लिए एक लेकहाउस: निष्कर्ष, स्वीकृति और संदर्भ

ディープラーニングのためのレイクハウス、Deep Lake: 結論、謝辞、参考文献

딥 러닝을 위한 레이크하우스인 Deep Lake: 결론, 감사의 말씀, 참고 자료

Deep Lake, um Lakehouse para Deep Learning: Conclusões, Reconhecimento e Referências

Deep Lake, домик у озера для глубокого обучения: выводы, признательность и ссылки

Deep Lake, Derin Öğrenme için Bir Göl Evi: Sonuçlar, Teşekkür ve Referanslar

Deep Lake, Lakehouse cho Deep Learning: Kết luận, Lời cảm ơn và Tài liệu tham khảo

Deep Lake，深度学习的 Lakehouse：结论、致谢和参考文献

Product-Market Fit Tips for Startups: Insights From 20 Experts

স্টার্টআপের জন্য পণ্য-বাজার ফিট টিপস: 20 জন বিশেষজ্ঞের কাছ থেকে অন্তর্দৃষ্টি

Tipps zur Produkt-Markt-Passung für Startups: Einblicke von 20 Experten

Consejos para empresas emergentes sobre la adecuación del producto al mercado: opiniones de 20 expertos

Conseils d'adéquation produit-marché pour les startups : avis de 20 experts

स्टार्टअप्स के लिए उत्पाद-बाजार अनुकूलता युक्तियाँ: 20 विशेषज्ञों की अंतर्दृष्टि

スタートアップのための製品市場適合のヒント: 20 人の専門家からの洞察

스타트업을 위한 제품-시장 적합성 팁: 20명의 전문가가 전하는 통찰력

Dicas de adequação produto-mercado para startups: insights de 20 especialistas

Советы по соотношению продукта и рынка для стартапов: мнение 20 экспертов

Startup'lar için Ürün-Pazar Uyum İpuçları: 20 Uzmandan Görüşler

Lời khuyên phù hợp với thị trường sản phẩm dành cho người khởi nghiệp: Thông tin chi tiết từ 20 chuyên gia

初创企业的产品市场契合技巧：20 位专家的见解

In the era of widespread adoption of AI models, the data science community exhibits a rich diversity of backgrounds, fostering an environment conducive to innovation. Collaborative efforts stemming from this diversity continue to propel us toward the envisioned future of a decade or two ago. However, innovation often follows incremental patterns and may require decades before yielding tangible commercial benefits. Among industries adept at translating ideas into tangible products, automotive manufacturers stand out, boasting a deep familiarity with research and development processes and advanced algorithms. This proficiency is evident in the innovation pipeline for super and hypercars, drawing inspiration from advancements in rocket science. Leveraging extensive simulations and field tests, these manufacturers consistently push the boundaries of performance and safety in vehicle design. Major manufacturers have achieved breakthroughs with torque vectoring systems by capitalizing on established development pipelines and harnessing the capabilities of reinforcement learning. The late 2010s witnessed a surge in commercial vehicles featuring these systems, attributed partly to their association with electric and hybrid vehicles and partly to the appeal of enhanced safety. While the full extent of their influence on driver experience remains to be realized, these systems have already demonstrated remarkable efficacy, particularly in high-performance vehicles. So, what exactly is a torque vectoring system, and how is this innovation shaping the landscape of automotive manufacturing? What is Torque Vectoring In Torque Vectoring Systems (TVS), torque denotes a rotational force applied to a vehicle’s differentials or generated by independent electric motors on its wheels. These systems aim to regulate this rotational force to enhance speed, stability, handling, balance, and other performance aspects. A compelling illustration of the protracted nature of innovation is evident in the evolution of torque vectoring systems, with the first cars equipped with Torque Vectoring Systems (TVS) debuting in the 1990s, pioneered by Mitsubishi. Initially known as Active Yaw Control, Mitsubishi integrated this technology into vehicles like the 1996 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IV GSR models. The initial implementation relied on steering, throttle inputs, and g-force sensors to mitigate torque steer, a phenomenon where engine torque influences steering behavior. Initially geared towards racing applications, these systems have since evolved to cater to broader audiences, with companies like Rimac continuing to employ them for racing. In contrast, others emphasize safety and enhanced handling features for everyday drivers. Furthermore, advancements driven by the pursuit of eco-friendly transportation have led to the utilization of independent electric motors in torque vectoring systems, further expanding their applicability. Commercial Applications Ricardo (Honorable Mention) In 2006, Ricardo, a renowned engineering consultancy with over a century of experience, introduced the concept of torque vectoring. Ricardo rolled out its initial torque vectoring project centered around the Audi A6 4.2L, intending to license its technology to interested automakers. Unlike Mitsubishi’s Active Yaw Control system and similar counterparts, Ricardo’s torque vectoring approach prioritized safety and stability, showcasing a different aspect of the technology. Limited information is currently available on Ricardo’s involvement in assisting manufacturers in developing these systems for commercially available vehicles. However, they have publicly provided engineering support to Chinese students building cars for the global multi-event Formula SAE race in 2019. Rimac When discussing electric vehicles, Tesla typically takes the spotlight regarding market dominance. However, Rimac stands out as a company dedicated to crafting high-performance electric hypercars, where they excel. Just ask Elon… ( t) X pos Rimac burst onto the scene in January 2016 with their inaugural concept car, the Concept_One prototype. This marked the debut of their torque vectoring system (TVS) in an all-wheel-drive fully electric vehicle. Spearheaded by Tomislav Šimunić, Rimac’s TVS development pushed the boundaries by employing individual motors on each wheel. Moreover, they implemented reinforcement algorithms utilizing data from various sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, steering angle, and wheel speed sensors. This data is then used to predict torque distribution to optimize vehicle stability. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/i4jVW29gbDc?embedable=true Currently, Rimac boasts one of the fastest and safest hypercars on the market. Their innovation has led to unprecedented control, resulting in their car achieving the title of the fastest production car ever in 21 acceleration and deceleration categories. Furthermore, their TVS is so reliable that their drivers can cruise hands-free at speeds exceeding 230 mph while enjoying gelato! Toyota In 2018, Toyota introduced their Dynamic Torque Vectoring AWD and Electric 4WD systems, expanding the scope of this technology beyond on-road safety and control to encompass off-road safety features and enhanced fuel efficiency. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCqCa7PP1gE&embedable=true The video above showcases Toyota’s emphasis on “proactive torque transfer,” allowing for seamless adjustment of torque distribution when one or more wheels lose traction, enabling drivers to navigate various terrains more effectively. https://youtu.be/d1UG1a38diw?embedable=true Furthermore, Toyota optimizes torque distribution to enhance fuel-efficiency, shifting from AWD to 2WD when conditions permit, directing torque predominantly to the front wheels and thus cutting fuel consumption. Their limited content suggests the employment of a Dynamic Control System designed for stability, taking into account challenging driving scenarios. Moreover, the system can evaluate tire traction levels. These functionalities resonate with the research findings discussed below, showcasing the seamless transition from research concepts to practical implementation in the automotive industry. Research Review Conceptual Models — Bicycle, Vehicle, Tire Model Following Occam’s razor principle, simplicity reigns supreme when initiating modeling endeavors, with complexity introduced only when its benefits are worthwhile. This philosophy holds for TVS as well. Early TVS adopted a bicycle model, allowing researchers to streamline vehicle dynamics assumptions by confining movements to two wheels. This simplified framework facilitated the study of lateral vehicle dynamics during various events like braking, acceleration, and cornering under typical conditions. Key inputs into the bicycle model include yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle, and velocity. Yaw rate denotes the vehicle’s rotation speed around its vertical axis, aiding in determining its orientation during maneuvers like cornering. Lateral acceleration captures sideways movements perpendicular to the vehicle’s direction of travel. Steering angle refers to the front wheel angle, typically in relation to the rear wheel positioning, while velocity represents the vehicle’s speed. For more details, check out this article explaining a simple bicycle model. https://dingyan89.medium.com/simple-understanding-of-kinematic-bicycle-model-81cac6420357?embedable=true Simplicity in modeling often comes with assumptions that may not hold, especially in challenging driving scenarios. Extreme conditions like rain, snow, or rough off-road terrain expose the limitations of the traditional bicycle model. The assumption of symmetry between the left and right wheels hinders the accurate analysis of lateral dynamics across all four wheels. To address this, researchers upgraded to a more comprehensive 4-wheel vehicle model. One such model, proposed in the 2023 journal article by Hui Deng, Youqun Zhao, Fen Lin, and Qiuwei Wang, boasts seven degrees of freedom. This expanded model captures all four wheels’ lateral, longitudinal, rotational, tilting, leaning, and spinning movements. However, it still falls short in capturing driving dynamics such as suspension behavior and tire-road interactions. Although suspension dynamics may be indirectly represented within the model, a separate tire model is necessary to capture tire-road interactions accurately. Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Torque Vectoring Control Considering Economy & Safety² Tire models typically include parameters like tire force and slip angles. In the journal article by Michele Vignati, Edoardo Sabbioni, and Federico Cheli, researchers describe a simple tire model that incorporates lateral and longitudinal dynamics, slip angles, and slippage. Like the seven degrees of freedom model indirectly addresses suspension dynamics, the tire model considers slippage influenced by latent variables such as surface texture, conditions, and angles. This comprehensive approach allows researchers to analyze vehicle dynamics across various conditions and terrains, enhancing the torque vectoring system’s adaptability and performance. A Torque Vectoring Control for Enhancing Vehicle Performance in Drifting³ Control Schemes/Implementations In Torque Vectoring Systems (TVS) development, a significant portion of research revolves around employing Reinforcement Learning techniques, leveraging real-time data collected from various measurement devices. These solutions are predominantly implemented in all-wheel drive, four-wheel drive hybrid, and electric vehicles. Typically, the training of these systems takes place within simulated environments. However, in certain instances, researchers conduct road tests and utilize live test outcomes to validate simulation results. Torque Vectoring System Testing While specific details about testing TVS are often limited, researchers generally have three options: entirely computer-based simulations, hardware-in-the-loop testing combining simulation with real parts, and full-scale vehicle road tests. Computer-based simulations offer cost-effective evaluation of TVS with precise control over various driving conditions. Hardware-in-the-loop testing balances simulation and road tests, providing insights aligned with real-world performance. Although the most expensive, road tests offer the most reliable results by implementing TVS fully, enabling the most accurate evaluation of model performance. In the study by Shayan Taherian, Sampo Kuutti, Marco Visca, and Saber Fallah, computer-based simulations were utilized to test their RL algorithm across diverse environments. The researchers employed an adaptive algorithm based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient to update TVS control parameters as it learns from the environment. Testing across various velocity and friction environments allowed validation of their adaptive algorithm, particularly in high-speed/low-velocity scenarios. Self-adaptive Torque Vectoring Controller Using Reinforcement Learning⁴ Similarly, in the research by Wei Xu, Hong Chen, Haiyan Zhao, and Bingtao Ren, real-time Simulink simulations were leveraged to validate their model predictive controller. This controller predicts future system states and optimizes for multiple energy efficiency and safety objectives. Tests were conducted using an electric vehicle model with a 120 km/h velocity and an “adhesion coefficient” of .85, measuring tire friction between tire and ground. Torque Optimization Control for Electric Vehicles with Four In-Wheel Motors Equipped with Regenerative Braking System⁵ Powertrain & Fuel Types The specific problem addressed by torque vectoring systems heavily influences the powertrain choice and fuel types utilized in their implementations. Traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles necessitate mechanical implementations due to a single torque source, leading to complex mechanical differentials, challenges in power distribution, and overall less efficiency compared to hybrid and electric vehicle setups, which enable independent motor implementations. Similarly, All-Wheel Drive (AWD) and Four-Wheel Drive (4WD) powertrains offer superior advantages over other options. These configurations enhance stability, versatility, and energy efficiency. The work of Jeongmin Cho and Kunsoo Huh, in their study , underscores the stability and versatility benefits of AWD vehicles. By distributing power to all four wheels, AWD enhances the effectiveness of torque vectoring systems, granting increased control over each wheel. This translates to improved vehicle dynamics during cornering, acceleration, and deceleration. Torque Vectoring System Design for Hybrid Electric–All-Wheel Drive Vehicle⁶ Meta Control Algorithms In Reinforcement Learning (RL), an agent decides actions based on the current situation to maximize a reward function. It learns which actions yield the highest rewards by assessing the outcomes of its actions. In torque vectoring algorithms, auto manufacturers define different reward functions based on the specific goals of their TVS, which vary depending on the type of vehicles used, such as sports cars versus mini-vans. These goals include increased stability, controllability, fuel economy, cornering performance, and optimizing various vehicle dynamics behaviors. One example of a multi-objective implementation is outlined in the paper by Jae-Young Park, Seung-Jin Heo, and Daeoh Kang. Their algorithm features a supervisory controller that selects between an “agile” mode and a “safe” mode based on vehicle and driving conditions. Agile mode prioritizes driver controllability, while safe mode focuses on stability. Controllability refers to the synchronization between driver steering input and vehicle direction, while stability relates to the vehicle’s resistance to deviations or disturbances. Inputs such as vehicle speed, steering angle, yaw rate, lateral acceleration, and wheel slip guide the supervisory controller’s decision-making process. Development of Torque Vectoring Control Algorithm for Front Wheel Driven Dual Motor System and Evaluation of Vehicle Dynamics Performance⁷ Another example is presented in the paper by Hui Deng, Youqun Zhao, Fen Lin, and Qiuwei Wang. Here, the researchers optimize for safety, economy, and driver load. Economy involves assessing motor efficiency and energy savings compared to vehicles without torque vectoring systems. Safety focuses on vehicle stability, while driver load considers the physical and cognitive load based on the correlation between the driver’s steering wheel angle and the vehicle’s longitudinal acceleration. Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Torque Vectoring Control Considering Economy and Safety⁸ The algorithm includes an active safety controller and a torque allocation layer. The active safety controller calculates total longitudinal acceleration and additional “yaw moment” values based on driving conditions, applying safety and driver load penalties. These values are then fed to the torque allocation layer, which distributes torque to all four wheels. Additionally, the researchers implement a tire model using a Fibonacci tree optimization algorithm and a vehicle model with 7 degrees of freedom to enhance system performance. The , research done by Park et al., aims to enhance the driver’s experience through improved smoothness and convergence. Their TVS, designed for commercial application, underwent rigorous validation through real vehicle experiments conducted under various conditions. Torque Vectoring Algorithm of Electronic-Four-Wheel Drive Vehicles for Enhancement of Cornering Performance⁹ The researchers implemented a smooth sliding controller, GPS, and sensor inputs to generate desired yaw moment values. These values are then utilized by the torque allocation algorithm, which employs a daisy-chaining allocation method to distribute torque efficiently. The goal is to optimize the convergence from current yaw moment values to target values, thereby reducing the instability during this transition. Conclusion The evolution of torque vectoring systems underscores the transformative power of innovation within the automotive industry. From pioneering beginnings to cutting-edge applications, these systems have revolutionized vehicle dynamics, speed, stability, and handling. As automotive manufacturers continue to push the boundaries of technology and leverage advancements in advanced algorithms, the future holds promise for further improvements in safety, performance, and driver experience. However, hurdles remain in integrating this technology into internal combustion engine vehicles, and ongoing research and development efforts are required to overcome them. With continued dedication to innovation, torque vectoring systems are poised to shape the future landscape of automotive manufacturing, driving us toward a new era of mobility. Research Reference Martin Dendaluce Jahnke et al., “Efficient Neural Network Implementations on Parallel Embedded Platforms Applied to Real-Time Torque-Vectoring Optimization Using Predictions for Multi-Motor Electric Vehicles,” 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 250 Electronics Huifan Deng et al., “Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Torque Vectoring Control Considering Economy and Safety,” 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 459 Machines Michele Vignati, Edoardo Sabbioni, and Federico Cheli, “A Torque Vectoring Control for Enhancing Vehicle Performance in Drifting,” 7, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 394 Electronics Shayan Taherian et al., “Self-Adaptive Torque Vectoring Controller Using Reinforcement Learning,” , September 19, 2021 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) Wei Xu et al., “Torque Optimization Control for Electric Vehicles with Four In-Wheel Motors Equipped with Regenerative Braking System,” 57 (February 2019): 95–108 Mechatronics Jeongmin Cho and Kunsoo Huh, “Torque Vectoring System Design for Hybrid Electric–All Wheel Drive Vehicle,” 234, no. 10–11 (April 7, 2020): 2680–92 Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Jae-Young Park, Seung-Jin Heo, and Dae-Oh Kang, “Development of Torque Vectoring Control Algorithm for Front Wheel Driven Dual Motor System and Evaluation of Vehicle Dynamics Performance,” 21, no. 5 (October 2020): 1283–91 International Journal of Automotive Technology Huifan Deng et al., “Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Torque Vectoring Control Considering Economy and Safety,” 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 459 Machines Giseo Park et al., “Torque Vectoring Algorithm of Electronic-Four-Wheel Drive Vehicles for Enhancement of Cornering Performance,” 69, no. 4 (April 2020): 3668–79 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Driving Innovation: The Science of Torque Vectoring Systems

