AmpiFire is the world’s first content amplification engine

AmpiFire

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To showcase an insight into the future of Lisk and to celebrate this year’s biggest achievements, was born. It will consist of a hybrid event scheduled to be held on , 2021, and will focus on the wider audience of blockchain enthusiasts. AmpliFire December 2nd Behind AmpliFire This is an event designed to suit everyone. It is geared towards both technical and non-technical individuals, blockchain enthusiasts, entrepreneurs, investors, and basically anyone interested in the crypto and blockchain industry. AmpliFire is all about celebrating our competitive advantages within the blockchain world, together with showcasing why blockchain, and why Lisk is the way forward. It will also provide us with an incredible opportunity to unveil some of the key announcements and brand new partnerships we have now established, coupled with our extensive vision to amplify and grow Lisk further into the future. Finally, we could not be happier to host another in-person event in Berlin, to facilitate networking sessions, and other fun activities. AmpliFire, an event by Lisk, aims to show the world we are not inactive by any means. On the contrary, we are very much alive and on fire! The Venue Located in a historic and vibrant area of Berlin, is a multifunctional and modern venue that offers ample space for a wide variety of diverse event formats. From meetups to conferences, the overall concept represents and portrays much of what we aim to achieve with this event. Hence the inspiration for our event naming. Amplifier We cannot wait to see you there on December 2nd, 2021, so make sure to and secure your ticket while you can! register The Agenda 6:00pm - 7:00pm Open Doors 7:00pm - 7:15pm by Monica Tartau, Head of Marketing, and Miguel de Sousa, Community Manager Welcome to AmpliFire 7:15pm - 8:00pm by Max Kordek, CEO & Co-Founder The Case for Lisk 8:00pm - 8:10pm by Miguel de Sousa, Community Manager HackOnLisk2: DeFi & GameFi Prizes 8:10pm - 8:20pm by Max Kordek, CEO & Co-Founder Lisk in Retrospect 8:20pm - 8:40pm by Jan Hackfeld, Head of Research, Shusetsu Toda, Head of SDK Development, Manu Nelamane Head of Platform Development Research & Development - Lisk Platform Launch in 2022 Siddalingegowda, 8:40pm - 9:00pm by Monica Tartau, Head of Marketing Marketing - Let's Get Loud in 2022 9:00pm - 9:15pm by Max Kordek, CEO & Co-Founder The Ultimate Vision for Lisk 9:15pm onwards Networking The Speakers To discuss the overall strategy and merits of Lisk, coupled with revealing our ultimate vision, we will welcome on stage Lisk’s CEO and Co-Founder, Max Kordek. AmpliFire, as the name suggests, is all about expanding our efforts. To achieve this the event will focus heavily on the newly redesigned and improved marketing strategy to further increase Lisks global exposure into 2022 and beyond, , will also be on stage to highlight this. Monica Tartau, Head of Marketing Furthermore, AmpliFire will provide an opportunity for those already engaged with the project to get a brief, yet insightful update on the latest technological advancements that the Lisk Development and Research are currently working on, namely, an update on the platform launch, together with numerous other key announcements. Conclusion Unlike our other event formats, will heavily focus on our Marketing efforts moving forward and essentially consist of rapid-fire presentations from official contributors of the Lisk project. We are confident this event will be a perfect opportunity to finally reveal multiple exciting announcements that we have been holding on to, together with our brand new partners, and finally to disclose for the first time ever the new vision for Lisk. AmpliFire We hope you are just as excited as we are. Make sure to set a reminder to on and/or to register if you would like to be present at the Amplifier venue in Berlin, Germany. watch the event live December 2nd Join us on our journey to make Lisk louder.

Lisk Preparing for AmpliFire: A Hybrid Event for Blockchain Enthusiasts

Let's learn about via these 42 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Conference /Learn Repo 1. Lisk Preparing for AmpliFire: A Hybrid Event for Blockchain Enthusiasts To showcase an insight into the future of Lisk and to celebrate this year’s biggest achievements, AmpliFire was born. This will consist of a hybrid event 2. How Hackathons Can Help You Build Much-Needed Developer Experience Hackathons are a great way to get hands-on development experience. They offer developers the chance to learn from more experienced devs and can also be fun. 3. Networking at VC Events: How to Gain More Value? The pandemic and lockdowns have proven to the world the simple truth that we are social beings. 4. Top 10 Web3 Events You Should Attend in Jan-May 2023 In this article, I’m sharing only a few that I think will be big and have great opportunities as well as cool audiences 5. A Look into the World of Web3 Summit The Global Web3 Summit WOW finished its 3rd edition in Lisbon. The 3-day event is one of the top B2B and B2G in the world of Web3 tech and digital assets. 6. WOW Summit Web3 Conference is Coming to Hong Kong in 2023 WOW Hong Kong is supported by government institutions - Invest Hong Kong and Hong Kong Tourism Board 7. DeGameFi Conference in Tbilisi: Introducing a New Crypto Hub to the Web3 Community They say, once you come to Georgia, you find yourself reluctant to leave. This stunning country – particularly attractive with sunny weather, scenic mountains.. 8. Top 7 Crypto Events in 2023 For me, visiting crypto conferences is to learn about the crypto and engage with the brightest minds. So, I want to share my top 7 crypto events for this year. 9. Paris Blockchain Summit (PBS) Returns July 8th, 2022 After two successful editions, Paris Blockchain Summit (PBS) returns on July 8, 2022 with its Mainstream edition! 10. Vue Amsterdam 2022 - Part IV: The Unwanted Stack How to purpose changes; How to adapt ourselves in a tech stack. 11. My First Tech Talk: How I Prepared and How I Got Through It Overall, it was a fantastic experience, & I am glad I went live instead of pre-recording. 12. Zoom 5.0: Major 5 Security Updates You Need to Know From yoga classes to worldwide webinars, Zoom community has been expanding all around the world after the global lockdown due to COVID-19. 13. 8 Best AI Conferences to Attend in 2022 Here’s the full list of top AI conferences to attend in 2022, from the most technical to business-focused to academic 14. Virtual Conferences: Innovating the Conference Industry for the Future OK, so maybe we’re all growing a little tired of staring at our computer screens all day. But would you rather be going into an office every day and potentially contracting the coronavirus? What about business travel? If your boss asked you to go on a business trip to a conference that involved airfare and eating out at restaurants, would you be completely comfortable with that right now? Chances are we are constantly weighing the risks and rewards of things these days to make decisions that three months ago were no big deal. Until there’s a vaccine or a cure, chances are we aren’t going to feel totally comfortable getting “back to normal” just yet. Sp what will business start to look like as people get back to normal activities from a distance? 15. Introducing T.K.O Summit 2021 Asia’s First Crypto Outlook The T.K.O Summit 2021will also focus on the introduction of the TKO token utility, Indonesia's first local token project with CeFi and DeFi utilities. 16. 7 Ways to Stand Out at a Tech Conference After more than 60 meetings at a major tech conference in Dubai Gitex Global 2022, I figured out what helps projects stand out and get stuck in the memory. 17. SaaStock West Coast 2019 Launches in Startup Mecca San Francisco SaaStock, "a global community of software as a service (SaaS) founders, executives, and investors" is an ambitious organization with successful events already held in Latin America, Asia, and the U.S. Eastern Coast. West Coast (happening now), Dublin, Australasia, are the final events planned out for this year. San Francisco and Silicon Valley is the birthplace of the world's biggest SaaS companies which brings symbolic significance for this particular event.  Unlike the other events held by SaaStock, the West Coast event is specially catered for companies with traction and already in the growth stage  doing $0-$10M in ARR. 18. JSWorld Conference 2022: Part IV JSWorld Conference is the number one JavaScript Conference in the world, and I share a summary of all the talks with you. Part IV 19. The Show Must Go On: Producing a Virtual Nonprofit Event Virtual events are nothing new. Yet COVID-19 has people scrapping travel itineraries and signing up for online sessions, workshops, and classes. Instead of a crowded expo floor, they'll be watching educational and informational sessions in their homes. 20. 4 Blockchain Events to Keep an Eye On in 2021 - 2022 Virtual hackathons contribute to growth in the nascent blockchain industry by empowering developers to create new ways to accelerate the global adoption of DLT. 21. How to Remove Background Sound in Real-Time for Linux 22. Web3 & AI Events That You Won't Want to Miss in April 2023 web3 events and conferences April 2023 23. CGC|LIVE: Cutting-edge Games Conference Coming September 22 - 26 Cutting-edge Games Conference invites all game industry professionals and enthusiasts to plunge into a completely different world for five days, to explore new capabilities of technology and creativity during the game developers’ conference sessions and on the online exhibition area! 24. Draper Goren Holm’s LA Blockchain Summit Announces $1 Million Dollar Bitcoin Giveaway The unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic has shifted the world of business conferences into a whole new dimension. Draper Goren Holm, a blockchain venture studio co-owned by billionaire Tim Draper, has decided that the safety of LA Blockchain Summit attendees comes first and therefore is sending the event into cyberspace. 25. WOPR is Coming to Uruguay! This year Abstracta is hosting WOPR (Workshop on Performance and Reliability) in Uruguay! It’s going to be December 6-8, 2022, in Montevideo. 26. TDD Conference 2021: Opening Ceremony by Alex Bunardzic Alex is a software engineering veteran with over 30 years of hands-on professional experience. He is a staunch advocate of Extreme Programming and TDD. 27. SpringOne Tel Aviv World Tour Trip Report My talk was accepted by SpringOne in San Francisco. I never went to that conference and was really looking forward to it. 28. Looking Back on My 2022: A Year in Review 29. My Experience at THAT Conference 2023: Opinions and Thoughts Weeks ago, I had the pleasure and privilege of attending THAT Conference Austin as a workshop presenter, and I thought it would be cool to share my review. 30. JSWorld Conference 2022: Part II JSWorld Conference is the number one JavaScript Conference in the world, and I share a summary of all the talks with you. Part II 31. TSQA 2022: Test Automation Code and Strategy How one company outlined how to streamline test automation code and some strategic uses for it at the Triangle Software Quality Association 2022 conference 32. 6 Virtual DevOps Conferences to Attend in 2021 Free to distribute and use in any form 33. HackerNoon Partners with Non-Fungible Conference HackerNoon has signed on as a media partner for this year's Non-Fungible Conference 34. JSNation Live 2020, the remote spin-off of a successful JavaScript conference Would you like to know the future of the JavaScript ecosystem and get connected to a stellar crowd? To help you stay up-to-date on the latest JS tech, the GitNation team has come up with a new remote event taking place on June 18-19, 2020. JSNation Live, their 2-day event on all things JavaScript, will gather 25 thousand software engineers, making it the biggest JavaScript conference in the cloud. 35. MumbaiFOSS: My Experience, Thoughts, and Opinions MumbaiFOSS is a conference organized by FOSS United and FOSSEE to promote Free and Open Source Software in Mumbai. In this blog, I share my experiences and take 36. Everything You Need to Know About This Year's World Economic Forum Mario Nawfal goes over the World Economic Forum. 37. Automating a Conference Submission Workflow: Tech Stack And Setup Even given the current situation, part of my Developer Advocate job is to talk at (virtual) conferences. Sometimes, organizers invite me. Yet, most of the times, I need to take part in a CfP. With the sheer numbers of conferences I submit to, I need a tool to manage the status of each submission. Since I started, Trello has been my tool of choice. I’ve a dedicated board with several defined columns: backlog, abandoned, submitted, rejected, submitted and done. A conference is a card that I move around, depending on its status. 38. Webinars Can be as Efficient as In-Person Events with Nunify With virtual meetings, webinars, and online events being hosted on various online platforms, it's never been easier to attend a session of your choice! Many factors like location, accessibility, and convenience are addressed through this innovative technology. 39. JSWorld Conference 2022: Part III JSWorld Conference is the number one JavaScript Conference in the world, and I share a summary of all the talks with you. Part III 40. JavaZone Turned Out to be an Amazing Conference This Year JavaZone is my absolute favorite Java conference. I like it even more than JavaOne at Moscone! Great to be back to enjoy great content, food & company 41. Top Deep Learning Papers from This Year's ICLR Conference Last week I had a pleasure to participate in the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), an event dedicated to the research on all aspects of deep learning. Initially, the conference was supposed to take place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, however, due to the novel coronavirus pandemic, it went virtual. I’m sure it was a challenge for organisers to move the event online, but I think the effect was more than satisfactory, as you can read here! 42. The ICLR 2020 Conference: Reinforcement Learning Papers Demystified Last week I had a pleasure to participate in the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), an event dedicated to the research on all aspects of representation learning, commonly known as deep learning. The conference went virtual due to the coronavirus pandemic, and thanks to the huge effort of its organizers, the event attracted an even bigger audience than last year. Their goal was for the conference to be inclusive and interactive, and from my point of view, as an attendee, it was definitely the case! Thank you for checking out the 42 most read stories about Conference on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

