An icon of a desk calendar. An icon of a circle with a diagonal line across. An icon of a block arrow pointing to the right. An icon of a paper envelope. An icon of the Facebook "f" mark.

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Universal Electronics Inc (Universal Electronics) is a technology company that offers control and sensor technology solutions. The company offers a range of pre-programmed and universal remote-control products, audio-video accessories, intelligent wireless ...

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Get the most recent info and news about Arrow Electronics on HackerNoon, where 10k+ technologists publish stories for 4M+ monthly readers.

Arrow Electronics, Inc. provides products, services, and solutions to industrial and commercial users of electronic components and enterprise computing solutions in Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Asia Pacific. The company operates in two segments, Global Components and Global Enterprise Computing Solutions. The Global Components segment markets and distributes semiconductor products and related services; passive, electro-mechanical, and interconnect products consisting primarily of capacitors, resistors, potentiometers, power supplies, relays, switches, and connectors; and computing and memory products, as well as other products and services. The Global Enterprise Computing Solutions segment offers computing solutions, including data-center, cloud, security, and analytics solutions, as well as access to various services, including engineering and integration support, warehousing and logistics, marketing resources, and authorized hardware and software training. The company serves original equipment manufacturers, value-added resellers, as well as manages service providers, contract manufacturers, and other commercial customers. Arrow Electronics, Inc. was founded in 1935 and is based in Centennial, Colorado.

Arrow Electronics

Get the DragonBoard Running Windows 10 IoT Core The DragonBoard 410c from Qualcomm is available and now it’s time to get it up and running with Windows 10 IoT Core and Universal Windows Platform apps. The DragonBoard is based on the 64-bit, quad-core Snapdragon 410 processor running at 1.2 GHz with 1 GB of RAM and 8 GB of of internal storage. You get 1 micro USB and 2 USB 2.0 ports along with full sized HDMI and a micro SD card slot. Onboard connectivity and location support are provided by Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.1, and GPS. The Adreno 306 GPU with support for OpenGL ES 3.0 and DirectX will accelerate the graphics of your Universal Windows Platform apps. A 40-pin, low speed and 60-pin, high speed expansion connector will power your projects. Let’s put together a quick shopping list: DragonBoard 410c from $75.00 Arrow Electronics 12 Volt 2 Amp power supply with a cylindrical female output (1.75 x 4.75) from $12.67 Arrow Electronics USB to Micro USB cable from $4.79 Amazon HDMI cable from $6.49 Amazon USB keyboard and mouse from $14.99 Amazon HDMI capable monitor Windows 10 PC Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 Once the items in your shopping list have arrived, head over to the Qualcomm Developer Network for the DragonBoard and download either the x86 or x64 . Extract the zip file and double click to launch the installation wizard. Navigate through the wizard to install the Qualcomm device driver. Tools and Resources page Update Tool for Windows 10 IoT Core DragonBoardUpdateTool_X64.msi Next up, navigate your browser to the Windows IoT page and click the button to download the ISO file: Downloads and Tools DragonBoard Once the ISO file has downloaded, turn it into a virtual CD-ROM (remember those?) drive by double-clicking it. A file called will appear. Double-click the file to launch the installation wizard shown below: Windows_10_IoT_Core_QCDB410C.msi When the wizard has finished, an image file called will be placed in the C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft IoT\FFU\QCDB410C\ directory. flash.ffu Now it’s time to connect your Windows 10 PC to the DragonBoard to upload the Windows IoT Core image. The cool thing is you won’t have to boot off an SD card like you’re accustomed to with Arduino or the Raspberry Pi. I need you to flip the DragonBoard over and switch the the switch to while leaving the other three switches OFF. Use a paper clip to flip the switch as shown below: USB BOOT ON Connect the big end of your USB cable to your Windows 10 PC and the micro end to the DragonBoard