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Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND TREATMENT OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FABRICS. here NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND TREATMENT OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FABRICS. The inseparable duties of studying the composition of the various animal and vegetable fabrics, as also their nature—when in contact with the various mineral, vegetable, animal, and gaseous bodies applied in the individual industries—should not devolve upon the heads, chemists, or managers of firms alone. It is most important that every intelligent workman, whom we cannot expect to acquire a very extensive knowledge of chemistry and perfect acquaintance of the particular nature and component parts of fabrics, should, at least, be able to thwart the possibility of the majority of accidents brought about in regard to the quality and aspect of materials treated by them. In the treatment of wool the first operations are of no mean importance, and the whole subsequent operations and final results, almost as a whole, depend on the manner in which the fleece washing had been effected. In presence of suintine, as also fatty matters, as well as the countless kinds of acids deposited on the wool through exudation from the body, etc., the various agents and materials cannot act and deposit as evenly as might be desired, and the complete obliteration of the former, therefore, becomes an absolute necessity. For vegetable fabrics a great technical and practical knowledge is already requisite in their cultivation itself, and before any operations are necessary at all. One of the greatest points is the ripeness of the fibers. It is almost an impossibility to produce delicate colors on vegetable fabrics which were gathered inopportunely. Numerous experiments have been made on cotton containing smaller or larger quantities of unripe fibers, and after the necessary preceding operations, have been dyed in rose, purple, and blue colors, and the beauty of the shades invariably differed in proportion to the greater or lesser quantities of unripe fibers contained in the samples, and by a careless admixture of unripe and unseasoned fibers the most brilliant colors have been completely spoiled in the presence of the former. These deficiencies of unripe vegetable fibers are so serious that the utmost precautions should be taken, not only by planters to gather the fibers in a ripe state, but the natural aspect of ripe and unripe fibers and their respective differences should be known to the operators of the individual branches in the cotton industry themselves. The newest vegetable fabrics, as (China grass), pina, , or Manila hemp, , jute, and that obtained from the palm tree, must be tended with equal care to that of cotton. The , or China grass, is obtained from the , as also from the less known . The fibers of this stalk, after preparing and bleaching, have the whiteness of snow and the brilliancy of silk. By a special process—the description of which we must for the present leave in abeyance—the China grass can be transformed into a material greatly resembling the finest quality of wool. The greatest advantage afforded in the application of China grass is, moreover, that the tissues produced with this fiber are much more easily washed than silks, and in this operation they lose none of their beauty or their quality. ma abaca agave ma Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria puya The is produced from the fibrous parts of the bark of the wild banana tree, found in the Philippines. Its botanical denomination is . The fiber is not spun or wrung, but is jointed end to end. The threads are wound and subsequently beaten for softening, and finally bleached by plunging in lime water for twenty-four hours, and dried in the sun. abaca Musa troglodytarum abaca The is a fiber obtained from the leaf of the anana tree ( ), and is prepared in the same way as the abaca, but extreme care must in this case be observed in culling the fibers, in order to sort in accordance with their degree of fineness. pina Bromelias ananas The Arabs manufacture the stuff for their tents with a mixture of camel's hair and the fibrous flocks (kind of wadding) obtained from the stalks of the wafer palm (the ). Chamærops humilis The tissues used by the Arabs are coarse and colored, but the palm fibers—when freed from gluten, which makes them adhere more strongly—are susceptible to divide in a most astonishing manner. The is a coarse fiber, mostly used in France for the manufacture of Gobelin carpets and the production of ropes. Great efforts have been made to bleach it in a satisfactory manner, as is done with the , but the former kind of fiber resists the ordinary treatment with lyes, etc., and an appropriate bleaching process has only been discovered quite recently. Agave americana Phormium tenax Jute, which by many is confounded with , or New Zealand lint, is a fiber which can be divided as finely as desired, and can be most beautifully bleached. Phormium tenax The jute or Indian is generally known as a fibrous and textile fabric, obtained chiefly from Calcutta, and is similar in nature to the , an Oriental species, known in Oriental India by the name of and . This fibrous plant has the property of dividing into the finest parallel fibers, which can be carded without difficulty, and may be said to have the excellent properties of linen, hemp, and cotton at once. When properly bleached, it has an aspect which is as beautiful as that of silk. A mixture of silk and jute can be easily worked together, and can also be mixed with such vegetable fibers as cotton and linen. An immense quantity of flannel and other stuffs are now manufactured and imitated with the different mixtures containing jute. paat Corchorus capsularis hatta jute gheenatlapaat The is a fiber of a plant in the form of a cane ( ), and the paat or is the thread of a species of spiral ( ), sold under the name of jute tissues. suun Crotalaria juncea suncheepaat Corchorus olitarius The cotton tissues lose about twenty-five per cent. of their weight in bleaching, five per cent. of the substances are dissolved through alkalies, and the other twenty per cent., which are not attacked directly through the alkalies, are removed through chlorine, acids, and the water itself. The linen and hemp tissues contain eighteen per cent. of substances which are soluble in alkalies, and they lose from twenty-seven to thirty per cent. of their weight when taken through the consecutive bleaching operations. The substances do not alone include the substances contained in the fabric originally, but also such as are deposited in the preliminary treatment of the fabrics, as dirt from the hands of the operator, and gluten soluble in warm water; as also glue or gelatine, potash or soda, starch, albumen, and sugar, used by weavers, etc., and which are all soluble in water; further, such as greasy matters, calcareous soap, coppery soap, resinous or gummo-resinous matters, and the yellow and green coloring matters contained in textile fabrics, which are soluble in caustic soda; and finally, the earthy constituents which are soluble in acids. The nature and composition of silk and wool is diametrically opposed to that of the former. The silk is more of a gummy nature, and is susceptible to decompose into a kind of gelatinous mass if specially treated. The yellow coloring principle in silk was found only to be contained in a very small proportion, and consisting of several distinct bodies. The wool contains, first, a fatty matter which is solid at an ordinary temperature, and perfectly liquid at 60° C.; secondly, a fatty matter which is liquid at 15° C.; thirdly, a fibrous substance which essentially constitutes the wool in the strict sense of the word. The wool at least contains three important principles, as it will be known that the fibrous substance disengages sulphur and hydro-sulphuric acid without losing its peculiar properties; and it, therefore, appears probable that the sulphur entered as an element in the composition of a body which is perfectly distinct from the fibrous substance aforementioned. In treating wool with nitric acid, and taking all possible precautions to determine as accurately as possible the quantity of sulphuric acid produced by the contents of sulphur in the wool by the reaction with chloride of barium, it will be found to contain from 1.53 to 1.87 per cent. of sulphur.— Wool and Textile Fabrics. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17755/pg17755-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND TREATMENT OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FABRICS

