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Multi-vendor metro network to combine IP layer and optical transmission layer TOKYO, Oct 31, 2023 - (JCN Newswire) - KDDI Corporation, Cisco Systems G.K ... is RON (Routed Optical Networking). [2] WDM :Technology that multiplexes and transmits multiple ...

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Cisco Systems, Inc. designs, manufactures, and sells Internet Protocol based networking and other products related to the communications and information technology industry in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Asia Pacific, Japan, and China. The company also offers switching portfolio encompasses campus switching as well as data center switching; enterprise routing portfolio interconnects public and private wireline and mobile networks, delivering highly secure, and reliable connectivity to campus, data center and branch networks; wireless products include wireless access points that are standalone, controller appliance-based, switch-converged, and Meraki cloud-managed offerings; and compute portfolio including the cisco unified computing system, hyperflex, and software management capabilities, which combine computing, networking, and storage infrastructure management and virtualization. In addition, it provides Internet for the future product consists of routed optical networking, 5G, silicon, and optics solutions; collaboration products, such as meetings, collaboration devices, calling, contact center, and communication platform as a service; end-to-end security product consists of network security, cloud security, security endpoints, unified threat management, and zero trust; and optimized application experiences products including full stack observability and cloud-native platform. Further, the company offers a range of service and support options for its customers, including technical support and advanced services and advisory services. It serves businesses of various sizes, public institutions, governments, and service providers. The company sells its products and services directly, as well as through systems integrators, service providers, other resellers, and distributors. Cisco Systems, Inc. has strategic alliances with other companies. Cisco Systems, Inc. was incorporated in 1984 and is headquartered in San Jose, California.

Cisco Systems

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Hatem A. Alharbi, CSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; (2) Taisir E.H. Elgorashi, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; (3) Jaafar M.H. Elmirghani, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Works Repealing Net Neutrality Profit-Driven Model Results Conclusions & References Biographies V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we developed a MILP model to optimize the pricing scheme used by ISPs to charge CPs for delivering their video content under the repeal of net neutrality where ISPs can treat data intensive traffic less favorably. A techno-economic Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is developed to maximize the ISP profit by optimizing the ISP pricing scheme to charge different classes of service differently subject to PED. We considered three classes of service that represent different data rate requirements of video content. The analysis addressed three CP delivery scenarios; cloud-based delivery, cloud-fog based delivery and fog-based delivery. The results show that the discriminatory pricing scheme can increase the ISPs profit by a factor of 8. The results also show that by influencing the way end-users consume data-intensive content, the core network traffic and consequently power consumption are reduced by up to 49% and 55%, respectively, compared to the net neutrality scenario. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), INTERNET (EP/H040536/1), STAR (EP/K016873/1) and TOWS (EP/S016570/1) projects. The first author would like to acknowledge the Government of Saudi Arabia and Taibah University for funding his PhD scholarship. All data are provided in full in the results section of this paper. REFERENCES Cisco, “The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis,” 2017. , “AT&T Profit Margin (Quarterly),” 2018. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed: 01-Aug-2018]. Ycharts.com https://ycharts.com/companies/T/profit_margin Ycharts, “Netflix Profit Margin (Quarterly),” 2018. [Online]. Available: .
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Impact of the Net Neutrality Repeal on Communication Networks: Conclusions & References

Welcome to our enlightening session of the "Behind the Startup" series. Today, we're thrilled to host Robby Greenfield IV, the visionary founder of Umoja, a trailblazing platform at the intersection of blockchain technology and financial innovation. With a rich background in financial engineering, product management, and a remarkable journey through giants like Goldman Sachs, Amazon, and ConsenSys, Robby brings a wealth of experience and insights. Umoja, born from a passion to democratize financial services, stands out as a beacon of innovation in the crypto world. Join us as Robby shares his inspiring journey, the genesis of Umoja, and how it's shaping the future of hedging in the cryptocurrency market. Revolutionizing Crypto Hedging: How Umoja Guarantees Market-Loss Insurance Without Liquidation Fears Ishan Pandey: Hi Robby, delighted to welcome you to our "Behind the Startup" series. Can you share insights into your background, and your involvement in prior ventures also what inspired you to found Umoja? Absolutely! Glad to be a part of the series. I’ve been a financial engineer & product manager for over a decade, and started my journey in crypto in 2011. I started my career at Goldman Sachs, and have since worked at Cisco Systems, Amazon, and ConsenSys. At ConsenSys, I was their Head of Social Impact, and deployed over a dozen dApps & blockchain initiatives across 17 emerging markets globally, having worked with the likes of the U.S. State Dept., the UNOPs, Oxfam International, Harvard, and the World Bank. Robby Greenfield IV: Umoja actually spun out of ConsenSys originally as ConsenSys Social Impact, focused on enabling digital humanitarian aid on-chain for the underbanked by offering digital wallets compatible with WhatsApp, NFC Cards, and feature phones. After disbursing over $3M to tens of thousands of beneficiaries across 6 countries, we pivoted into hedging after realizing many of our customers and competitors greatly struggled with FX hedging due to the international nature of their organizations. Given that we know fiat, and all RWAs will come on chain, and the fact that our team has decades of Web3 and TradFi experience,  it made sense to capture this opportunity and protocolize hedging. Ishan Pandey: How does Umoja address the unique challenges of the crypto market through its hedging solutions? Umoja enables anyone to hedge their crypto losses like a hedge fund without the fear of liquidation. To put it simply - it’s like a market-loss insurance plan to lock in your gains with zero technical knowledge. We do this by creating synthetic options replicated through the algorithmic trade of leveraged, perpetual futures. In this way, we don’t need LPs and can offer option-like exposure more flexibly and affordably than nearly every other options protocol and exchange in crypto - all while making it easy to use and understand by retail investors. Robby Greenfield IV: Ishan Pandey: How does Umoja's automated hedging solution stand out in the market, especially in comparison to other options exchanges? Robby Greenfield IV: We don’t require any LP liquidity, we’re up to 30x more affordable on up-front costs. We’re much more flexible to use (can opt out anytime from a hedge). We’re the simplest to use. We’re more customizable - able to create DeFi-niche hedges like that for Uniswap LP positions, or de-peg derivatives. This is particularly true for non ETH/BTC markets, where the options markets are very illiquid. What we’re creating is DeFi’s first risk primitive - enabling tokenized investment strategies with strong downside protection - rather than just something that generates yield on a declining asset. Ishan Pandey: Can you elaborate on how Umoja provides more flexibility in terms of the duration of hedges and strike options than any other options exchange? How does it enhance user experience? When you purchase a traditional option - whether in TradFi or in Crypto, you have to purchase it at a standardized strike rate and term (e.g., 5% at 1 Month). This is because crypto options markets are much more illiquid than TradFi options markets, and because options have attributes like strike rates and terms, liquidity has to be concentrated into separate, standardized bands. Too much flexibility will cause even more illiquidity - and thus it is not currently possible to hyper-customize your strike and terms with crypto options in the traditional market. Additionally, traditional crypto options face much higher counterparty risk, as there has to be someone who wants your exact option in order for you to get out of that position. Robby Greenfield IV: In contrast, since Umoja replicates the value of options through algo trading perpetual futures, our counterparty risk is much lower. No one needs to buy an option from Umoja hedgers, because they didn’t purchase one in the first place. The counterparty is the underlying asset’s future’s market. For example, BTC’s future’s market monthly trading volume for , whereas its monthly options trading volume for that same month was . That means Umoja’s synthetic options are nearly 30x more liquid. Additionally, we can hyper-customize strikes and terms because - again - it’s a synthetic option not bound by the standardized liquidity constraints of the traditional options market. January 2024 was $1.29T $43.34B Our UX is the best in crypto derivatives. Inspired by Uniswap, you can literally hedge your market losses in less than 20 seconds. By simplifying the options experience by making them more customizable and attaching them to a useful context - protecting one’s money & locking in your gains - it doesn’t make sense for any trader or retail investor to go anywhere else. Ishan Pandey: Can you walk us through the process of how users can select the right fund, pay a fee, provide collateral, and receive Hedge Tokens? How does this process make it easy for users to interact with the platform? Hedging on Umoja takes 5 simple steps: Robby Greenfield IV: Choose a token you want to protect. Choose how much of that token you want to protect. Choose the date up until you want to protect it. Choose a price at which your protection should start. Put down 10% collateral and pay a small fee to Umoja. That’s it. Hedgers are never liquidated and can opt-out the hedge at any time without suffering from high counterparty risk. Hedgers may, however, need to top-up their collateral from time to time depending on the length of their hedge and market volatility if they want to maintain their full coverage. If they decide not to, their coverage will gradually decay over time. Ishan Pandey: Can you discuss the significance of your partnership with the first Crypto Hedge Fund and Chainlink, and the pending partnerships with Avalanche, Gogopool, and Benqi? Though I don’t want to spill the beans too much - let’s say that there are some exciting developments coming to DeFi. ‘Zero-Loss’ staking via hedging-embedded, liquid-staking tokens, crypto hedge funds leveraging the protocol, and LP position hedging via price feeds are some of those developments. Robby Greenfield IV: Ishan Pandey: With your background in blockchain and social impact, how do you see Umoja contributing to financial inclusion? Retail traders lost $1.8T over the last bear market - mainly due to not being able to protect themselves and buying the downside of whales and hedge funds. According to Pew Research Center polls in 2021 and 2022, some 20% of Black, Hispanic and Asian U.S. adults have bought, traded or used cryptocurrency, compared with 13% of white adults. This means that bear markets disproportionately affect communities of color, and having a way for those communities, and quite frankly, everyone to protect themselves from losses in a way that’s easy to use is an essential public good. Robby Greenfield IV: Ishan Pandey: In your opinion, how can widespread hedging positively impact the crypto ecosystem? It will create a world where people can opt to take on downside risk of a native asset. You can choose to either holde hedged ETH (uETH) at a premium, or normal ETH (and take on losses). Simply put - this makes DeFi and crypto at large more financially responsible. No more betting the mortgage or the dichotomy between WAGMI and going broke. Robby Greenfield IV: Don’t forget to like and share the story! This author is an independent contributor publishing via our brand-as-author program. Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking, the author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR Vested Interest Disclosure:

