AmpiFire

ampifire

To showcase an insight into the future of Lisk and to celebrate this year’s biggest achievements, was born. It will consist of a hybrid event scheduled to be held on , 2021, and will focus on the wider audience of blockchain enthusiasts. AmpliFire December 2nd Behind AmpliFire This is an event designed to suit everyone. It is geared towards both technical and non-technical individuals, blockchain enthusiasts, entrepreneurs, investors, and basically anyone interested in the crypto and blockchain industry. AmpliFire is all about celebrating our competitive advantages within the blockchain world, together with showcasing why blockchain, and why Lisk is the way forward. It will also provide us with an incredible opportunity to unveil some of the key announcements and brand new partnerships we have now established, coupled with our extensive vision to amplify and grow Lisk further into the future. Finally, we could not be happier to host another in-person event in Berlin, to facilitate networking sessions, and other fun activities. AmpliFire, an event by Lisk, aims to show the world we are not inactive by any means. On the contrary, we are very much alive and on fire! The Venue Located in a historic and vibrant area of Berlin, is a multifunctional and modern venue that offers ample space for a wide variety of diverse event formats. From meetups to conferences, the overall concept represents and portrays much of what we aim to achieve with this event. Hence the inspiration for our event naming. Amplifier We cannot wait to see you there on December 2nd, 2021, so make sure to and secure your ticket while you can! register The Agenda 6:00pm - 7:00pm Open Doors 7:00pm - 7:15pm by Monica Tartau, Head of Marketing, and Miguel de Sousa, Community Manager Welcome to AmpliFire 7:15pm - 8:00pm by Max Kordek, CEO & Co-Founder The Case for Lisk 8:00pm - 8:10pm by Miguel de Sousa, Community Manager HackOnLisk2: DeFi & GameFi Prizes 8:10pm - 8:20pm by Max Kordek, CEO & Co-Founder Lisk in Retrospect 8:20pm - 8:40pm by Jan Hackfeld, Head of Research, Shusetsu Toda, Head of SDK Development, Manu Nelamane Head of Platform Development Research & Development - Lisk Platform Launch in 2022 Siddalingegowda, 8:40pm - 9:00pm by Monica Tartau, Head of Marketing Marketing - Let's Get Loud in 2022 9:00pm - 9:15pm by Max Kordek, CEO & Co-Founder The Ultimate Vision for Lisk 9:15pm onwards Networking The Speakers To discuss the overall strategy and merits of Lisk, coupled with revealing our ultimate vision, we will welcome on stage Lisk’s CEO and Co-Founder, Max Kordek. AmpliFire, as the name suggests, is all about expanding our efforts. To achieve this the event will focus heavily on the newly redesigned and improved marketing strategy to further increase Lisks global exposure into 2022 and beyond, , will also be on stage to highlight this. Monica Tartau, Head of Marketing Furthermore, AmpliFire will provide an opportunity for those already engaged with the project to get a brief, yet insightful update on the latest technological advancements that the Lisk Development and Research are currently working on, namely, an update on the platform launch, together with numerous other key announcements. Conclusion Unlike our other event formats, will heavily focus on our Marketing efforts moving forward and essentially consist of rapid-fire presentations from official contributors of the Lisk project. We are confident this event will be a perfect opportunity to finally reveal multiple exciting announcements that we have been holding on to, together with our brand new partners, and finally to disclose for the first time ever the new vision for Lisk. AmpliFire We hope you are just as excited as we are. Make sure to set a reminder to on and/or to register if you would like to be present at the Amplifier venue in Berlin, Germany. watch the event live December 2nd Join us on our journey to make Lisk louder.