In 2023, Tesla experienced its biggest insider threat of the year in May, announcing that it had suffered a massive data breach, marking what is possibly the biggest breach in the company’s history, with __ __and former employees having personally identifiable information (PII) leaked. over 75,000 employees According to the reports which dubbed the stolen data as “The Tesla Files”, the 100 GB leak included: Employees’ personal information like their names, addresses, phone numbers, and Social Security numbers Customer bank details Production secrets Customer complaints about Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (FSD) features Even CEO Elon Musk reportedly had his Social Security number leaked. We have since learned that there were two culprits behind the breach: who sent the massive data dump to the German newspaper Handelsblatt. two former Tesla employees The good news for Tesla is that the outlet has announced that they will not be publishing the contents of the leak. As a journalistic organization, especially in Germany, Handelsblatt could find itself in hot water for publishing peoples’ PII. However, the publisher did note the fact that the leaks included complaints about safety issues with the vehicles, which could still cause Tesla a fair amount of grief as writing about these issues could easily fall in the “public interest” bucket for journalists. The bad news is that the company may still be on the hook for in fines due to data privacy violations under GDPR. $3.3 billion While the leak is interesting in itself for reasons of scale and the high profile target, in this article, we are going to look at the role that fostering loyalty with employees can play in helping to tamper with the desire of employees to want to turn against their organizations. But first, let's take a look at Tesla’s history of dealing with insider threats. Tesla's History of Insider Threat Incidents This is not the first time that Tesla found itself in the headlines in terms of an insider threat incident. In fact, the company has a mixed bag when it comes to its history of insider threat incidents over the years. In 2018, Musk announced that a malicious employee had conducted " " to the company, exfiltrating large quantities of data and making changes to their systems. extensive and damaging sabotage The employee reportedly was angry over not receiving the promotion that they thought they thought was coming to them and decided to make their displeasure known through less than pleasant means. On the other side of the scale, in 2020, an employee alerted the company that he had been approached by an old acquaintance who tried to . Thanks to the employee’s warning, Tesla was able to thwart the attack, and the ransomware crew member was arrested. bribe him into helping carry out a ransomware attack In both cases, we see the potential damage a malicious insider can cause to their organization and frankly how easy it can be for them to be successful. Why are Insider Threats so Difficult to Stop? Insider threats are one of the hardest for organizations to defend against because they are legitimate users who are already inside your systems. Unlike outsiders who need to steal/phish/buy credentials and then defeat MFA, an insider is a real user inside your organization who can act totally normally until the moment that they do not.\ This means no indicators of compromise and no leaked credentials showing up on “Have I been Pwned.” You often will not detect it until the damage has been done. An additional factor is the fact that many insider threats are not actually malicious. While they cause real harm with their leaks, they act unintentionally through mistakes and general negligence. According to the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report for 2023, was the cause of 98% of errors that led to a data breach. carelessness This difficulty in detection has led many organizations to look for ways to head off incidents before they happen, looking at strategies for prevention. This is where the question of motivation and loyalty comes into play. Negative Impactors on Employee Loyalty Year after year, the number one motivator for insider threat incidents is financial gain. You know, good old-fashioned greed. And yet, the seed that leads to the betrayal is planted long before an employee decides to take the more drastic steps of stealing or harming your data. Looking at the , researchers found that 89% of privilege misuse cases were financially motivated, followed by a “grudge” at 13%. Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report for 2023 So, what leads to that grudge? According to Jacques Y. Kassa’s 2021 thesis “ at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA, depression, hopelessness, frustration, disgruntlement, and anger are all emotional factors that play into insider threats. ” Modeling the Relationship Between Loyalty and Insider Threat Not a groundbreaking insight but we also know that organizations do not invest enough effort in checking in with employees to see how they are feeling about their place in the organization. Kassa writes that motivators like ideology, vengeance, retribution, espionage, and activism are more frequent in government organizations than in the civilian sectors. Perhaps in the case of Tesla, there may have been a desire to share some of the