Este artículo fue primeramente publicado en . +qL es #másqueley aka #másqueley es la firma hermana de aka #beyondthelaw. +qL holoLAWn If you have legal questions or want to debate, join our . Discord TL:DR The MetaLeX whitepaper aims to give birth to a new kind of law (the ) in order to complete the project of disconnecting the blockchain world from the world of flesh and blood. To free humans from the vertical hierarchy of institutional powers and return them to a space of freedom among equals, a of horizontal hierarchy. A project that to date has a currency and finance separate - in theory - from the state (Bitcoin and Ethereum as respective paradigms of cryptocurrencies and smart contracts that enable decentralised transactions and finance); but a project that lacks an equally separate law to govern that proto-world of a longed-for separate world, a free world. Autonomous Law heterotopia What you will (and won't) find here We are all looking for something. The : a spoiler. Autonomous Law The whitepaper: an interpretation (ours). Phase 1: BORGs. Phase 2: Deal Technology. Phase 3: . Autonomous Law Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by laws and legal operators that do not contemplate (or do not want to contemplate) decentralisation and autonomy. Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are solved by very cool alternative legal operators, at the time, by humans governed by their own will, . and nothing else Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by autonomous and decentralised laws that, as such, provide for decentralisation and autonomy. By way of (in)conclusion. ➡️ We are all looking for something We are all looking for something. Diogenes a righteous man in the streets of Athens, candle in hand; Ichabod Crane a kind truth behind the terrifying Headless Horseman; Indiana Jones the Lost Ark in an unbridled race against esoteric Nazis; Sebastian, between the black keys of a piano, the love lost through an infinite renunciation of love for his beloved Mia; and, finally, searches with his MetaLeX for an that will make a free world possible —almost nothing. Gabriel Shapiro Autonomus Law The : a spoiler ➡️ Autonomous Law The to which the devotes the bulk of its text —a third at least— is something like a new normative paradigm, a new kind of legal order that will allow humans to escape the clutches of nation states and their - and -national entanglements. Autonomous Law MetaLeX whitepaper supra infra And given the state of decadence and woke perversion of Western governments, of everything that sounds or resonates with Public Administration —and this is not an opinion: it is an easily verifiable empirical observation, a notorious fact in the technical-legal-proven sense—, it seems to me that the search for MetaLeX is an enterprise worth supporting —we, who still don't know how 😅, we're in! This that dazzles us: Autonomous Law is law because it aims to regulate (in part) human interaction; is decentralised because it will reside on a blockchain; it is ( ) because the blockchain, and everything that resides in it, is code; code code is law it is because, as the execution of code (with or without AI, but AI is also code, and only code - at least for the moment, until consciousness emerges...), it does not require human intervention, i.e. the self-execution of the code is the application of the law itself. autonomous And it is because the government and the legal decision by way of the law-code, at the time of the code, the , will be independent of the as well as of . Neither traditional law, nor the humans who create it, will have anything to say about the rule of code once it is born into the world of the blockchain. autonómica rule of code rule of law the rule of men This deserves clarification in order to escape sophistry. Just as the created cannot free itself from its creation, no law can free itself from the clutches of the man who creates it. Only the constituent law, which initiates a Legal Order, can (relatively) do so under the artifice of the by which it itself, and not its creator, sets itself up as the principle of everything. And, thus, under the impossible that the constituent law itself contains in itself the will to be constituted, as a normative , is that can make it seem as if it is born and we can make it seem as if it is so. legal fiction ouroboros it ➡️ The whitepaper: one interpretation (ours) If you page through the whitepaper, its first ten pages are an interesting introduction that operates as an extensive until, around page ten, we are presented with a sort of table of contents that corresponds to the three phases of logical and chronological development of the MetaLeX project to reach the . captatio benevolentiae Autonomous Law At this point, in these lines, we are not so much interested in how the Autonomous Law is arrived at, nor therefore in the phases, as in the concept of Autonomous Law itself. Moreover - it must be said - because the description of phases 1 and 2 is clear enough to get a good idea of what we are talking about, but not sufficiently detailed to know what the hell we are talking about beyond that idea. We can all get a good idea of what unicorns are from what we talk about them; but none of us can know exactly what the hell a unicorn is until we e.g. see it, tame it, ride it, feed it… From this point of view, we will summarise the phases, in our own style. ➡️➡️ Phase 1: BORGs Phase 1 essentially concerns the creation of blockchain programmes that apply rules in a community of users. fully autonomous In this sense, a law is ultimately a very special kind of rule that is distinguished from other rules by its origin: if the rule is dictated by the state, it is a law; if it is dictated by your father or mother, it is a precept of family behaviour; if it is dictated by a criminal gang, it is the code of a mafia. But for all these groups —state, family, mafia— the rule operates as law, whether it is called law, precept or code; in other words, the law, the precept and the code are functionally equivalent within the respective target community. So a programme on the blockchain that applies rules is, for the purposes of the community resident in the protocol where it is applied, its own law. Whether it is recognised as such outside that community —and this is, strictly speaking, the crux of the matter— is another matter. These programmes are called BORGs ( ) and are like sub-DaOs stripped down, fully autonomous from a parent DAO. Suppose a DAO requires six Fi functions to function. Some of these functions with the current state of the art are fully autonomous; others are not —and that is precisely why we have this mess of BORGs, to gradually implement, as technology makes it possible, the next phases. For each fully autonomous Fi function, a programme is created to implement it, a BORG. This is then like the DAO for the sole purpose of that particular fully autonomous function. Then, there will come a point where for every Fi function of the DAO there is a BORG that implements it. However, not even at that point will the DAO be, let us say, the conjunctive sum of all these BORGs: cyBernetic ORGanisationS {BORGi} ≢ DAO The DAO is an emergence from this set of BORGs, a something more. Just as a daisy is not reduced to the petals that have been shed along with the stem; nor is a company qua legal entity (with or without legal personality, it is not relevant here) the sum of its partners, or the sum of its departments, or the sum of its strategies, or the sum of its articles of association...; so it is not the case that the DAO we have been talking about is the sum of its BORGs. That “something else” which is the daisy or the society qua legal entity with respect to the component parts is a emergence just as the DAO is a mereological emergence of those BORGs. Which brings us headlong into the second phase. mereological ➡️➡️ Phase 2: Deal Technology For this set of BORGs -{BORGs} - to identify with the DAO, it is necessary for its elements to work in a coordinated manner. This will be achieved through a series of agreements between the BORGs that will then validate the identity: {BORGi} + TFA ≡ autDAO Where TFA = Technological Framework Agreement, a set of covenants that make the set of BORGs cease to be just that, a set of BORGs, and become an entity functionally equivalent to the DAO from which they were detached. Now, the final result will be so qualitatively different from the DAO that it will also be substantially different from it: it will be a true DAO (= autDAO) . That is: 2 the set of BORGs plus their TMA operates as a perfectly autonomous and autonomous version (autDAO) of the imperfect autonomous and autonomous DAO that gave birth to them. From this perspective, and as far as these two phases are concerned, it can be said that, at the end of the day, MetaLeX only aims to recover the pure sense of the DAO, a DAO that technological limitations and human praxis have turned decentralisation and autonomy into an absurdity, because I don't care whether the one at the top governs or the one next to him governs, if it is the case that the one at the top and the one next to him have exactly the same power. ➡️➡️ Phase 3: Autonomous Law Our autDAOs —well, those of MetaLeX, that is— as social entities that are also social entities, however much they reside in the blockchain, will interact with each other and with the world of flesh and blood; that interaction will generate conflict; and that conflict will have to be resolved. And this is —in our opinion— where the whitepaper puts its finger on the problem —we recommend reading it, in particular the headings and . We, here, present it as follows: Phase 3-Autonomus Law Conclusion ➡️➡️➡️ Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by laws and legal operators that do not (or do not want to) contemplate decentralisation and autonomy If these conflicts are resolved under the , state legal systems, also from above and from below), they will de facto nullify the essence of the underlying structures that have been so hard to create. rule of law , trying to explain the Kantian categories of time and space, that the world is seen through the lenses of the glasses you wear: if pink, then rose-coloured. This, which our grandparents used to tell us in other less refined but certainly more understandable ways, is as true as the sun. Warburton explained And so, if it is the case —and it is— that the creators of the laws of the world of flesh and blood do not look at the world through the lens of and , then it is also the case that their laws do not have these concepts embedded in their letter and that, therefore, their application on a decentralised and autonomous factual substratum will overlook in whole or in part the of that factual substratum. In other words: the laws and their application will the decentralised and autonomous dimension of the conflict, so that the conflict will be resolved as if there were no decentralisation and autonomy. decentralisation autonomy decentralised and autonomous nature disregard And it makes no difference to me whether "X is not in Y" or "X being in Y, X is disregarded as being in Y". ➡️➡️➡️ Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are solved by very cool alternative legal operators, at the time, by humans governed by their own will, and nothing else And if these conflicts are solved under alternative conflict resolution procedures (panels of experts, forums of wills or opinion polls outside the blockchain, arbitration tribunals...) which, for the sake of this alternativity, are already considered very cool, the setback is even worse. For under the (apparent) success that the conflict where at least one party is an autonomous and decentralised entity is no longer resolved by inconsiderate state laws, but by highly regarded experts or those considered as such, what we are falling into is personalism. And this only departs in degree, but not in quality, from caveman conflict resolution by the tribal sorcerer. ad hoc Humans have not been trampling the earth for two hundred thousand years —to put a figure on it— to escape the reptilian law of men by way of the rule of law in order to, in more refined but no less unjust ways, end up by overthrowing the rule of law by submitting to the will of a forum of (supposedly) very cool experts: humans. Even the worst of laws with judges is better than the best of judges without laws, if only because the former, at least, will always resolve in the same way, while the latter, who knows how they will end up resolving the day they let themselves be carried away by their rages… ➡️➡️➡️ Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by autonomous and decentralised laws which, as such, provide for decentralisation and autonomy This, and no other, is the end of the road if the product of phases 1 and 2 is to survive in the long term. A law, the (i) which, as a code inserted in the blockchain, contains rules that are intrinsically decentralised in their conception, whose application generates equally decentralised outputs; and (ii) which, as a self-executing code, is applied whether or not its addressees inside and outside the chain want it to be applied, thus endowing the system with , making the system autonomous with respect to the world of flesh and blood, freeing it from both the rule of law and the law of men. Autonomous Law autonomycity (In)conclusion ➡️ The MetaLeX project is ambitious and exciting. But we shall see whether it remains a wet dream, because even its successful implementation is not enough to make it a successful project. If it is based on the creation of an , then to the creation must be added the , if not generalised, then relevant, at least at the sectoral level, of the Autonomous Law created. Autonomous Law adoption Let us explain. The birth of a Legal System is the result of a pact. But not just any pact. It is a pact for at least two reasons. sui generis It is —first reason— because it is a founding pact and, as such, a ; a pact that subjugates —or so it intends— all the other pacts that exist or will exist, just as the contained, and therefore subjugated —and that one really subjugated…— the . Such a pact is called "constituent" (it is, moreover, the first constitutional pact which can later be modified by other constitutional pacts but which are no longer constituent), and what has been agreed is called "Constitution" or "Magna Carta". sui generis pact of pacts One Ring Rings of Power And that Constitution has the vocation of , which is an exception (and a very big one) to the principle of relativity of contracts, a principle whereby —thank God— agreements only have effects between their parties —and for this reason it is also , second reason. having effects vis-à-vis third parties sui generis Of course, the contracting parties are supposed to act on the mandate (representative at least, imperative as a desideratum) of these third parties. They could not otherwise be bound by this agreement, nor by any other. So by representation (imperative or not) the third parties assume the Constitution just as a third party can assume a contract (it is the figure of the assumption of a contract by a third party). However, for the to work, it is necessary, not only that the greatest number of third parties of the target community assume it, but that all third parties of that community assume it, that the community (be it group, tribe, team, club, society…) assume it as a community. And it is often much more problematic to implement this statement: constituent thing for every Si subject of the community {Si}, Si assumes the covenant, than this other: for a majority of Si subjects of the community {Yes}, Si assumes the pact. Why? Because the world doesn't need to be full of to fuck up the invention; it's enough that there is one for that, to fuck it up. And the fact is that the word “all” beyond rhetoric and poetics becomes a word as problematic as it is problematic —speaking — to prove that . free riders à la Hempel ”all ravens are black” Following the brilliant Searle —later terribly reviled— we can say that: A proposition counts as a rule if it is accepted that this proposition is a rule. This sounds like a truism, but it is not. If I say to you: (Ⲁ) "To get into my house you have to take off your shoes", that proposition will only be a rule if you, as well as I, accept it as a rule. For of a proposition that pretends to be a rule and is not followed by anyone we do not know whether it can be predicated to be a rule —Wittgenstein may have gone half-mad over something like that. And this will be the case of the autDAO after the end of phase 2: they will be entities of the world governed by rules that will be accepted ad intra. But their ad extra acceptance will require an exogenous-dependent plus. And we continue with Searle : 3 "rules of the form are then constitutive of institutional structures”. X counts as Y in C Which we can rewrite as follows: When a proposition counts as a rule in a community, the rule is institutionalised and we can predicate it to be a law that community. for Which, following our example of my house and your shoes, would mean that the proposition (Ⲁ) would not require your acceptance to be a rule if it is the case that in the neighbourhood in which you and I live it has already been accepted as a rule: it is a neighbourhood law —so to speak. All of which, translated to the matter at hand, means that: For the autDAO rules to count as in the blockchain community, it is necessary for the community to consider them as such. Autonomous Law This conclusion is quite hopeless for MetaLeX as the blockchain community is a network of networks made up of tens or hundreds of thousands of communities (layer 1, 2… n; more with the protocols within each layer; more with the organisations within each protocol…). But in the same hopelessness we can find a glimmer of hope, like : Blochian red heroes It is a matter of implementing the community by community blockchain until a relevant group of them accepts it as a supracommunity, (just as the neighbours in your neighbourhood and mine have been accepting house by house and case by case that all houses are entered barefoot). Autonomous Law Or so we see it in ! #másqueley Also published . here