and connect the power supply to bring it to life. Launch the from the shortcut on your desktop: DragonBoard Update Tool When the Update Tool launches, verify the Connection Status light is green. Click the button and navigate to the file as shown below: Browse flash.ffu Click the button to upload the image to the board. This will overwrite the pre-installed Android image. If you get an error, just retry the process. Give the programming a minute or two and wait for a dialog to pop up to let you know you’re finished. Program Programming successful With the board programming complete, disconnect the power supply and use your paper clip to switch back to the position. USB BOOT OFF Now it’s time for the moment of truth. Connect the HDMI cable from the DragonBoard to your monitor and then connect the USB keyboard and mouse and plug in the power supply to boot Windows IoT Core. I booted mine on my TV. It starts with a SnapDragon boot just to remind you what you’re probably running in your smartphone. Next up, you get a generic picture of a single board computer. Last but not least, you boot into a default Universal Windows Platform (UWP) app just like the Raspberry Pi. If you find yourself having trouble getting Windows 10 IoT Core to boot, try re-seating all your connections on your board and flip the USB BOOT setting back and forth from ON to OFF. Worst case scenario, use the Update Tool again to re-flash your board. The default app should display information about your board, the operating system, connected devices and network status. Since the DragonBoard has onboard Wi-Fi, use your mouse to click the icon on the top-right part of the screen next to the icon. Select and then select the appropriate SSID displayed from your Wi-Fi access point. Click the button and type in your network security key and click . Device Settings Power Network & Wi-Fi Connect Next The last step in the process is to ensure you can connect to the DragonBoard from your Windows 10 PC. From the Start menu, navigate to | and launch the . It will scan the network and list any boards running Windows IoT Core as shown below: All apps Microsoft IoT Windows IoT Core Watcher Right-click on your listed device and select from the context menu to connect to your DragonBoard from your browser. You will be prompted for device credentials so enter for the username and for the password. You’ll be presented with the as shown below: Web Browser Here Administrator p@ssw0rd Windows Device Portal From here, you’ll be able to remotely monitor, configure and deploy software to your DragonBoard. I highly recommend you start out by changing the Administrator password. You also have the option to remotely connect via SSH and PowerShell. You are now up and running with Windows 10 IoT Core on the Qualcomm DragonBoard and ready to build and deploy Universal Windows Platform apps so go ahead and launch Visual Studio 2015 Update 1. Once your IDE has loaded, click . Once your app project has loaded, you’ll have to make some adjustments to Visual Studio in order to deploy and debug against your DragonBoard. You’ll need to select to support the Qualcomm CPU and to debug over Wi-Fi as shown below: File | New | Project | Blank App (Universal Windows) ARM Remote Machine The first time you switch to , a dialog will popup. Using the information from the Windows IoT Core Watcher app, type in the IP address of the DragonBoard in the text box and click the button as shown below: Remote Machine Remote Connections Address Select To perform a quick smoke test, I want you to remotely run a sample app to verify everything is working properly. Open MainPage.xaml in the IDE, click the combo box at the top and select . Throw a control in the center and type as shown below: 10″ IoT Device (1024 x 768) 100% scale TextBlock Hello DragonBoard Run this simple app against your remote machine. This first time out, Visual Studio must deploy appropriate .NET assemblies to the DragonBoard. If you experience a deployment failure, it may be because your DragonBoard has been running for a while and the remote debugger has shut down. If this is the case, restart the DragonBoard and try again. A successful smoke test will look something like this: Congratulations on getting Windows IoT Core to run on the Qualcomm DragonBoard and deploying a Universal Windows Platform app! With its fast graphics and CPU performance coupled with onboard wireless networking, I think you’ll find the DragonBoard to be a great IoT device to work with the Azure IoT Suite. Rob