safety data with the public, though there is a question of whether this is activism or retribution. There are, however, a couple of factors to watch out for. Underpaid and Underappreciated Being well compensated for your work is the top motivator for basically every employee. Better than extra snacks or company activities, employees need to feel that they are appreciated for their work, and commensurate compensation is a clear indicator of that recognition and respect. Feeling Part of the Team During the pandemic, one of the struggles faced by organizations was in employees maintaining a sense of being on the team. Going remote meant not strengthening the in-person, informal bonds that can make a person feel comradery with their co-workers and deter them from wanting to cause them harm. After all, if these are just people that you see on Zoom calls and email chains, what do you owe them if a better opportunity comes along? This has primarily been a problem for retention, but it can also impact motivations for someone turning malicious. Mass Layoffs and the Great Resignation We are at a cultural moment that is frankly different from where we were five or ten years ago. Uncertainty in the job market is a constant, with organizations laying off large quantities of workers in massive waves. Big players like Amazon have cut workers in the past year, while Microsoft has laid off over people. 27,000 10,000 This has led to the justified feeling among many that their companies are not loyal to them. So why should they show loyalty back? Why not take some customer data or valuable IP before you get shown the door if it might give you a leg up at your next job? Combine this uncertainty with the Great Resignation that saw workers leave jobs that they may have put up with for something better. Maybe they found a better location, something totally remote, or having other good conditions that they decided to seek greener pastures elsewhere. Many simply looked around and saw that plenty of others were leaving their jobs, so why not them, too? 3 Tips for Reducing Insider Threat Risk Given the ways that employee loyalty can be diminished, how can organizations improve the positive feelings that their employees have and reduce their risk of an insider threat incident? Here are a few suggestions. Provide an Outlet for Frustration or Concerns Beyond the need to feel appreciated, people need to feel that they have a place to turn to when something is bothering them at work. A question any company, especially a manufacturer, should ask is whether employees have a place to go where they can voice ethical concerns in-house and see that they are handled with due seriousness. If workers do not have an internal channel for dealing with concerns, then they may seek options elsewhere. Invest in Education and Training There’s an interesting question about when it comes to accidental insider-caused incidents. On the one hand, they do not actively choose to harm their employer since the case is unintentional. However, on the other hand, a lack of interest in following the guidelines due to a lack of a strong commitment to their organization probably plays a role in these incidents occurring. Dealing with the non-malicious actors requires fewer sticks and more carrots to get results. Training and education can play a critical role here in preventing incidents. The advantages here can be two-fold. Learning the proper protocols for handling sensitive data and systems teaches them how to do the job correctly and safely. It also gives them a sense of ownership. When your organization invests time and resources into training them how to be better at their job and protect the organization, then chances increase that they will try to implement what they learn in the courses. Encourage but Verify with User Behavioral Analytics Even as we work to increase the level of trust with employees, we need to implement measures to verify that folks are on their best behavior. This means putting in place User Behavioral Analytics tools for continuously monitoring behavior in order to establish a baseline of activity. Once we understand how people normally interact with the systems that they are entitled to work with and think about which applications, data sets, etc they interact with regularly, then we can detect when they begin to act anomalously. Most insider threat cases follow similar patterns in that they have threat actors abuse their privileges and find ways to exfiltrate their pilfered data. By monitoring sensitive files, we can see who is accessing them and potentially who is stepping outside the lines and needs to be followed up with. Loyalty is Earned, Not a Given One note for clarification. Companies are not families. They hire, fire, downsize, and work in their own self-interest. Most of us do not fire our family members, even if we want to sometimes. Employees have the same right to leave an organization if they feel that their own needs are not being met. Having loyalty to a company does not mean that someone should stay if they are not happy. What it does mean is that if the organization acts properly, then it will engender enough goodwill to keep employees on the ethical and legal path of not stealing their data or seeking to cause them harm. And that may count for enough to help diffuse and prevent a potential incident.