Robby Greenfield IV on Founding Umoja: Bridging Traditional Finance and Web3 with a Decade of Expert

উমোজা প্রতিষ্ঠায় রবি গ্রিনফিল্ড IV: এক দশকের বিশেষজ্ঞের সাথে ঐতিহ্যগত অর্থায়ন এবং ওয়েব3 ব্রিজিং

Robby Greenfield IV über die Gründung von Umoja: Mit einem Jahrzehnt Erfahrung verbindet er traditionelle Finanzen und Web3

Robby Greenfield IV sobre la fundación de Umoja: uniendo las finanzas tradicionales y la Web3 con una década de expertos

Robby Greenfield IV sur la création d'Umoja : relier la finance traditionnelle et le Web3 avec une décennie d'experts

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Robby Greenfield IV が Umoja の設立について語る: 10 年にわたる専門家による従来の金融と Web3 の橋渡し

Umoja 설립에 관한 Robby Greenfield IV: 10년의 전문가와 전통적인 금융 및 Web3 연결

Robby Greenfield IV sobre a fundação do Umoja: unindo finanças tradicionais e Web3 com uma década de especialistas

Робби Гринфилд IV о создании «Умоджи»: соединение традиционных финансов и Web3 с десятилетним опытом экспертов

Robby Greenfield IV, Umoja'nın Kuruluşu: Geleneksel Finans ve Web3'ü On Yıllık Uzmanla Birleştirmek

Robby Greenfield IV về việc thành lập Umoja: Kết nối tài chính truyền thống và Web3 với một thập kỷ chuyên gia