Lisk Preparing for AmpliFire: A Hybrid Event for Blockchain Enthusiasts

Let's learn about via these 42 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Conference /Learn Repo 1. Lisk Preparing for AmpliFire: A Hybrid Event for Blockchain Enthusiasts To showcase an insight into the future of Lisk and to celebrate this year’s biggest achievements, AmpliFire was born. This will consist of a hybrid event 2. How Hackathons Can Help You Build Much-Needed Developer Experience Hackathons are a great way to get hands-on development experience. They offer developers the chance to learn from more experienced devs and can also be fun. 3. Networking at VC Events: How to Gain More Value? The pandemic and lockdowns have proven to the world the simple truth that we are social beings. 4. Top 10 Web3 Events You Should Attend in Jan-May 2023 In this article, I’m sharing only a few that I think will be big and have great opportunities as well as cool audiences 5. A Look into the World of Web3 Summit The Global Web3 Summit WOW finished its 3rd edition in Lisbon. The 3-day event is one of the top B2B and B2G in the world of Web3 tech and digital assets. 6. WOW Summit Web3 Conference is Coming to Hong Kong in 2023 WOW Hong Kong is supported by government institutions - Invest Hong Kong and Hong Kong Tourism Board 7. DeGameFi Conference in Tbilisi: Introducing a New Crypto Hub to the Web3 Community They say, once you come to Georgia, you find yourself reluctant to leave. This stunning country – particularly attractive with sunny weather, scenic mountains.. 8. Top 7 Crypto Events in 2023 For me, visiting crypto conferences is to learn about the crypto and engage with the brightest minds. So, I want to share my top 7 crypto events for this year. 9. Paris Blockchain Summit (PBS) Returns July 8th, 2022 After two successful editions, Paris Blockchain Summit (PBS) returns on July 8, 2022 with its Mainstream edition! 10. Vue Amsterdam 2022 - Part IV: The Unwanted Stack How to purpose changes; How to adapt ourselves in a tech stack. 11. My First Tech Talk: How I Prepared and How I Got Through It Overall, it was a fantastic experience, & I am glad I went live instead of pre-recording. 12. Zoom 5.0: Major 5 Security Updates You Need to Know From yoga classes to worldwide webinars, Zoom community has been expanding all around the world after the global lockdown due to COVID-19. 13. 8 Best AI Conferences to Attend in 2022 Here’s the full list of top AI conferences to attend in 2022, from the most technical to business-focused to academic 14. Virtual Conferences: Innovating the Conference Industry for the Future OK, so maybe we’re all growing a little tired of staring at our computer screens all day. But would you rather be going into an office every day and potentially contracting the coronavirus? What about business travel? If your boss asked you to go on a business trip to a conference that involved airfare and eating out at restaurants, would you be completely comfortable with that right now? Chances are we are constantly weighing the risks and rewards of things these days to make decisions that three months ago were no big deal. Until there’s a vaccine or a cure, chances are we aren’t going to feel totally comfortable getting “back to normal” just yet. Sp what will business start to look like as people get back to normal activities from a distance? 15. Introducing T.K.O Summit 2021 Asia’s First Crypto Outlook The T.K.O Summit 2021will also focus on the introduction of the TKO token utility, Indonesia's first local token project with CeFi and DeFi utilities. 16. 7 Ways to Stand Out at a Tech Conference After more than 60 meetings at a major tech conference in Dubai Gitex Global 2022, I figured out what helps projects stand out and get stuck in the memory. 17. SaaStock West Coast 2019 Launches in Startup Mecca San Francisco SaaStock, "a global community of software as a service (SaaS) founders, executives, and investors" is an ambitious organization with successful events already held in Latin America, Asia, and the U.S. Eastern Coast. West Coast (happening now), Dublin, Australasia, are the final events planned out for this year. San Francisco and Silicon Valley is the birthplace of the world's biggest SaaS companies which brings symbolic significance for this particular event.  Unlike the other events held by SaaStock, the West Coast event is specially catered for companies with traction and already in the growth stage  doing $0-$10M in ARR. 18. JSWorld Conference 2022: Part IV JSWorld Conference is the number one JavaScript Conference in the world, and I share a summary of all the talks with you. Part IV 19. The Show Must Go On: Producing a Virtual Nonprofit Event Virtual events are nothing new. Yet COVID-19 has people scrapping travel itineraries and signing up for online sessions, workshops, and classes. Instead of a crowded expo floor, they'll be watching educational and informational sessions in their homes. 20. 4 Blockchain Events to Keep an Eye On in 2021 - 2022 Virtual hackathons contribute to growth in the nascent blockchain industry by empowering developers to create new ways to accelerate the global adoption of DLT. 21. How to Remove Background Sound in Real-Time for Linux 22. Web3 & AI Events That You Won't Want to Miss in April 2023 web3 events and conferences April 2023 23. CGC|LIVE: Cutting-edge Games Conference Coming September 22 - 26 Cutting-edge Games Conference invites all game industry professionals and enthusiasts to plunge into a completely different world for five days, to explore new capabilities of technology and creativity during the game developers’ conference sessions and on the online exhibition area! 24. Draper Goren Holm’s LA Blockchain Summit Announces $1 Million Dollar Bitcoin Giveaway The unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic has shifted the world of business conferences into a whole new dimension. Draper Goren Holm, a blockchain venture studio co-owned by billionaire Tim Draper, has decided that the safety of LA Blockchain Summit attendees comes first and therefore is sending the event into cyberspace. 25. WOPR is Coming to Uruguay! This year Abstracta is hosting WOPR (Workshop on Performance and Reliability) in Uruguay! It’s going to be December 6-8, 2022, in Montevideo. 26. TDD Conference 2021: Opening Ceremony by Alex Bunardzic Alex is a software engineering veteran with over 30 years of hands-on professional experience. He is a staunch advocate of Extreme Programming and TDD. 27. SpringOne Tel Aviv World Tour Trip Report My talk was accepted by SpringOne in San Francisco. I never went to that conference and was really looking forward to it. 28. Looking Back on My 2022: A Year in Review 29. My Experience at THAT Conference 2023: Opinions and Thoughts Weeks ago, I had the pleasure and privilege of attending THAT Conference Austin as a workshop presenter, and I thought it would be cool to share my review. 30. JSWorld Conference 2022: Part II JSWorld Conference is the number one JavaScript Conference in the world, and I share a summary of all the talks with you. Part II 31. TSQA 2022: Test Automation Code and Strategy How one company outlined how to streamline test automation code and some strategic uses for it at the Triangle Software Quality Association 2022 conference 32. 6 Virtual DevOps Conferences to Attend in 2021 Free to distribute and use in any form 33. HackerNoon Partners with Non-Fungible Conference HackerNoon has signed on as a media partner for this year's Non-Fungible Conference 34. JSNation Live 2020, the remote spin-off of a successful JavaScript conference Would you like to know the future of the JavaScript ecosystem and get connected to a stellar crowd? To help you stay up-to-date on the latest JS tech, the GitNation team has come up with a new remote event taking place on June 18-19, 2020. JSNation Live, their 2-day event on all things JavaScript, will gather 25 thousand software engineers, making it the biggest JavaScript conference in the cloud. 35. MumbaiFOSS: My Experience, Thoughts, and Opinions MumbaiFOSS is a conference organized by FOSS United and FOSSEE to promote Free and Open Source Software in Mumbai. In this blog, I share my experiences and take 36. Everything You Need to Know About This Year's World Economic Forum Mario Nawfal goes over the World Economic Forum. 37. Automating a Conference Submission Workflow: Tech Stack And Setup Even given the current situation, part of my Developer Advocate job is to talk at (virtual) conferences. Sometimes, organizers invite me. Yet, most of the times, I need to take part in a CfP. With the sheer numbers of conferences I submit to, I need a tool to manage the status of each submission. Since I started, Trello has been my tool of choice. I’ve a dedicated board with several defined columns: backlog, abandoned, submitted, rejected, submitted and done. A conference is a card that I move around, depending on its status. 38. Webinars Can be as Efficient as In-Person Events with Nunify With virtual meetings, webinars, and online events being hosted on various online platforms, it's never been easier to attend a session of your choice! Many factors like location, accessibility, and convenience are addressed through this innovative technology. 39. JSWorld Conference 2022: Part III JSWorld Conference is the number one JavaScript Conference in the world, and I share a summary of all the talks with you. Part III 40. JavaZone Turned Out to be an Amazing Conference This Year JavaZone is my absolute favorite Java conference. I like it even more than JavaOne at Moscone! Great to be back to enjoy great content, food & company 41. Top Deep Learning Papers from This Year's ICLR Conference Last week I had a pleasure to participate in the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), an event dedicated to the research on all aspects of deep learning. Initially, the conference was supposed to take place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, however, due to the novel coronavirus pandemic, it went virtual. I’m sure it was a challenge for organisers to move the event online, but I think the effect was more than satisfactory, as you can read here! 42. The ICLR 2020 Conference: Reinforcement Learning Papers Demystified Last week I had a pleasure to participate in the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), an event dedicated to the research on all aspects of representation learning, commonly known as deep learning. The conference went virtual due to the coronavirus pandemic, and thanks to the huge effort of its organizers, the event attracted an even bigger audience than last year. Their goal was for the conference to be inclusive and interactive, and from my point of view, as an attendee, it was definitely the case! Thank you for checking out the 42 most read stories about Conference on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