Get the DragonBoard Running Windows 10 IoT Core

The Corner Pub.

are some of the best that you will ever find on the market. People have difficulties when trying to connect their printers to a wireless network setting. They don’t know how to do it from the control panel. It is even more frustrating when you cannot change your wireless settings to another device. Here is a simple guide on how to connect your EPSON printer to a wireless network. EPSON printers Wi-Fi-protected setup on a printer allows you to add WiFi devices to your router's secure WiFi network without selecting the SSID, known as the network name, and entering the password on each device. A WPS PIN protects the home connection of a router. You can also connect EPSON printers to WPS on your home network. How to Connect Epson Printer to Wi-Fi with a Screen If you are choosing to change an existing network, this may cause a loss of fax and network data settings; hence, perform your backup before commencing the process. CAUTION: Also, check the "Start Here" sheet that comes with your EPSON printer to see if you have all the requirements and software needed to connect your printer to a wireless network. If so, let's get started. Press the home button. From wherever you are, it is easier to navigate your way to the wireless network settings from the home page. Press the Connection or Wi-Fi icon. When you do so, you get the option for "Wi-Fi (Recommended)" with a mobile phone icon and "Wi-Fi Direct" with a home icon. Select "Wi-Fi (Recommended)" Select Start Setup or Change Settings. Next, select Start Setup or Change Settings. **Select the . Wifi Setup Wizard . Alternatively, you can add your device manually by typing in the name from the displayed keypad on the screen. Select the name of your wireless network from your router The next step is to select the password field Once you select the password field, enter your wireless network's password with the displayed keyboard. At the left corner of the displayed keyboard, you can toggle between the number/special character panel and the alphabet. EPSON Printer Navigation Keys Use the 'arrow up' icon for upper or lower case. Use the back arrow with an 'x' to delete a character. The number case butting is "123#". And you have the special characters under the "@..." button. When done, press "Ok". Confirm the displayed network settings and select "Start Setup" to save them. To see the network setup report, pick "Print Check Report". If not, you can select "OK" and go back to the home button to take you away from there. Once you see the WiFi icon with a bar status on its side, you can connect your printer directly from your computer or any other device. Voila, you can print from a computer. What to do if I can't see the connection icon on my printer? If you are unable to see the connection icon on your printer, there are two possibilities. You may have chosen the wrong network name or entered the wrong password. Just repeat the process. How to Connect EPSON Printer to Wi-Fi without a Screen You can still connect an EPSON printer without an LCD screen to a wireless network. For instance, EPSON XP2100 and relatives in the series will follow the process below. Hold the WPS button on the router until the security light blinks. Hold down the Wi-Fi button on the printer the Wi-Fi and WiFi direct flashes alternatively. The connection to an available network will start. When it is established, the WiFi light turns on. Connect an EPSON Printer to a Phone or Other Devices If you want to print from a phone (Android or iPhone) or other gadgets, you will find the following steps helpful on a printer without a screen. If you have no Wi-Fi router, you can use the ESPON Wi-Fi Direct with your phone or other things. Press the Wi-Fi button on the printer until the and flashes alternatively. Wi-Fi Wifi Direct When a connection is established, both the and lights should be on (green). Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Direct Hold down the network status button (the one following the Wi-Fi Direct button) to print the network status sheet. Once printed, you can take the paper and go to your phone. Look for the Wi-Fi network name on the list of available networks. Press the password from the sheet, and you should be ready to print. That’s it! So, there you go. The process is similar for many other devices, too, especially one without a screen. If you are able to locate the WPS button, a long press hold will make it scan for available networks. You can also see . how to connect an HP printer to WPS here You're welcome!

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The ways to enter into a special recovery boot system in both INTEL and M1 Mac are different. The recovery mode helps the mac user to troubleshoot different errors. On Intel Macs, the method is really simple and easy, you just need to hit the CMD + R during startup to enter into recovery mode. In M1 known as Silicon Mac, the method is a little different. We will discuss that method in this article. Let’s dig into it. Apple Booting into macOS Recovery using Apple Silicon Mac First of all, you need to get into the startup option or the Boot Selection to enter into recovery mode on your Apple Silicon Mac, and then you can enter into Recovery Mode. Here’s how you can get to that point. Turn off your Mac. You can also shut down from the apple menu drop-down or you can do it forcefully by holding the touch button (power button). Now press and hold the touch button (Power button) to restart your Mac.You will see startup options due to holding the touch button. When you see the Loading Startup option, you can release the touch button. The boot selection screen of your mac will show up after some time. Now select Options > Continue using the trackpad of your mac or the arrow keys of your mac. Wait for some time until you see the macOS Recovery options. macOS Recovery Options in Apple silicon Mac After entering into macos recovery mode you will get these four options. Restore Time Machine: With this option you can restore your Mac using Time Machine Reinstall macOS: You can reinstall macOS in your mac using this option without losing any data Safari:  You can access the internet using the safari browser. Disk Utiity: Here you can check for disk errors or format drives and volumes for disk utility. The menu bar also provides you additional tools like startup disk utility and terminal. You can also check out how you can reset terminal on mac How to Quit from Mac Recovery Mode Once you are done with the recovery mode , you can simply quit the recovery mode from the menu bar by clicking on apple and select the Restart option. Your Mac will restarted and you will be out if the recovery mode and will be in normal OS. Does Recovery Mode delete everything on my Mac? The answer of this question can be yes and also no at the same time, as it depends on you. Simply booting into the Recovery mode on the Mac will not delete anything from your mac. But if you reinstall macOS from the Recovery mode you will lose all your data. If you have already setup the time machine for the recovery then you can use that and you will not lose any data. Also, if you reset any disk utility from recovery mode, you will still lose the data from that disk. Conclusion I hope you likes﻿ the article on how to enter macOS recovery mode on an apple silicone mac. If you have any query, just reach out to us. Sources: https://www.compsmag.com/blogs/how-to-enter-macos-recovery-on-an-apple-silicon-mac/