罗比·格林菲尔德四世 (Robby Greenfield IV) 谈创立“团结”系统：通过十年的专家在传统金融和 Web3 之间架起桥梁

Welcome to our exclusive interview with Aimei Wei, the dynamic CTO of Stellar Cyber. Today, Aimei shares her remarkable journey in the tech world, her pivotal role in shaping Stellar Cyber's innovative cybersecurity approaches, and her vision of the evolving landscape of AI in cybersecurity. As we delve into her insights and experiences, prepare to be inspired by her unique perspective on technology, leadership, and the future of cyber defense. : Vested Interest Disclosure This author is an independent contributor publishing via our . Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking, the author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR brand-as-author program From Code to CTO: Aimei Wei's Inspiring Journey in Tech Hi Aimei; it's a pleasure to have you with us today. Stellar Cyber is known for helping organizations take control of their cybersecurity operations. Could you start by telling us about your journey in the tech industry and what led you to your role as CTO at Stellar Cyber? Ishan Pandey: I got interested in computers as I entered college, so I studied Computer Science, and then I left China and came to Canada with less than $300 to earn a Master’s degree at Queen’s University in Kingston. Aimei Wei: I have always had a desire to work in a startup, even though I had a good career at Cisco Systems. With my kids grown up, I saw my husband launch Aerohive Networks and I thought I should take my turn and try it myself. While at Cisco, I saw the industry move from a perimeter-based model to an “anywhere is an attach point” model. I saw security becoming more and more important, and I realized that most security tools required a lot of work for very little reward – there were thousands of alerts issued by a tool, but only a few of them really mattered, and analysts spent their days chasing alerts and often not discovering complex attacks for weeks or even months. My inspiration for starting Stellar Cyber was to simplify and unify cybersecurity so analysts could get direct, actionable advice about which threats to chase and when. : Stellar Cyber's Open XDR platform stands out for its AI-driven approach to security operations. How do you see AI and machine learning transforming the field of cybersecurity, especially in threat detection and response? Ishan Pandey Cybersecurity detection and response is a heavily data-intensive process. Generally speaking, AI should be able to help organizations improve their security posture by detecting and responding to threats more quickly and accurately than with traditional methods, because it can analyze more data more quickly than humans can. Aimei Wei: An AI-driven cybersecurity platform can report detections as context-based incidents with specific pointers about how to address them, making it much easier and faster to investigate and remediate attacks. With the latest developments in Large Language Models, an AI-driven cybersecurity platform can potentially allow users to interact with the platform using natural language. This greatly eases the cybersecurity analyst shortage by enabling the use of lower-skilled security analysts who may be more readily available, as well as less expensive. Another point is that most cybersecurity defense solutions to date have been reactive, rather than proactive - you’re always behind the curve because you only learn about an attack after it’s well underway. Our AI-driven Open XDR Platform allows organizations to really take control of their security environment because it integrates with all existing security tools to continually scan the entire infrastructure and immediately alert analysts to potential threats. With the increasing complexity of cyber threats, what are the key challenges that your platform addresses? And how does Stellar Cyber's AI technology specifically tackle these challenges? Ishan Pandey: Our AI-driven Open XDR platform automates threat detection and response, so it allows security teams to focus on more complex tasks. For example, our platform can detect and automatically respond to commodity attacks like phishing emails, malware, and others, leaving analysts relatively free to dive into more complex, human-operated attacks. Aimei Wei: Our AI can also analyze user behavior patterns and detect anomalous behavior that could indicate a threat:  it uses Machine Learning algorithms to detect and respond to suspicious user activity in real time, using a baseline understanding of what constitutes normal user behavior. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) and Extended Detection and Response (XDR) are crucial in cybersecurity. How does Stellar Cyber's platform integrate with these systems, and what advantages does it offer over traditional methods? Ishan Pandey: Our platform is an XDR solution that includes a next-generation SIEM as well as a  SOAR, NDR, UEBA and TIP function, all under one license, so it delivers a lot of cybersecurity functionality out of the box. However, it also comes with built-in integrations with every other popular third-party security tool, which allows customers to continue leveraging their investments in their existing EDAs or other solutions. Aimei Wei: Our platform uniquely forms the basis of a SecOps center that collects, analyzes and responds to security data from throughout the infrastructure, offering a truly holistic view of an organization’s security posture and the ability to protect it effectively, giving users real control over their security. Considering the future, where do you see the role of AI in cybersecurity heading? And how is Stellar Cyber preparing to adapt and lead in this evolving landscape? Ishan Pandey: Our company was a pioneer in the use of AI, and I believe AI will become more adept at threat detection and response, automating security operations, enabling predictive analytics, and becoming easier and easier to use. Aimei Wei: For example, we use AI to create prioritized lists of threats with specific pointers about how to address them, and we are now integrating Generative AI technology into our platform to enable users to interact with it using natural language. Lastly, for organizations looking to enhance their cybersecurity measures, what advice would you offer, especially in terms of leveraging AI and machine learning technologies? Ishan Pandey: There’s a lot of AI hype and mistrust in the marketplace, so the first thing organizations should do is to educate themselves on how AI works in cybersecurity platforms. Risk managers can improve their trust in AI by thoroughly understanding how AI arrives at its conclusions, and by ensuring that any baseline profiling for AI or ML is done with the organization’s own data. Aimei Wei: AI-powered cybersecurity platforms can generate a false sense of security that leads to complacency, so organizations should periodically cross-check AI-generated results to ensure that they’re accurate. Finally, AI systems can themselves be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Given the potential for heightened attack damage, organizations must take steps to fully secure their AI-driven cybersecurity systems. Don’t forget to like and share the story!

Redefining Cybersecurity: Aimei Wei’s Game-Changing Vision at Stellar Cyber

সাইবার সিকিউরিটি পুনঃসংজ্ঞায়িত করা: স্টেলার সাইবারে আইমি ওয়েই এর গেম-চেঞ্জিং ভিশন

Cybersicherheit neu definieren: Aimei Weis bahnbrechende Vision bei Stellar Cyber

Redefiniendo la ciberseguridad: la visión revolucionaria de Aimei Wei en Stellar Cyber

Redéfinir la cybersécurité : la vision révolutionnaire d'Aimei Wei chez Stellar Cyber

साइबर सुरक्षा को फिर से परिभाषित करना: स्टेलर साइबर में एमी वेई का गेम-चेंजिंग विजन

サイバーセキュリティの再定義: Stellar Cyber における Aimei Wei の革新的なビジョン

사이버 보안 재정의: Stellar Cyber에서 Aimei Wei의 판도를 바꾸는 비전

Redefinindo a segurança cibernética: a visão revolucionária de Aimei Wei na Stellar Cyber

Переосмысление кибербезопасности: революционная концепция Аймэй Вэй в Stellar Cyber

Siber Güvenliği Yeniden Tanımlamak: Aimei Wei'nin Stellar Cyber'de Oyunun Kurallarını Değiştiren Vizyonu

Định nghĩa lại an ninh mạng: Tầm nhìn thay đổi cuộc chơi của Aimei Wei tại Stellar Cyber