42 Stories To Learn About Conference

The Radio Amateur's Hand Book, by A. Frederick Collins is part of . You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter IX: Vacuum Tube Amplifier Receiving Sets HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] The reason a vacuum tube detector is more sensitive than a crystal detector is because while the latter merely rectifies the oscillating current that surges in the receiving circuits, the former acts as an amplifier at the same time. The vacuum tube can be used as a separate amplifier in connection with either: (1) a crystal detector or (2) a vacuum tube detector, and (a) it will amplify either the radio frequency currents, that is the high frequency oscillating currents which are set up in the oscillation circuits or (b) it will amplify the audio frequency currents, that is, the low frequency alternating currents that flow through the head phone circuit. IX. VACUUM TUBE AMPLIFIER RECEIVING SETS To use the amplified radio frequency oscillating currents or amplified audio frequency alternating currents that are set up by an amplifier tube either a high resistance, called a grid leak, or an amplifying transformer, with or without an iron core, must be connected with the plate circuit of the first amplifier tube and the grid circuit of the next amplifier tube or detector tube, or with the wire point of a crystal detector. Where two or more amplifier tubes are coupled together in this way the scheme is known as cascade amplification. Where either a radio frequency transformer, that is one without the iron core, or an audio frequency transformer, that is one with the iron core, is used to couple the amplifier tube circuits together better results are obtained than where a high resistance grid leak is used, but the amplifying tubes have to be more carefully shielded from each other or they will react and set up a howling noise in the head phones. On the other hand grid leaks cost less but they are more troublesome to use as you have to find out for yourself the exact resistance value they must have and this you can do only by testing them out. A Grid Leak Amplifier Receiving Set. With Crystal Detector.--The apparatus you need for this set includes: (1) a loose coupled tuning coil, (2) a variable condenser, (3) two fixed condensers, (4) a crystal detector, or better a vacuum tube detector, (5) an A or 6 volt storage battery, (6) a rheostat, (7) a B or 22-1/2 volt dry cell battery, (8) a fixed resistance unit, or leak grid as it is called, and (9) a pair of head-phones. The tuning coil, variable condenser, fixed condensers, crystal detectors and head-phones are exactly the same as those described in Set No. 2 in . The A and B batteries are exactly the same as those described in . The vacuum tube amplifier and the grid leak are the only new pieces of apparatus you need and not described before. Chapter III Chapter VIII The Vacuum Tube Amplifier.--This consists of a three electrode vacuum tube exactly like the vacuum tube detector described in and pictured in Fig. 38, except that instead of being filled with a non-combustible gas it is evacuated, that is, the air has been completely pumped out of it. The gas filled tube, however, can be used as an amplifier and either kind of tube can be used for either radio frequency or audio frequency amplification, though with the exhausted tube it is easier to obtain the right plate and filament voltages for good working. Chapter VIII The Fixed Resistance Unit, or Grid Leak.--Grid leaks are made in different ways but all of them have an enormously high resistance. One way of making them consists of depositing a thin film of gold on a sheet of mica and placing another sheet of mica on top to protect it the whole being enclosed in a glass tube as shown at A in Fig. 42. These grid leaks are made in units of from 50,000 ohms (.05 megohm) to 5,000,000 ohms (5 megohms) and cost from $1 to $2. As the value of the grid leak you will need depends very largely upon the construction of the different parts of your receiving set and on the kind of aerial wire system you use with it you will have to try out various resistances until you hit the right one. The resistance that will give the best results, however, lies somewhere between 500,000 ohms (1/2 a megohm) and 3,000,000 ohms (3 megohms) and the only way for you to find this out is to buy 1/2, 1 and 2 megohm grid leak resistances and connect them up in different ways, as shown at B, until you find the right value. Assembling the Parts for a Crystal Detector Set.--Begin by laying the various parts out on a base or a panel with the loose coupled tuning coil on the left hand side, but with the adjustable switch of the secondary coil on the right hand end or in front according to the way it is made. Then place the variable condenser, the rheostat, the crystal detector and the binding posts for the head phones in front of and in a line with each other. Set the vacuum tube amplifier back of the rheostat and the A and B batteries back of the parts or in any other place that may be convenient. The fixed condensers and the grid leak can be placed anywhere so that it will be easy to connect them in and you are ready to wire up the set. Connecting Up the Parts for a Crystal Detector.--First connect the sliding contact of the primary of the tuning coil to the leading-in wire and one of the end wires of the primary to the water pipe, as shown in Fig. 43. Now connect the adjustable arm that makes contact with one end of the secondary of the tuning coil to one of the posts of the variable condenser; then connect the other post of the latter with a post of the fixed condenser and the other post of this with the grid of the amplifying tube. Connect the first post of the variable condenser to the + or positive electrode of the A battery and its - or negative electrode with the rotating contact arm of the rheostat. Next connect one end of the resistance coil of the rheostat to one of the posts of the amplifier tube that leads to the filament and the other filament post to the + or positive electrode of the A battery. This done connect the negative, that is, the zinc pole of the B battery to the positive electrode of the A battery and connect the positive, or carbon pole of the former with one end of the grid leak and connect the other end of this to the plate of the amplifier tube. To the end of the grid leak connected with the plate of the amplifier tube connect the metal point of your crystal detector, the crystal of the latter with one post of the head phones and the other post of them with the other end of the grid leak and, finally, connect a fixed condenser in parallel with--that is across the ends of the grid leak, all of which is shown in the wiring diagram in Fig. 43. A Grid Leak Amplifying Receiving Set With Vacuum Tube Detector.--A better amplifying receiving set can be made than the one just described by using a vacuum tube detector instead of the crystal detector. This set is built up exactly like the crystal detector described above and shown in Fig. 43 up to and including the grid leak resistance, but shunted across the latter is a vacuum tube detector, which is made and wired up precisely like the one shown at A in Fig. 41 in the chapter ahead of this one. The way a grid leak and vacuum tube detector with a one-step amplifier are connected up is shown at A in Fig. 44. Where you have a vacuum tube detector and one or more amplifying tubes connected up, or in cascade as it is called, you can use an A, or storage battery of 6 volts for all of them as shown at B in Fig. 44, but for every vacuum tube you use you must have a B or 22-1/2 volt dry battery to charge the plate with. A Radio Frequency Transformer Amplifying Receiving Set.--Instead of using a grid leak resistance to couple up the amplifier and detector tube circuits you can use a radio frequency transformer, that is, a transformer made like a loose coupled tuning coil, and without an iron core, as shown in the wiring diagram at A in Fig. 45. In this set, which gives better results than where a grid leak is used, the amplifier tube is placed in the first oscillation circuit and the detector tube in the second circuit. Since the radio frequency transformer has no iron core the high frequency, or radio frequency oscillating currents, as they are called, surge through it and are not changed into low frequency, or audio frequency pulsating currents, until they flow through the detector. Since the diagram shows only one amplifier and one radio frequency transformer, it is consequently a one step amplifier; however, two, three or more, amplifying tubes can be connected up by means of an equal number of radio frequency transformers when you will get wonderful results. Where a six step amplifier, that is, where six amplifying tubes are connected together, or in cascade, the first three are usually coupled up with radio frequency transformers and the last three with audio frequency transformers. A radio frequency transformer is shown at B and costs $6 to $7. An Audio Frequency Transformer Amplifying Receiving Set.--Where audio frequency transformers are used for stepping up the voltage of the current of the detector and amplifier tubes, the radio frequency current does not get into the plate circuit of the detector at all for the reason that the iron core of the transformer chokes them off, hence, the succeeding amplifiers operate at audio frequencies. An audio frequency transformer is shown at A in Fig. 46 and a wiring diagram showing how the tubes are connected in cascade with the transformers is shown at B; it is therefore a two-step audio frequency receiving set. A Six Step Amplifier Receiving Set With a Loop Aerial.--By using a receiving set having a three step radio frequency and a three step audio frequency, that is, a set in which there are coupled three amplifying tubes with radio frequency transformers and three amplifying tubes with audio frequency transformers as described under the caption A Radio Frequency Transformer Receiving Set, you can use a loop aerial in your room thus getting around the difficulties--if such there be--in erecting an out-door aerial. You can easily make a loop aerial by winding 10 turns of No. 14 or 16 copper wire about 1/16 inch apart on a wooden frame two feet on the side as shown in Fig. 47. With this six step amplifier set and loop aerial you can receive wave lengths of 150 to 600 meters from various high power stations which are at considerable distances away. How to Prevent Howling.--Where radio frequency or audio frequency amplifiers are used to couple your amplifier tubes in cascade you must take particular pains to shield them from one another in order to prevent the feed back of the currents through them, which makes the head phones or loud speaker howl. To shield them from each other the tubes should be enclosed in metal boxes and placed at least 6 inches apart while the transformers should be set so that their cores are at right angles to each other and these also should be not less than six inches apart. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Collins, A. Frederick. 2002. The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6934/6934-h/6934-h.htm#chap09 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

How A Vacuum Tube Can Be Used as A Radio Amplifier 

In electronics, the comparator is a circuit that makes use of operational amplifiers with very high gain in its open-loop state, that is, there is no feedback resistor. The has a positive or negative voltage output by comparing its input voltage against some preset DC reference voltage. The following are some common amplifier comparator circuits to analyze their functions. op-amp comparator is an operational amplifier compatible with DTL, RTL, TTL, or MOS logic levels. Its output can switch voltages to 50volts at currents to 50mA with a single supply. LM311 IC has been used for voltage comparisons for a long time in some typical circuits. Here introduces them with diagrams. LM311 versatile comparator Basic Circuit of LM311 Comparator (1) Offset voltage balance (Figure 1) When adjusting the balance, the two input terminals are grounded, and the 5kΩ potentiometer is adjusted to make the output be the minimum voltage value (close to 0V). (2) Single power supply (Figure 2) At this time, VEE is connected to GND. In Figure 1 and Figure 2, the load resistance RL is connected between VCC and Output. (3) RL is connected between pin 1 and ground (Figure 3) According to Figure 3, the input polarity is reversed, that is, pin 3 is used as the non-inverting terminal. (4) RL is connected between pin 1 and VEE (Figure 4). According to Figure 4, the input polarity is reversed. (5) General connection method of RL for positive and negative power supply (Figure 5). (6) Comparator connection with strobe (Figure 6). Connect a transistor to pin 6 for strobe connection. When the base of the transistor is connected to the TTL high level, the comparator is strobed (normal operation); when the base is connected to the low level, the comparator does not work. LM393 & LM2903 LM393 and LM2903 are a kind of low offset voltage dual comparators, and their pin arrangement is shown in Figure 7. Their main performance is the same, but the temperature range is different: the former is 0~70℃, and the latter is -40℃~105℃. Its main features are: wide operating voltage range, single power supply operating voltage is 2V~36V, dual power supply operating voltage ±(1V~18V); Working current is small, the typical value is 0.4mA; Input bias current typical value is 25nA; The input offset current is 5nA; The input offset voltage is ±1mV (LM2903 is ±2mV); The input common-mode voltage range is equal to the power supply voltage; The output voltage is compatible with TTL and CMOS logic levels; The input has ESD protection; the typical voltage gain is 200V/mA; The large signal response time is 300ns. LM393 & LM2901 The LM393 and LM2901 comparators are quad comparators. The pin arrangement is shown in Figure 8. The main parameters and performance of these two devices are the same, but the temperature range is different: the former is 0~70℃, and the latter is -40℃~105℃. The main features of these two devices: They can be powered by a single power supply or dual power supply, and the power supply voltage range is wide, ranging from 2V to 36V or ±(1V to 18V). Working current (independent of power supply voltage), the typical value is 0.8mA typical input bias current value is 25nA; typical input offset current value is ±5nA; typical input offset voltage value is 2mV; input common-mode voltage range includes low level; The differential input voltage is equal to the power supply voltage; the difference between the saturation voltage and the power supply voltage is low; the output voltage is compatible with TTL and CMOS logic levels; the typical large signal response time is 300ns; the voltage gain is 200V/mV. This article was first published on Writeup Cafe