The MetaLeX Whitepaper

A Pixelated History of Gender Representation From the early stages of video game development, female characters were primarily portrayed as heroines needing rescue or as secondary NPCs. When they took on the role of main characters, their depictions were highly sexualized. The iconic image of with substantial triangular breasts in tiny shorts can be called a symbol of female depictions in the in Europe and the USA in the 90s. This decade marked the rise of female characters taking center stage, albeit often in a sexualized manner. from became a cultural icon, embodying empowerment and the era's limited portrayal of female characters. Tomb Raider (1996) games Lara Croft Tomb Raider Japanese video games reinforced this standard. and featured "excited" female characters in exceptionally revealing clothing, particularly notable in characters like from and from the eponymous series. JRPGs, fighting games, visual novels 2B NieR: Automata Bayonetta Nintendo and many other developers portrayed women as fragile princesses constantly needing rescue. Their famous princesses, Peach, Princess Daisy, and Rosalina, continue to present "feminine" images in traditional, bright, voluminous dresses. Video games like featured women as objectives rather than protagonists, embodying the "damsel in distress" trope. Donkey Kong First playable female characters The first ever playable female character is Billie Sue, from the Atari 2600 game , released in 1982. Billie Sue is depicted as a simple, pixelated character, typical of the era's graphical capabilities. She is characterized by basic, blocky graphics, with her gender being identifiable through minimalistic details that suggest traditional female attributes. Wabbit was the first commercial video game to involve many women as . It leads to the development of a sequel, , starring a female protagonist. And it would seem, is it possible to sexualize such a character? Let's get a look: Pac-Man (1980) players Ms. Pac-Man (1982) The 90s and early 2000s saw an influx of female characters who were both solid and sexualized, like Lara Croft of . Samus Aran's character ( ) proved that women could be powerful and strong in video games. But all this came in one pack with her sexuality. Especially in cut scenes. For example, In the first part, her spacesuit was removed like this: Tomb Raider Metroid This was a trend that continued for a long time in the next releases: Things started to change around 2010. The featured Faith Connors, a protagonist celebrated for her realistic physicality and depth of character. This era also saw a push towards more narrative-driven games that offered complex roles for female characters, such as Elizabeth. Mirror's Edge (2008) BioShock Infinite's Expanding Diversity and Inclusivity Over time, while not wholly disappearing, sexualization in games has decreased, and today's situation in the gaming industry seems more positive than in advertising or cinema. For example, Lara Croft has come a long way to becoming a strong and independent explorer in the latest series of reboots, which started in 2013. Deep and well-developed female characters like Senua from have appeared. In this case, the standard cliché of the male savior falls on the main heroine - Senua saves the soul of her deceased loved one. Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice Modern female game characters such as Ellie from , Clementine from , Aloy from , and Jesse Faden from are are widely known and famous. They are strong, evolving, and realistic heroines. The Last of Us The Walking Dead Horizon Control Traditional "bikini armor" are also becoming a thing of the past. In recent years, many developers have been paying more attention to the realism and practicality of character equipment, moving away from unrealistic and sexualized clothing. This change also reflects a desire to provide players with more diverse and respectful representations of women. For example, series has long equalized male and female characters regarding skills and clothing. Even the heroines of fighting games, traditionally bestowed by developers with a few centimeters of fabric, are now dressed diversely and fully. , with its vast variety of clothing, can be cited as an example. The Elder Scrolls Tekken 8 The industry has seen significant strides in inclusivity, with games like and featuring diverse characters across the gender spectrum. and its sequels explore LGBTQ+ themes with sensitivity and depth, marking a progressive step in storytelling. The industry's challenge is pushing boundaries, questioning stereotypes, and embracing a more inclusive vision of heroism and adventure. Video games can lead to inclusivity as we progress, reflecting the rich tapestry of human experience in all its forms. Overwatch Apex Legends Life is Strange (2015), The number of female gamers is increasing , directly affecting developers' approaches and the success of various games. Although some old male players are dissatisfied with such changes, the market remains oriented towards a younger and more progressive audience, which most actively consumes gaming content. yearly A survey by revealed that 46% of gamers worldwide are female, challenging the stereotype of gaming as a predominantly male hobby. Newzoo Conclusion Reactions to increased diversity in gaming have been mixed. While many players welcome the broader representation, some segments of the gaming community have pushed back against what they perceive as forced inclusivity. However, the commercial success of games with strong female leads and diverse casts suggest that most gaming audiences value and support these changes. In conclusion, it's important to note that despite modern heroines mostly wearing full armor and skins, in most cases, they are still represented in only one possible physique - very slim. There is still a long way to go in representing quality and diverse female characters. These should be women of different body types and backgrounds, realistic and complex, with their motivations, goals, and stories. It's crucial to move away from stereotypes of gender, skin color, and shapes and provide players with a wide range of characters that can represent various aspects of experience and identity.