42 Stories To Learn About Conference

The Radio Amateur's Hand Book, by A. Frederick Collins is part of . You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter IX: Vacuum Tube Amplifier Receiving Sets HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] The reason a vacuum tube detector is more sensitive than a crystal detector is because while the latter merely rectifies the oscillating current that surges in the receiving circuits, the former acts as an amplifier at the same time. The vacuum tube can be used as a separate amplifier in connection with either: (1) a crystal detector or (2) a vacuum tube detector, and (a) it will amplify either the radio frequency currents, that is the high frequency oscillating currents which are set up in the oscillation circuits or (b) it will amplify the audio frequency currents, that is, the low frequency alternating currents that flow through the head phone circuit. IX. VACUUM TUBE AMPLIFIER RECEIVING SETS To use the amplified radio frequency oscillating currents or amplified audio frequency alternating currents that are set up by an amplifier tube either a high resistance, called a grid leak, or an amplifying transformer, with or without an iron core, must be connected with the plate circuit of the first amplifier tube and the grid circuit of the next amplifier tube or detector tube, or with the wire point of a crystal detector. Where two or more amplifier tubes are coupled together in this way the scheme is known as cascade amplification. Where either a radio frequency transformer, that is one without the iron core, or an audio frequency transformer, that is one with the iron core, is used to couple the amplifier tube circuits together better results are obtained than where a high resistance grid leak is used, but the amplifying tubes have to be more carefully shielded from each other or they will react and set up a howling noise in the head phones. On the other hand grid leaks cost less but they are more troublesome to use as you have to find out for yourself the exact resistance value they must have and this you can do only by testing them out. A Grid Leak Amplifier Receiving Set. With Crystal Detector.--The apparatus you need for this set includes: (1) a loose coupled tuning coil, (2) a variable condenser, (3) two fixed condensers, (4) a crystal detector, or better a vacuum tube detector, (5) an A or 6 volt storage battery, (6) a rheostat, (7) a B or 22-1/2 volt dry cell battery, (8) a fixed resistance unit, or leak grid as it is called, and (9) a pair of head-phones. The tuning coil, variable condenser, fixed condensers, crystal detectors and head-phones are exactly the same as those described in Set No. 2 in . The A and B batteries are exactly the same as those described in . The vacuum tube amplifier and the grid leak are the only new pieces of apparatus you need and not described before. Chapter III Chapter VIII The Vacuum Tube Amplifier.--This consists of a three electrode vacuum tube exactly like the vacuum tube detector described in and pictured in Fig. 38, except that instead of being filled with a non-combustible gas it is evacuated, that is, the air has been completely pumped out of it. The gas filled tube, however, can be used as an amplifier and either kind of tube can be used for either radio frequency or audio frequency amplification, though with the exhausted tube it is easier to obtain the right plate and filament voltages for good working. Chapter VIII The Fixed Resistance Unit, or Grid Leak.--Grid leaks are made in different ways but all of them have an enormously high resistance. One way of making them consists of depositing a thin film of gold on a sheet of mica and placing another sheet of mica on top to protect it the whole being enclosed in a glass tube as shown at A in Fig. 42. These grid leaks are made in units of from 50,000 ohms (.05 megohm) to 5,000,000 ohms (5 megohms) and cost from $1 to $2. As the value of the grid leak you will need depends very largely upon the construction of the different parts of your receiving set and on the kind of aerial wire system you use with it you will have to try out various resistances until you hit the right one. The resistance that will give the best results, however, lies somewhere between 500,000 ohms (1/2 a megohm) and 3,000,000 ohms (3 megohms) and the only way for you to find this out is to buy 1/2, 1 and 2 megohm grid leak resistances and connect them up in different ways, as shown at B, until you find the right value. Assembling the Parts for a Crystal Detector Set.--Begin by laying the various parts out on a base or a panel with the loose coupled tuning coil on the left hand side, but with the adjustable switch of the secondary coil on the right hand end or in front according to the way it is made. Then place the variable condenser, the rheostat, the crystal detector and the binding posts for the head phones in front of and in a line with each other. Set the vacuum tube amplifier back of the rheostat and the A and B batteries back of the parts or in any other place that may be convenient. The fixed condensers and the grid leak can be placed anywhere so that it will be easy to connect them in and you are ready to wire up the set. Connecting Up the Parts for a Crystal Detector.--First connect the sliding contact of the primary of the tuning coil to the leading-in wire and one of the end wires of the primary to the water pipe, as shown in Fig. 43. Now connect the adjustable arm that makes contact with one end of the secondary of the tuning coil to one of the posts of the variable condenser; then connect the other post of the latter with a post of the fixed condenser and the other post of this with the grid of the amplifying tube. Connect the first post of the variable condenser to the + or positive electrode of the A battery and its - or negative electrode with the rotating contact arm of the rheostat. Next connect one end of the resistance coil of the rheostat to one of the posts of the amplifier tube that leads to the filament and the other filament post to the + or positive electrode of the A battery. This done connect the negative, that is, the zinc pole of the B battery to the positive electrode of the A battery and connect the positive, or carbon pole of the former with one end of the grid leak and connect the other end of this to the plate of the amplifier tube. To the end of the grid leak connected with the plate of the amplifier tube connect the metal point of your crystal detector, the crystal of the latter with one post of the head phones and the other post of them with the other end of the grid leak and, finally, connect a fixed condenser in parallel with--that is across the ends of the grid leak, all of which is shown in the wiring diagram in Fig. 43. A Grid Leak Amplifying Receiving Set With Vacuum Tube Detector.--A better amplifying receiving set can be made than the one just described by using a vacuum tube detector instead of the crystal detector. This set is built up exactly like the crystal detector described above and shown in Fig. 43 up to and including the grid leak resistance, but shunted across the latter is a vacuum tube detector, which is made and wired up precisely like the one shown at A in Fig. 41 in the chapter ahead of this one. The way a grid leak and vacuum tube detector with a one-step amplifier are connected up is shown at A in Fig. 44. Where you have a vacuum tube detector and one or more amplifying tubes connected up, or in cascade as it is called, you can use an A, or storage battery of 6 volts for all of them as shown at B in Fig. 44, but for every vacuum tube you use you must have a B or 22-1/2 volt dry battery to charge the plate with. A Radio Frequency Transformer Amplifying Receiving Set.--Instead of using a grid leak resistance to couple up the amplifier and detector tube circuits you can use a radio frequency transformer, that is, a transformer made like a loose coupled tuning coil, and without an iron core, as shown in the wiring diagram at A in Fig. 45. In this set, which gives better results than where a grid leak is used, the amplifier tube is placed in the first oscillation circuit and the detector tube in the second circuit. Since the radio frequency transformer has no iron core the high frequency, or radio frequency oscillating currents, as they are called, surge through it and are not changed into low frequency, or audio frequency pulsating currents, until they flow through the detector. Since the diagram shows only one amplifier and one radio frequency transformer, it is consequently a one step amplifier; however, two, three or more, amplifying tubes can be connected up by means of an equal number of radio frequency transformers when you will get wonderful results. Where a six step amplifier, that is, where six amplifying tubes are connected together, or in cascade, the first three are usually coupled up with radio frequency transformers and the last three with audio frequency transformers. A radio frequency transformer is shown at B and costs $6 to $7. An Audio Frequency Transformer Amplifying Receiving Set.--Where audio frequency transformers are used for stepping up the voltage of the current of the detector and amplifier tubes, the radio frequency current does not get into the plate circuit of the detector at all for the reason that the iron core of the transformer chokes them off, hence, the succeeding amplifiers operate at audio frequencies. An audio frequency transformer is shown at A in Fig. 46 and a wiring diagram showing how the tubes are connected in cascade with the transformers is shown at B; it is therefore a two-step audio frequency receiving set. A Six Step Amplifier Receiving Set With a Loop Aerial.--By using a receiving set having a three step radio frequency and a three step audio frequency, that is, a set in which there are coupled three amplifying tubes with radio frequency transformers and three amplifying tubes with audio frequency transformers as described under the caption A Radio Frequency Transformer Receiving Set, you can use a loop aerial in your room thus getting around the difficulties--if such there be--in erecting an out-door aerial. You can easily make a loop aerial by winding 10 turns of No. 14 or 16 copper wire about 1/16 inch apart on a wooden frame two feet on the side as shown in Fig. 47. With this six step amplifier set and loop aerial you can receive wave lengths of 150 to 600 meters from various high power stations which are at considerable distances away. How to Prevent Howling.--Where radio frequency or audio frequency amplifiers are used to couple your amplifier tubes in cascade you must take particular pains to shield them from one another in order to prevent the feed back of the currents through them, which makes the head phones or loud speaker howl. To shield them from each other the tubes should be enclosed in metal boxes and placed at least 6 inches apart while the transformers should be set so that their cores are at right angles to each other and these also should be not less than six inches apart. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Collins, A. Frederick. 2002. The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6934/6934-h/6934-h.htm#chap09 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