Intro to Amplifier Comparator Circuits: LM311, LM393, LM2903 and LM2901

The voltage follower , as shown in Figure 1, uses virtual short and virtual break. At first glance, it seems simple and clear. If you think that there is not much content to pay attention to, then you may be wrong. Understanding the op amp's voltage-following circuit is a great help for understanding the op amp's in-phase, inverting, differential, and various op amp circuits. circuit of the op amp Figure 1 op amp voltage follower circuit Voltage follower circuit analysis If we connect the output of the op amp to its inverting input and then apply a voltage signal to the noninverting input, we will find that the output voltage of the op amp will follow the input voltage very well. Assume that the input and output voltages of the initial state op amp are both , and then when Vin increases from , will also increase in the direction of positive voltage. This is because it is assumed that Vin suddenly increases, still has no response and is still . is greater than 0, so multiply the open-loop gain of the op amp. , so that the output of the op amp begins to increase in the direction of the positive voltage. 0V 0V Vout Vout 0V Ve=Vin-Vout Vout=Ve*A Vout When increases, the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input, which then reduces the voltage difference between the two inputs of the op amp, ie, will decrease, in the same open-loop gain case. Next, will naturally decrease. Vout Ve Vout The end result is that no matter how large the input voltage is (of course, within the op amp's input voltage range), the op amp will always output a voltage that is very close to , but this output voltage is just below . There is a sufficient voltage difference between the two inputs of the guaranteed op amp to maintain the output of the op amp, which is . Vin Vout Vin Ve Vout=Ve*A Negative feedback in op amp circuits This circuit will soon reach a steady state, the amplitude of the output voltage will accurately maintain the voltage difference between the two input terminals of the op amp, which in turn will produce an accurate amplitude of the op amp output voltage. Connecting the output of the op amp to the inverting input of the op amp is called negative feedback, which is the key to self-stabilizing the system. This applies not only to op amps, but also to any common dynamic system. This stability allows the op amp to have the ability to operate in a linear mode, rather than just being saturated, fully "on" or "off", just as it is used for comparators without any negative feedback. Due to the high gain of the op amp, the voltage maintained at the inverting input of the op amp is almost equal to . For example, an op amp has an open loop gain of 200,000. If is equal to 6V, then the output voltage will be 5.999 970 000 149 999V. This produces a sufficient voltage difference at the input of the op amp, =6V-5.999 970 000 149 999V=29.999 85uV, which is amplified and then produces a voltage of 5.999 970 000 149 999V at the output, thus the system Will be stable here. Vin Vin Ve As you can see, 29.999 85uV is a small voltage, so for practical calculations, we can think that the voltage difference between the two inputs of the op amp maintained by negative feedback is . The whole process is shown in Figure 2. This is also the “virtual short” we are familiar with, and since the impedance between the two inputs of the op amp is very large, there is naturally a “virtual break”. The circuit below has a stable double-loop closed-loop gain, and the output voltage simply follows the input voltage. Ve=0V Figure 2 The role of negative feedback One big advantage of using negative feedback is that we don't have to worry about the actual voltage gain of the op amp, as long as it is large enough. If the op amp's voltage gain is not 200 0000 but 250 000, this will cause the op amp's output voltage to be closer to , and the voltage difference between the smaller inputs will be used to produce the desired output voltage. In the circuit illustrated in Figure 2, the output voltage is also equal to the input voltage at the inverting input of the op amp. Therefore, for the circuit design engineer, in order to achieve a stable closed-loop gain of the amplifier circuit, the open-loop gain of the op amp does not have to be an accurate value, and the negative feedback causes the system to self-adjust. Vin Using negative feedback improves linearity, gain stability, output impedance, and gain accuracy, but using negative feedback also poses a serious problem, which is to reduce system stability for voltage-following circuits with unity gain. This is the worst case scenario, especially when driving capacitive loads, interested students can check the relevant information themselves. Regarding the op amp circuit, many times we are infused with the inverting end to follow the in-phase end. As mentioned above, can't we follow the inverting end of the phase? For the voltage follower circuit mentioned today, only the inverting terminal follows the non-inverting terminal. Here, if a positive input voltage is applied to the inverting terminal and the output is connected to the non-inverting terminal, and the output is assumed to be 0. will be a negative voltage, multiplied by the open-loop gain of the op amp, and the output will be a A negative voltage, returning to the non-inverting input of the op amp, will further result in a larger negative absolute voltage difference. Soon the output of the op amp will be saturated, and naturally the in-phase will not follow the inverting end. Ve However, for an op amp, if a reference voltage is applied to the inverting terminal, and other electronic components, such as a triode, MOS, etc., the overall loop of the op amp forms a negative feedback, and the in-phase end can also follow the inverting end. And this naturally breaks the rule that the inverting end of the familiar op amp follows the in-phase end. The voltage of the op amp follows the circuit, "virtual short", "virtual break" is the surface, and negative feedback is the root. Based on this root, it can help us understand the ever-changing op amp circuit.