重新定义网络安全：Aimei Wei 在 Stellar Cyber 的改变游戏规则的愿景

Microsoft v. United States (2016) Court Filing, retrieved on July 14, 2016, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 1 of 22. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here Introduction Microsoft Corporation appeals from orders of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1) denying Microsoft’s motion to quash a warrant (“Warrant”) issued under the Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701 et seq., to the extent that the orders required Microsoft to produce the contents of a customer’s e‐ mail account stored on a server located outside the United States, and (2) holding Microsoft in civil contempt of court for its failure to comply with the Warrant.  We conclude that § 2703 of the Stored Communications Act does not authorize courts to issue and enforce against U.S.‐based service providers warrants for the seizure of customer e‐mail content that is stored exclusively on foreign servers. REVERSED, VACATED, AND REMANDED. Judge Lynch concurs in a separate opinion. E. JOSHUA ROSENKRANZ, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP (Robert M. Loeb and Brian P. Goldman, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP, New York, NY; Guy Petrillo, Petrillo Klein & Boxer LLP, New York, NY; James M. Garland and Alexander A. Berengaut, Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC; Bradford L. Smith, David M. Howard, John Frank, Jonathan Palmer, and Nathaniel Jones, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA; on the brief), for Microsoft Corporation. JUSTIN ANDERSON, Assistant United States Attorney (Serrin Turner, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the for Southern District of New York, New York, NY. Brett J. Williamson, David K. Lukmire, Nate Asher, O’Melveny & Myers LLP, New York, NY; Faiza Patel, Michael Price, Brennan Center for Justice, New York, NY; Hanni Fakhoury, Electronic Frontier Foundation, San Francisco, CA; Alex Abdo, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, NY; for Amici Curiae Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, American Civil Liberties Union, The Constitution Project, and Electronic Frontier Foundation, in support of Appellant. Kenneth M. Dreifach, Marc J. Zwillinger, Zwillgen PLLC, New York, NY and Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae Apple, Inc., in support of Appellant. Andrew J. Pincus, Paul W. Hughes, James F. Tierney, Mayer Brown LLP, Washington, DC, for Amici Curiae BSA | The Software Alliance, Center for Democracy and Technology, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, The National Association of Manufacturers, and ACT | The App Association, in support of Appellant. Steven A. Engel, Dechert LLP, New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae Anthony J. Colangelo, in support of Appellant. Alan C. Raul, Kwaku A. Akowuah, Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, DC, for Amici Curiae AT&T Corp., Rackspace US, Inc., Computer & Communications Industry Association, i2 Coalition, and Application Developers Alliance, in support of Appellant. Peter D. Stergios, Charles D. Ray, McCarter & English, LLP, New York, NY and Hartford, CT, for Amicus Curiae Ireland. Peter Karanjia, Eric J. Feder, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, New York, NY, for Amici Curiae Amazon.com, Inc., and Accenture PLC, in support of Appellant. Michael Vatis, Jeffrey A. Novack, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, New York, NY;  Randal S. Milch, Verizon Communications Inc., New York, NY; Kristofor T. Henning, Hewlett‐Packard Co., Wayne, PA; Amy Weaver, Daniel Reed, Salesforce.com, Inc., San Francisco, CA; Orin Snyder, Thomas G. Hungar, Alexander H. Southwell, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, New York, NY; Mark Chandler, Cisco Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA; Aaron Johnson, eBay Inc., San Jose, CA, for Amici Curiae Verizon Communications, Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Hewlett‐Packard Co., eBay Inc., Salesforce.com, Inc., and Infor, in support of Appellant. Laura R. Handman, Alison Schary, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Washington, DC, Media for Amici Curiae Organizations, in support of Appellant. Philip Warrick, Klarquist Sparkman, LLP, Portland, OR, for Computer and Data Science Experts, Amici Curiae in support of Appellant. Owen C. Pell, Ian S. Forrester, Q.C., Paige C. Spencer, White & Case, New York, NY, Jan Philipp for Amicus Curiae Albrecht, Member of the European Parliament, in support of Appellant. Owen C. Pell, Ian S. Forrester, Q.C., Paige C. Spencer, White & Case, New York, NY; Edward McGarr, Simon McGarr, Dervila McGarr, McGarr Solicitors, Dublin, Ireland, Jan Philipp Albrecht, for Amicus Curiae Member of the European Parliament, in support of Appellant. SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judge: Microsoft Corporation appeals from orders of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York denying its motion to quash a warrant (“Warrant”) issued under § 2703 of the Stored Communications Act (“SCA” or the “Act”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701 et seq., and holding Microsoft in contempt of court for refusing to execute the Warrant on the government’s behalf.  The Warrant directed Microsoft to seize and produce the contents of an e‐mail account that it maintains for a customer who uses the company’s electronic communications services.  A United States magistrate judge (Francis, M.J.) issued the Warrant on the government’s application, having found probable cause to believe that the account was being used in furtherance of narcotics trafficking.  The Warrant was then served on Microsoft at its headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft produced its customer’s non‐content information to the government, as directed.  That data was stored in the United States.  But Microsoft ascertained that, to comply fully with the Warrant, it would need to access customer content that it stores and maintains in Ireland and to import that data into the United States for delivery to federal authorities.  It declined to do so.  Instead, it moved to quash the Warrant.  The magistrate judge, affirmed by the District Court (Preska, C.J.), denied the motion to quash and, in due course, the District Court held Microsoft in civil contempt for its failure. Microsoft and the government dispute the nature and reach of the Warrant that the Act authorized and the extent of Microsoft’s obligations under the instrument.  For its part, Microsoft emphasizes Congress’s use in the Act of the term “warrant” to identify the authorized instrument.  Warrants traditionally carry territorial limitations:   United States law enforcement officers may be directed by a court‐issued warrant to seize items at locations in the United States and in United States‐controlled areas, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b), but their authority generally does not extend further. The government, on the other hand, characterizes the dispute as merely about “compelled disclosure,” regardless of the label appearing on the instrument.  It maintains that “similar to a subpoena, [an SCA warrant] requir[es] the recipient to deliver records, physical objects, and other materials to the government” no matter where those documents are located, so long as they are subject to the recipient’s custody or control.  Gov’t Br. at 6.  It relies on a collection of court rulings construing properly‐ served subpoenas as imposing that broad obligation to produce without regard to a document’s location.  E.g., Marc Rich & Co., A.G. v. United States, 707 F.2d 663 (2d Cir. 1983). For the reasons that follow, we think that Microsoft has the better of the argument.  When, in 1986, Congress passed the Stored Communications Act as part of the broader Electronic Communications Privacy Act, its aim was to protect user privacy in the context of new technology that required a user’s interaction with a service provider.  Neither explicitly nor implicitly does the statute envision the application of its warrant provisions overseas.  Three decades ago, international boundaries were not so routinely crossed as they are today, when service providers rely on worldwide networks of hardware to satisfy users’ 21st–century demands for access and speed and their related, evolving expectations of privacy. Rather, in keeping with the pressing needs of the day, Congress focused on providing basic safeguards for the privacy of domestic users.  Accordingly, we think it employed the term “warrant” in the Act to require pre‐disclosure scrutiny of the requested search and seizure by a neutral third party, and thereby to afford heightened privacy protection in the United States.  It did not abandon the instrument’s territorial limitations and other constitutional requirements.  The application of the Act that the government proposes ― interpreting “warrant” to require a service provider to retrieve material from beyond the borders of the United States ―would require us to disregard the presumption against extraterritoriality that the Supreme Court re‐stated and emphasized in Morrison v. National Australian Bank Ltd., 561 U.S. 247 (2010) and, just recently, in RJR Nabisco, Inc. v. European Cmty., 579 U.S. __, 2016 WL 3369423 (June 20, 2016).  We are not at liberty to do so. We therefore decide that the District Court lacked authority to enforce the Warrant against Microsoft.  Because Microsoft has complied with the Warrant’s domestic directives and resisted only its extraterritorial aspects, we REVERSE the District Court’s denial of Microsoft’s motion to quash, VACATE its finding of civil contempt, and REMAND the cause with instructions to the District Court to quash the Warrant insofar as it directs Microsoft to collect, import, and produce to the government customer content stored outside the United States. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case No. 15–777 retrieved on September 27, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. cases.justia.com