How A Vacuum Tube Can Be Used as A Radio Amplifier 

In electronics, the comparator is a circuit that makes use of operational amplifiers with very high gain in its open-loop state, that is, there is no feedback resistor. The has a positive or negative voltage output by comparing its input voltage against some preset DC reference voltage. The following are some common amplifier comparator circuits to analyze their functions. op-amp comparator is an operational amplifier compatible with DTL, RTL, TTL, or MOS logic levels. Its output can switch voltages to 50volts at currents to 50mA with a single supply. LM311 IC has been used for voltage comparisons for a long time in some typical circuits. Here introduces them with diagrams. LM311 versatile comparator Basic Circuit of LM311 Comparator (1) Offset voltage balance (Figure 1) When adjusting the balance, the two input terminals are grounded, and the 5kΩ potentiometer is adjusted to make the output be the minimum voltage value (close to 0V). (2) Single power supply (Figure 2) At this time, VEE is connected to GND. In Figure 1 and Figure 2, the load resistance RL is connected between VCC and Output. (3) RL is connected between pin 1 and ground (Figure 3) According to Figure 3, the input polarity is reversed, that is, pin 3 is used as the non-inverting terminal. (4) RL is connected between pin 1 and VEE (Figure 4). According to Figure 4, the input polarity is reversed. (5) General connection method of RL for positive and negative power supply (Figure 5). (6) Comparator connection with strobe (Figure 6). Connect a transistor to pin 6 for strobe connection. When the base of the transistor is connected to the TTL high level, the comparator is strobed (normal operation); when the base is connected to the low level, the comparator does not work. LM393 & LM2903 LM393 and LM2903 are a kind of low offset voltage dual comparators, and their pin arrangement is shown in Figure 7. Their main performance is the same, but the temperature range is different: the former is 0~70℃, and the latter is -40℃~105℃. Its main features are: wide operating voltage range, single power supply operating voltage is 2V~36V, dual power supply operating voltage ±(1V~18V); Working current is small, the typical value is 0.4mA; Input bias current typical value is 25nA; The input offset current is 5nA; The input offset voltage is ±1mV (LM2903 is ±2mV); The input common-mode voltage range is equal to the power supply voltage; The output voltage is compatible with TTL and CMOS logic levels; The input has ESD protection; the typical voltage gain is 200V/mA; The large signal response time is 300ns. LM393 & LM2901 The LM393 and LM2901 comparators are quad comparators. The pin arrangement is shown in Figure 8. The main parameters and performance of these two devices are the same, but the temperature range is different: the former is 0~70℃, and the latter is -40℃~105℃. The main features of these two devices: They can be powered by a single power supply or dual power supply, and the power supply voltage range is wide, ranging from 2V to 36V or ±(1V to 18V). Working current (independent of power supply voltage), the typical value is 0.8mA typical input bias current value is 25nA; typical input offset current value is ±5nA; typical input offset voltage value is 2mV; input common-mode voltage range includes low level; The differential input voltage is equal to the power supply voltage; the difference between the saturation voltage and the power supply voltage is low; the output voltage is compatible with TTL and CMOS logic levels; the typical large signal response time is 300ns; the voltage gain is 200V/mV. This article was first published on Writeup Cafe