Data Breach: What Tesla’s Biggest Insider Threat in 2023 Can Teach Us Going Into 2024

ডেটা লঙ্ঘন: 2023 সালে টেসলার সবচেয়ে বড় অভ্যন্তরীণ হুমকি কী আমাদের 2024-এ যেতে শেখাতে পারে

Datenschutzverletzung: Was uns Teslas größte Insider-Bedrohung im Jahr 2023 für das Jahr 2024 lehren kann

Violación de datos: lo que la mayor amenaza interna de Tesla en 2023 puede enseñarnos de cara a 2024

Violation de données : ce que la plus grande menace interne de Tesla en 2023 peut nous apprendre à l’approche de 2024

डेटा उल्लंघन: 2023 में टेस्ला का सबसे बड़ा अंदरूनी खतरा हमें 2024 में क्या सिखा सकता है

データ侵害: 2023 年のテスラ最大のインサイダー脅威が 2024 年に向けて私たちに教えてくれること

데이터 침해: 2023년 Tesla의 가장 큰 내부자 위협이 2024년에 우리에게 가르쳐 줄 수 있는 것

Violação de dados: o que a maior ameaça interna da Tesla em 2023 pode nos ensinar em 2024

Утечка данных: чему нас может научить крупнейшая инсайдерская угроза Tesla в 2023 году в 2024 году

Veri İhlali: Tesla'nın 2023'teki En Büyük İçeriden Tehdidi, 2024'e Girerken Bize Ne Öğretebilir?

Vi phạm dữ liệu: Mối đe dọa nội bộ lớn nhất của Tesla vào năm 2023 có thể dạy chúng ta điều gì khi bước sang năm 2024

数据泄露：进入 2024 年，特斯拉 2023 年最大的内部威胁可以告诉我们什么

SQUIRE HAMLEY'S SORROW.

Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . SUCCESSION OF FOREST GROWTHS. here SUCCESSION OF FOREST GROWTHS. The following is from an address delivered by Mr. Robert Douglas before the Association of American Nurserymen at the meeting in Chicago recently. It is the prevailing and almost universal belief that when native forests are destroyed they will be replaced by other kinds, for the simple reason that the soil has been impoverished of the constituents required for the growth of that particular tree or trees. This I believe to be one of the fallacies handed down from past ages, taken for granted, and never questioned. Nowhere does the English oak grow better than where it grew when William the Conqueror found it at the time he invaded Britain. Where do you find white pines growing better than in parts of New England where this tree has grown from time immemorial? Where can you find young redwoods growing more thriftily than among their giant ancestors, nearly or quite as old as the Christian era? The question why the original growth is not reproduced can best be answered by some illustrations. When a pine forest is burned over, both trees and seeds are destroyed, and as the burned trees cannot sprout from the stump like oaks and many other trees, the land is left in a condition well suited for the germination of tree seeds, but there are no seeds to germinate. It is an open field for pioneers to enter, and the seeds which arrive there first have the right of possession. The aspen poplar ( ) has the advantage over all other trees. It is a native of all our northern forests, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Even fires cannot eradicate it, as it grows in moist as well as dry places, and sprouts from any part of the root. It is a short-lived tree, consequently it seeds when quite young and seeds abundantly; the seeds are light, almost infinitesimal, and are carried on wings of down. Its seeds ripen in spring, and are carried to great distances at the very time when the ground is in the best condition for them. Even on the dry mountain sides in Colorado, the snows are just melting and the ground is moist where they fall. Populus tremuloides To grow this tree from seed would require the greatest skill of the nurseryman, but the burnt land is its paradise. Wherever you see it on high, dry land you may rest assured that a fire has been there. On land slides you will not find its seeds germinating, although they have been deposited there as abundantly as on the burned land. Next to the aspen and poplars comes the canoe birch, and further north the yellow birch, and such other trees as have provision for scattering their seeds. I have seen acorns and nuts germinating in clusters on burned lands in a few instances. They had evidently been buried there by animals and had escaped the fires. I have seen the red cherry ( ) coming up in great quantities where they might never have germinated had not the fires destroyed the debris which covered the seed too deeply. Prunus Pennsylvanica A careful examination around the margin of a burned forest will show the trees of surrounding kinds working in again. Thus by the time the short-lived aspens (and they are very short-lived on high land) have made a covering on the burned land, the surrounding kinds will be found re-established in the new forest, the seeds of the conifers, carried in by the winds, the berries by the birds, the nuts and acorns by the squirrels, the mixture varying more or less from the kinds which grew there before the fire. It is wonderful how far the seeds of berries are carried by birds. The waxwings and cedar birds carry seeds of our tartarean honeysuckles, purple barberries and many other kinds four miles distant, where we see them spring up on the lake shore, where these birds fly in flocks to feed on the juniper berries. It seems to be the same everywhere. I found European mountain ash trees last summer in a forest in New Hampshire; the seed must have been carried over two miles as the crow flies. While this alternation is going on in the East, and may have been going on for thousands of years, the Rocky Mountain district is not so fortunate. When a forest is burned down in that dry region, it is doubtful if coniferous trees will ever grow again, except in some localities specially favored. I have seen localities where short-lived trees were dying out and no others taking their places. Such spots will hereafter take their places above the timber line, which seems to me to be a line governed by circumstances more than by altitude or quality of soil. There are a few exceptions where pines will succeed pines in a burned-down forest. grows up near the timber line in the Rocky Mountains. This tree has persistent cones which adhere to the trees for many years. I have counted the cones of sixteen years on one of these trees, and examined burned forests of this species, where many of the cones had apparently been bedded in the earth as the trees fell. The heat had opened the cones and the seedlings were growing up in myriads; but not a conifer of any other kind could be seen as far as the fire had reached. Pinus Murrayana In the Michigan Peninsula, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, , a comparatively worthless tree, is replacing the valuable red pine ( ), and in the Sierras and are replacing the more valuable species by the same process. P. Banksiana P. resinosa P. Murrayana P. tuberculata In this case, also, the worthless trees are the shortest lived. So we see that nature is doing all that she can to remedy the evil. Man only is reckless, and