Microsoft Refuses to Turn Over Emails of Customer Suspected of Drug Trafficking

Technology and software employees are once again in high demand despite the industry witnessing droves of layoffs and job cuts at the start of the year. In a recent turn of events, some big-tech companies, and startups are looking to fill open positions, calling on previous employees to return or apply for new vacancies. Tech layoffs made headlines this year, as technology and software companies severely reduced their headcount in an attempt to stabilize their bottom line and shake up their balance sheets. Already this year, around 1,589 companies have , with job cuts peaking in January. laid off more than 359,000 employees With thousands of employees being booted, and demand for advanced digital tools, against the backdrop of artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly evolving, some companies are now ready to hire again. Historically, the San Francisco Bay Area and Silicon Valley were considered the go-to place for novice tech employees looking to break into the industry. However, as the marketplace has undergone dynamic changes, and many companies are looking to relocate to other parts of the country, mostly for tax purposes, many have taken those open positions with them. Best U.S. Cities For Tech Jobs Several sources provide a deep dive into the tech industry, and more importantly, the cities across the country where most of these jobs are located. Finding the right tech job is mostly about looking in the right place. While you might recognize some familiar names on this list, here’s a look at some alternative options where you could find many suitable tech jobs. Austin, Texas Welcome to Silicon Hills - the Silicon Valley of Texas. While Austin is famous for its music, culture, and food, in recent years, it’s become a go-to place for tech companies and employees, as the city offers a relatively affordable cost of living, an attractive business environment, and perhaps the best - no state income tax. The city has the sixth-highest concentration of tech jobs in the country, with companies such as IBM, Amazon, Tesla, and Dell all having a presence here. The reported that last year, the city’s tech industry grew by 9.8%, while jobs in the metropolitan area increased by 8.5%. Austin Chambers A recent study showed that Austin has experienced a significant increase in new tech jobs, drawing in young workers from across the country. Between 2016 and 2021, Austin experienced a in their 30s. 52% increase in tech workers According to the same study, salaries for tech workers have jumped by 18% during the last five years, with the average employee now earning around $104,000 annually. The highest-paying roles are currently concentrated in computer and Information Technology (IT), with these employees earning an average of $164,770 annually. Seattle, Washington The Emerald City has continuously been a go-to place for thousands of tech workers, as Seattle boasts several big-tech headquarters, and most recent data revealed that the city sees nearly one in ten residents working in tech. In total, more than 160,660 city residents, or 83.78 per 1,000 work in the technology and software industry, making it one of the areas with the highest concentration of tech workers in the Pacific Northwest. Despite the thousands of layoffs the industry experienced earlier in the year, Seattle continued to see growing tech job vacancies and estimates predict that Washington State will see a nearly this year - the largest projected increase in the U.S. 4% increase in tech job openings Figures from a report showed that the average salary in Seattle rose by 7.6% between 2021 and 2022 to $129,456. Seattle ranked third in terms of having the highest-paid tech workers, with Boston and Silicon Valley in second and first place, respectively. Tech Salary Trends Huntsville, Alabama For quite some time, Huntsville, Alabama, has steadily become one of the biggest, and perhaps most attractive tech hubs in the South. While the local industry not only offers high-paying jobs, some of the best in the country, affordable housing and better cost of living are also drawing in younger tech workers. Tech is one of the biggest employers, with tech of overall employment in the city, higher than the national average of 9.5%. While not necessarily big in terms of other places such as New York and Silicon Valley, Huntsville has a fast-growing ecosystem of tech startups, and software companies now planting their roots here. jobs accounting for 17.6% The average annual salary ranges anywhere from $104,150 to $194,484, with tech jobs paying 2.9 times higher than the average salary across nearly every job category in the city. While the area is still up-and-coming and provides ample room for techies to grow their careers, the city has a slightly above-average quality of living and a relatively younger workforce. Although it might not be as exciting as other bigger, and more well-known places, Huntsville is a good place to launch a tech career. San Jose, California San Jose is considered to be the epicenter of tech jobs in the U.S., and at the heart of the city, lies Silicon Valley. There is seldom a shortage of tech jobs in San Jose, and although the area was at the center of earlier tech layoffs this year, things are starting to shape up, with some of the biggest names in the industry looking to hire again. Historically, the area was considered to be for veteran and professional tech workers who already have years of experience in their fields. However, new developments and advancements in the field of technology, and more so, artificial intelligence, are helping to create a wealth of opportunities for younger, and less-experienced techies. Who will you be working for? Well, only some of the biggest, and most prominent names in the tech industry, of course. Companies including Apple, Adobe, eBay, Google, Paypal, Cisco Systems, Meta Platforms, Tesla, Zoom, and HP, among others are located around the city. Nearby Stanford University has helped supply San Jose with cohorts of fresh tech graduates each year, however, there is enough room for experienced professionals to leverage available opportunities. Due to the nature of the highly competitive market, tech workers typically receive some of the biggest salaries here, compared to other parts of the country. Recent show that salaries can range from $30,000 to $151,500, with the average salary ranging around $92,500. statistics This might seem small compared to other cities on our list, however, there have been reports of some tech workers making more than $200,000. Boulder, Colorado The small and tight-knit community of Boulder, Colorado has become a popular destination for tech workers and venture capital investors alike in recent years, with some big-tech companies setting down roots in the city. What draws tech workers here is not necessarily the opportunities offered by big companies like Google, IBM, Twitter, or Sphero, but more than this, the area provides residents access to a wide range of outdoor and nature activities. Endless hiking trails, lakes, rivers, and creeks are only some of the most attractive outdoor attractions Boulder has to offer. Venture capital investment is one of the more lucrative spin-off industries, with some tech consultants earning on average $118,150 a year, which equates to roughly $9,845 per month. Big salaries, endless outdoor attractions, high quality of living, and continuous growth makes Boulder one of the most popular places for tech workers looking to launch their career. While the cost of living tends to be slightly above the national average, nearly 67% more, every dollar spent here will be worth it. Raleigh, North Carolina For techies living on the East Coast, Raleigh has steadily been making a name for itself in the tech industry over recent years. What makes and live is the affordable cost of living compared to other bigger cities such as San Jose or nearby Washington D.C. Raleigh a top place to work On average, the city boasts roughly 58.47 tech jobs per 1,000 people and sees more than 37,000 residents currently working in the tech and software field. Commerce is perhaps the third most lucrative and active industry, which is often considered a branch of the wider tech industry. One would think that a mid-sized city such as Raleigh would offer employees less money. Well, that’s not necessarily the case. According to statistics, the average residential salary is roughly $133,478 as of 2023. Indeed.com IBM currently ranks as the highest-paying employer, with the annual tech worker making nearly $104,222 per year. Salaries typically range anywhere from $53,000 to more than $140,000, depending on the position and experience. What’s more, Raleigh sees roughly six percent of the city’s population working in tech, and with nearby Durham being only a stone’s throw away, tech workers have endless options to choose from when searching for new jobs. Washington D.C. D.C. isn’t only decorated with the headquarters of the federal government, instead the city features several high-tech companies, including IBM, Deltek, Intuit, Appian, and Salesforce. Sitting among these names are also several dozen federal government tech and software agencies and organizations, some of which play a vital role in the country’s national defense and cybersecurity. Aside from the government pumping billions into the fast-track development of technology and artificial tools, from 2021 showed that 10 tech companies raised more than $2.4 billion in venture capital. reports The city features a colorful range of tech jobs, with the more lucrative positions being available in the private sector. While a federal government job might pay slightly less, tech workers tend to scoop these up relatively quickly due to the high level of job security that comes with it. Cybersecurity, healthtech or medtech, and software are some of the most active sectors in the D.C. tech industry. Paychecks are relatively big, compared to other parts of the country, with the average tech employee making a median of $117,730 per year. A from 2021 showed that D.C. ranked third in the country in terms of average tech professional pay. report New York City, New York You can’t make a list of the best cities for tech professionals without mentioning New York City at least once. The Big Apple has been a long-standing favorite for many tech employees looking to escape the West Coast. While the city boasts ample opportunities around every corner, that big corporate paycheck won’t get you much here. New York City broke the record for having the this past summer in the country, with some residents paying more than $4,000 on average for their apartment. highest average monthly rent In terms of compared to San Francisco, New York City outranks the Bay Area in nearly every category. Rent isn’t only 13.0% higher here compared to San Francisco, eating out in a restaurant tends to be 6.6% higher, while overall consumer prices including rent are 7.3% more expensive in the city. costs of living Despite the eye-watering rents, crowded public spaces, and shortage of greenery, New York City remains one of the best places for tech workers looking for a good-paying job at one of the country’s most reputable tech companies. In , experienced developers and engineers can make anything up to $151,339 per year, while UX designers can make up to $122,427 per year. Not bad considering you’ll spend most of that on rent and public transport. terms of salary Boston, Massachusetts Don’t let Boston’s historic remnants fool you, while the city may play as the backdrop to one of the oldest towns in the country, it boasts a thriving tech and software industry, with biotech, fintech, and edtech being among the fastest-growing sectors. Some of the best high-tech employers in the city include NVIDIA, which is currently spearheading the AI industry, Boston Dynamics, Skillsoft, and Toast. For any techies new to the market, be warned that the job market here can be somewhat competitive with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) being one of the biggest suppliers of freshly graduated professionals to local tech companies. Based on current data, paychecks tend to be in line with that of the industry average, and of other tech-forward cities. However, experience will help in the long run, and will count in your favor if you’re looking to stand out from the crowd. Developers and software engineers per year, while product designers pay about $139,424 annually. Those working in data and analytics can look to make more than $114,000 per year, while other entry-level tech jobs typically pay between $65,000 and $92,000 per year. make on average $137,063 Boston is not only historic, but for younger tech workers, it can easily be a vibrant, and exciting place to live, especially with so many young residents moving here for the exceptional quality of life. Colorado Springs, Colorado While smaller, one shouldn’t overlook Colorado Springs as a suitable option to start or build a tech career. The city sees about 53.56 tech positions for every 1,000 people, and there are currently more than 15,000 residents employed in the local tech industry. Who’s hiring here? Some names include Tek Experts, BlueStacks, and Ivanti, among others. The industry here is heavily concentrated on IT, software, and product development. While there aren’t many big-tech names that have offices in Colorado Springs, smaller, and less competitive companies give newcomers the perfect opportunity to launch their tech careers. A key selling point for many tech workers here is not only the more relaxed working environment but the seemingly affordable cost of living. Despite inflation taking a toll on many people these last few months, Colorado Springs tends to be only . 5% more expensive than the national average When you begin to compare the cost of things such as housing, transportation, and utilities to other major tech cities, you begin to realize that Colorado Springs seems a lot more affordable than one would think. With the Rocky Mountains as the backdrop to the city, and with the nearby Pike National Forest, outdoor recreational activities are a big part of your lifestyle here. A thriving community of young people has moved to Colorado Springs during the pandemic, as the city played host to being one of the most attractive Zoom Towns during an era of remote work. Where Do You Go Next? Well, that all depends on what you’re looking for in terms of a city, and how much you’re looking to make. While some cities offer big and hefty paychecks, the cost of living tends to eat up a lot of your disposable income. On the other hand, a smaller and less popular destination would help you kickstart your tech career, while you’re also saving more money, and building up experience. The tech industry is constantly changing, and new trends are unfolding every day. Staying ahead of the curve will help you secure a well-paying stable job that provides you not only with job security but more importantly, a city that you can call home and makes you feel welcome.