Intro to Amplifier Comparator Circuits: LM311, LM393, LM2903 and LM2901

The voltage follower , as shown in Figure 1, uses virtual short and virtual break. At first glance, it seems simple and clear. If you think that there is not much content to pay attention to, then you may be wrong. Understanding the op amp's voltage-following circuit is a great help for understanding the op amp's in-phase, inverting, differential, and various op amp circuits. circuit of the op amp Figure 1 op amp voltage follower circuit Voltage follower circuit analysis If we connect the output of the op amp to its inverting input and then apply a voltage signal to the noninverting input, we will find that the output voltage of the op amp will follow the input voltage very well. Assume that the input and output voltages of the initial state op amp are both , and then when Vin increases from , will also increase in the direction of positive voltage. This is because it is assumed that Vin suddenly increases, still has no response and is still . is greater than 0, so multiply the open-loop gain of the op amp. , so that the output of the op amp begins to increase in the direction of the positive voltage. 0V 0V Vout Vout 0V Ve=Vin-Vout Vout=Ve*A Vout When increases, the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input, which then reduces the voltage difference between the two inputs of the op amp, ie, will decrease, in the same open-loop gain case. Next, will naturally decrease. Vout Ve Vout The end result is that no matter how large the input voltage is (of course, within the op amp's input voltage range), the op amp will always output a voltage that is very close to , but this output voltage is just below . There is a sufficient voltage difference between the two inputs of the guaranteed op amp to maintain the output of the op amp, which is . Vin Vout Vin Ve Vout=Ve*A Negative feedback in op amp circuits This circuit will soon reach a steady state, the amplitude of the output voltage will accurately maintain the voltage difference between the two input terminals of the op amp, which in turn will produce an accurate amplitude of the op amp output voltage. Connecting the output of the op amp to the inverting input of the op amp is called negative feedback, which is the key to self-stabilizing the system. This applies not only to op amps, but also to any common dynamic system. This stability allows the op amp to have the ability to operate in a linear mode, rather than just being saturated, fully "on" or "off", just as it is used for comparators without any negative feedback. Due to the high gain of the op amp, the voltage maintained at the inverting input of the op amp is almost equal to . For example, an op amp has an open loop gain of 200,000. If is equal to 6V, then the output voltage will be 5.999 970 000 149 999V. This produces a sufficient voltage difference at the input of the op amp, =6V-5.999 970 000 149 999V=29.999 85uV, which is amplified and then produces a voltage of 5.999 970 000 149 999V at the output, thus the system Will be stable here. Vin Vin Ve As you can see, 29.999 85uV is a small voltage, so for practical calculations, we can think that the voltage difference between the two inputs of the op amp maintained by negative feedback is . The whole process is shown in Figure 2. This is also the “virtual short” we are familiar with, and since the impedance between the two inputs of the op amp is very large, there is naturally a “virtual break”. The circuit below has a stable double-loop closed-loop gain, and the output voltage simply follows the input voltage. Ve=0V Figure 2 The role of negative feedback One big advantage of using negative feedback is that we don't have to worry about the actual voltage gain of the op amp, as long as it is large enough. If the op amp's voltage gain is not 200 0000 but 250 000, this will cause the op amp's output voltage to be closer to , and the voltage difference between the smaller inputs will be used to produce the desired output voltage. In the circuit illustrated in Figure 2, the output voltage is also equal to the input voltage at the inverting input of the op amp. Therefore, for the circuit design engineer, in order to achieve a stable closed-loop gain of the amplifier circuit, the open-loop gain of the op amp does not have to be an accurate value, and the negative feedback causes the system to self-adjust. Vin Using negative feedback improves linearity, gain stability, output impedance, and gain accuracy, but using negative feedback also poses a serious problem, which is to reduce system stability for voltage-following circuits with unity gain. This is the worst case scenario, especially when driving capacitive loads, interested students can check the relevant information themselves. Regarding the op amp circuit, many times we are infused with the inverting end to follow the in-phase end. As mentioned above, can't we follow the inverting end of the phase? For the voltage follower circuit mentioned today, only the inverting terminal follows the non-inverting terminal. Here, if a positive input voltage is applied to the inverting terminal and the output is connected to the non-inverting terminal, and the output is assumed to be 0. will be a negative voltage, multiplied by the open-loop gain of the op amp, and the output will be a A negative voltage, returning to the non-inverting input of the op amp, will further result in a larger negative absolute voltage difference. Soon the output of the op amp will be saturated, and naturally the in-phase will not follow the inverting end. Ve However, for an op amp, if a reference voltage is applied to the inverting terminal, and other electronic components, such as a triode, MOS, etc., the overall loop of the op amp forms a negative feedback, and the in-phase end can also follow the inverting end. And this naturally breaks the rule that the inverting end of the familiar op amp follows the in-phase end. The voltage of the op amp follows the circuit, "virtual short", "virtual break" is the surface, and negative feedback is the root. Based on this root, it can help us understand the ever-changing op amp circuit.

The Voltage Follower Circuit of The Operational Amplifier

Here are three strange ways the human mind works: If a person with a certain strong belief is presented with clear evidence of the belief being false, this may lead to a reinforcement of the belief. A person might draw different conclusions from the same type of information depending on in what way the information is being presented. A person who has just been told about a phenomenon which he/she never noticed before, starts paying attention to it and now sees it/hears about it everywhere. These examples of cognitive biases show how easily our perception and thinking is being tricked and led astray. More than a 100 cognitive biases have been identified so far. The Wikipedia is both a fascinating and sobering read. list collecting them all Considering how flawed our thinking and perception tends to be, it’s hard not to be amazed by humanity’s achievements and how far civilization has come. As cognitive biases affect every single individual no matter their standing, academic credentials, authority or projected confidence, and produces the constant risk of wrong decision-making and subsequent conflicts, the advances and fairly peaceful state in not all, but a large number of societies is against all odds. This remarkable outcome became possible because over millennia, humanity discovered strategies and systems to reduce the impact of individual cognitive biases on the collective reasoning — often through painful and bloody trial-and-error. On an individual biological level, eliminating cognitive biases before they happen is impossible. For now, these biases are our evolutionary legacy and we’re stuck with them. The best one can do is to be aware of one’s failures in reasoning and make a deliberate effort to act against an initial thinking error. How modern societies reduced the harm of cognitive biases On a society level, it is possible to reduce the negative consequences of people’s cognitive biases and to correct for them. The successful recipe that emerged over time (and sadly, only after endless suffering of tens of millions of people throughout history) is built around a few core ideas such as: Distributing power on many shoulders, so that the harm one person’s flawed thinking can cause is being limited. Delaying decision making to allow for thorough investigations instead of empowering impulsive moves, for example in the legal system, which proved to be way better at generating justice and figuring out if someone is guilty than if the verdict and punishment is left to an emotional crowd on the street. Creating systems that control each other’s outputs or perspectives on mistakes and flawed thinking (for example the pluralist model of government or the editorial approval processes in publishing). For all their shortcomings and inequalities, the most advanced civilizations of the pre-internet age had been comparatively successful in containing the negative influence of people’s individual cognitive biases, by making use of the learned lessons of the past, and also simply due to limitations in available technology. Then came the internet. Internet-enabled amplification of cognitive biases For all the greatness and freedom it brought to billions of people, by now it’s evident that ubiquitous connectivity has come with a set of major challenges. Aside from surveillance and information security issues, what I am personally mostly concerned about is how the internet reverses some of the previous achievements of reducing the aggregate harm of people’s cognitive biases on a society level. The internet, the tools it spawned and the dynamics they’ve led to, enable what the previous most advanced societies to some extend prevented, and what might increase the surface and consequences of individual cognitive biases: Power is being concentrated in the hands of a few global tech companies, their CEOs and their algorithms, as well as among a small number of individuals who become “influencers” and sometimes boast tens of millions of loyal followers. It’s hard to prove, but one cannot rule out that someone like PewDiePie, with close to 100 million YouTube followers, does hold the ability to change more minds than any reputable media organization ever has been able to. If a beloved influencer pundit makes an uneducated critical comment about vaccines, for example, the societal consequences can be wide-reaching. Built-in delays and friction are being removed. An angry tweet or blog post is published in a few seconds and a person might be deemed guilty by the public court of social media in an instant, with sometimes existential consequences. Some of the mechanisms that ought to help to check others’ decisions and ideas for cognitive biases are failing, due to the technical, social and psychological dynamics of online-fueled discourse, which lead to and dogmas instead of open and critical exchanges with contrary viewpoints. In other words: Persuasion becomes much harder, while the willingness to listen and to emphasize is decreasing. Once someone is a firm part of an ideological group, contrary viewpoints become a threat to his/her identity, and thus are being considered hostile per definition. Noteworthy, many journalists , and thereby heavily influenced by these mechanisms. That is deeply regrettable, because they are — consciously or unconsciously — carrying the skewed “conclusions” of the malfunctioning Twitter discourse into the rest of society. group polarization are obsessed with Twitter My current operating theory is that the internet-enabled amplification of the harmful consequences of individuals’ cognitive biases is not the only, but a major contributor to the slow but steady erosion of best practices, systems and institutions that acted as essential foundation of the most advanced, most peaceful and most democratic societies. This erosion leads to a host of dysfunctions on the individual, societal and political level. Phenomena such as systematic disinformation, polarization, radicalization in various flavors, the spread of conspiracy theories, mistrust in science, us-vs-them-thinking and outrage/anger as a default mode with obvious negative effects on mental health, are — while not new in themselves — all connected to this amplification trend and the product of a variety of underlying cognitive biases; that is, by flawed thinking or the absence of thinking in favor of behavior caused by primal impulses and emotional reflexes. It’s hard to predict where this will lead to in detail, as there are numerous systems involved, creating a complex interdependence and multi-layered feedback loops that — as I would argue — no single human can fully grasp. But what’s clear is that taken together, the trend doesn’t look good. If the results of cognitive biases are allowed to run wild on a society-wide scale for too long, this easily might lead to devastating outcomes, as it always has. Therefore, it would be better to not reach that point.Assuming that this is indeed as much of a problem as I claim it to be, what could be done? Well, simple: People just have to get more aware of when they are affected by cognitive biases, and actively work against their damaging effects… Ok, it’s not really simple at all. But that’s still likely the only viable solution, since the digital era, the empowerment it brought to the individual and the attention- and engagement-related incentive structures it created, is the reality. There are a few obvious challenges in tackling cognitive biases: 1. The knowledge about and awareness of cognitive biases isn’t very widespread. Even though some of the most “famous” cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, group think or loss aversion are nowadays mentioned frequently in the media and possibly even in school (not when I went to school but maybe this changed) as general phenomena clouding people’s reasoning, it’s still rare that they are being noticed or much thought about by those who are subject to it at any given moment or those affiliated with them while it is happening. 2. Learning about the occurrence of a cognitive bias does make most people feel pretty bad. We don’t like to be faced with the harsh reality of how easy our mind’s are being fooled. We prefer to see ourselves as fairly intelligent and reasonable. 3. Not actively working against one’s cognitive biases can provide desirable short-term benefits for the individual, while challenging one’s cognitive biases can do the opposite. An example: For someone closely aligned with an highly ideological group whose perspective is fueled by cognitive biases such as confirmation bias (favoring information that confirms a prior belief or bias) and selective perspective (not noticing or more quickly forgetting stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict prior beliefs), questioning these beliefs will likely lead to ostracism from the group, while buying the whole package of beliefs and dogmas provides a sense of unity, belonging and a purpose. Tackling the systemic issues caused by cognitive biases in the digital age means taking into account all three of these challenges. What’s needed is an approach which increases an individual’s knowledge about cognitive biases, helps to identify flawed thinking when it happens, uses psychological tactics to reduce discomfort felt by an individual when being confronted with an instance of cognitive bias in him-/herself, and offers incentives perceived as attractive enough by the individual to accepting the “costs” of this type self improvement work. An AI-powered personal coach to help reduce cognitive biases Possibly, all this could be achieved with an AI-powered personal coach, which keeps an eye on an individual’s online activity and chimes in whenever necessary with helpful advice, such as “Don’t you want to do this 1-minute breathing exercise before you send that emotional tweet?” or “Have you considered that this person who you are attacking is also a human being with feelings like yours?” or “Here is an interesting fact about that topic which you might not be aware of…”. A solution like that would have to be based on insights from psychology and behavioral sciences and could make use of instruments such as nudging, gamification and tangible rewards (e.g. crypto currency, gift cards, discounts, cash…. ) to attract and retain users. Ironically, it would have to exploit and leverage our cognitive biases in order to get us hooked, engaged and willing to work on ourselves. Maybe such a tool is wishful thinking. It could suffer from all kinds of flaws. Impossible technical requirements (it’s easy to ask from the comfort of one’s armchair for an “AI” solution that spots cognitive biases but hard to built a sufficiently smart one in reality), usability challenges (how to integrate this with people’s “online life”?), lack of interest or even hostility among potential users, suspicions of hidden agendas (the conspiracy peddlers will come up with something) or surveillance, and so on. There might be other, simpler, better ways. Hopefully there are. I also should hope to be simply wrong. That the problem I am describing is not bigger than before, and that the increased tension and unwillingness to find common ground in public discourse is only a fashion which people will get tired of eventually, instead of it causing dangerous second-order effects. However, if one considers how much suffering and bloodshed the aggregate consequences of individual flawed thinking have brought humanity throughout history, from religious wars and witch burning to genocide and violent extremism, raising awareness and finding ways to reduce their impact can never be a wrong thing. ======= Sign up for my weekly email , loaded with great things to read about the digital world.