The Voltage Follower Circuit of The Operational Amplifier

Here are three strange ways the human mind works: If a person with a certain strong belief is presented with clear evidence of the belief being false, this may lead to a reinforcement of the belief. A person might draw different conclusions from the same type of information depending on in what way the information is being presented. A person who has just been told about a phenomenon which he/she never noticed before, starts paying attention to it and now sees it/hears about it everywhere. These examples of cognitive biases show how easily our perception and thinking is being tricked and led astray. More than a 100 cognitive biases have been identified so far. The Wikipedia is both a fascinating and sobering read. list collecting them all Considering how flawed our thinking and perception tends to be, it’s hard not to be amazed by humanity’s achievements and how far civilization has come. As cognitive biases affect every single individual no matter their standing, academic credentials, authority or projected confidence, and produces the constant risk of wrong decision-making and subsequent conflicts, the advances and fairly peaceful state in not all, but a large number of societies is against all odds. This remarkable outcome became possible because over millennia, humanity discovered strategies and systems to reduce the impact of individual cognitive biases on the collective reasoning — often through painful and bloody trial-and-error. On an individual biological level, eliminating cognitive biases before they happen is impossible. For now, these biases are our evolutionary legacy and we’re stuck with them. The best one can do is to be aware of one’s failures in reasoning and make a deliberate effort to act against an initial thinking error. How modern societies reduced the harm of cognitive biases On a society level, it is possible to reduce the negative consequences of people’s cognitive biases and to correct for them. The successful recipe that emerged over time (and sadly, only after endless suffering of tens of millions of people throughout history) is built around a few core ideas such as: Distributing power on many shoulders, so that the harm one person’s flawed thinking can cause is being limited. Delaying decision making to allow for thorough investigations instead of empowering impulsive moves, for example in the legal system, which proved to be way better at generating justice and figuring out if someone is guilty than if the verdict and punishment is left to an emotional crowd on the street. Creating systems that control each other’s outputs or perspectives on mistakes and flawed thinking (for example the pluralist model of government or the editorial approval processes in publishing). For all their shortcomings and inequalities, the most advanced civilizations of the pre-internet age had been comparatively successful in containing the negative influence of people’s individual cognitive biases, by making use of the learned lessons of the past, and also simply due to limitations in available technology. Then came the internet. Internet-enabled amplification of cognitive biases For all the greatness and freedom it brought to billions of people, by now it’s evident that ubiquitous connectivity has come with a set of major challenges. Aside from surveillance and information security issues, what I am personally mostly concerned about is how the internet reverses some of the previous achievements of reducing the aggregate harm of people’s cognitive biases on a society level. The internet, the tools it spawned and the dynamics they’ve led to, enable what the previous most advanced societies to some extend prevented, and what might increase the surface and consequences of individual cognitive biases: Power is being concentrated in the hands of a few global tech companies, their CEOs and their algorithms, as well as among a small number of individuals who become “influencers” and sometimes boast tens of millions of loyal followers. It’s hard to prove, but one cannot rule out that someone like PewDiePie, with close to 100 million YouTube followers, does hold the ability to change more minds than any reputable media organization ever has been able to. If a beloved influencer pundit makes an uneducated critical comment about vaccines, for example, the societal consequences can be wide-reaching. Built-in delays and friction are being removed. An angry tweet or blog post is published in a few seconds and a person might be deemed guilty by the public court of social media in an instant, with sometimes existential consequences. Some of the mechanisms that ought to help to check others’ decisions and ideas for cognitive biases are failing, due to the technical, social and psychological dynamics of online-fueled discourse, which lead to and dogmas instead of open and critical exchanges with contrary viewpoints. In other words: Persuasion becomes much harder, while the willingness to listen and to emphasize is decreasing. Once someone is a firm part of an ideological group, contrary viewpoints become a threat to his/her identity, and thus are being considered hostile per definition. Noteworthy, many journalists , and thereby heavily influenced by these mechanisms. That is deeply regrettable, because they are — consciously or unconsciously — carrying the skewed “conclusions” of the malfunctioning Twitter discourse into the rest of society. group polarization are obsessed with Twitter My current operating theory is that the internet-enabled amplification of the harmful consequences of individuals’ cognitive biases is not the only, but a major contributor to the slow but steady erosion of best practices, systems and institutions that acted as essential foundation of the most advanced, most peaceful and most democratic societies. This erosion leads to a host of dysfunctions on the individual, societal and political level. Phenomena such as systematic disinformation, polarization, radicalization in various flavors, the spread of conspiracy theories, mistrust in science, us-vs-them-thinking and outrage/anger as a default mode with obvious negative effects on mental health, are — while not new in themselves — all connected to this amplification trend and the product of a variety of underlying cognitive biases; that is, by flawed thinking or the absence of thinking in favor of behavior caused by primal impulses and emotional reflexes. It’s hard to predict where this will lead to in detail, as there are numerous systems involved, creating a complex interdependence and multi-layered feedback loops that — as I would argue — no single human can fully grasp. But what’s clear is that taken together, the trend doesn’t look good. If the results of cognitive biases are allowed to run wild on a society-wide scale for too long, this easily might lead to devastating outcomes, as it always has. Therefore, it would be better to not reach that point.Assuming that this is indeed as much of a problem as I claim it to be, what could be done? Well, simple: People just have to get more aware of when they are affected by cognitive biases, and actively work against their damaging effects… Ok, it’s not really simple at all. But that’s still likely the only viable solution, since the digital era, the empowerment it brought to the individual and the attention- and engagement-related incentive structures it created, is the reality. There are a few obvious challenges in tackling cognitive biases: 1. The knowledge about and awareness of cognitive biases isn’t very widespread. Even though some of the most “famous” cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, group think or loss aversion are nowadays mentioned frequently in the media and possibly even in school (not when I went to school but maybe this changed) as general phenomena clouding people’s reasoning, it’s still rare that they are being noticed or much thought about by those who are subject to it at any given moment or those affiliated with them while it is happening. 2. Learning about the occurrence of a cognitive bias does make most people feel pretty bad. We don’t like to be faced with the harsh reality of how easy our mind’s are being fooled. We prefer to see ourselves as fairly intelligent and reasonable. 3. Not actively working against one’s cognitive biases can provide desirable short-term benefits for the individual, while challenging one’s cognitive biases can do the opposite. An example: For someone closely aligned with an highly ideological group whose perspective is fueled by cognitive biases such as confirmation bias (favoring information that confirms a prior belief or bias) and selective perspective (not noticing or more quickly forgetting stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict prior beliefs), questioning these beliefs will likely lead to ostracism from the group, while buying the whole package of beliefs and dogmas provides a sense of unity, belonging and a purpose. Tackling the systemic issues caused by cognitive biases in the digital age means taking into account all three of these challenges. What’s needed is an approach which increases an individual’s knowledge about cognitive biases, helps to identify flawed thinking when it happens, uses psychological tactics to reduce discomfort felt by an individual when being confronted with an instance of cognitive bias in him-/herself, and offers incentives perceived as attractive enough by the individual to accepting the “costs” of this type self improvement work. An AI-powered personal coach to help reduce cognitive biases Possibly, all this could be achieved with an AI-powered personal coach, which keeps an eye on an individual’s online activity and chimes in whenever necessary with helpful advice, such as “Don’t you want to do this 1-minute breathing exercise before you send that emotional tweet?” or “Have you considered that this person who you are attacking is also a human being with feelings like yours?” or “Here is an interesting fact about that topic which you might not be aware of…”. A solution like that would have to be based on insights from psychology and behavioral sciences and could make use of instruments such as nudging, gamification and tangible rewards (e.g. crypto currency, gift cards, discounts, cash…. ) to attract and retain users. Ironically, it would have to exploit and leverage our cognitive biases in order to get us hooked, engaged and willing to work on ourselves. Maybe such a tool is wishful thinking. It could suffer from all kinds of flaws. Impossible technical requirements (it’s easy to ask from the comfort of one’s armchair for an “AI” solution that spots cognitive biases but hard to built a sufficiently smart one in reality), usability challenges (how to integrate this with people’s “online life”?), lack of interest or even hostility among potential users, suspicions of hidden agendas (the conspiracy peddlers will come up with something) or surveillance, and so on. There might be other, simpler, better ways. Hopefully there are. I also should hope to be simply wrong. That the problem I am describing is not bigger than before, and that the increased tension and unwillingness to find common ground in public discourse is only a fashion which people will get tired of eventually, instead of it causing dangerous second-order effects. However, if one considers how much suffering and bloodshed the aggregate consequences of individual flawed thinking have brought humanity throughout history, from religious wars and witch burning to genocide and violent extremism, raising awareness and finding ways to reduce their impact can never be a wrong thing. ======= Sign up for my weekly email , loaded with great things to read about the digital world.