How to Boot macOS Recovery Mode on an Apple Silicone Mac in 5 Steps

3 Tech Trends to Look Forward to in 2019, and Beyond!

We’ve been brewing an electronic project for some time now. Ever since we entered the prototyping phase, there has been many questions about making an effective test/programming setup as the size of our prototypes was getting smaller and smaller. There wasn’t much real estate left to place test LEDs or things like extra screw holes. SMD We had heard about but it seemed like a fancy industrial setup only accessible to large factories. After much experimentation, we decided that it was time to update our process and get into easily reproducible precision. bed of nails Note: You’ll find our design files for the pogo pin setup at the end of this post, anyone can use it and make his/her own precision pogo jigs. Pogo what? pogo pins with spear heads. The notch in the middle of the shaft is typical of that sort of pins. Photo courtesy of Tindie have been around for a while, they are neat , small needles with a spring. Pogo pins are great resources, just with one drawback: they are relatively fragile. Pogo pins Pogo pin bent while trying too hard (by hand) to insert them in a jig If you aren’t already familiar with them, check out . Most of the tutorials about show more or less the same basic structure: 1 PCB board (pogo bed) is attached with sets of , then a board (the one to be tested/programmed) placed on top of the . 2 boards are joined by screws and counterscrews. Sometimes a is used. these blog entries pogo pins pogo pins pogo pins toggle clamp This is a pogo jig of an arduino and a arduino shield (image courtesy of ) Adafruit Oftentimes, the layout of pogo pins has to be regular, following a grid or straight lines on the PCB. We’d like to benefit from the size of pogo pins to free up design, and allow different arrangements for pogo pins. In addition, alignment between pins and PCBs is done either by hand or by screwing the boards together. Not very fast or repeatable :( Limitations and tedium No matter how good (and they are), there is an intense manual process of soldering pogo pins at right angle and they often don’t quite precisely align to all the contacts. these tutorials are This gets worse as the PCB gets smaller. It requires more and more attention since the test/programming setup itself becomes small and fragile. There is a risk of shorting components or mis-contacts. Contact pads on the test PCBs tend to be all constrained to a straight line to ease pogo alignment and this further limits PCB design. The 3 mm of travel most pogo pins afford seems to be used fully, causing insertion when those are pressed: using bouncy as support doesn’t provide a stable hold. When the pogo pins aren’t inserted perfectly flat, shorts or pins missing are possible, creating false contacts, or permanent damages. shaky pogo pins pogo pins For all these reasons we decided to look for a safer method. A scalable solution After much experimentation, we decided to use an inexpensive 3D printer¹ to design our precision pogo jig. This mini architecture functions like a sandwich with the 3D printed structure in the middle with pogo pins inserted. The 3D print serves 4 tasks: A volume to hold all the pogo pins An area for board drop-in An anchor for the pogo bed A holder for a toggle clamp An exploded view of the precision pogo jig. The space on the left is for a toggle clamp that is not represented in this image The assembly is really 3 steps. The steps are : Insert pogo pins into the 3D print Solder the pogo pins to the pogo bed Mount a toggle clamp Drop in a test board and clamp the test board. The test board is ready to be connected. It looks like this in the real world : Pogo Jig in action! Note that the wire is our customized setup that isn’t required. Precision and 3D printing The we used for our board were as close as 0.091" (2.3 mm). Our printer could go to a minimum distance of 0.055" (1.4mm). The limiting factor here is the printer nozzle. We kept the standard 0.4mm nozzle but with a better printer or simply one that can change its nozzle, you might get even better results. pogo pins You don’t have to worry anymore about the placement of the pins, they don’t need to be spread evenly across the plane or aligned. The support afforded by the 3D printed holder doesn’t constrain the placement of your test pads on your board. Pogo pins alignment The pogo pins can be inserted by hand through the print. We left a small space (a tolerance) in each hole so that it fits snug. Close-up of the pogo pins on the jig. The black marks were there to help us see the pogo holes :) We wanted the pogo pins to stay in their position and remain flushed to the soldering point on the test board. But how should we align them together? Simply push a pin until you see the golden part emerge from the holder. We included tolerances so this operation doesn’t have to be precise. In fact, if you look at the picture above, you’ll see that one of our pins is not aligned well. That’s ok, with a 1mm travel for each pin, they will still all touch their target. When a pogo pin is in position, its head is exposed beyond the 3D printed support. It’s held just right so that each pogo can’t fall out or tilt when the jig is moved. This adequate tightness is essential since in order to solder the pogo pins, we needed to flip the jig around. Soldering to the pogo bed The pogo bed is a PCB that‘s soldered with all the pogo pins. In