How the Internet Amplifies Our Cognitive Biases

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References III. APPROACH I: MAINTAIN A LEDGER LOCALLY - RUN A FULL NODE For any user, the most straightforward way to access any blockchain is to maintain its ledger on their computer. A user can maintain a ledger by running a full node on their machine which constantly interacts with the whole blockchain network to keep track of the blocks on the ledger, even without participating in profit-generating activities like mining or staking. Such behavior is usually encouraged by blockchain protocols, as it is frequently cited to help propagate the peer-to-peer network and improve the security guarantee of the network [27]. Most blockchain services provide an optional interface within their node software that allows the user to fetch refined information from the node they own. The interface is usually implemented with the mechanism known as the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) [42]. In this request-response mechanism, the user’s node serves as a server that accumulates information about the ledger through the network and answers the user’s query (see Fig. 2) when they initiate one. Most RPC queries are transmitted as a JSON message between the client and the node. For example, in Bitcoin, a user can query the balance of their wallet by calling getbalance, sending the following JSON via HTTP to the node [8]: The result from the node is a numerical value, indicating the amount of balance available in the loaded wallet. A. Cost Consideration As the data on any blockchain continues to grow, running a node capable of accessing and storing all information on the ledger (known as a full node in most blockchains) is becoming increasingly more expensive. Official documentations and some unofficial tutorials outline the minimal system specification for Bitcoin [7], Ethereum [26], Solana [50], Zcash [21], Litecoin [5], Ripple [53], Dash [18], and Monero [14] (see Table I). In particular, in blockchains based heavily on smart contracts, like Ethereum and Solana, full nodes have a high minimal system requirement: it is unlikely for every casual user to have a full-time server of 700GB of disk space, 8GB of RAM and 10Mbps of Internet connection dedicated to running an Ethereum full node. Meanwhile, if the user wants to access more advanced information, they may need additional indexes built on top of a full node, which requires even more hardware power. For instance, an Ethereum archive node that can access all historical states takes more than 12TB disk space to run [26]. Solana’s RPC nodes that provide RPC functionality also require a 16-core CPU in addition to more than 256GB RAM [50]. More accessibility functionalities such as subscribing to certain events may require the node to interface with the web socket, which further amplifies the hardware demand. Therefore, in most scenarios, casual users outsource at least part of the ledger to an external system and query the system when necessary. B. Open Questions Traditional research on the cost of running nodes on blockchains usually focuses on the mining aspect [51] [54], since this is the only profit-generating activity of the proof-of-work blockchains. Because the cost of running a full node is negligible compared to the cost of mining equipment, it is usually overlooked. While proof-of-stake systems do not have the problem of mining, the amount any validator has to stake to participate in the system usually outweighs the cost of running a full node, and the system-running cost is not considered heavily in the economics [28]. As a result, while the most secure way for any user to interact with the blockchain is to run their full node locally, it is not well-studied what the cost of keeping a full node online is. In particular, we note that some popular payment methods such as Zcash and Litecoin have little information on the hardware required to run a full node that synchronizes with the network. Studies are needed to determine the exact cost for users to access blockchains most securely. On the flip side, there have been attempts to run full nodes of Bitcoin and Litecoin on Raspberry Pi 3, eliminating the setup of a traditional server entirely [37] [38]. It remains to be determined if such a method can be adopted to reduce the cost of running a full node. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References III. APPROACH I: MAINTAIN A LEDGER LOCALLY - RUN A FULL NODE For any user, the most straightforward way to access any blockchain is to maintain its ledger on their computer. A user can maintain a ledger by running a full node on their machine which constantly interacts with the whole blockchain network to keep track of the blocks on the ledger, even without participating in profit-generating activities like mining or staking. Such behavior is usually encouraged by blockchain protocols, as it is frequently cited to help propagate the peer-to-peer network and improve the security guarantee of the network [27]. Most blockchain services provide an optional interface within their node software that allows the user to fetch refined information from the node they own. The interface is usually implemented with the mechanism known as the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) [42]. In this request-response mechanism, the user’s node serves as a server that accumulates information about the ledger through the network and answers the user’s query (see Fig. 2) when they initiate one. Most RPC queries are transmitted as a JSON message between the client and the node. For example, in Bitcoin, a user can query the balance of their wallet by calling getbalance, sending the following JSON via HTTP to the node [8]: The result from the node is a numerical value, indicating the amount of balance available in the loaded wallet. A. Cost Consideration A. Cost Consideration As the data on any blockchain continues to grow, running a node capable of accessing and storing all information on the ledger (known as a full node in most blockchains) is becoming increasingly more expensive. Official documentations and some unofficial tutorials outline the minimal system specification for Bitcoin [7], Ethereum [26], Solana [50], Zcash [21], Litecoin [5], Ripple [53], Dash [18], and Monero [14] (see Table I). In particular, in blockchains based heavily on smart contracts, like Ethereum and Solana, full nodes have a high minimal system requirement: it is unlikely for every casual user to have a full-time server of 700GB of disk space, 8GB of RAM and 10Mbps of Internet connection dedicated to running an Ethereum full node. Meanwhile, if the user wants to access more advanced information, they may need additional indexes built on top of a full node, which requires even more hardware power. For instance, an Ethereum archive node that can access all historical states takes more than 12TB disk space to run [26]. Solana’s RPC nodes that provide RPC functionality also require a 16-core CPU in addition to more than 256GB RAM [50]. More accessibility functionalities such as subscribing to certain events may require the node to interface with the web socket, which further amplifies the hardware demand. Therefore, in most scenarios, casual users outsource at least part of the ledger to an external system and query the system when necessary. B. Open Questions B. Open Questions Traditional research on the cost of running nodes on blockchains usually focuses on the mining aspect [51] [54], since this is the only profit-generating activity of the proof-of-work blockchains. Because the cost of running a full node is negligible compared to the cost of mining equipment, it is usually overlooked. While proof-of-stake systems do not have the problem of mining, the amount any validator has to stake to participate in the system usually outweighs the cost of running a full node, and the system-running cost is not considered heavily in the economics [28]. As a result, while the most secure way for any user to interact with the blockchain is to run their full node locally, it is not well-studied what the cost of keeping a full node online is. In particular, we note that some popular payment methods such as Zcash and Litecoin have little information on the hardware required to run a full node that synchronizes with the network. Studies are needed to determine the exact cost for users to access blockchains most securely. On the flip side, there have been attempts to run full nodes of Bitcoin and Litecoin on Raspberry Pi 3, eliminating the setup of a traditional server entirely [37] [38]. It remains to be determined if such a method can be adopted to reduce the cost of running a full node. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Running a Full Node: A Comprehensive Guide to Maintaining a Blockchain Ledger Locally