Hey Tech Workers! Companies Are Hiring Again: The 10 Best Cities to Find Tech Jobs

When it comes to cyber protection, organizations should pay attention to many digital risks, not least of which is an insider threat. Recent studies have shown that most incidents related to malware, phishing, or insecure browsing are caused by a small group of employees - and those individuals tend to be repeat offenders. The research found that 4% of employees clicked 80% of phishing links. 3% were responsible for 92% of malware events. While 96% of staff never experienced a malware incident. Meanwhile, 12% of users made repeated attempts to visit websites that violate their organization’s browsing policy. Interestingly, offenders responsible for phishing incidents, malware events, or illicit browsing are not necessarily the same people. According to the report, 9% of users exhibited high risk in only one category, and as little as 0.052% of employees fell into the high-risk category for all three activities. Even federal agencies like NASA that should be able to counter the most advanced cyber threats are not immune to insider risks. An by NASA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG) revealed that, while the agency has implemented an insider threat program that covers classified systems, the vast majority of the agency’s IT systems (including many containing high-value assets or critical infrastructure) are not covered by the program, which puts them at “a higher-than-necessary” risk. audit What is an insider threat? An insider threat is a security risk that originates from within an organization. This could be from employees, former employees, contractors, business partners, or vendors who have legitimate access to the organization’s systems, networks, and data. Nobody is safe from the wide spectrum of malicious insider activities. Security measures such as the four-eyes principles, anomaly detection, role-based access to sensitive data, two-factor authentication, continuous monitoring, and employee vetting can reduce those risks, but not eliminate them. Many organizations trust their employees and tend to ignore internal automated security alerts. Often, employees are tricked by cybercriminals to help them get inside corporate networks. Two types of insider threats 1. Malicious insider There are two main types of insider threats. A malicious insider is someone who misuses their access to the company’s systems to steal data for financial or personal motives. Malicious insiders may work alone or in cooperation with external parties, such as competitors or hacker groups. show that 29% of malicious insiders commit theft for financial gain, while 9% are driven by the desire to commit sabotage. Insider threat statistics 2. Negligent insider The other type is a careless (negligent) insider or innocent user who unknowingly exposes the system to outside threats. Employee negligence is one of the most common types of insider threats. This includes users who usually exhibit secure and compliant behavior, but occasionally make mistakes and don’t realize that until it’s too late. The term “careless insider” also refers to users unresponsive to cybersecurity awareness training who exhibit risky behaviors that pose a danger to their organization. suggests that negligent users were the root cause of 56% of insider threat incidents. Costing on average $484,931 per incident, while malicious insiders were behind 1 in 4 incidents (26%) at an average cost per incident of $648,062. Recent research Over the past two years, the number of insider threat incidents has seen a 44% increase, with costs per incident up more than a third to $15.38 million. What motivates insider attacks? Insider threats can lead to significant reputational damage and financial loss related to data breaches, intellectual property theft, or as mentioned above, sabotage. Furthermore, employees’ desire to earn money could even threaten state security, as was in the case of Israeli technology firm who stole the company’s intellectual property, including source code for the Pegasus spyware, and tried to sell it for $50 million over the Darknet. This incident is a glaring reminder to businesses of why it’s imperative to deprovision employees facing dismissal and protect assets. NSO Group’s former employee In another incident, a received a two-year prison sentence in December 2020 after he accessed the Cisco Systems cloud infrastructure without authorization and deployed malware that deleted over 16,000 user accounts and caused $2.4 million in damage. former Cisco employee Hacker attacks pose the most risk to organizations. But sometimes, they may be a smokescreen to conceal sophisticated insider threats. One such case involved a financial company that fell victim to a web security incident allegedly carried out by a well-known hacktivist group. That financial organization contacted our team at ImmuniWeb to investigate the incident. One of the company’s web portals was defaced with insulting slogans, criticizing the company for globalization. All the website content that the attackers had access to was wiped out. The first internal notification about the incident came from a web administrator working at the company for 15 years. It contained a link to a zone-h defacement mirror saying that hacktivists compromised and backdoored the server, urging server re-installation from scratch. As the attackers were known, he recommended skipping the formal investigation process to reduce the downtime of the server. His management gave a green light to move forward without proper system mirroring for further forensics investigation. Although it was obvious to the company’s IT team who the perpetrator behind the breach was, some inconsistencies discovered during our investigation suggested that the incident was not as simple as it seemed at first sight. Digging further, we found that the real culprit was a web administrator who worked at the company for 15 years and was considered a loyal employee. It was discovered that a few months before the incident the administrator had been approached and offered an attractive price to sell corporate data. Under the pretense of going to a security conference, he crossed the border to a neighboring country and selected a discreet place without video surveillance to connect to public Wi-Fi. He then ran a security scanner on the web application to simulate pre-attack probing. The next day, when everybody else had left the office, he logged into the web application admin interface (without passing via the public WAF gateway) and carried out a “deface”. Then he made a defaced mirror and locally erased all the content of the web root directory and web server logs. As he already had permission from his company to do so, as a trusted employee, he used those permissions to reinstall the virtual machine with the webserver making further forensics almost impossible. The insider threat is a long-standing problem in all companies and organizations. It is exacerbated by the complexity and cost of security controls and remedies: protecting your internal systems from malicious authorized employees is very complicated compared to defense from external attacks. Many enterprise systems do not have security controls that can be integrated to prevent malicious insider activities or innocent human mistakes. One of the available solutions is continuous monitoring of employees’ abnormal activities. Machine Learning and AI technologies can simplify this task. For example, they can notice when someone is accessing too many CRM records at once or downloading datasheets of a colleague. But, it is unlikely that this will prevent companies’ employees from reading confidential data belonging to customers if they are authorized (but not required) to do so. Conclusion Only a few years ago, sophisticated cybercrime-related theft committed by insiders was a new and emerging trend we didn’t observe a lot in the past. But as the scope of digital attacks, their vectors and complexity grow, so too does the insider threat. Based on this, it’s good to remember that corporate cybersecurity is not rocket science and can be managed pretty well using a . common-sense approach