Virtual Equality: Changing Women's Representation in Video Games

ভার্চুয়াল সমতা: ভিডিও গেমে নারীর প্রতিনিধিত্ব পরিবর্তন করা

Virtuelle Gleichstellung: Die Repräsentation von Frauen in Videospielen verändern

Igualdad virtual: cambiando la representación de las mujeres en los videojuegos

Égalité virtuelle : changer la représentation des femmes dans les jeux vidéo

आभासी समानता: वीडियो गेम में महिलाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व बदलना

事実上の平等: ビデオゲームにおける女性の代表の変化

가상 평등: 비디오 게임에서 여성의 대표성 변화

Igualdade virtual: mudando a representação das mulheres nos videogames

Виртуальное равенство: изменение представительства женщин в видеоиграх

Sanal Eşitlik: Video Oyunlarında Kadınların Temsilinin Değiştirilmesi

Bình đẳng ảo: Thay đổi sự đại diện của phụ nữ trong trò chơi điện tử

虚拟平等：改变视频游戏中的女性形象

How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition by Edwin Abbott Abbott, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . WORDS. here WORDS. 1. Use words in their proper sense. Write, not "His apparent guilt justified his friends in disowning him," but "his evident guilt." "Conscious" and "aware," "unnatural" and "supernatural," "transpire" and "occur," "circumstance" and "event," "reverse" and "converse," "eliminate" and "elicit," are often confused together. This rule forbids the use of the same word in different senses. "It is in my power to refuse your request, and since I have power to do this, I may lawfully do it." Here the second "power" is used for "authority." This rule also forbids the slovenly use of "nice," "awfully," "delicious," "glorious," &c. See (2). 2. Avoid exaggerations. "The boundless plains in the heart of the empire furnished inexhaustible supplies of corn, that would have almost sufficed for twice the population." Here "inexhaustible" is inconsistent with what follows. The words "unprecedented," "incalculable," "very," and "stupendous" are often used in the same loose way. 3. Avoid useless circumlocution and "fine writing." "Her Majesty here partook of lunch." Write "lunched." "Partook of" implies sharing, and is incorrect as well as lengthy. So, do not use "apex" for "top," "species" for "kind," "individual" for "man," "assist" for "help," &c. [5] 4. Be careful how you use the following words: "not … and," "any," "only," "not … or," "that." See below, "Or." And. —"I am not bound to receive any messenger that you send."
Does this mean every, or a single? Use "every" or "a single." —(1) "I do not intend to help you, because you are my enemy &c." ought to mean (2), "I intend not to help you, and my reason for not helping you is, because you are my enemy." But it is often wrongly used to mean (3), "I intend to help you, not because you are my enemy (but because you are poor, blind, &c.)." In the latter case, not ought to be separated from intend. By distinctly marking the limits to which the influence of not extends, the ambiguity may be removed. Any. Not. is often used ambiguously for alone. "The rest help me to revenge myself; you only advise me to wait." This ought to mean, "you only advise, instead of helping;" but in similar sentences "you only" is often used for "you alone." But see 21. Only —When "or" is preceded by a negative, as "I do not want butter or honey," "or" ought not, strictly speaking, to be used like "and," nor like "nor." The strict use of "not … or" would be as follows:— Or. "You say you don't want both butter and honey—you want butter or honey; I, on the contrary, do not want butter or honey—I want them both." Practically, however, this meaning is so rare, that "I don't want butter or honey" is regularly used for "I want neither butter nor honey." But where there is the slightest danger of ambiguity, it is desirable to use nor. The same ambiguity attends "not … and." "I do not see Thomas and John" is commonly used for "I see neither Thomas nor John;" but it might mean, "I do not see them both—I see only one of them." —The different uses of "that" produce much ambiguity, e.g. "I am so much surprised by this statement that I am desirous of resigning, that I scarcely know what reply to make." Here it is impossible to tell, till one has read past "resigning," whether the first "that" depends upon "so" or "statement." Write: "The statement that I am desirous of resigning surprises me so much that I scarcely know &c." That. 4 a. Be careful in the use of ambiguous words, e.g. "certain." "Certain" is often used for "some," as in "Independently of his earnings, he has a certain property," where the meaning might be "unfailing." Under this head may be mentioned the double use of words, such as "left" in the same form and sound, but different in meaning. Even where there is no obscurity, the juxtaposition of the same word twice used in two senses is inelegant, e.g. (Bain), "He turned to the left and left the room." I have known the following slovenly sentence misunderstood: "Our object is that, with the aid of practice, we may sometime arrive at the point where we think eloquence in its most praiseworthy form to lie." "To lie" has been supposed to mean "to deceive." (For "which" see 8.) The ambiguity arising from the use of he applying to different persons is well known. 5. Be careful how you use "he," "it," "they," "these," &c. "He told his friend that if he did not feel better in half an hour he thought he had better return." See (6) for remedy. Much ambiguity is also caused by excessive use of such phrases as in this way, of this sort, &c. "God, foreseeing the disorders of human nature, has given us certain passions and affections which arise from, or whose objects are, these disorders. Of this sort are fear, resentment, compassion." Repeat the noun: "Among these passions and affections are fear &c." Two distinct uses of it may be noted. It, when referring to something that precedes, may be called "retrospective;" but when to something that follows, "prospective." In "Avoid indiscriminate charity: it is a crime," "it" is retrospective.[6] In "It is a crime to give indiscriminately," "it" is prospective. The prospective "it," if productive of ambiguity, can often be omitted by using the infinitive as a subject: "To give indiscriminately is a crime." Speeches in the third person afford a particular, though very common case, of the general ambiguity mentioned in (5). Instead of "He told his friend that if he did not feel better &c.," write "He said to his friend, 'If, I (or you) don't feel better &c.'" 6. Report a speech in the First, not the Third Person, where necessary to avoid ambiguity. Thus, where Essex is asking Sir Robert Cecil that Francis Bacon may be appointed Attorney-General, the dialogue is (as it almost always is in Lord Macaulay's writings) in the First Person, except where it becomes tedious and uninteresting so as to require condensation, and then it drops into the Third Person: 6 a. Sometimes, where the writer cannot know the exact words, or where the exact words are unimportant, or lengthy and uninteresting, the Third Person is preferable. "Sir Robert had nothing to say but that he thought his own abilities equal to the place which he hoped to obtain, and that his father's long services deserved such a mark of gratitude from the Queen." —Even when a speech is reported in the third person, "that" need not always be inserted before the dependent verb. Thus, instead of "He said that he took it ill that his promises were not believed," we may write, "'He took it ill,' he said, 'that &c.'" This gives a little more life, and sometimes more clearness also. 6 b. Omission of "that" in a speech reported in the Third Person. 7. When you use a Participle, as "walking," implying "when," "while," "though," "that," make it clear by the context what is implied. "Republics, in the first instance, are never desired for their own sakes. I do not think they will finally be desired at all, unaccompanied by courtly graces and good breeding." Here there is a little doubt whether the meaning is "since they are, or, if they are, unaccompanied." —"Men walking (that walk, or when they walk) on ice sometimes fall." That or when. It is better to use "men walking" to mean "men when they walk." If the relative is meant, use "men that walk," instead of the participle. (1) "While he was } Walking on { (1) the road, } he fell." (2) "Because he was } { (2) the ice, } When the participle precedes the subject, it generally implies a cause: "Seeing this, he retired." Otherwise it generally has its proper participial meaning, e.g. "He retired, keeping his face towards us." If there is any ambiguity, write "on seeing,"—"at the same time, or while, keeping." (1) "Though he was} {(1) he nevertheless stood
} { his ground." (2) "Since he was } Struck with terror, {(2) he rapidly retreated." (3) "If he is } {(3) he will soon retreat.” 8. When using the Relative Pronoun, use "who" and "which" where the meaning is "and he, it, &c.," "for he, it, &c." In other cases use "that," if euphony allows. "I heard this from the inspector, who (and he) heard it from the guard that travelled with the train." "Fetch me (all) the books that lie on the table, and also the pamphlets, which (and these) you will find on the floor." An adherence to this rule would remove much ambiguity. Thus: "There was a public-house next door, which was a great nuisance," means "and this (i.e. the fact of its being next door) was a great nuisance;" whereas that would have meant "Next door was a public-house that (i.e. the public-house) was a great nuisance." Thus, in the first example above, "inspector" is complete in itself, and "who" introduces a new fact about him; "guard" is incomplete, and requires "that travelled with the train" to complete the meaning. "Who," "which," &c. introduce a new fact about the antecedent, whereas "that" introduces something without which the antecedent is incomplete or undefined. It is not, and cannot be, maintained that this rule, though observed in Elizabethan English, is observed by our best modern authors. (Probably a general impression that "that" cannot be used to refer to persons has assisted "who" in supplanting "that" as a relative.) But the convenience of the rule is so great that beginners in composition may with advantage adhere to the rule. The following are some of the cases where who and which are mostly used, contrary to the rule, instead of that. — Exceptions: (a) When the antecedent is defined, e.g. by a possessive case, modern English uses who instead of that. It is rare, though it would be useful,[7] to say "His English friends that had not seen him" for "the English friends, or those of his English friends, that had not seen him." (b) That sounds ill when separated from its verb and from its antecedents, and emphasized by isolation: "There are many persons that, though unscrupulous, are commonly good-tempered, and that, if not strongly incited by self-interest, are ready for the most part to think of the interest of their neighbours." Shakespeare frequently uses who after that when the relative is repeated. See "Shakespearian Grammar," par. 260. (c) If the antecedent is qualified by that, the relative must not be that. Besides other considerations, the repetition is disagreeable. Addison ridicules such language as "That remark that I made yesterday is not that that I said that I regretted that I had made." (d) That cannot be preceded by a preposition, and hence throws the preposition to the end. "This is the rule that I adhere to." This is perfectly good English, though sometimes unnecessarily avoided. But, with some prepositions, the construction is harsh and objectionable, e.g. "This is the mark that I jumped beyond," "Such were the prejudices that he rose above." The reason is that some of these disyllabic prepositions are used as adverbs, and, when separated from their nouns, give one the impression that they are used as adverbs. (e) After pronominal adjectives used for personal pronouns, modern English prefers who. "There are many, others, several, those, who can testify &c." (f) After that used as a conjunction there is sometimes a dislike to use that as a relative. See (c). 9. Do not use redundant "and" before "which."[8] "I gave him a very interesting book for a present, and which cost me five shillings." In short sentences the absurdity is evident, but in long sentences it is less evident, and very common. "A petition was presented for rescinding that portion of the bye-laws which permits application of public money to support sectarian schools over which ratepayers have no control, this being a violation of the principle of civil and religious liberty, and which the memorialists believe would provoke a determined and conscientious resistance." Here which ought grammatically to refer to "portion" or "schools." But it seems intended to refer to "violation." Omit "and," or repeat "a violation" before "which," or turn the sentence otherwise. 10. Equivalents for Relative. —"Men thirsting (for 'men that thirst') for revenge are not indifferent to plunder." The objection to the participle is that here, as often, it creates a little ambiguity. The above sentence may mean, "men, when they thirst," or "though they thirst," as well as "men that thirst." Often however there is no ambiguity: "I have documents proving this conclusively." (a) Participle. —Instead of "He was the first that entered" you can write "to enter;" for "He is not a man who will act dishonestly," "to act." This equivalent cannot often be used. (b) Infinitive. can sometimes be used for "by which," "in which," so as to avoid a harsh repetition of "which." "The means whereby this may be effected." But this use is somewhat antiquated. (c) Whereby, wherein, &c., —"The man that does not care for music is to be pitied" can be written (though not so forcibly), "If a man does not care for music, he is to be pitied." It is in long sentences that this equivalent will be found most useful. (d) If. —"He did his best, which was all that could be expected," can be written, "and this was all that, &c." (e) And this. —"Let me repeat that which[9] you ought to know, that that which is worth doing is worth doing well." "Let me repeat, what you ought to know, that what is worth doing is worth doing well." (f) What. —It is sometimes thought ungrammatical to omit the relative, as in "The man (that) you speak of." On the contrary, that when an object (not when a subject) may be omitted, wherever the antecedent and the subject of the relative sentence are brought into juxtaposition by the omission. (g) Omission of Relative. This is particularly useful after a negative: "He said that he would not even hear me, which I confess I had expected." Here the meaning may be, "I had expected that he would," or "that he would not, hear me." Write, "a refusal, or, a favour, that I confess I had expected." See (38). 10 a'. Repeat the Antecedent in some new form, where there is any ambiguity. —This is a most important rule. Instead of "I have neither the necessaries of life nor the means of procuring them," write (if you can with truth), "I have not a crust of bread, nor a penny to buy one." 11. Use particular for general terms. CAUTION.—There is a danger in this use. The meaning is vividly expressed but sometimes may be exaggerated or imperfect. Crust of bread may be an exaggeration; on the other hand, if the speaker is destitute not only of bread, but also of shelter and clothing, then crust of bread is an imperfect expression of the meaning. In philosophy and science, where the language ought very often to be inclusive and brief, general and not particular terms must be used. The disadvantage of the use of Verbal Nouns is this, that, unless they are immediately preceded by prepositions, they are sometimes liable to be confounded with participles. The following is an instance of an excessive use of Verbal Nouns: 11 a. Avoid Verbal Nouns where Verbs can be used instead. "The pretended confession of the secretary was only collusion to lay the jealousies of the king's favouring popery, which still hung upon him, notwithstanding his writing on the Revelation, and affecting to enter on all occasions into controversy, asserting in particular that the Pope was Antichrist." Write "notwithstanding that he wrote and affected &c." 12. Use a particular Person instead of a class. "What is the splendour of the greatest monarch compared with the beauty of a flower?" "What is the splendour of Solomon compared with the beauty of a daisy?" Under this head may come the forcible use of Noun for Adjective: "This fortress is weakness itself." An excess of this use is lengthy and pedantically bombastic, e.g., the following paraphrase for "in every British colony:"—"under Indian palm-groves, amid Australian gum-trees, in the shadow of African mimosas, and beneath Canadian pines." 13. Use Metaphor instead of literal statement. "The ship ploughs the sea" is clearer than "the ship cleaves the sea," and shorter than "the ship cleaves the sea as a plough cleaves the land." Of course there are some subjects for which Metaphor should not be used. See (14 a) and (14 b). 14. Do not confuse Metaphor. "In a moment the thunderbolt was upon them, deluging their country with invaders." The following is attributed to Sir Boyle Roche: "Mr. Speaker, I smell a rat, I see him brewing in the air; but, mark me, I shall yet nip him in the bud." Some words, once metaphorical, have ceased to be so regarded. Hence many good writers say "under these circumstances" instead of "in these circumstances." An excessive regard for disused metaphor savours of pedantry: disregard is inelegant. Write, not, "unparalleled complications," but "unprecedented complications;" and "he threw light on obscurities," instead of "he unravelled obscurities." 14 a. Do not introduce literal statement immediately after Metaphor. "He was the father of Chemistry, and brother to the Earl of Cork." "He was a very thunderbolt of war,
And was lieutenant to the Earl of Mar." Thus, we may say "a poet soars," or even, though rarely, "a nation soars to greatness," but you could not say "Consols soared to 94-1/2." Even commonplace subjects may be illustrated by metaphor: for it is a metaphor, and quite unobjectionable, to say "Consols mounted, or jumped to 94-1/2." But commonplace subjects must be illustrated by metaphor that is commonplace. 14 b. Do not use poetic metaphor to illustrate a prosaic subject. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edwin Abbott Abbott (2007). How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22600/pg22600.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Use words in their proper sense