Solve for the Edges and Get The Middle for Free: Innovating for Inclusivity 

Meet New & Improved BigQuery: Single, Unified AI-Ready Data Platform

Barely a week ago, popular cryptocurrency exchange KuCoin announced that its KYC’d Nigerian users would be eligible to pay a 7.5% VAT on every crypto transaction starting the 8th of July, 2024. In other words, Nigeria's tax agency, the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), is comprehensively setting plans in motion to regulate the country’s burgeoning crypto industry by charging a flat rate on every crypto transaction. With the outright ban on cryptocurrency still ongoing and the protracted legal battle with the world's most popular cryptocurrency exchange Binance, the Nigerian regulators appeared to have missed the point about the fundamentals of cryptocurrency regulation, so much so that they have unwittingly put the cart before the horse. While Nigeria, a country with over 12 million crypto users, has not officially imposed a ban on cryptocurrency, its apex bank, the Central Bank of Nigeria(CBN), has continued to maintain anti-crypto policies with the tacit cooperation of the country's capital market regulator, SEC Nigeria, making the West African country one of the most ambiguous crypto regulating countries in the world. Recent actions to restrict peer-to-peer (P2P) crypto trading in Nigeria highlighted the government's resolve to address what it saw as palpable concerns about the potential impact of cryptocurrency on the national currency, the Naira. These concerns were based on the allegations of the Naira manipulation on cryptocurrency exchanges. However, in a surprising move, the Tinubu-led government is now focusing its effort on taxing cryptocurrency transactions despite the restrictions that have been put in place. This development does not only alter its course of action altogether, but it also raises a valid question as to whether the government's plan to tap into the endless possibilities of crypto taxation can coexist with the unofficial recognition of cryptocurrency in the country. Apparently, the newly introduced VAT policy on crypto transactions emanated from the noticeable absence of a tax framework for cryptocurrency in Nigeria, as revealed by the Binance tussle with the Nigerian authorities, most especially from the failure of the FIRS to find credible evidence to support the tax evasion charges it leveled against a mid-level Binance executive Tigran Gambrayan, who has spent several months in one of the nation's worst prisons. (Gambrayan, a former US federal agent alongside his colleague Nadeem Anjarwalla, was arrested and detained by the Office of the National Security Advisers(ONSA)after they were invited for a talk in Abuja). The sudden recourse to cryptocurrency, which is what the 7.5%  VAT represents, is ill-advised and inopportune. It's the latest in a list of several ridiculous crypto policies that have come out of Nigeria. Is it not surprising that within a year, Nigeria has gone from charging exorbitant crypto licensing fees to imposing a 7.5% VAT on crypto transactions while maintaining its ban on cryptocurrency? Is the government now suddenly realizing that there are millions of dollars of unrealized taxes lying outside of the province of the FIRS? One must pay attention to the event preceding the introduction of the VAT policy. A few months ago, the CBN made a shocking discovery that crypto P2P trading had been responsible for the steady decline of the Naira and promptly responded by waging a week-long war on crypto exchanges operating in the country. These actions signaled a harsh stance on cryptocurrency. Binance, the most popular centralized crypto exchange (CEX), was first scapegoated. Two of its executives found themselves under investigation for Binance-related activities in Nigeria. Later, they were dragged to court on charges bordering on tax evasion, money laundering, and currency manipulation. The Nigerian press further amplified concerns by heavily publicizing the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) governor's unverified claim of a $26 billion outflow from Nigeria through Binance. Many news reports portrayed cryptocurrency as a national security threat, potentially prompting an urgent response from the Nigerian government. How, within a short window of time, is cryptocurrency now part of the FIRS’ grand design to expand the nation’s revenue base? While the VAT policy signifies a regulatory approach toward crypto regulation, it can afford to wait until there is a much broader and clearer regulatory framework governing Nigeria’s burgeoning cryptocurrency industry. In other words, there have to be clearly defined rules in place addressing the key issues surrounding cryptocurrency before a tax policy is activated, borrowing a leaf from countries like South Africa and Kenya, which have made significant progress in this regard. Not only is the establishment of a clear-cut policy framework for digital assets a non-negotiable cryptocurrency adoption strategy, but it is also in the first order of cryptocurrency regulation principles. Countries that are intentional about leveraging this technology don't take a leap of faith but rather create a regulatory environment where crypto rules are clearly defined and established. The rationale behind the VAT on crypto transactions, however well-intentioned, might be overshadowed by the urgency of addressing Nigeria's broader economic challenges. For decades, Nigerians have grappled with a struggling national economy alongside pockets of insecurity. As of today, inflation is a nationwide concern, further fueled by President Tinubu's removal of fuel subsidies in May 2023. Barely a week ago, popular cryptocurrency exchange KuCoin announced that its KYC’d Nigerian users would be eligible to pay a 7.5% VAT on every crypto transaction starting the 8th of July, 2024. In other words, Nigeria's tax agency, the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), is comprehensively setting plans in motion to regulate the country’s burgeoning crypto industry by charging a flat rate on every crypto transaction. With the outright ban on cryptocurrency still ongoing and the protracted legal battle with the world's most popular cryptocurrency exchange Binance, the Nigerian regulators appeared to have missed the point about the fundamentals of cryptocurrency regulation, so much so that they have unwittingly put the cart before the horse. While Nigeria, a country with over 12 million crypto users, has not officially imposed a ban on cryptocurrency, its apex bank, the Central Bank of Nigeria(CBN), has continued to maintain anti-crypto policies with the tacit cooperation of the country's capital market regulator, SEC Nigeria, making the West African country one of the most ambiguous crypto regulating countries in the world. Recent actions to restrict peer-to-peer (P2P) crypto trading in Nigeria highlighted the government's resolve to address what it saw as palpable concerns about the potential impact of cryptocurrency on the national currency, the Naira. These concerns were based on the allegations of the Naira manipulation on cryptocurrency exchanges. However, in a surprising move, the Tinubu-led government is now focusing its effort on taxing cryptocurrency transactions despite the restrictions that have been put in place. This development does not only alter its course of action altogether, but it also raises a valid question as to whether the government's plan to tap into the endless possibilities of crypto taxation can coexist with the unofficial recognition of cryptocurrency in the country. Apparently, the newly introduced VAT policy on crypto transactions emanated from the noticeable absence of a tax framework for cryptocurrency in Nigeria, as revealed by the Binance tussle with the Nigerian authorities, most especially from the failure of the FIRS to find credible evidence to support the tax evasion charges it leveled against a mid-level Binance executive Tigran Gambrayan, who has spent several months in one of the nation's worst prisons. (Gambrayan, a former US federal agent alongside his colleague Nadeem Anjarwalla, was arrested and detained by the Office of the National Security Advisers(ONSA)after they were invited for a talk in Abuja). The sudden recourse to cryptocurrency, which is what the 7.5%  VAT represents, is ill-advised and inopportune. It's the latest in a list of several ridiculous crypto policies that have come out of Nigeria. Is it not surprising that within a year, Nigeria has gone from charging exorbitant crypto licensing fees to imposing a 7.5% VAT on crypto transactions while maintaining its ban on cryptocurrency? Is the government now suddenly realizing that there are millions of dollars of unrealized taxes lying outside of the province of the FIRS? One must pay attention to the event preceding the introduction of the VAT policy. A few months ago, the CBN made a shocking discovery that crypto P2P trading had been responsible for the steady decline of the Naira and promptly responded by waging a week-long war on crypto exchanges operating in the country. These actions signaled a harsh stance on cryptocurrency. Binance, the most popular centralized crypto exchange (CEX), was first scapegoated. Two of its executives found themselves under investigation for Binance-related activities in Nigeria. Later, they were dragged to court on charges bordering on tax evasion, money laundering, and currency manipulation. The Nigerian press further amplified concerns by heavily publicizing the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) governor's unverified claim of a $26 billion outflow from Nigeria through Binance. Many news reports portrayed cryptocurrency as a national security threat, potentially prompting an urgent response from the Nigerian government. How, within a short window of time, is cryptocurrency now part of the FIRS’ grand design to expand the nation’s revenue base? While the VAT policy signifies a regulatory approach toward crypto regulation, it can afford to wait until there is a much broader and clearer regulatory framework governing Nigeria’s burgeoning cryptocurrency industry. In other words, there have to be clearly defined rules in place addressing the key issues surrounding cryptocurrency before a tax policy is activated, borrowing a leaf from countries like South Africa and Kenya, which have made significant progress in this regard. Not only is the establishment of a clear-cut policy framework for digital assets a non-negotiable cryptocurrency adoption strategy, but it is also in the first order of cryptocurrency regulation principles. Countries that are intentional about leveraging this technology don't take a leap of faith but rather create a regulatory environment where crypto rules are clearly defined and established. The rationale behind the VAT on crypto transactions, however well-intentioned, might be overshadowed by the urgency of addressing Nigeria's broader economic challenges. For decades, Nigerians have grappled with a struggling national economy alongside pockets of insecurity. As of today, inflation is a nationwide concern, further fueled by President Tinubu's removal of fuel subsidies in May 2023.