order to get the holder and the bed tightly together, we created anchor points on the holder and holes in the PCB (see red arrow in the image below). This way the two fit really well even before any soldering takes place. The tolerance for the hole-anchor gap is 0.004" (0.1mm). On the , there are vias (plated holes, indicated by the purple arrow) made to fit the . On the image below, only some of the vias have pogo pins, and you can see (orange arrow on the image) these are located flushed to the surface, they are designed to leave a small gap for soldering. pogo bed pogo pins There is no heat issues with the printed holder during soldering, since the point of solder is far away from where the print is and the pogo pins themselves are upside down avoiding most of the heat conduction. Blue pins (pointed by red arrows) are the anchor points to lock the 3D printed pogo holder. Yellow vias are for pogo pins, here are some already inserted (orange arrow) and waiting to be soldered, some aren’t yet inserted (purple arrow). After soldering all the pins to the pogo bed, it is virtually inseparable from the holder. The strength surprised us as we thought this would be the weakest point of the system. The strength of solder combined with locking anchors on the holder makes it a robust setup. Punch with precision Mounting a toggle clamp is useful for long programming/testing sessions. You could use your hand to press and hold your board down as it is being connected (we tried, that was fun) but it’s only going to be good for testing boards quickly. We added that presses 0.039" (1mm) down from the middle of the test board. With that, we can communicate and upload programs for hours. You can even shake the board if you have a motion sensor, it won’t go away! a medium toggle clamp toggle action on the jig. The total board motion is only 1 mm This travel motion of 0.039" (1mm) is essential to avoid issues with boards placed at an angle. Longer travel would open the possibility for misalignment of the pins with their corresponding pads. A shorter travel is also possible (0.5mm) but it would make alignment of the pogo pins more difficult and board placement fiddly. We stayed conservative here but we’d love to hear from others’ experiments. Results after clamping Before powering up our board, we clamped it as above and um-clamped it to examine the test pads: we found small punches on each pogo pads, with most of them right in the middle! test pads with scratch traces from pogo pins. Most are quite bang on The test pads we used have a diameter between 0.031" (0.8mm) and 0.055"(1.4mm). If you are concerned that the scratches from the pogo pins on the test pads may cause reliability issues with repeated use, pogo pins with flat or rounded heads are available. When we powered up the jig and tested the board, it all worked. Including the tiny pads. Success! Right after the first working jig, we printed more so everyone around the studio can have their own within a few hours. Looking forward and sharing The 3D model on the left, and the physical pogo jig on the right. We were quite happy to see how it turned out. As you can tell from the picture above, there wasn’t too much difference between the planned setup and the one made. You can use any 3D modeling software to design your jig (We used ). The system is quite resilient and 3D printed holder protects the pins even when the jig is dropped. Rhino Ultimately, we replaced manual work by design work. That way we can make many jigs quickly, modify and share easily modules that are generic enough that anyone would be able to use them for their own jigs. So here it is, Precision pogo pin jig module A to get your going. It includes: module pogo pins The pogo pin model ( ) P75-B1 A tolerancing object to help pogo pin insertion (hidden in the pic above) A rim for pogo insertion clearance The pogo support to be 3D printed. A PCB cutout with the right via to use with these pins The picture shown above has all the tolerance work done. Sometimes the printer smears the pogo pin entry point, so we included a rim to be used at the beginning and the end of the pogo support. Other times, your pogo bed board has its own thickness. If so, the placement of the via can be moved/scaled accordingly. Complete instructions are included in the summary section of the , so you can make changes according to your needs. download page Beyond this project We feel that methods brought by 3D modeling/printing are opening up Electronic design and engineering to interesting solutions. We can truly work cross-discipline: It’s an exciting time to make things. Some of the constraints of the PCB world (grid, 2D, screws…) are disappearing: That’s quite liberating. More freedom in our design is achieved by associating support functions and electronic functions while keeping them separate. This also means that we can use less, cheaper, recyclable material and fulfill the same tasks. All of this in just a few hours. We hope that others will enrich what we’ve shared. We’d like to hear back from you if you make your own. Enjoy! Notes 1: The 3D print for this jig was made with an FDM 3D printer with standard 0.4 mm nozzle. Our jig was printed with PLA (filament size: 1.75 mm) with nozzle temperature at 210C and bed temperature at 41C. The design was printed with a 0.2 layer height. At this point in time, almost any 3D printer on the market should be able to produce such print. We tested with a Da Vinci Pro.