SCANDAL AND ITS VICTIMS.

UNION NOT ALWAYS STRENGTH.

The United States v Meta Platforms Court Filing October 24, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 19 of 100. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here 5. Meta’s use of social comparison features such as “Likes” also promotes compulsive use and mental health harms for young users. 226. Meta’s Social Media Platforms contain additional design features that exacerbate social comparison, such as the quantification and display of Like counts on each piece of content on Instagram and Facebook. 227. Likes are a quick way for users to express validation or approval of other users’ photos or videos, by clicking or tapping a heart icon or the iconic thumbs-up icon. Likes were developed by Meta between 2010 and 2013. 228. [Redacted] Despite that knowledge, Meta has elected to publicly downplay its negative effects on young users rather than eliminating the feature for young users or truthfully disclosing its negative effects. 229-250. [Redacted] 251. As of October 2023, Like counts on all users’ posts remain visible by default on Instagram and Facebook. 252. Rather than removing visible Like counts for all users by default [Redacted], users who wish to hide Like counts from posts in their Instagram or Facebook Feeds must navigate submenus of preferences to affirmatively opt in. 253. Meta could have, at a minimum, hidden Like counts for young users of Instagram and Facebook, but it declined to do so. Instead, Meta continues to show young users Like counts for all content in its Social Media Platforms by default. 254. [Redacted] 255. [Redacted] Meta continues to quantify and display social statistics such as Likes on its Platforms by default. 256-260. [Redacted] 261. [Redacted] Meta chose to continue displaying Like counts and to continue prioritizing the display of “popular” posts. 262-264. [Redacted] 265. [Redacted] Indeed, in the context of discussing whether Like counts should remain visible at WIRED’s annual conference on November 8, 2019, Mosseri publicly stated that “[w]e will make decisions that hurt the business if they’re good for people’s well-being and health . . . .” 266-272. [Redacted] 273. [Redacted] Meta declined to implement Project Daisy as a default for young users, only making it available to young users as an opt-in setting. 274-283. [Redacted] 284. A May 26, 2021 Meta blog post, titled “Giving People More Control on Instagram and Facebook,” claimed that although the company tested Daisy “to see if it might depressurize people’s experience on Instagram,” Meta had decided not to implement it as a default because “not seeing like counts was beneficial for some, and annoying to others.” 285-287. [Redacted] 288. Through these and other public statements, Meta falsely represented that Project Daisy was not implemented by default in Instagram and Facebook because Meta lacked evidence that the Platform changes tested in Project Daisy were beneficial to the mental health and wellbeing of its users—or because the impact of removing visible Like counts was too “individualized” to be beneficial as a default setting applicable to a general audience. 289-298. [Redacted] Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 4:23-cv-05448 retrieved on October 25, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. Washingtonpost.com Lead image by karsten winegeart on unsplash

Facebook and Instagram's Utilization of Dopamine-Driven Features to Foster User Engagement

HOLLINGFORD IN A BUSTLE.

SIX WEEKS AT HEPPENHEIM

My second hackathon was on the Flow chain. You might ask why I specifically chose Flow and not any other hackathon. The answer is quite simple. I was part of the community from the very beginning; during the ICO, when I first heard about the project, and invested in Flow at 60 cents per coin. It was a good deal, especially when Flow’s cost rose up to $40 per coin. At that time, all the coins were locked, making it impossible for ICO investors to sell any. I was only able to sell them at $17, which, in my opinion, was great. Since then, I’ve actively followed the community. I wanted to participate in Hackathon season 1 but was busy with several other projects. So, when I heard about the upcoming hackathon season 2, I was very excited to participate in it with my idea for a charity that had been sitting in my mind for a long time. Before diving any deeper, you can try the project yourself by visiting https://prayforua.com Flow: Cadence, FCL Official Guide Since it was my first time working with the Flow ecosystem, I decided to use the official guide to learn Cadence and , which we will talk about later. FCL - Flow Client Library The official guide helped me understand Cadence better, guiding me through the most common use cases. Although very useful, I found it a bit verbose, with many articles written so that readers could jump in at any point. This led to repetition and made it seem clunky. Other than that, it took me around 6-8 hours to finish, leading to a basic understanding of the language principles and architecture of blockchain projects using the Flow ecosystem. Both Cadence and FCL were developed by DapperLabs, providing a consistent developer experience. Their API also seemed mature to me, even tho It’s a new language and API might change in the future, covering almost everything a developer might need, it might ever work for an enterprise-sized project. My project was smaller, but it still required a lot of smart contracts, I’ll describe that in the Architecture section. Cadence Compared to Other Languages For those who don’t know, Cadence is a new programming language for smart contracts written by Dapper Labs. I was very curious to try Cadence, having heard about this language some time ago, with its resource-oriented nature akin to . I also wanted to compare it with the well-established Solidity that I’ve used. Rust Resource-Oriented Nature One of the standout features of Cadence is its resource-oriented nature, drawing parallels with the programming language Rust. Rust gained prominence for its efficient resource allocation mechanism, centered around borrowing and lending. Similarly, Cadence employs a similar principle: resources can exist in only one location at a time. This fundamental concept guarantees resource safety, particularly for tokens and other critical resources within the smart contract ecosystem. This design choice not only enhances security but also contributes to the predictability and reliability of smart contracts. Enhanced Security Cadence’s resource-oriented approach inherently addresses some of the security concerns that plagued Solidity-based contracts. By preventing resource duplication and enforcing strict ownership rules, Cadence minimizes the potential for vulnerabilities such as reentrancy attacks and unauthorized token transfers. This focus on security aligns with Dapper Lab’s vision of providing a robust platform for building decentralized applications without compromising on safety. On the other hand, Solidity’s design allowed for pitfalls such as reentrancy attacks, which posed a significant security threat. My Hackathon Project Let’s briefly examine the app architecture and the main concept of my hackathon project. Tooling For my own projects, Svelte is a no-brainer, so: for speed. pnmp as js framework. Svelte as an application framework. (For those unfamiliar with SvelteKit, you might think of it as similar to Next.js) SvelteKit - For quick prototyping. (TailwindCSS for styles and the Tailwind library of mixed styles DaisyUI for even more styles on top of tailwind shugar for basic components like buttons, ranges, etc.) TailwindCSS/DaisyUI //package.json
{
...,
"devDependencies": {
"@sveltejs/adapter-vercel": "^3.0.2",
"@sveltejs/kit": "^1.22.1",
"autoprefixer": "^10.4.14",
"daisyui": "^3.1.11",
"eslint": "^8.44.0",
"eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0",
"eslint-plugin-svelte": "^2.32.2",
"postcss": "^8.4.25",
"prettier": "^3.0.0",
"prettier-plugin-svelte": "^2.10.1",
"svelte": "^4.0.5",
"tailwindcss": "^3.3.2",
"vite": "^4.4.2"
},
"dependencies": {
"@onflow/fcl": "^1.4.1",
"firebase": "^10.0.0",
"nanoid": "^4.0.2",
"ramda": "^0.29.0"
}
} As you can see, I’m using 4 client libs: fcl - flow client api firebase - my user data storage solution + db real-time updates onSnapshot nanoid - gen random id ramda - like lodash, but functional style library of utilities (Ramda helped take advantage of utility functions like pipe, combine, etc.) Because Svelte is a in the first place, there is no real difference between devDependencies and dependencies, but I’m adding client libs as dependencies for the sake of concept separation, so it’s easier to read. compiler Svelte store firebase simplified implementation You might want to see simple svelte store firebase api wrapper with localStorage sync import {getFirestore, doc, setDoc, getDoc} from 'firebase/firestore';
import {initializeApp} from 'firebase/app';
import {writable} from 'svelte/store';
import {browser} from '$app/environment';
import {firebaseKeys} from '$lib/firebase/config';

const initialState = {};