Know Your Enemy: How to Prepare and Respond to Insider Threats

Introduction: An English certification exam for deployment and operation, the CCNP Collaboration (350-801 CLCOR) exam, is highly demanded nowadays. Certified Network, Professional, and Internetwork Expert are the two most commonly used certifications for networking professionals. This certification is precious for , which makes network hardware systems. It links to the CCNP and CCIE certifications for collaborative networking. The candidate's abilities in infrastructure and design, protocol, codec and endpoints are all examined in this exam. Cisco IOS XE gateways and media resources are also available. Tests call control and QoS, as well as collaboration software like Slack. Cisco collaboration solutions Cisco Systems The Importance of a Certificate: Cisco accreditation on a portfolio is an excellent first impression for a potential employer. Additionally, it demonstrates the ability to manage time and complete projects. And it secures the capacity to complete any assignment. Enhances and certifies candidates' understanding of networking skills. Professionals are more equipped to deal with problems in the actual world because of this training—the challenges and hazards of system implementation and maintenance in major corporations. Overall, it's a critical step toward expanding professional options. Additionally, the Applicant may earn higher pay due to improved networking skills. Candidates who are Network Administrators, System Engineers, and Network Engineers who plan the CCNP Collaboration Certification Exam (350-801 CLCOR) should take the CCNP Collaboration . Basic computer networking vocabulary, such as LANs, WANs, and switching, is essential to success in this course. The candidate be able to understand the basics of digital interface, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), and (VoIP). The exam also demands a basic understanding of Cisco Unified Communications Manager and converged voice and data networks. 350-801 Exam preparation course voice over IP Overview of the Exam THE ESSENTIAL TEST INFORMATION OF the CCNP Collaboration (350-801 CLCOR) describe below. What is CCNP Collaboration? Cisco's suite of collaboration solutions includes web conferencing, unified communications, contact center, and cloud-based solutions. After 2020, there will be an increase in demand for people who know how to use collaboration tools such as Zoom, Teams, Skype, Slack, etc. Companies will also start hiring people to administer large scale communication platforms and services. Why get Cisco Certified? Having Cisco certification on your resume makes a great impression on employers. It shows that you have time and project management skills. You also have the ability to complete projects. Your networking knowledge is validated by Cisco certification. Networking in large organizations requires extensive experience and expertise. Frequently asked questions Exams are proctored by trained professionals. Timed exams are given, and results are available online. Labs are held over 8 hours. Results are available online within 48 hours. Candidates must sign an agreement acknowledging the terms of the certification program prior to taking any exam. Refunds are not granted if candidates do not comply with this requirement. is available to demonstrate how to use the different question types. Candidates will be given an erasable note board, and a marker to write notes and calculations. After completing the test, candidates will receive a detailed score report including a breakdown of scores by section and the passing score. 350-801 Exam Tutorial What is the Cisco passing score? The Cisco 350-801 core test has a passing score of 750-800 out of 1000. Recertification A holder can renew their certification every three years by passing one technology exam, earning 80 continuing education credits, or taking two professional concentration exams. CCNP certification Eligibility/Prerequisite Knowledge of Cisco Unified Communications Manager installations and basic computer networking terminology is compulsory. Outline of Cisco (CLCOR 350-801) Course Now let's go over the Cisco (CLCOR 350-801) certification test syllabus. Infrastructural Development and Design (20%) According to Cisco's SRND/PA, understanding the most critical design features of the Cisco Collaboration architecture Expressway, Cisco Unified Border Element, and other Cisco Collaboration edge devices, such as these: Configure these network devices to accommodate Cisco Network settings as well Cisco Collaboration network components troubleshooting Finally, explain these Cisco Collaboration components to support them. Routes, Encoders, and Endpoints(20%) To begin, examine the components of a SIP interaction for problems. Codecs for collaborative work find in the following places: Configure codec negotiations as well, for example. Deployment of SIP-enabled devices Finally, troubleshoot the endpoints of Collaboration. Resources for the Cisco IOS XE Gateway and Media(15%) Set up the voice gateway components listed below: Assemble an ISDN PRI/BRI Troubleshoot as well The ISDN PRI/BRI Set up and test MGCP Determine which media resources are appropriate for a given situation (hardware and software) Control over calls (25%) First, describe the steps involved in a digit analysis in Cisco Unified Communications Manager. Use Cisco Unified CM's toll fraud prevention to your advantage Also, configure Cisco Unified CM's globalized call routing. Mobile and remote access (MRA) Quality of Service(10%) First and foremost, explain the issues resulting in poor audio and video quality. In what ways do these applications have specific quality-of-service needs? (voice and video) A network's Quality of Service (QoS) using various class models. DiffServ values and relate to Collaboration. Describe the importance of QoS trust boundaries in LAN-based categorization and labeling systems Describe and determine the bandwidth needs of CACs in specific locations. Configure and, at long last, Check the LLQ (class-map, policy-map, service policy) Apps for Collaboration (10%) When setting up Cisco Unity Connection and MWI mailboxes, begin by configuring the two. Control incoming calls with Cisco Unity Connection SIP integration. In addition, describe call controllers in Cisco Unified Connections. Cisco Unified IM&P standards and deployments. Schedule Your Exam: The candidate can schedule his exam on the same day or six months before online or physical at Pearson VUE. On CCIE Website, Lab exam information is available. Within 24 hours, applicants receive the confirmation email then follow other processes. If a candidate fails his online exam, he can retake his exam after five days. Candidates have to wait for 15 days to retake the same exam in the written exam. Exam Validation expires after passing three years. "Consistency and Focus are key of best future." Good luck with your exam!