How the Internet Amplifies Our Cognitive Biases

Emotion As A Service: AI’s Next Market Is Your Heart

العاطفة كخدمة: السوق القادمة للذكاء الاصطناعي هي قلبك

Емоцията като услуга: Следващият пазар на AI е вашето сърце

পরিষেবা হিসাবে আবেগ: AI এর পরবর্তী বাজার আপনার হৃদয়

La emoción como servicio: el próximo mercado de la IA es tu corazón

Emosyon kòm yon sèvis: pwochen mache AI a se kè ou

感情をサービスとして: AIの次の市場はあなたの心

អារម្មណ៍ជាសេវាកម្ម៖ ទីផ្សារបន្ទាប់របស់ AI គឺជាបេះដូងរបស់អ្នក។

Кызмат катары эмоция: AIнын кийинки рыногу - бул сиздин жүрөгүңүз

Emocje jako usługa: następnym rynkiem dla sztucznej inteligencji jest Twoje serce

Emotion seSevhisi: AI Inotevera Musika Mwoyo Wako

ስምዒት ከም ኣገልግሎት፡ ቀጻሊ ዕዳጋ AI ልብኻ’ዩ።

Cảm xúc như một dịch vụ: Thị trường tiếp theo của AI là trái tim của bạn

Holistic Evaluation of Text-to-Image Models: Author contributions, Acknowledgments and References

Real World Assets(RWA) including physical assets like buildings and tangible properties, is an emerging frontier in the cryptocurrency market. According to McKinsey & Company, RWA tokenization is poised to reach a $2 trillion valuation by 2030. Through tokenization, physical assets are transformed into blockchain-based tokens to increase liquidity, accessibility, and transparency and provide better control over what are considered traditionally illiquid assets--thus creating new opportunities for investments. Tokenization and Real Estate Investment Real estate has been one of the most sustainable sources of income for humans over the centuries. In addition to its lucrative potential for appreciation, it is perhaps one of the most illiquid assets; therefore, acquiring or disposing of properties is a capital-intensive affair and takes a lot of time. Real estate tokenization, as a new financial instrument, responds well to the real estate market dynamics by digitizing property through tokenization which is ultimately a cost-effective technology powered by blockchain. The process of tokenizing real-world assets is fairly simple. It typically involves dividing ownership of a physical asset or property into smaller tokens, each representing one's portion or share of that asset. These tokens (or liquidity) representing individuals’ portions in the fractionalized assets, can be traded on blockchain platforms with a great level of convenience and flexibility. Moreover, the key point about real-world asset tokenization is that it is designed to significantly cut down barriers to investing in traditional real estate and create investment opportunities for millions of people across the world, thus disrupting the existing status quo and making real estate investing more accessible. With this emerging model, one doesn't have to invest huge sums into buying an entire property; rather, investors can purchase partial shares, diversifying their portfolio with limited capital. Liquidity and Accessibility One of the key benefits of tokenizing real estate is, of course, increased liquidity. In the case of traditional real estate-related transactions, closing usually takes weeks or even months, whereas, in tokenization, it can be transferred right away on a blockchain platform. Such augmented liquidity allows investors to buy or sell their tokens in decentralized exchanges quickly to create flexible investment strategies. Another outstanding benefit of tokenization in real estate is accessibility. Many high-value properties are beyond the reach of individual investors due to their price. However, tokenization allows the possibility of fractional ownership, which means smaller investors can now participate in real estate markets. This democratization of access serves those wanting real estate exposure but without the capital to invest in properties. The tokenization of real estate finally opens up properties that have so far been reserved for institutional investors or high-net-worth individuals to a wide range of investors. This opens wider variances in investment possibilities, with even better access to and participation in the market. Transparency and Security Blockchain provides an indelible ledger that is clear, unhackable, and constantly updated with details of transactions, ownership, and asset history records. This aspect of transparency is even more essential in real estate, keeping in mind the cumbersome nature of ownership provenance and transaction details. In tokenizing real estate on the blockchain lie implications for real-time tracking in asset ownership that minimizes fraud and ensures records are accurate and verifiable. The decentralized nature of blockchain further diminishes the need for third-party brokers, lawyers, or escrow agents to shepherd the entire transaction through. Smart contracts establish self-executing agreements whose terms of sale are directly written into lines of code, thus automating the transfer of ownership upon payment. This further reduces transaction costs and further simplifies buying or selling real estate. Besides, due to the nature of blockchain, every relevant piece of information regarding the property is shared publicly: a sales history of the previous deals, changes in ownership, and any litigation taken to the very court. This level of transparency helps buyers make better decisions and assures trust in the transaction process. Composability and the Future of Real Estate in DeFi Tokenizing real estate also paves the way to increased composability with the rest of the DeFi ecosystem. Tokenized real estate will be used in conjunction with the abilities of DeFi; investors who hold tokens will be able to use their tokenized assets as collateral to gain a loan or participate in decentralized money markets. This would increase flexibility for investors since they can now turn their real estate into a tool that we can use to acquire more financial assets. Additionally, it also means that the possibility of turning real-world assets, such as real estate, into collateral for DeFi applications increases the overall level of liquidity within the greater financial ecosystem. For instance, investors can unlock value from their properties without necessarily selling them and create an entirely new method of accessing capital. In this way, investment strategies become even more dynamic, with the further opening of the possibility of real estate playing a much bigger role in decentralized financial products. Going forward, tokenization has the potential to unleash a new generation of synthetic real estate assets and indexes, a set of financial instruments that enable investors to take positions in real estate markets without necessarily holding the title to physical property, further extending the frontier in real estate investment. Propto As a Case Study For RWA Tokenization Propto is at the forefront of the RWA tokenization movement, offering a state-of-the-art platform that simplifies real estate and alternative asset investment. Leveraging advanced technology and industry expertise, it enables asset managers, fund managers, and real estate professionals to tokenize and manage RWAs seamlessly. It has a comprehensive solution that provides a Web 2 e-commerce experience, including, primary market, secondary market (order book),investor app with custody options and asset issuance and management CRM for institutional use. Besides,it is backed by an experienced team, including former executives from leading institutions like Airbus, Goldman Sachs, Citi, Sherry FitzGerald, CBRE and American First Bank. The platform's technology integrates Ethereum's EVM and Ripple's XRPL, providing efficient smart contract functionality and fast international settlement. By partnering with Licensed firms for Custody, MiFID tied agency, and VASP, its regulatory framework ensures users can confidently invest in tokenized assets. Reclosure Ltd, the company behind Propto, is Ireland's first entrant to the EU Blockchain Sandbox, their roadmap focused on sustainable real estate, shares and bonds. Under the RippleX SCALE programme, Propto was recently awarded a Ripple Partnership. Conclusion The advantages of tokenization of real estate to investors include amplified liquidity, increased access, improved transparency, and the prospect