function createDb(key) {
  const initialValue =
    browser && localStorage.getItem(key)
      ? JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key))
      : initialState;

  const {subscribe, set, update} = writable(initialValue);
  const ini = initializeApp(firebaseKeys);
  const db = getFirestore(ini);

  return {
    set,
    update,
    subscribe,
    getDbRef: () => db,
    getDoc: async (path, id) => {
      const docRef = doc(db, path, id);
      return await getDoc(docRef);
    },
    setDoc: async (path, id, payload) => {
      try {
        const docRef = doc(db, path, id);
        await setDoc(docRef, {...payload}, {merge: true});
        console.warn('Document added to Firestore:', document);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('Error adding document to Firestore:', error);
      }
    },
    useLocalStorage: () => {
      subscribe((current) => {
        if (browser) {
          localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(current));
        }
      });
    }
  };
}

export const db = createDb('app-db'); I wrote this wrapper to simplify the usage of Firebase API across the app. The might look a bit complex, but the logic is similar to zustand. Project store Svelte and cadence integration One aspect I love the most is the ability to integrate smart contract transactions and scripts using FCL, very handy for creating a serverless app. For example, transfering tokens be like: ...
export const transferFlow = async (amount, addr, cid) => {
  let transactionId = false;
  initTransactionState();

  try {
    transactionId = await fcl.mutate({
      cadence: `
        import FungibleToken from 0x9a0766d93b6608b7
        import FlowToken from 0x7e60df042a9c0868

        transaction(amount: UFix64, to: Address) {

           // The Vault resource that holds the tokens that are being transferred
           let sentVault: @FungibleToken.Vault

           prepare(signer: AuthAccount) {

               // Get a reference to the signer's stored vault
               let vaultRef = signer.borrow<&FlowToken.Vault>(from: /storage/flowTokenVault)
            ?? panic("Could not borrow reference to the owner's Vault!")

               // Withdraw tokens from the signer's stored vault
               self.sentVault <- vaultRef.withdraw(amount: amount)
           }

           execute {

               // Get a reference to the recipient's Receiver
               let receiverRef =  getAccount(to)
                   .getCapability(/public/flowTokenReceiver)
                   .borrow<&{FungibleToken.Receiver}>()
                    ?? panic("Could not borrow receiver reference to the recipient's Vault")

               // Deposit the withdrawn tokens in the recipient's receiver
               receiverRef.deposit(from: <-self.sentVault)
           }
        }
      `,
      args: (arg, t) => [arg(amount, t.UFix64), arg(addr, t.Address)],
      payer: fcl.authz,
      proposer: fcl.authz,
      authorizations: [fcl.authz],
      limit: 50
    });

    // store method
    txId.set(transactionId);

    // subscribe to svelte transactions
    fcl.tx(transactionId).subscribe((res) => {
      transactionStatus.set(res.status);
      if (res.status) {
        if (res.status === 4) {
          getAccountBalance(addr, cid);
          auth.addFlowTransaction({
            txId: transactionId,
            event: `${amount} Flow transferred to ${addr} at`,
            status: res.status,
            timestamp: new Date().getTime()
          });
          setTimeout(() => transactionInProgress.set(false), 2000);
        }
      }
    });
  } catch (e) {
    transactionStatus.set(99);
    console.warn(e);
  }
};
... Here method receiving an object with key and value will be valid cadence code, and this way you can write transactions and scripts easily from your js files. See more examples of flc actions in github. fcl.mutate cadence Conclusion Even tho I didn’t win, the Flow ecosystem fullstack development was an interesting experience. It seems more concise and simplified to work with when compared to the Ethereum ecosystem, which is not bad at all but I definitely like cadence more than solidity. However, to be fair, the last time I used the Solidity ecosystem was more than three years ago, so things might have changed, although I doubt it. 🥲 Outro I appreciate your engagement thus far. 🙏 Whether you’re a startup or an established enterprise, I’m here to help you build and enhance your digital products by offering my services. You can reach me by email at or find more contact information at glazer.nicholas@gmail.com https://nicholasglazer.com/man/ng Also published here.

My Journey With Flow: From ICO to Blockchain Hackathon Season 2

Electronic Afterword to The Hacker Crackdown, Halloween 1993

The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER I here CHAPTER I My father was a St. Bernard, my mother was a collie, but I am a Presbyterian. This is what my mother told me, I do not know these nice distinctions myself. To me they are only fine large words meaning nothing. My mother had a fondness for such; she liked to say them, and see other dogs look surprised and envious, as wondering how she got so much education. But, indeed, it was not real education; it was only show: she got the words by listening in the dining-room and drawing-room when there was company, and by going with the children to Sunday-school and listening there; and whenever she heard a large word she said it over to herself many times, and so was able to keep it until there was a dogmatic gathering in the neighborhood, then she would get it off, and surprise and distress them all, from pocket-pup to mastiff, which rewarded her for all her trouble. If there was a stranger he was nearly sure to be suspicious, and when he got his breath again he would ask her what it meant. And she always told him. He was never expecting this but thought he would catch her; so when she told him, he was the one that looked ashamed, whereas he had thought it was going to be she. The others were always waiting for this, and glad of it and proud of her, for they knew what was going to happen, because they had had experience. When she told the meaning of a big word they were all so taken up with admiration that it never occurred to any dog to doubt if it was the right one; and that was natural, because, for one thing, she answered up so promptly that it seemed like a dictionary speaking, and for another thing, where could they find out whether it was right or not? for she was the only cultivated dog there was. By and by, when I was older, she brought home the word Unintellectual, one time, and worked it pretty hard all the week at different gatherings, making much unhappiness and despondency; and it was at this time that I noticed that during that week she was asked for the meaning at eight different assemblages, and flashed out a fresh definition every time, which showed me that she had more presence of mind than culture, though I said nothing, of course. She had one word which she always kept on hand, and ready, like a life-preserver, a kind of emergency word to strap on when she was likely to get washed overboard in a sudden way—that was the word Synonymous. When she happened to fetch out a long word which had had its day weeks before and its prepared meanings gone to her dump-pile, if there was a stranger there of course it knocked him groggy for a couple of minutes, then he would come to, and by that time she would be away down wind on another tack, and not expecting anything; so when he'd hail and ask her to cash in, I (the only dog on the inside of her game) could see her canvas flicker a moment—but only just a moment—then it would belly out taut and full, and she would say, as calm as a summer's day, “It's synonymous with supererogation,” or some godless long reptile of a word like that, and go placidly about and skim away on the next tack, perfectly comfortable, you know, and leave that stranger looking profane and embarrassed, and the initiated slatting the floor with their tails in unison and their faces transfigured with a holy joy. And it was the same with phrases. She would drag home a whole phrase, if it had a grand sound, and play it six nights and two matinees, and explain it a new way every time—which she had to, for all she cared for was the phrase; she wasn't interested in what it meant, and knew those dogs hadn't wit enough to catch her, anyway. Yes, she was a daisy! She got so she wasn't afraid of anything, she had such confidence in the ignorance of those creatures. She even brought anecdotes that she had heard the family and the dinner-guests laugh and shout over; and as a rule she got the nub of one chestnut hitched onto another chestnut, where, of course, it didn't fit and hadn't any point; and when she delivered the nub she fell over and rolled on the floor and laughed and barked in the most insane way, while I could see that she was wondering to herself why it didn't seem as funny as it did when she first heard it. But no harm was done; the others rolled and barked too, privately ashamed of themselves for not seeing the point, and never suspecting that the fault was not with them and there wasn't any to see. You can see by these things that she was of a rather vain and frivolous character; still, she had virtues, and enough to make up, I think. She had a kind heart and gentle ways, and never harbored resentments for injuries done her, but put them easily out of her mind and forgot them; and she taught her children her kindly way, and from her we learned also to be brave and prompt in time of danger, and not to run away, but face the peril that threatened friend or stranger, and help him the best we could without stopping to think what the cost might be to us. And she taught us not by words only, but by example, and that is the best way and the surest and the most lasting. Why, the brave things she did, the splendid things! she was just a soldier; and so modest about it—well, you couldn't help admiring her, and you couldn't help imitating her; not even a King Charles spaniel could remain entirely despicable in her society. So, as you see, there was more to her than her education. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/142/pg142-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