Nigeria's Crypto Conundrum: Taxing The Forbidden Fruit

HDR or SDR? A Study of Scaled and Compressed Videos: Objective Assessment

Authors:
(1) Hamed Alimohammadzadeh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(2) Rohit Bernard, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(3) Yang Chen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(4) Trung Phan, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(5) Prashant Singh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(6) Shuqin Zhu, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(7) Heather Culbertson, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;
(8) Shahram Ghandeharizadeh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Flying Light Specks User Interaction Multimedia Systems Challenges Related Work Conclusions and Current Efforts, Acknowledgments, and References 3 USER INTERACTION FLSs will facilitate both kinesthetic (force) and tactile (skin-based) feedback to a user. While the former provides the shape and hardness of a virtual object, the latter renders an object’s surface properties. Both motivate the disaggregated FLS architecture of Figure 4 with diverse plug-in devices. To illustrate, textures for different surfaces may be rendered using different vibration actuators [19]. An actuator may be a plug-in device to the FLS system bus, enabling an experimenter to evaluate the actuator and its tactile feedback. An FLS acts as an encountered-type haptic device. Traditional kinesthetic feedback haptic rendering uses a vector-field approach [41] where the force to be displayed to the user is calculated based on their position in the 3D environment and geometric models of the virtual objects. Our FLS-based system will take a similar approach and calculate the desired force based on the user’s position and the 3D model of the object(s) to be rendered. For example, in displaying a virtual wall, the user is free to move their hand around the environment until their position penetrates inside the virtual wall, at which time the FLS would make contact with their hand to apply a force and prevent them from penetrating further into the virtual wall (Fig. 5). Using measurements of the FLS’s position and a 3D model of an object, we can determine how far the user has penetrated into the virtual object to calculate the amount of force to display to the user. With grounded impedance force-feedback haptic devices, the calculated force is then converted to motor torque using the device’s calibrated Jacobian matrix so that the desired force can be displayed to the user. Since the controllable output of the drones is thrust, displaying a set force to the user requires careful calibration between the commanded thrust and the resulting force. Previous researchers have completed this calibration for single axes of thrust/force for the Parrot AR.Drone [1]. Displaying more complex objects and interactions in 3-dimensions requires a more complete calibration of the system. Force Amplification: The size of the FLS plays an important role in its dynamics and the force that can be displayed to the user. The FLS’s motors determine the highest RPM that can be generated, and the propellers’ ratio of pitch:diameter affects the force per RPM generated from the air pushing downwards. A larger FLS usually means larger diameter propellers, leading to higher forces at a given RPM. However, the force that we will be able to output with an FLS will be significantly less than that of a traditional kinesthetic haptic device; for example, the common 3D Systems Touch device has a maximum force output of 3.3 N. The modality of human sensing also varies based on the level of force provided, with small forces (<1 N) being sensed as tactile information through the skin rather than kinesthetic information through the muscles [34]. Therefore, a single FLS will not be capable of providing sufficient force for a salient haptic interaction, especially if we want to generate the kinesthetic sensations necessary for displaying a rigid object. Therefore, the FLSs must coordinate together to combine their thrust so that an amplified force can be applied to the user. This coordination must be done in such a way that the formation remains stable during flight and that force can be passed between drones before eventually being felt by the user. This force amplification can be done either by FLSs in a parallel or series configuration (Fig. 6). In parallel, multiple FLSs will contact the user at the same time and will each provide a force proportional to that FLS’s disturbance from its own set-point. In series, only a single FLS will be in contact with the user, and both FLSs will have the same disturbance from their set-point; the user feels their combined force. User Safety: The goal of our system is to provide non-constrained encountered-type haptic feedback directly to users. To do this, the FLS must (1) be modified to allow users to safely have direct contact and (2) react to the user’s gesture input (e.g. push the FLS away from its desired position), and (3) provide meaningful haptic feedback. With the first, we use a cage to separate the user’s hand from the rotors. Cage shape, weight, and spatial density are key considerations that effect safety, lighting, and flying capability of the FLS. The added weight of the cage would affect the drone’s dynamics and induce imbalance issues when not calibrated. Spatial density of the cage’s mesh is important to prevent the user’s finger from accidentally penetrating the surfaces while not affecting the aerodynamics and lighting of the drone too significantly. However, too fine of a spatial density may significantly affect both the lighting and the flying ability of the drone. A balance must be made between choosing a mesh fine enough to protect the user’s fingers, but coarse enough to not disrupt the airflow and provide the desired textured lighting. Sensing Users: To create an effective touch-based interaction, each FLS should be capable of sensing touch from the user. At a minimum, the FLS should be able to detect the presence or absence of touch, and preferably it will be able to detect the location of touch as well. Capacitive sensors could be integrated into the FLS cage to easily detect the presence of user contact, and a more complex capacitive skin could be developed to determine point of contact. However, determining force of contact from this type of sensor would be challenging, and if this information is required more a more complex mesh of sensors must be developed. Here we propose to use open-loop control for the forces, so direct force sensing from the user is not required. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Hamed Alimohammadzadeh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (2) Rohit Bernard, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (3) Yang Chen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (4) Trung Phan, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (5) Prashant Singh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (6) Shuqin Zhu, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (7) Heather Culbertson, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (8) Shahram Ghandeharizadeh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. Authors: Authors: (1) Hamed Alimohammadzadeh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (2) Rohit Bernard, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (3) Yang Chen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (4) Trung Phan, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (5) Prashant Singh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (6) Shuqin Zhu, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (7) Heather Culbertson, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; (8) Shahram Ghandeharizadeh, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Flying Light Specks Flying Light Specks User Interaction User Interaction Multimedia Systems Challenges Multimedia Systems Challenges Related Work Related Work Conclusions and Current Efforts, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusions and Current Efforts, Acknowledgments, and References 3 USER INTERACTION FLSs will facilitate both kinesthetic (force) and tactile (skin-based) feedback to a user. While the former provides the shape and hardness of a virtual object, the latter renders an object’s surface properties. Both motivate the disaggregated FLS architecture of Figure 4 with diverse plug-in devices. To illustrate, textures for different surfaces may be rendered using different vibration actuators [19]. An actuator may be a plug-in device to the FLS system bus, enabling an experimenter to evaluate the actuator and its tactile feedback. An FLS acts as an encountered-type haptic device. Traditional kinesthetic feedback haptic rendering uses a vector-field approach [41] where the force to be displayed to the user is calculated based on their position in the 3D environment and geometric models of the virtual objects. Our FLS-based system will take a similar approach and calculate the desired force based on the user’s position and the 3D model of the object(s) to be rendered. For example, in displaying a virtual wall, the user is free to move their hand around the environment until their position penetrates inside the virtual wall, at which time the FLS would make contact with their hand to apply a force and prevent them from penetrating further into the virtual wall (Fig. 5). Using measurements of the FLS’s position and a 3D model of an object, we can determine how far the user has penetrated into the virtual object to calculate the amount of force to display to the user. With grounded impedance force-feedback haptic devices, the calculated force is then converted to motor torque using the device’s calibrated Jacobian matrix so that the desired force can be displayed to the user. Since the controllable output of the drones is thrust, displaying a set force to the user requires careful calibration between the commanded thrust and the resulting force. Previous researchers have completed this calibration for single axes of thrust/force for the Parrot AR.Drone [1]. Displaying more complex objects and interactions in 3-dimensions requires a more complete calibration of the system. Force Amplification: The size of the FLS plays an important role in its dynamics and the force that can be displayed to the user. The FLS’s motors determine the highest RPM that can be generated, and the propellers’ ratio of pitch:diameter affects the force per RPM generated from the air pushing downwards. A larger FLS usually means larger diameter propellers, leading to higher forces at a given RPM. However, the force that we will be able to output with an FLS will be significantly less than that of a traditional kinesthetic haptic device; for example, the common 3D Systems Touch device has a maximum force output of 3.3 N. The modality of human sensing also varies based on the level of force provided, with small forces (<1 N) being sensed as tactile information through the skin rather than kinesthetic information through the muscles [34]. Force Amplification: Therefore, a single FLS will not be capable of providing sufficient force for a salient haptic interaction, especially if we want to generate the kinesthetic sensations necessary for displaying a rigid object. Therefore, the FLSs must coordinate together to combine their thrust so that an amplified force can be applied to the user. This coordination must be done in such a way that the formation remains stable during flight and that force can be passed between drones before eventually being felt by the user. This force amplification can be done either by FLSs in a parallel or series configuration (Fig. 6). In parallel, multiple FLSs will contact the user at the same time and will each provide a force proportional to that FLS’s disturbance from its own set-point. In series, only a single FLS will be in contact with the user, and both FLSs will have the same disturbance from their set-point; the user feels their combined force. User Safety: The goal of our system is to provide non-constrained encountered-type haptic feedback directly to users. To do this, the FLS must (1) be modified to allow users to safely have direct contact and (2) react to the user’s gesture input (e.g. push the FLS away from its desired position), and (3) provide meaningful haptic feedback. With the first, we use a cage to separate the user’s hand from the rotors. Cage shape, weight, and spatial density are key considerations that effect safety, lighting, and flying capability of the FLS. The added weight of the cage would affect the drone’s dynamics and induce imbalance issues when not calibrated. Spatial density of the cage’s mesh is important to prevent the user’s finger from accidentally penetrating the surfaces while not affecting the aerodynamics and lighting of the drone too significantly. However, too fine of a spatial density may significantly affect both the lighting and the flying ability of the drone. A balance must be made between choosing a mesh fine enough to protect the user’s fingers, but coarse enough to not disrupt the airflow and provide the desired textured lighting. User Safety: Sensing Users: To create an effective touch-based interaction, each FLS should be capable of sensing touch from the user. At a minimum, the FLS should be able to detect the presence or absence of touch, and preferably it will be able to detect the location of touch as well. Capacitive sensors could be integrated into the FLS cage to easily detect the presence of user contact, and a more complex capacitive skin could be developed to determine point of contact. However, determining force of contact from this type of sensor would be challenging, and if this information is required more a more complex mesh of sensors must be developed. Here we propose to use open-loop control for the forces, so direct force sensing from the user is not required. Sensing Users: This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