especially the American man. The Mexican will cut large limbs off his trees for fuel, but will spare the tree. Even the poor Indian, when at the starvation point, stripping the bark from the yellow pine ( ), for the mucilaginous matter being formed into sap wood, will never take a strip wider than one third the circumference of the tree, so that its growth may not be injured. P. ponderosa We often read that oaks are springing up in destroyed forests where oaks had never grown before. The writers are no doubt sincere, but they are careless. The only pine forests where oaks are not intermixed are either in land so sandy that oaks cannot be made to grow on them at all, or so far north that they are beyond their northern limit. In the Green Mountains and in the New England forests, in the pine forests in Pennsylvania, in the Adirondacks, in Wisconsin and Michigan—except in sand—I have found oaks mixed with the pines and spruces. In northwestern Minnesota and in northern Dakota the oaks are near their northern limit, but even there the burr oak drags on a bare existence among the pines and spruces. In the Black Hills, in Dakota, poor, forlorn, scrubby burr oaks are scattered through the hills among the yellow pines. In Colorado we find them as shrubs among the pines and Douglas spruces. In New Mexico we find them scattered among the piñons. In Arizona they grow like hazel bushes among the yellow pines. On the Sierra Nevada the oak region crosses the pine region, and scattering oaks reach far up into the mountains. Yet oaks will not flourish between the one hundredth meridian and the eastern base of the Sierras, owing to the aridity of the climate. I recently found oaks scattered among the redwoods on both sides of the Coast Range Mountains. Darwin has truly said, "The oaks are driving the pines to the sands." Wherever the oak is established—and we have seen that it is already established whereever it can endure the soil and climate—there it will remain and keep on advancing. The oak produces comparatively few seeds. Where it produces a hundred, the ash and maple will yield a thousand, the elm ten thousand, and many other trees a hundred thousand. The acorn has no provision for protection and transportation like many tree seeds. Many kinds are furnished with wings to float them on the water and carry them in the air. Nearly every tree seed, except the acorn, has a case to protect it while growing, either opening and casting the seeds off to a distance when ripe or falling with them to protect them till they begin to germinate. Even the equally large seeds of other kinds are protected in some way. The hickory nut has a hard shell, which shell itself is protected by a strong covering until ripe. The black walnut has both a hard shell and a fleshy covering. The acorn is the only seed I can think of which is left by nature to take care of itself. It matures without protection, falls heavily and helplessly to the ground, to be eaten and trodden on by animals, yet the few which escape and those which are trodden under are well able to compete in the race for life. While the elm and maple seeds are drying up on the surface, the hickories and the walnuts waiting to be cracked, the acorn is at work with its coat off. It drives its tap root into the earth in spite of grass, and brush, and litter. No matter if it is shaded by forest trees so that the sun cannot penetrate, it will manage to make a short stem and a few leaves the first season, enough to keep life in the root, which will drill in deeper and deeper. When age or accident removes the tree which has overshadowed it, then it will assert itself. Fires may run over the land, destroying almost everything else, the oak will be killed to the ground, but it will throw up a new shoot the next spring, the root will keep enlarging, and when the opportunity arrives it will make a vigorous growth, in proportion to the strength of the root, and throw out strong side roots, and after that care no more for its tap root, which has been its only support, than the frog cares for the tail of the tadpole after it has got on its own legs. There is no mystery about the succession of forest growths, nothing in nature is more plain and simple. We cannot but admire her wisdom, economy, and justness, compensating in another direction for any disadvantage a species may have to labor under. Every kind of tree has an interesting history in itself. Seeds with a hard shell, or with a pulpy or resinous covering which retards their germination, are often saved from becoming extinct by these means. The red cedar ( ) reaches from Florida to and beyond Cape Cod; it is among the hills of Tennessee, through the Middle States and New England. It is scattered through the Western States and Territories, at long distances apart, creeping up the Platte River, in Nebraska. (I found only three in the Black Hills, in Dakota, in an extended search for the different trees which grow there. Found only one in a long ramble in the hills at Las Vegas, New Mexico.) Yet this tree has crept across the continent, and is found here and there in a northwesterly direction between the Platte and the Pacific Coast. It is owing to the resinous coating which protects its seeds that this tree is found to-day scattered over that immense region. Juniperus Virginiana About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16972/pg16972-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

SUCCESSION OF FOREST GROWTHS

SCANDAL AND ITS VICTIMS.

All the rest of that day Molly was depressed and not well

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