My father was a St. Bernard, my mother was a collie, but I am a Presbyterian

Christian Science by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER II here CHAPTER II When she wrote this little biography her great life-work had already been achieved, she was become renowned; to multitudes of reverent disciples she was a sacred personage, a familiar of God, and His inspired channel of communication with the human race. Also, to them these following things were facts, and not doubted: She had written a Bible in middle age, and had published it; she had recast it, enlarged it, and published it again; she had not stopped there, but had enlarged it further, polished its phrasing, improved its form, and published it yet again. It was at last become a compact, grammatical, dignified, and workman-like body of literature. This was good training, persistent training; and in all arts it is training that brings the art to perfection. We are now confronted with one of the most teasing and baffling riddles of Mrs. Eddy's history—a riddle which may be formulated thus: How is it that a primitive literary gun which began as a hundred-yard flint-lock smooth-bore muzzle-loader, and in the course of forty years has acquired one notable improvement after another—percussion cap; fixed cartridge; rifled barrel; efficiency at half a mile how is it that such a gun, sufficiently good on an elephant hunt (Christian Science) from the beginning, and growing better and better all the time during forty years, has always collapsed back to its original flint-lock estate the moment the huntress trained it on any other creature than an elephant? Something more than a generation ago Mrs. Eddy went out with her flint-lock on the rabbit range; and this was a part of the result: “After his decease, and a severe casualty deemed fatal by skilful physicians, we discovered that the Principle of all healing and the law that governs it is God, a divine Principle, and a spiritual not material law, and regained health.”—Preface to Science and Health, first revision, 1883. N.B. Not from the book itself; from the Preface. You will notice the awkwardness of that English. If you should carry that paragraph up to the Supreme Court of the United States in order to find out for good and all whether the fatal casualty happened to the dead man—as the paragraph almost asserts—or to some person or persons not even hinted at in the paragraph, the Supreme Court would be obliged to say that the evidence established nothing with certainty except that there had been a casualty—victim not known. The context thinks it explains who the victim was, but it does nothing of the kind. It furnishes some guessing-material of a sort which enables you to infer that it was “we” that suffered the mentioned injury, but if you should carry the language to a court you would not be able to prove that it necessarily meant that. “We” are Mrs. Eddy; a funny little affectation. She replaced it later with the more dignified third person. The quoted paragraph is from Mrs. Eddy's preface to the first revision of Science and Health (1883). Sixty-four pages further along—in the body of the book (the elephant-range), she went out with that same flint-lock and got this following result. Its English is very nearly as straight and clean and competent as is the English of the latest revision of Science and Health after the gun has been improved from smooth-bore musket up to globe-sighted, long distance rifle: “Man controlled by his Maker has no physical suffering. His body is harmonious, his days are multiplying instead of diminishing, he is journeying towards Life instead of death, and bringing out the new man and crucifying the old affections, cutting them off in every material direction until he learns the utter supremacy of Spirit and yields obedience thereto.” In the latest revision of Science and Health (1902), the perfected gun furnishes the following. The English is clean, compact, dignified, almost perfect. But it is observable that it is not prominently better than it is in the above paragraph, which was a product of the primitive flint-lock: “How unreasonable is the belief that we are wearing out life and hastening to death, and at the same time we are communing with immortality? If the departed are in rapport with mortality, or matter, they are not spiritual, but must still be mortal, sinful, suffering, and dying. Then wherefore look to them—even were communication possible—for proofs of immortality and accept them as oracles?” —Edition of 1902, page 78. With the above paragraphs compare these that follow. It is Mrs. Eddy writing—after a good long twenty years of pen-practice. Compare also with the alleged Poems already quoted. The prominent characteristic of the Poems is affectation, artificiality; their makeup is a complacent and pretentious outpour of false figures and fine writing, in the sophomoric style. The same qualities and the same style will be found, unchanged, unbettered, in these following paragraphs—after a lapse of more than fifty years, and after—as aforesaid—long literary training. The italics are mine: “What plague spot or bacilli were [sic] gnawing [sic] at the heart of this metropolis... and bringing it [the heart] on bended knee? Why, it was an institute that had entered its vitals—that, among other things, taught games,” et cetera.—C.S. Journal, p. 670, article entitled “A Narrative—by Mary Baker G. Eddy.” “Parks sprang up [sic]... electric-cars run [sic] merrily through several streets, concrete sidewalks and macadamized roads dotted [sic] the place,” et cetera.—Ibid. “Shorn [sic] of its suburbs it had indeed little left to admire, save to [sic] such as fancy a skeleton above ground breathing [sic] slowly through a barren [sic] breast.”—Ibid. This is not English—I mean, grown-up English. But it is fifteen-year-old English, and has not grown a month since the same mind produced the Poems. The standard of the Poems and of the plague-spot-and-bacilli effort is exactly the same. It is most strange that the same intellect that worded the simple and self-contained and clean-cut paragraph beginning with “How unreasonable is the belief,” should in the very same lustrum discharge upon the world such a verbal chaos as the utterance concerning that plague-spot or bacilli which were gnawing at the insides of the metropolis and bringing its heart on bended knee, thus exposing to the eye the rest of the skeleton breathing slowly through a barren breast. The immense contrast between the legitimate English of Science and Health and the bastard English of Mrs. Eddy's miscellaneous work, and between the maturity of the one diction and the juvenility of the other, suggests—compels—the question, Are there two guns? It would seem so. Is there a poor, foolish, old, scattering flint-lock for rabbit, and a long-range, centre-driving, up-to-date Mauser-magazine for elephant? It looks like it. For it is observable that in Science and Health (the elephant-ground) the practice was good at the start and has remained so, and that the practice in the miscellaneous, outside, small-game field was very bad at the start and was never less bad at any later time. I wish to say that of Mrs. Eddy I am not requiring perfect English, but only good English. No one can write perfect English and keep it up through a stretch of ten chapters. It has never been done. It was approached in the “well of English undefiled”; it has been approached in Mrs. Eddy's Annex to that Book; it has been approached in several English grammars; I have even approached it myself; but none of us has made port. Now, the English of Science and Health is good. In passages to be found in Mrs. Eddy's Autobiography (on pages 53, 57, 101, and 113), and on page 6 of her squalid preface to Science and Health, first revision, she seems to me to claim the whole and sole authorship of the book. That she wrote the Autobiography, and that preface, and the Poems, and the Plague-spot-Bacilli, we are not permitted to doubt. Indeed, we know she wrote them. But the very certainty that she wrote these things compels a doubt that she wrote Science and Health. She is guilty of little awkwardnesses of expression in the Autobiography which a practiced pen would hardly allow to go uncorrected in even a hasty private letter, and could not dream of passing by uncorrected in passages intended for print. But she passes them placidly by; as placidly as if she did not suspect that they were offenses against third-class English. I think that that placidity was born of that very unawareness, so to speak. I will cite a few instances from the Autobiography. The italics are mine: “I remember reading in my childhood certain manuscripts containing Scriptural Sonnets, besides other verses and enigmas,” etc. Page 7. [On page 27.] “Many pale cripples went into the Church leaning on crutches who came out carrying them on their shoulders.” It is awkward, because at the first glance it seems to say that the cripples went in leaning on crutches which went out carrying the cripples on their shoulders. It would have cost her no trouble to put her “who” after her “cripples.” I blame her a little; I think her proof-reader should have been shot. We may let her capital C pass, but it is another awkwardness, for she is talking about a building, not about a religious society. “Marriage and Parentage” [Chapter-heading. Page 30]. You imagine that she is going to begin a talk about her marriage and finish with some account of her father and mother. And so you will be deceived. “Marriage” was right, but “Parentage” was not the best word for the rest of the record. It refers to the birth of her own child. After a certain period of time “my babe was born.” Marriage and Motherhood—Marriage and Maternity—Marriage and Product—Marriage and Dividend—either of these would have fitted the facts and made the matter clear. “Without my knowledge he was appointed a guardian.” Page 32. She is speaking of her child. She means that a guardian for her child was appointed, but that isn't what she says. “If spiritual conclusions are separated from their premises, the nexus is lost, and the argument with its rightful conclusions, becomes correspondingly obscure.” Page 34. We shall never know why she put the word “correspondingly” in there. Any fine, large word would have answered just as well: psychosuperintangibly—electroincandescently—oligarcheologically— sanchrosynchro-stereoptically—any of these would have answered, any of these would have filled the void. “His spiritual noumenon and phenomenon silenced portraiture.” Page 34. Yet she says she forgot everything she knew, when she discovered Christian Science. I realize that noumenon is a daisy; and I will not deny that I shall use it whenever I am in a company which I think I can embarrass with it; but, at the same time, I think it is out of place among friends in an autobiography. There, I think a person ought not to have anything up his sleeve. It undermines confidence. But my dissatisfaction with the quoted passage is not on account of noumenon; it is on account of the misuse of the word “silenced.” You cannot silence portraiture with a noumenon; if portraiture should make a noise, a way could be found to silence it, but even then it could not be done with a noumenon. Not even with a brick, some authorities think. “It may be that the mortal life-battle still wages,” etc. Page 35. That is clumsy. Battles do not wage, battles are waged. Mrs. Eddy has one very curious and interesting peculiarity: whenever she notices that she is chortling along without saying anything, she pulls up with a sudden “God is over us all,” or some other sounding irrelevancy, and for the moment it seems to light up the whole district; then, before you can recover from the shock, she goes flitting pleasantly and meaninglessly along again, and you hurry hopefully after her, thinking you are going to get something this time; but as soon as she has led you far enough away from her turkey lot she takes to a tree. Whenever she discovers that she is getting pretty disconnected, she couples-up with an ostentatious “But” which has nothing to do with anything that went before or is to come after, then she hitches some empties to the train-unrelated verses from the Bible, usually—and steams out of sight and leaves you wondering how she did that clever thing. For striking instances, see bottom paragraph on page 34 and the paragraph on page 35 of her Autobiography. She has a purpose—a deep and dark and artful purpose—in what she is saying in the first paragraph, and you guess what it is, but that is due to your own talent, not hers; she has made it as obscure as language could do it. The other paragraph has no meaning and no discoverable intention. It is merely one of her God-over-alls. I cannot spare room for it in this place. “I beheld with ineffable awe our great Master's marvelous skill in demanding neither obedience to hygienic laws nor,” etc. Page 41. The word is loosely chosen-skill. She probably meant judgment, intuition, penetration, or wisdom. “Naturally, my first jottings were but efforts to express in feeble diction Truth's ultimate.” Page 42. One understands what she means, but she should have been able to say what she meant—at any time before she discovered Christian Science and forgot everything she knew—and after it, too. If she had put “feeble” in front of “efforts” and then left out “in” and “diction,” she would have scored. “... its written expression increases in perfection under the guidance of the great Master.” Page 43. It is an error. Not even in those advantageous circumstances can increase be added to perfection. “Evil is not mastered by evil; it can only be overcome with Good. This brings out the nothingness of evil, and the eternal Somethingness vindicates the Divine Principle and improves the race of Adam.” Page 76. This is too extraneous for me. That is the trouble with Mrs. Eddy when she sets out to explain an over-large exhibit: the minute you think the light is bursting upon you the candle goes out and your mind begins to wander. “No one else can drain the cup which I have drunk to the dregs, as the discoverer and teacher of Christian Science” Page 47. That is saying we cannot empty an empty cup. We knew it before; and we know she meant to tell us that that particular cup is going to remain empty. That is, we think that that was the idea, but we cannot be sure. She has a perfectly astonishing talent for putting words together in such a way as to make successful inquiry into their intention impossible. She generally makes us uneasy when she begins to tune up on her fine-writing timbrel. It carries me back to her Plague-Spot and Poetry days, and I just dread those: “Into mortal mind's material obliquity I gazed and stood abashed. Blanched was the cheek of pride. My heart bent low before the omnipotence of Spirit, and a tint of humility soft as the heart of a moonbeam mantled the earth. Bethlehem and Bethany, Gethsemane and Calvary, spoke to my chastened sense as by the tearful lips of a babe.” Page 48. The heart of a moonbeam is a pretty enough Friendship's-Album expression—let it pass, though I do think the figure a little strained; but humility has no tint, humility has no complexion, and if it had it could not mantle the earth. A moonbeam might—I do not know—but she did not say it was the moonbeam. But let it go, I cannot decide it, she mixes me up so. A babe hasn't “tearful lips,” it's its eyes. You find none of Mrs. Eddy's kind of English in Science and Health—not a line of it. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Christian Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3187/pg3187-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