Take your pogo jig to the next level

Lasers by Hal Hellman, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . LIGHT AND THE ATOM here LIGHT AND THE ATOM Since light waves have such high frequencies, a different mode of generation comes into play. We can no longer count on the controlled movement of free electrons atoms and molecules. Rather, light and all the radiations in the higher frequencies are generated by the movement of electrons atoms and molecules. outside inside Let us review momentarily the modern, albeit highly simplified, conception of an atom. Remember that no one has yet seen one. We describe the atom on the basis of how it acts, as well as how it reacts to things scientists do to it. For the present purpose, the best model we have of the atom is that of a miniature solar system, with a nucleus or heavy part at the center and a cloud of electrons dashing around the nucleus in fixed orbits. The term “fixed orbits” is used advisedly. Our planet moves in a certain orbit around the sun. If we attached a large enough rocket to the earth we theoretically move it closer to or farther away from the sun. In the atom, we have learned, this cannot be done. An electron can only exist in one of a certain number of fixed orbits; different kinds of atoms have different numbers of orbits. could We might think in terms of an elevator that can only stop at the various floors of an apartment building. Each upper floor is like an orbit of the electron. But you get nothing for nothing in the world of physics, and just as it takes energy to raise an elevator to a higher floor, it takes energy to move an electron to an outer orbit. Hence the atom is said to be raised to higher levels when an electron is nudged to an outer orbit. The energy input can be of many different kinds. Examples are heat, pressure, electrical current, chemical energy, and various forms of electromagnetic radiation. If too much energy is put into the elevator it goes flying out the roof. If too much energy is put into the atom, one or more of its electrons will go flying out of the atom. This is called , and the atom, now minus one of its negative electrons and therefore positively charged, is called a positive . energy ionization ion But if the amount of energy is put into the atom, one of its electrons will merely be raised to a higher energy level. Shown in , for instance, are the ground state (Circle No. 1) and two possible higher energy levels. As you can see there are three possible transitions. right Figure 9 Figure 9 Schematic representation of the electron orbits and energy levels of an atom. Each circle represents a separate possible orbit and each arrow a possible energy level difference. The higher energy levels are abnormal, or excited, states, however, and the electron will shortly fall back to its normal (ground state) orbit (assuming some other electron has not fallen into it first). In order for the electron to do this (go back to its normal orbit), it must give off the energy it has acquired. This it does in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The energy difference between the two levels will determine what kind of radiation is emitted, for there is a direct correlation between energy and frequency. If the energy difference between the two levels is such that the frequency of emitted radiation is roughly between 10¹⁴ and 10¹⁵ cycles per second, we see the radiation as light. When more energy is added, the radiation emerges as ultraviolet or X rays. In other words the higher the energy difference, the higher the frequency, and vice versa. Thus it is that cosmic rays, with the highest frequencies known to man, can pass right through us as if we weren’t there. This simple picture of energy levels and associated frequencies doesn’t quite hold for ordinary white light, however. Such light is generally produced by a process called incandescence, which results from the heating of a material until it glows. True, the atoms of the incandescent material are being raised to higher energy levels by chemical energy (as in fire), electricity (light bulb), or nuclear energy (the sun). In a hot solid, however, the explanation becomes more complicated. Many different electronic configurations are possible and the differences in energy among the various levels (which can be many more than the three shown in ) vary only slightly from one another. The result is a wide band of radiation. Figure 9 Thus, while the incandescent electric bulb is a great advance over fire, it is still a very inefficient source of light. Because it depends upon incandescence, a considerable portion of the electrical input goes into the production of unwanted heat, for the bulb’s filament radiates in the infrared as well as the visible region. For providing illumination, the fluorescent tube is far more efficient than the incandescent lamp: a 40-watt fluorescent tube gives as much light as a 150-watt incandescent light. This is because its radiation is more controlled, operating more in accord with our description of electronic energy levels. Hence more of its output is in the desired visual region of the spectrum. In certain types of lighting, particular energy level changes may predominate, leading to the characteristic colors of neon tubes and vapor lamps. Although the resulting radiation bandwidth is narrow enough in these devices to appear as a definite color instead of the broad spectrum we know as white, it is still quite broad. In other words, the radiation is still frequency incoherent—and it is still spatially incoherent. To understand this, let us return for a moment to the group of radio antennas we showed in . All of them, you will recall, could be made to radiate in phase. In the production of light, however, each antenna is replaced by a single atom! Figure 8 This creates two problems. First, because the energy stored in the atom is quite small, it comes out not as a continuous wave but as a tiny packet of radiation—a . It has an effect more like the hack of an ax than the buzz of a power saw. photon Second, atoms are notoriously “individualistic”. When a batch of atoms in a material has been raised to higher energy levels there is no way to know in what order, or in what direction, they will release their energy. This kind of process is called , since each atom “makes up its own mind”. All we know is that within a certain period of time—a short period, to be sure—a certain percentage of these higher energy atoms will release their photons. spontaneous emission Figure 10 Ordinary light is a jumble of frequencies, directions, and phases. What we have, then, is incoherent radiation—a jumble of frequencies (or colors), directions, and phases. Such light, symbolized in , works well enough in lighting up this page, but is almost worthless as a carrier of information (and in other ways, as we shall see shortly). About the best that can be done with it is to turn it on and off in a sort of visual Morse code, which is exactly what is done on the blinker communication systems sometimes used for ship-to-ship communication. Figure 10 In other words, ordinary light cannot be modulated as radio waves can. It is of interest to note, however, that ordinary white light be made coherent, to some extent, but at a very high cost in the intensity of the light. For example, we might first pass the light through a series of filters, each of which would subtract some portion of the spectrum, until only the desired wavelength came through. As can be seen in , only a small fraction of the original light would be left. can Figure 11 Figure 11 Obtaining coherent radiation the hard way. Filters and pinhole block all but a small amount of the original radiation. Incoherent Filters Coherent in time Pinhole Coherent in time and space We would then have monochromatic (one color) light, which is temporally coherent radiation, but it would still be spatially incoherent. In our diagram, we show three monochromatic waves. If we then passed this light through a tiny pinhole as shown, most of these few remaining waves would be blocked; the ones that got through would be pretty much in step. (In a similar manner, a true point source of light would produce spatially coherent radiation; but, as in the process described here, there wouldn’t be very much of it.) We have, finally, obtained coherent light. The important thing about the laser is that, by its very nature, it produces coherent light automatically. Now.... About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Hal Hellman (2021). Laser. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/65512/pg65512-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