of greater integration with DeFi platforms. In theory, tokenization democratizes access to real estate markets by separating property and representing ownership on the blockchain, opening up an entire asset class to the small investor that was previously unattainable. With the blockchain ecosystem still in development, the future of traditional finance will likely be interwoven with real-world assets like real estate. Real World Assets(RWA) including physical assets like buildings and tangible properties, is an emerging frontier in the cryptocurrency market. According to McKinsey & Company, RWA tokenization is poised to reach a $2 trillion valuation by 2030. Real World Assets(RWA) reach a $2 trillion Through tokenization, physical assets are transformed into blockchain-based tokens to increase liquidity, accessibility, and transparency and provide better control over what are considered traditionally illiquid assets--thus creating new opportunities for investments. Tokenization and Real Estate Investment Real estate has been one of the most sustainable sources of income for humans over the centuries. In addition to its lucrative potential for appreciation, it is perhaps one of the most illiquid assets; therefore, acquiring or disposing of properties is a capital-intensive affair and takes a lot of time. Real estate tokenization, as a new financial instrument, responds well to the real estate market dynamics by digitizing property through tokenization which is ultimately a cost-effective technology powered by blockchain. The process of tokenizing real-world assets is fairly simple. It typically involves dividing ownership of a physical asset or property into smaller tokens, each representing one's portion or share of that asset. These tokens (or liquidity) representing individuals’ portions in the fractionalized assets, can be traded on blockchain platforms with a great level of convenience and flexibility. Moreover, the key point about real-world asset tokenization is that it is designed to significantly cut down barriers to investing in traditional real estate and create investment opportunities for millions of people across the world, thus disrupting the existing status quo and making real estate investing more accessible. With this emerging model, one doesn't have to invest huge sums into buying an entire property; rather, investors can purchase partial shares, diversifying their portfolio with limited capital. Liquidity and Accessibility One of the key benefits of tokenizing real estate is, of course, increased liquidity. In the case of traditional real estate-related transactions, closing usually takes weeks or even months, whereas, in tokenization, it can be transferred right away on a blockchain platform. Such augmented liquidity allows investors to buy or sell their tokens in decentralized exchanges quickly to create flexible investment strategies. Another outstanding benefit of tokenization in real estate is accessibility. Many high-value properties are beyond the reach of individual investors due to their price. However, tokenization allows the possibility of fractional ownership, which means smaller investors can now participate in real estate markets. This democratization of access serves those wanting real estate exposure but without the capital to invest in properties. The tokenization of real estate finally opens up properties that have so far been reserved for institutional investors or high-net-worth individuals to a wide range of investors. This opens wider variances in investment possibilities, with even better access to and participation in the market. Transparency and Security Blockchain provides an indelible ledger that is clear, unhackable, and constantly updated with details of transactions, ownership, and asset history records. This aspect of transparency is even more essential in real estate, keeping in mind the cumbersome nature of ownership provenance and transaction details. In tokenizing real estate on the blockchain lie implications for real-time tracking in asset ownership that minimizes fraud and ensures records are accurate and verifiable. The decentralized nature of blockchain further diminishes the need for third-party brokers, lawyers, or escrow agents to shepherd the entire transaction through. Smart contracts establish self-executing agreements whose terms of sale are directly written into lines of code, thus automating the transfer of ownership upon payment. This further reduces transaction costs and further simplifies buying or selling real estate. Besides, due to the nature of blockchain, every relevant piece of information regarding the property is shared publicly: a sales history of the previous deals, changes in ownership, and any litigation taken to the very court. This level of transparency helps buyers make better decisions and assures trust in the transaction process. Composability and the Future of Real Estate in DeFi Tokenizing real estate also paves the way to increased composability with the rest of the DeFi ecosystem. Tokenized real estate will be used in conjunction with the abilities of DeFi; investors who hold tokens will be able to use their tokenized assets as collateral to gain a loan or participate in decentralized money markets. This would increase flexibility for investors since they can now turn their real estate into a tool that we can use to acquire more financial assets. Additionally, it also means that the possibility of turning real-world assets, such as real estate, into collateral for DeFi applications increases the overall level of liquidity within the greater financial ecosystem. For instance, investors can unlock value from their properties without necessarily selling them and create an entirely new method of accessing capital. In this way, investment strategies become even more dynamic, with the further opening of the possibility of real estate playing a much bigger role in decentralized financial products. Going forward, tokenization has the potential to unleash a new generation of synthetic real estate assets and indexes, a set of financial instruments that enable investors to take positions in real estate markets without necessarily holding the title to physical property, further extending the frontier in real estate investment. Propto As a Case Study For RWA Tokenization Propto is at the forefront of the RWA tokenization movement, offering a state-of-the-art platform that simplifies real estate and alternative asset investment. Leveraging advanced technology and industry expertise, it enables asset managers, fund managers, and real estate professionals to tokenize and manage RWAs seamlessly. It has a comprehensive solution that provides a Web 2 e-commerce experience, including, primary market, secondary market (order book),investor app with custody options and asset issuance and management CRM for institutional use. Besides,it is backed by an experienced team, including former executives from leading institutions like Airbus, Goldman Sachs, Citi, Sherry FitzGerald, CBRE and American First Bank. The platform's technology integrates Ethereum's EVM and Ripple's XRPL, providing efficient smart contract functionality and fast international settlement. By partnering with Licensed firms for Custody, MiFID tied agency, and VASP, its regulatory framework ensures users can confidently invest in tokenized assets. Reclosure Ltd, the company behind Propto, is Ireland's first entrant to the EU Blockchain Sandbox, their roadmap focused on sustainable real estate, shares and bonds. Under the RippleX SCALE programme, Propto was recently awarded a Ripple Partnership. Conclusion The advantages of tokenization of real estate to investors include amplified liquidity, increased access, improved transparency, and the prospect of greater integration with DeFi platforms. In theory, tokenization democratizes access to real estate markets by separating property and representing ownership on the blockchain, opening up an entire asset class to the small investor that was previously unattainable. With the blockchain ecosystem still in development, the future of traditional finance will likely be interwoven with real-world assets like real estate.