She wrote this little biography her great life-work had already been achieved

Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offences

Sylvie and Bruno by Lewis Carroll, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE THREE BADGERS here CHAPTER XVII. THE THREE BADGERS Still more dreamily I found myself following this imperious voice into a room where the Earl, his daughter, and Arthur, were seated. “So you're come at last!” said Lady Muriel, in a tone of playful reproach. “I was delayed,” I stammered. Though what it was that had delayed me I should have been puzzled to explain! Luckily no questions were asked. The carriage was ordered round, the hamper, containing our contribution to the Picnic, was duly stowed away, and we set forth. There was no need for me to maintain the conversation. Lady Muriel and Arthur were evidently on those most delightful of terms, where one has no need to check thought after thought, as it rises to the lips, with the fear 'this will not be appreciated—this will give' offence—this will sound too serious—this will sound flippant': like very old friends, in fullest sympathy, their talk rippled on. “Why shouldn't we desert the Picnic and go in some other direction?” she suddenly suggested. “A party of four is surely self-sufficing? And as for food, our hamper—” “Why shouldn't we? What a genuine lady's argument!” laughed Arthur. “A lady never knows on which side the onus probandi—the burden of proving—lies!” “Do men always know?” she asked with a pretty assumption of meek docility. “With one exception—the only one I can think of Dr. Watts, who has asked the senseless question, 'Why should I deprive my neighbour
    Of his goods against his will?' Fancy that as an argument for Honesty! His position seems to be 'I'm only honest because I see no reason to steal.' And the thief's answer is of course complete and crushing. 'I deprive my neighbour of his goods because I want them myself. And I do it against his will because there's no chance of getting him to consent to it!'” “I can give you one other exception,” I said: “an argument I heard only to-day—-and not by a lady. 'Why shouldn't I walk on my own forehead?'” “What a curious subject for speculation!” said Lady Muriel, turning to me, with eyes brimming over with laughter. “May we know who propounded the question? And did he walk on his own forehead?” “I ca'n't remember who it was that said it!” I faltered. “Nor where I heard it!” “Whoever it was, I hope we shall meet him at the Picnic!” said Lady Muriel. “It's a far more interesting question than 'Isn't this a picturesque ruin?' Aren't those autumn-tints lovely?' I shall have to answer those two questions ten times, at least, this afternoon!” “That's one of the miseries of Society!” said Arthur. “Why ca'n't people let one enjoy the beauties of Nature without having to say so every minute? Why should Life be one long Catechism?” “It's just as bad at a picture-gallery,” the Earl remarked. “I went to the R.A. last May, with a conceited young artist: and he did torment me! I wouldn't have minded his criticizing the pictures himself: but I had to agree with him—or else to argue the point, which would have been worse!” “It was depreciatory criticism, of course?” said Arthur. “I don't see the 'of course' at all.” “Why, did you ever know a conceited man dare to praise a picture? The one thing he dreads (next to not being noticed) is to be proved fallible! If you once praise a picture, your character for infallibility hangs by a thread. Suppose it's a figure-picture, and you venture to say 'draws well.' Somebody measures it, and finds one of the proportions an eighth of an inch wrong. You are disposed of as a critic! 'Did you say he draws well?' your friends enquire sarcastically, while you hang your head and blush. No. The only safe course, if any one says 'draws well,' is to shrug your shoulders. 'Draws well?' you repeat thoughtfully. 'Draws well? Humph!' That's the way to become a great critic!” Thus airily chatting, after a pleasant drive through a few miles of beautiful scenery, we reached the rendezvous—a ruined castle—where the rest of the picnic-party were already assembled. We spent an hour or two in sauntering about the ruins: gathering at last, by common consent, into a few random groups, seated on the side of a mound, which commanded a good view of the old castle and its surroundings. The momentary silence, that ensued, was promptly taken possession of or, more correctly, taken into custody—by a Voice; a voice so smooth, so monotonous, so sonorous, that one felt, with a shudder, that any other conversation was precluded, and that, unless some desperate remedy were adopted, we were fated to listen to a Lecture, of which no man could foresee the end! The speaker was a broadly-built man, whose large, flat, pale face was bounded on the North by a fringe of hair, on the East and West by a fringe of whisker, and on the South by a fringe of beard—the whole constituting a uniform halo of stubbly whitey-brown bristles. His features were so entirely destitute of expression that I could not help saying to myself—helplessly, as if in the clutches of a night-mare—“they are only penciled in: no final touches as yet!” And he had a way of ending every sentence with a sudden smile, which spread like a ripple over that vast blank surface, and was gone in a moment, leaving behind it such absolute solemnity that I felt impelled to murmur “it was not he: it was somebody else that smiled!” “Do you observe?” (such was the phrase with which the wretch began each sentence) “Do you observe the way in which that broken arch, at the very top of the ruin, stands out against the clear sky? It is placed exactly right: and there is exactly enough of it. A little more, or a little less, and all would be utterly spoiled!” {Image...A lecture, on art} “Oh gifted architect!” murmured Arthur, inaudibly to all but Lady Muriel and myself. “Foreseeing the exact effect his work would have, when in ruins, centuries after his death!” “And do you observe, where those trees slope down the hill,” (indicating them with a sweep of the hand, and with all the patronising air of the man who has himself arranged the landscape), “how the mists rising from the river fill up exactly those intervals where we need indistinctness, for artistic effect? Here, in the foreground, a few clear touches are not amiss: but a back-ground without mist, you know! It is simply barbarous! Yes, we need indistinctness!” The orator looked so pointedly at me as he uttered these words, that I felt bound to reply, by murmuring something to the effect that I hardly felt the need myself—and that I enjoyed looking at a thing, better, when I could see it. “Quite so!” the great man sharply took me up. “From your point of view, that is correctly put. But for anyone who has a soul for Art, such a view is preposterous. Nature is one thing. Art is another. Nature shows us the world as it is. But Art—as a Latin author tells us—Art, you know the words have escaped my memory—” “Ars est celare Naturam,” Arthur interposed with a delightful promptitude. “Quite so!” the orator replied with an air of relief. “I thank you! Ars est celare Naturam but that isn't it.” And, for a few peaceful moments, the orator brooded, frowningly, over the quotation. The welcome opportunity was seized, and another voice struck into the silence. “What a lovely old ruin it is!” cried a young lady in spectacles, the very embodiment of the March of Mind, looking at Lady Muriel, as the proper recipient of all really original remarks. “And don't you admire those autumn-tints on the trees? I do, intensely!” Lady Muriel shot a meaning glance at me; but replied with admirable gravity. “Oh yes indeed, indeed! So true!” “And isn't strange,” said the young lady, passing with startling suddenness from Sentiment to Science, “that the mere impact of certain coloured rays upon the Retina should give us such exquisite pleasure?” “You have studied Physiology, then?” a certain young Doctor courteously enquired. “Oh, yes! Isn't it a sweet Science?” Arthur slightly smiled. “It seems a paradox, does it not,” he went on, “that the image formed on the Retina should be inverted?” “It is puzzling,” she candidly admitted. “Why is it we do not see things upside-down?” “You have never heard the Theory, then, that the Brain also is inverted?” “No indeed! What a beautiful fact! But how is it proved?” “Thus,” replied Arthur, with all the gravity of ten Professors rolled into one. “What we call the vertex of the Brain is really its base: and what we call its base is really its vertex: it is simply a question of nomenclature.” This last polysyllable settled the matter. “How truly delightful!” the fair Scientist exclaimed with enthusiasm. “I shall ask our Physiological Lecturer why he never gave us that exquisite Theory!” “I'd give something to be present when the question is asked!” Arthur whispered to me, as, at a signal from Lady Muriel, we moved on to where the hampers had been collected, and devoted ourselves to the more substantial business of the day. We 'waited' on ourselves, as the modern barbarism (combining two good things in such a way as to secure the discomforts of both and the advantages of neither) of having a picnic with servants to wait upon you, had not yet reached this out-of-the-way region—and of course the gentlemen did not even take their places until the ladies had been duly provided with all imaginable creature-comforts. Then I supplied myself with a plate of something solid and a glass of something fluid, and found a place next to Lady Muriel. It had been left vacant—apparently for Arthur, as a distinguished stranger: but he had turned shy, and had placed himself next to the young lady in spectacles, whose high rasping voice had already cast loose upon Society such ominous phrases as “Man is a bundle of Qualities!”, “the Objective is only attainable through the Subjective!”. Arthur was bearing it bravely: but several faces wore a look of alarm, and I thought it high time to start some less metaphysical topic. “In my nursery days,” I began, “when the weather didn't suit for an out-of-doors picnic, we were allowed to have a peculiar kind, that we enjoyed hugely. The table cloth was laid under the table, instead of upon it: we sat round it on the floor: and I believe we really enjoyed that extremely uncomfortable kind of dinner more than we ever did the orthodox arrangement!” “I've no doubt of it,” Lady Muriel replied. “There's nothing a well-regulated child hates so much as regularity. I believe a really healthy boy would thoroughly enjoy Greek Grammar—if only he might stand on his head to learn it! And your carpet-dinner certainly spared you one feature of a picnic, which is to me its chief drawback.” “The chance of a shower?” I suggested. “No, the chance—or rather the certainty of live things occurring in combination with one's food! Spiders are my bugbear. Now my father has no sympathy with that sentiment—have you, dear?” For the Earl had caught the word and turned to listen. “To each his sufferings, all are men,” he replied in the sweet sad tones that seemed natural to him: “each has his pet aversion.” “But you'll never guess his!” Lady Muriel said, with that delicate silvery laugh that was music to my ears. I declined to attempt the impossible. “He doesn't like snakes!” she said, in a stage whisper. “Now, isn't that an unreasonable aversion? Fancy not liking such a dear, coaxingly, clingingly affectionate creature as a snake!” “Not like snakes!” I exclaimed. “Is such a thing possible?” “No, he doesn't like them,” she repeated with a pretty mock-gravity. “He's not afraid of them, you know. But he doesn't like them. He says they're too waggly!” I was more startled than I liked to show. There was something so uncanny in this echo of the very words I had so lately heard from that little forest-sprite, that it was only by a great effort I succeeded in saying, carelessly, “Let us banish so unpleasant a topic. Won't you sing us something, Lady Muriel? I know you do sing without music.” “The only songs I know—without music—are desperately sentimental, I'm afraid! Are your tears all ready?” “Quite ready! Quite ready!” came from all sides, and Lady Muriel—not being one of those lady-singers who think it de rigueur to decline to sing till they have been petitioned three or four times, and have pleaded failure of memory, loss of voice, and other conclusive reasons for silence—began at once:— {Image...'Three badgers on a mossy stone'} “There be three Badgers on a mossy stone,
     Beside a dark and covered way:
     Each dreams himself a monarch on his throne,
     And so they stay and stay
     Though their old Father languishes alone,
     They stay, and stay, and stay.

     “There be three Herrings loitering around,
     Longing to share that mossy seat:
     Each Herring tries to sing what she has found
     That makes Life seem so sweet.
     Thus, with a grating and uncertain sound,
     They bleat, and bleat, and bleat,

     “The Mother-Herring, on the salt sea-wave,
     Sought vainly for her absent ones:
     The Father-Badger, writhing in a cave,
     Shrieked out 'Return, my sons!
     You shalt have buns,' he shrieked, 'if you'll behave!
     Yea, buns, and buns, and buns!'

     “'I fear,' said she, 'your sons have gone astray?
     My daughters left me while I slept.'
     'Yes 'm,' the Badger said: 'it's as you say.'
     'They should be better kept.'
     Thus the poor parents talked the time away,
     And wept, and wept, and wept.” Here Bruno broke off suddenly. “The Herrings' Song wants anuvver tune, Sylvie,” he said. “And I ca'n't sing it not wizout oo plays it for me!” {Image...'Three badgers, writhing in a cave'} Instantly Sylvie seated herself upon a tiny mushroom, that happened to grow in front of a daisy, as if it were the most ordinary musical instrument in the world, and played on the petals as if they were the notes of an organ. And such delicious tiny music it was! Such teeny-tiny music! Bruno held his head on one side, and listened very gravely for a few moments until he had caught the melody. Then the sweet childish voice rang out once more:— “Oh, dear beyond our dearest dreams,
     Fairer than all that fairest seems!
     To feast the rosy hours away,
     To revel in a roundelay!
     How blest would be
     A life so free—-
     Ipwergis-Pudding to consume,
     And drink the subtle Azzigoom!

     “And if in other days and hours,
     Mid other fluffs and other flowers,
     The choice were given me how to dine—-
     'Name what thou wilt: it shalt be thine!'
     Oh, then I see
     The life for me
     Ipwergis-Pudding to consume,
     And drink the subtle Azzigoom!” “Oo may leave off playing now, Sylvie. I can do the uvver tune much better wizout a compliment.” “He means 'without accompaniment,'” Sylvie whispered, smiling at my puzzled look: and she pretended to shut up the stops of the organ. “The Badgers did not care to talk to Fish:
    They did not dote on Herrings' songs:
    They never had experienced the dish
    To which that name belongs:
    And oh, to pinch their tails,' (this was their wish,)
    'With tongs, yea, tongs, and tongs!'” I ought to mention that he marked the parenthesis, in the air, with his finger. It seemed to me a very good plan. You know there's no sound to represent it—any more than there is for a question. Suppose you have said to your friend “You are better to-day,” and that you want him to understand that you are asking him a question, what can be simpler than just to make a “?”. in the air with your finger? He would understand you in a moment! {Image...'Those aged one waxed gay'} “'And are not these the Fish,' the Eldest sighed,
     'Whose Mother dwells beneath the foam'
     'They are the Fish!' the Second one replied.
     'And they have left their home!'
     'Oh wicked Fish,' the Youngest Badger cried,
     'To roam, yea, roam, and roam!'
     “Gently the Badgers trotted to the shore
     The sandy shore that fringed the bay:
     Each in his mouth a living Herring bore—
     Those aged ones waxed gay:
     Clear rang their voices through the ocean's roar,
     'Hooray, hooray, hooray!'” “So they all got safe home again,” Bruno said, after waiting a minute to see if I had anything to say: he evidently felt that some remark ought to be made. And I couldn't help wishing there were some such rule in Society, at the conclusion of a song—that the singer herself should say the right thing, and not leave it to the audience. Suppose a young lady has just been warbling ('with a grating and uncertain sound') Shelley's exquisite lyric 'I arise from dreams of thee': how much nicer it would be, instead of your having to say “Oh, thank you, thank you!” for the young lady herself to remark, as she draws on her gloves, while the impassioned words 'Oh, press it to thine own, or it will break at last!' are still ringing in your ears, “—but she wouldn't do it, you know. So it did break at last.” “And I knew it would!” she added quietly, as I started at the sudden crash of broken glass. “You've been holding it sideways for the last minute, and letting all the champagne run out! Were you asleep, I wonder? I'm so sorry my singing has such a narcotic effect!” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Lewis Carroll (1996). Sylvie and Bruno. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/620/pg620-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE THREE BADGERS

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