LIGHT AND THE ATOM

As we enter an era of advancements in the digital realm, one concept truly captivates us with its boundless potential, . This groundbreaking idea, pioneered by technology visionary Mark Zuckerberg surpasses technological evolution; it heralds a profound transformation in our perception of reality by merging the virtual and physical dimensions into a cohesive universe. The Metaverse Both AI and machine learning are crucial in shaping an environment that can adjust and react in time. It goes beyond the limitations of digital interactions and embraces a universe that grows alongside its users. Imagine a realm where your actions impact the surroundings, where the system adapts based on your preferences and interactions to offer an experience. This is the potential of AI and machine learning in the Metaverse. Revolutionizing Non-Player Characters with Algorithms Non-playable characters (NPCs) have always been a part of video games, adding depth to the storyline and presenting unique challenges. These traditional NPCs operate based on set rules and scripted behaviors, sometimes making them seem spontaneous compared to actual players. Consequently, their actions often become foreseeable over time. Incorporating machine learning into NPC design has the potential to disrupt this dynamic, resulting in 'Smart NPCs' powered by machine learning algorithms, breaking free from the constraints of pre-scripted behaviors. These characters learn from the player's actions, altering their plans to mimic and respond to your distinct gaming style. One pioneering example of this innovation in the gaming industry is SEED, a research project by Electronic Arts (EA). . This approach expedites the algorithm's learning process, birthing NPCs that exhibit dynamic movements and unpredictable actions. Consequently, your opponents in the game transform from static entities following rigid paths to adaptive adversaries providing continually challenging and unique responses. SEED uses machine learning to train NPCs, taking cues from top players' strategies and movements This integration of machine learning not only enhances gameplay but also heralds a significant shift in game development. By reducing the time and effort previously dedicated to scripting NPCs, developers can now delegate this task to machine learning algorithms. This change streamlines the game development cycle and paves the way to a truly dynamic and immersive Metaverse. Here, the lines between player characters and NPCs blur, turning every interaction within this unified universe into a thrilling and captivating adventure. In , immersive and interactive experiences are not just desires but expectations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have become pivotal tools in meeting these demands, redefining the gaming experience by facilitating intelligent decision-making and creating dynamic game scenarios. today's gaming landscape AI contributes significantly by creating adaptive game characters that respond to player actions in real-time rather than following predetermined scripts. This lends an unpredictable and engaging aspect to gameplay, where players can genuinely influence the game world. Simultaneously, ML algorithms can dynamically adjust game difficulty based on player performance, ensuring a consistently challenging but not frustrating experience. Moreover, results in an ever-evolving game environment. This could mean new levels, scenarios, or even entire worlds, offering fresh content for players to explore continually. By integrating AI and ML into game development, the gaming experience is elevated to previously unimaginable heights of engagement, immersion, and adaptability. AI's ability to generate new content dynamically Building Realism Through Enhanced Interactions The richness of interaction within a game's virtual environment is a pivotal factor in player engagement and overall enjoyment. As users explore the depths of the Metaverse, these interactions become increasingly crucial. , transforming the way gamers interact within their worlds. By combining AI and linguistics, NLP facilitates realistic communication between humans and machines, breaking free from the constraints of scripted dialogues. Natural Language Processing (NLP) has emerged as a groundbreaking advancement NLP models are only sometimes used for the desire to produce realistic interactions and options to represent the fundamental tenet of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in the game industry. Currently, some games are investigating ways to add realism and complex levels to interactions with non-playable characters. These in-game decisions significantly shape the storyline, and characters' perceptions and interactions with players are greatly affected. Although this method may be less sophisticated than actual NLP, it is consistent with the objective of providing depth and realism, creating a more engaging experience for players. It is an innovative step forward to monitor player behavior and modify the virtual world's responses accordingly. This capability also raises the possibility of incorporating actual NLP in gaming in the future. The influence of NLP extends beyond simple gameplay enhancement; it morphs the gaming journey into a complex, player-driven narrative. Envision being greeted with either disdain or admiration by a town's inhabitants based on past actions. Or NPCs that recall previous encounters, influencing future interactions. These features deepen the immersion, converting a simple pastime into an intensely personal and unforgettable gaming experience. Nowadays, we are witnessing the Metaverse as the new frontier in interactive entertainment. This virtual world combines gaming, social media, and virtual reality to create an experience beyond this world. That is why technologies such as visualization physics-based interactions and augmented/virtual reality are poised to shape the future of digital engagement. 