Why Real World Asset Tokenization Is Ideal For Real Estate Investment

TL;DR: The evolution of trust, reputation and authority Trust No(One) Reputation has been the center of tribal human interaction, growing from word-of-mouth trust in small communities to algorithmically quantified scores in today's digital world. It's an invisible currency, shaping our social and professional lives and growing with the technology eating the world. The concept of reputation is not new in science fiction, but today trends with artificial intelligence, and the blockchain-based decentralized world we're currently building. One of the best thinkers in science fiction history: Isaac Asimov anticipated the importance of reputation in a hyper-connected future. His Foundation books revolve around predicting human behavior on a large scale with the idea of reputation management in governance and technology. Asimov's famous "psychohistory" relies on understanding and predicting the actions of huge groups of people based on their collective behaviors, mimicking the way reputational scores in digital systems work today. In software development, "fail-safe" systems with multiple redundancies rely heavily on trust. If a component fails, its partners bully it, lowering its votes on choosing a solution to a problem. Systems that coordinate to ensure reliability, like distributed databases or fault-tolerant microservices, use this voting concept. When a piece fails, another picks up the piece in the slack, keeping the system's reputation intact. The same happens with human trust networks, where the reliability of individuals or systems can buffer potential failures by relying on others to reinforce the gap. No chain is stronger than its weaker link. In the Black Mirror episode "Nosedive," reputation becomes an all-encompassing social credit score, dictating every aspect of a person’s life, from their social interactions to access to essential services. The more highly-rated someone is, the more power and privilege they are afforded. This TV chapter isn’t far from reality in some parts of the world today, where similar systems track and quantify people's reputations for various societal privileges. It is also a warning tale that explores the dystopian side of what happens when reputation becomes too pervasive and omnipresent. Another historical system built around reputation is the ELO chess rating. This system assigns players a numerical rating based on their performance, and updates based on wins or losses. It mirrors how reputation systems are built today, where success and failure adjust your standing, whether in chess, on social media, or within a decentralized network like Web3. The decentralized web may make reputational systems more granular, with users earning trust in different networks for specific skills, trades, or behaviors. Losing trust in one domain might not affect others, which adds resilience and complexity to managing personal reputation. Reputation in the Decentralized World The Web3 revolution, powered by the blockchain, decentralizes everything from finance to ownership and reputation systems. In this world, reputation doesn’t rely on a single governing authority, like a government or corporation. It’s shared and validated across multiple nodes and distributed through secure protocols. You gain or lose reputation based on interactions across various decentralized networks, from participation in decentralized finance to your contributions to open-source projects. Reputation is key in decentralized autonomous organizations where your position in the community impacts how much influence you hold. It's a world where your contributions, not your credentials, define you. Smart contracts may also build mechanisms for handling disputes or disagreements in reputation, offering transparency and requiring users to trust the underlying code and the people who built and deployed it. You can lose your reputation by failing to deliver on promises or being caught in malicious activities, as your on-chain actions are visible for everyone to scrutinize. Social Media and the Current State of Reputation Today’s social media platforms run on a form of reputational economy, quantified through likes, retweets, and followers. Except the system is broken. Social networks are opaque, easily manipulated, and often, lack the nuance needed to reflect true reputational value. A person can build a massive following based on charisma or polarizing opinions, with little regard for trustworthiness or expertise. A single misstep can lead you to be "canceled," a form of reputational collapse that occurs when public sentiment turns against you, often without due process or a chance for redemption. The problem with today’s reputation on platforms like Twitter or Instagram is that it’s too centralized and shallow. Algorithms designed to maximize engagement and screen time, not accuracy or trust, determine what rises to the top. Cancel culture amplifies this flaw, where reputational loss can be swift and brutal, often driven by mob mentality rather than any objective measure of wrongdoing. Trust in the Scientific Model and Experts Trust plays an essential role in reputation. In science and technology, people often need to trust experts because testing everything individually is impossible. You can't build your own Large Hadron Collider to verify the Higgs’ Boson in your backyard. You also can’t recreate experiments in gene editing unless you are a professional in the area. You trust the experts, institutions, and peer-reviewed systems with authority set up over centuries. The rise of misinformation is showing us that trust is fragile. The scientific model works since it’s based on evidence, reproducibility, and rigorous debate. In an age where everyone has a platform and misinformation spreads like wildfire, the expert reputation can be undermined with a few viral tweets or videos, and some people feel smarter preaching the earth is flat without trusting tons of evidence against it. The future challenge, especially in decentralized systems, is to build trust without relying on traditional gatekeepers. Systems like Web3 offer new ways to prove expertise—such as cryptographic proof of contributions—but they also open the door to new forms of manipulation and deceit. Keeping your reputation in such a world requires personal integrity and robust systems of validation that the community trusts. The evolution of trust, from the gold standard to trusting institutions without physical assets, reflects a profound shift in how societies and economies operate. The Future of Reputation and Humanity Reputation might develop into something even more complex, dynamic, and dispersed in the future. In a decentralized world, reputation systems might be attached to digital identities that span multiple domains—from work and social interaction to financial activities. Imagine a world where you build your reputation by pilling up micro-reputations across different blockchains and platforms, all visible and all contributing to your overall standing in society. Artificial intelligence may bring even greater difficulties for humans in maintaining its reputation. A.I. could automate reputation management, predicting reputational damage or gains based on real-time data analysis. But as with any algorithmic system, there’s the risk of reinforcing biases and unjust penalties. Quantum computing could enhance cryptographic protocols to secure reputational data, but it could also lead to new forms of hacking and identity manipulation. Humanity and the mechanisms that measure reputation and trust will both keep changing. The key will be finding a balance between transparency and privacy, and ensuring that reputational systems are fair, decentralized, and resilient enough to resist manipulation. Reputation is the new currency. Like any form of currency, its value will depend on the systems and frameworks you build around it, the trust we place in those systems, and the collective understanding of what it means to be trustworthy. TL;DR: The evolution of trust, reputation and authority TL;DR: The evolution of trust, reputation and authority Trust No(One) Reputation has been the center of tribal human interaction, growing from word-of-mouth trust in small communities to algorithmically quantified scores in today's digital world. It's an invisible currency, shaping our social and professional lives and growing with the technology eating the world. The concept of reputation is not new in science fiction, but today trends with artificial intelligence, and the blockchain-based decentralized world we're currently building. One of the best thinkers in science fiction history: Isaac Asimov anticipated the importance of reputation in a hyper-connected future. His Foundation books revolve around predicting human behavior on a large scale with the idea of reputation management in governance and technology. Foundation Asimov's famous "psychohistory" relies on understanding and predicting the actions of huge groups of people based on their collective behaviors, mimicking the way reputational scores in digital systems work today. In software development, "fail-safe" systems with multiple redundancies rely heavily on trust. If a component fails, its partners bully it, lowering its votes on choosing a solution to a problem. Systems that coordinate to ensure reliability, like distributed databases or fault-tolerant microservices, use this voting concept. When a piece fails, another picks up the piece in the slack, keeping the system's reputation intact. The same happens with human trust networks, where the reliability of individuals or systems can buffer potential failures by relying on others to reinforce the gap. No chain is stronger than its weaker link. In the Black Mirror episode "Nosedive," reputation becomes an all-encompassing social credit score, dictating every aspect of a person’s life, from their social interactions to access to essential services. Black Mirror The more highly-rated someone is, the more power and privilege they are afforded. This TV chapter isn’t far from reality in some parts of the world today, where similar systems track and quantify people's reputations for various societal privileges. It is also a warning tale that explores the dystopian side of what happens when reputation becomes too pervasive and omnipresent. Another historical system built around reputation is the ELO chess rating. This system assigns players a numerical rating based on their performance, and updates based on wins or losses. It mirrors how reputation systems are built today, where success and failure adjust your standing, whether in chess, on social media, or within a decentralized network like Web3. The decentralized web may make reputational systems more granular, with users earning trust in different networks for specific skills, trades, or behaviors. Losing trust in one domain might not affect others, which adds resilience and complexity to managing personal reputation. Reputation in the Decentralized World The Web3 revolution, powered by the blockchain, decentralizes everything from finance to ownership and reputation systems. In this world, reputation doesn’t rely on a single governing authority, like a government or corporation. It’s shared and validated across multiple nodes and distributed through secure protocols. You gain or lose reputation based on interactions across various decentralized networks, from participation in decentralized finance to your contributions to open-source projects. Reputation is key in decentralized autonomous organizations where your position in the community impacts how much influence you hold. It's a world where your contributions, not your credentials, define you. Smart contracts may also build mechanisms for handling disputes or disagreements in reputation, offering transparency and requiring users to trust the underlying code and the people who built and deployed it. You can lose your reputation by failing to deliver on promises or being caught in malicious activities, as your on-chain actions are visible for everyone to scrutinize. Social Media and the Current State of Reputation Today’s social media platforms run on a form of reputational economy, quantified through likes, retweets, and followers. Except the system is broken. Social networks are opaque, easily manipulated, and often, lack the nuance needed to reflect true reputational value. A person can build a massive following based on charisma or polarizing opinions, with little regard for trustworthiness or expertise. A single misstep can lead you to be "canceled," a form of reputational collapse that occurs when public sentiment turns against you, often without due process or a chance for redemption. The problem with today’s reputation on platforms like Twitter or Instagram is that it’s too centralized and shallow. Algorithms designed to maximize engagement and screen time, not accuracy or trust, determine what rises to the top. Cancel culture amplifies this flaw, where reputational loss can be swift and brutal, often driven by mob mentality rather than any objective measure of wrongdoing. Trust in the Scientific Model and Experts Trust plays an essential role in reputation. In science and technology, people often need to trust experts because testing everything individually is impossible. You can't build your own Large Hadron Collider to verify the Higgs’ Boson in your backyard. You also can’t recreate experiments in gene editing unless you are a professional in the area. You trust the experts, institutions, and peer-reviewed systems with authority set up over centuries. The rise of misinformation is showing us that trust is fragile. The scientific model works since it’s based on evidence, reproducibility, and rigorous debate. In an age where everyone has a platform and misinformation spreads like wildfire, the expert reputation can be undermined with a few viral tweets or videos, and some people feel smarter preaching the earth is flat without trusting tons of evidence against it. The future challenge, especially in decentralized systems, is to build trust without relying on traditional gatekeepers. Systems like Web3 offer new ways to prove expertise—such as cryptographic proof of contributions—but they also open the door to new forms of manipulation and deceit. Keeping your reputation in such a world requires personal integrity and robust systems of validation that the community trusts. The evolution of trust, from the gold standard to trusting institutions without physical assets, reflects a profound shift in how societies and economies operate. The Future of Reputation and Humanity Reputation might develop into something even more complex, dynamic, and dispersed in the future. In a decentralized world, reputation systems might be attached to digital identities that span multiple domains—from work and social interaction to financial activities. Imagine a world where you build your reputation by pilling up micro-reputations across different blockchains and platforms, all visible and all contributing to your overall standing in society. Artificial intelligence may bring even greater difficulties for humans in maintaining its reputation. A.I. could automate reputation management, predicting reputational damage or gains based on real-time data analysis. But as with any algorithmic system, there’s the risk of reinforcing biases and unjust penalties. Quantum computing could enhance cryptographic protocols to secure reputational data, but it could also lead to new forms of hacking and identity manipulation. Humanity and the mechanisms that measure reputation and trust will both keep changing. The key will be finding a balance between transparency and privacy, and ensuring that reputational systems are fair, decentralized, and resilient enough to resist manipulation. Reputation is the new currency. Like any form of currency, its value will depend on the systems and frameworks you build around it, the trust we place in those systems, and the collective understanding of what it means to be trustworthy.

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