What is CCNP Collaboration and How to Become a Cisco Professional?

What is the ratio of people to devices? 7.5 billion to 25 billion is an impressive statistic. Forecasts promise even more impressive growth figures for the devices used by mankind with access to the Internet. Nearly half of that 25 billion is from the Internet of Things devices, otherwise known as the Internet of Everything (IoT). In general, the Internet of Things in the consumer market (B2C) has long been present in everyday life - these are Smartwatches and TV, smart clothes, smart homes, and advanced devices for animals. Their advantages are obvious to us, but as far as IoT in businesses (B2B) is concerned, it is much more interesting and efficient in a global and economic sense. The basic rule of the Internet of Things is that it is autonomous and should work together for the benefit of the people. The common information space and the way things “communicate” with each other is the Internet. The industry began its rapid development back in 2008, but my path in IT began 9 years ago as a System Administrator in a logistics company. Even there was a minimal request for IoT - trucks need to be monitored, data taken from them about the speed, engine operating time, data on the mileage, and status of other sensors should be analyzed. Later, thanks to the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things and my interest in this area, I became a DevOps engineer in that field. Initially, I was attracted to smart homes ideology on a national scale, but IoT has found widespread use in smaller businesses. For Russia, I am sure, this is a powerful tool to bring domestic companies to the world arena. One of the main commercial goals of IoT is to monetize information (the more data, the more productive we can function). The Russian IoT market is at its very start and is far from mature, but entrepreneurs are well aware that technologies provide unlimited opportunities for development, so many of them are introducing the Internet of Things. The market volume in 2020 is about $980 million according to J’son & Partners Consulting, the average check is small, but the number of implemented projects is constantly increasing. Over the next 10 years, the profit from the implementation of IoT will be about $200 billion, according to Cisco Systems, Inc. It is important to note that the Internet of Things in business is not just a tribute to the digital technology trend, but an investment in a management evolutionary model of running and promoting a company. Now the portrait of an IoT consumer looks something like this: an enterprise with a billion-dollar turnover per year or an enterprise with more than a hundred pieces of specialized equipment from which you need to capture data. I believe that this portrait should be more diverse due to the fact that the Internet of Things consolidates multi-factor interaction objects, reduces the total and transaction costs, . makes the business resilient to internal and external problems Here is what every entrepreneur wants: to take the best positions in their field, to establish close contact with customers and personalize offers for them, to expand the sales market, and to promptly reacting to changes in market conditions. And here the Internet of Things comes in handy too. If you had the question: “Is the Internet of Things, what, omnipotent and omnipresent?”, then I would immodestly say: “Yes! If not fully now, then very soon. " This is a unique technology that possesses intellectual abilities. It has the ability to self-develop, collect, store, and analyze factors that do not remain without a quick response to any change. Not so long ago in Russia corporations finally stopped showing just slides and started doing real work. For example, Rostelecom began to actively promote its projects at the national level in the development of the industrial Internet. Commercial organizations such as chain stores, cafes and restaurants, logistics, transport, and insurance companies are assisted by private teams of specialists who have had experience in similar projects or abroad. In the future, such teams can organize their own startups, which are actively supported by domestic and foreign accelerators. Decomposition plays a significant role in IoT. For example, my work at Nokia Corporation was as exciting as possible, but not the easiest, because the task was to make a set of microservices out of a huge monolith that would work harmoniously with each other, performing their functions. This is a serious architecture in which a lot depends on data transfer protocols and object communication. Here, in practice, the growth potential of the Internet of Things affects adjacent markets became tangible for me. In the modern world, cybersecurity plays a decisive role because there is an acute question of how to protect the data transmission paths from the sensor to the server. The difficulty is that the architecture is simple, and there are many IoT sensors, so it is - hence the theft and misuse of information. In addition to cybersecurity giants such as Kaspersky, Eset, and Symantec, startups are emerging that focus only on information security in the IoT. Talented professionals will always be in the business with the full-scale implementation of the Internet of Things. not always possible to control all flows The same with cloud data storage: a sensor with wireless communication is there at every step (by the way, this is also a data security gap that needs to be actively worked on), there will be much more information than there is now on the Internet, so we will need additional services and "places" for storing data. The Internet of Things is a powerful lever of influence on our society, the labor market, and the success of companies. And whatever the business model of the organization, you need to follow a basic set of solutions that fully satisfies the objectives of the IoT: understanding the strategy, regulating processes, correct device management protocols, collecting and analyzing information, protecting it, and having storage. And, of course, the development of 5G will not ignore the IoT. People are loyal to technology and progress - there is demand. It is now important for us, developers, to create a high-quality IoT offer in Russia that will comply with the legislation, take into account the nuances of reality, domestic business, and the mentality of the Russian people. This task has great potential with high-quality implementation, to which, I am sure, we will definitely come.

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CISCO SYSTEMS

cisco.com

10K+ employees

Since 1984

COMPANY RANKING

CISCO SYSTEMS

EVERGREEN INDEX #375

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