1. Graphics Advancements The constant improvement in video game graphics has been witnessed for decades. We have moved from 2D environments to immersive 3D landscapes designed to look similar to our world. Technological advancement has taken a giant leap in improvement, such as ray tracing, which empowers developers to create realms that mirror our reality with astonishing accuracy. In the context of the Metaverse, these capabilities play a vital role in constructing realities that faithfully replicate every aspect of their real-life counterparts. Possessing technology, such as advanced 3D visualization techniques, can create a world where players can roam in cities of their choosing, admiring skylines and nature or even interacting with detailed environments. Other examples include fire escapes' palpable deterioration, neon signs' beautiful brightness as they reflect in the rain, and the graffiti on city brick walls; all somehow come to life. This idea is plausible. Indeed, virtual reality is already expanding. Examples of such existing games are  "Cyberpunk 2077" and "Microsoft Flight Simulator." 2. Authentic Sensations Based on Physics. . It looks for real-world actions and interactions presented through physics-based stimuli that immerse gamers in adaptable settings. We may observe this now in the sophisticated algorithms that imitate real-world physics in video games, such as character movement, arrow trajectory, and structure destruction. The Metaverse is far more than just its stunning visuals But the prospects for the future are more promising. We can expect physics engines to advance into a more sophisticated real-world phenomenon as technology develops. Think about ecosystems or weather simulations that respond to player actions. Or even artificial intelligence (AI) characters that act in ways modeled after human psychology. Beyond gaming, the Metaverse will influence a wide range of industries, such as remote freelance work, businesses, and education in general, where it will offer high participation rates and entertaining learning opportunities in virtual classrooms that may soon be enabled by the physics simulations in games. 3. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): technologies are essential in the Metaverse because it breaks the line between the real world and the digital world. Virtual reality (VR) headsets, like the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive, act as portals that let us enter the virtual world. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) However, this is simply the starting point. Virtual reality will only grow beyond visual technology as it moves forward. Future upgrades will all the senses and produce an incredibly realistic experience that is impossible to differentiate from reality. We're moving in the direction where you can experience the warmth of a virtual sun or the coldness of digitally created water. The movie "Ready Player One" depicts an example of what the metaverse will look like in the near future, as it depicts the transportation of all human senses to the digital world known as the Oasis, where a player is free to roam, fight, drive, or even climb Mount Everest with Batman. In the meantime, Augmented reality (AR) tools like the are created to improve our surroundings by adding a digital overlay to the real world, Such as Apple's Vision Pro Home page. Essentially opening up the Metaverse to us. There is a lot of potential to transform our living rooms into interactive learning environments or gaming arenas to overlay real-time data over accurate scenes to assist with everything from routine jobs to complex surgeries. HoloLens The world of gaming and our engagement with technology is evolving towards a concept known as the Metaverse. This vision portrays a future where visuals, interactive physics, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) are key players. As we progress in these technologies, the possibility of turning this vision into reality becomes increasingly attainable. However, like any frontier, the Metaverse presents both challenges and opportunities. To ensure universal access to this realm, developers must carefully address privacy, security, and accessibility. Despite these challenges, it's truly exhilarating to witness our steady progress toward transforming the concept of the Metaverse into a tangible reality.

ARROW ELECTRONICS

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ARROW ELECTRONICS

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10K+ employees

Since 1935

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