How Flying Light Specks Enable Haptic Interactions

How AI and Blockchain are Converging: A Look into IVS Crypto 2024's Innovative Approach

এআই এবং ব্লকচেইন কীভাবে একত্রিত হচ্ছে: IVS ক্রিপ্টো 2024-এর উদ্ভাবনী পদ্ধতির দিকে একটি নজর

Wie KI und Blockchain zusammenwachsen: Ein Blick auf den innovativen Ansatz von IVS Crypto 2024

Cómo convergen la IA y Blockchain: una mirada al enfoque innovador de IVS Crypto 2024

Comment l'IA et la blockchain convergent : un aperçu de l'approche innovante d'IVS Crypto 2024

एआई और ब्लॉकचेन कैसे एक दूसरे से जुड़ रहे हैं: आईवीएस क्रिप्टो 2024 के अभिनव दृष्टिकोण पर एक नज़र

AIとブロックチェーンの融合: IVS Crypto 2024の革新的なアプローチを検証

AI와 블록체인이 융합되는 방식: IVS Crypto 2024의 혁신적인 접근 방식 살펴보기

Como a IA e o Blockchain estão convergindo: uma análise da abordagem inovadora do IVS Crypto 2024

Как ИИ и блокчейн объединяются: взгляд на инновационный подход IVS Crypto 2024

Yapay Zeka ve Blockchain Nasıl Birleşiyor: IVS Crypto 2024'ün Yenilikçi Yaklaşımına Bir Bakış

AI và Blockchain đang hội tụ như thế nào: Nhìn vào phương pháp tiếp cận đổi mới của IVS Crypto 2024

人工智能与区块链如何融合：了解 IVS Crypto 2024 的创新方法

Inside Job: The Subtle Ways Employees Bypass Security Measures

কাজের ভিতরে: সূক্ষ্ম উপায় কর্মচারীরা নিরাপত্তা ব্যবস্থা বাইপাস করে

Inside Job: Die subtilen Methoden, mit denen Mitarbeiter Sicherheitsmaßnahmen umgehen

Trabajo interno: las formas sutiles en que los empleados eluden las medidas de seguridad

Inside Job : les façons subtiles dont les employés contournent les mesures de sécurité

अंदरूनी काम: कर्मचारी सुरक्षा उपायों को नजरअंदाज करने के सूक्ष्म तरीके

内部犯行：従業員がセキュリティ対策を巧妙に回避する方法

Inside Job: 직원들이 보안 조치를 우회하는 미묘한 방법

Trabalho interno: as maneiras sutis pelas quais os funcionários contornam as medidas de segurança

Внутренняя работа: тонкие способы, которыми сотрудники обходят меры безопасности

İşin İçinde: Çalışanların Güvenlik Önlemlerini Atlamanın İnce Yolları

Inside Job: Những cách tinh tế để nhân viên vượt qua các biện pháp an ninh

内部工作：员工绕过安全措施的巧妙方法

An Experimental WiFi LAN I designed and tested in 1985 under an FCC Special License So in 1985, I was kind of adrift. I had a living by doing what I’ll loosely call “consulting” but many would call computer support. Much of it was a kind of freelance piece-by-piece existence. One day I was at my major client’s offices on some project or another and he observes that it would be superior if the computers didn’t have connecting wires. This was not an untoward comment, the outfit provided a networking software product for TeleVideo Computers machines, 8-bit Z80 products. I guess it was boredom and potential, but I piped up that I could do that. I had done a few projects for these folks, and I had a measure of credibility. Next thing up I am going to design a wireless LAN on the cheap. Now at this time to the best of my knowledge, no one else had a wireless LAN. My life has been interesting, and I had experience as a microwave maintenance petty officer for a US Navy communications station as well as homebrew experiments with surplus klystrons and tin cans from the top of Stone Mountain Georgia, so I figured microwaves would be the trick. Modern microwaves at that time were Gunn diodes; low power and relatively cheap. Think about that for just a moment. Here we have this addlepated n’er do well who has gained the absolute confidence of a funder to work some nifty magic. The least I could do was deliver, right? ☺ My idea was to build up a proof of concept system linking a pair of machines. To do this I used a functional block microwave unit as the transceiver. These units were typically used as speed detectors in railroad marshaling yards to determine railcar weight by virtue of their acceleration downhill after being pushed over a hump.. Or police speed-detecting radars. Both of those concepts used the Doppler shift of reflected radio waves from moving objects. My idea was to use them as both my receiver and as a CW transmitter. So I got to design some nifty circuitry doing this. For one thing, the Gunn diode was voltage critical, a change in voltage gave a change in frequency. If you turned it on slowly its frequency kind of smeared on its way to quiescent, so I needed something that was very fast and stable. Another consideration was the output from the microwave module as a receiver. In this case, it was a train of high-frequency RF pulses at 4Megabits rep rate.  I fed the resulting pulse train to my IF and used a biased Schottky diode bridge “detector” to remove the high-frequency component. I designed an interesting IF amplifier that is fully differential and that uses trifilar wound ferrite toroids as IF “transformers” to obtain an IF bandwidth of 8MHz at a 6MHz operating frequency. RCA Semiconductors gifted me 10 or so of their then-new RF integrated circuits. These were initially proposed for use as for example RF mixers, and of great import to me was a differential pair that was well matched. Thanks, folks! There is no schematic for any of the circuitry. At the time I would just build things out of my head with no previous written schema. In my view the actual realization instantiated, the actual “as built”, that is the ultimate “schematic” or “logic diagram”. I also had this kind of weird thing where I would visualize the circuits with their actual components and connections before I built it, sometimes like an animation or tutorial movie about how it worked. For this concept and my work to have more legitimacy (and to be legal. I was using commercial frequencies for my experiment to lower expenses), I decided to get an FCC license to cover this effort. That also established a demonstration of when and by whom this work was done. An official scratch on the wall of time, markings on the wall of the cave.  I have been unable to locate the Documentation regarding the license or I would have included it here in the article. In the end, the units worked fairly well. I had a functioning wifi LAN in my house as a result of this work. I got a phone call from some fellow from Microwave Associates asking me about the project. I described it in a sentence or two and he replied “Oh that won’t work.” My reply was well fly your ass on down here and you can see it working right here. Guess he didn’t believe me. Meanwhile, what happened? The fellow I reported to, the one with the remark about the wires, told me I should try to curtail my desires because the owner had recently lost a good bit of money financing some scheme of his nephew’s. I did not feel like it was up to me to subsidize or compensate for his bad choices or his nephew’s mistakes. Then the owner himself said, “Give it to me, I know what it is worth and who to give it to.” Interesting idea, maybe he even had the very best of intent. But there were no contracts or organizations that I had a part in, so disheartened once again, I just quit doing anything further with it. I did not do this work to give it away. Such is life. This next is a photo of one of the test units, This is the first page of the CA3028B Integrated Circuit datasheet and you can see the internal circuit here. Makes a dandy diff amp. You can see that Harris Semiconductor took over the RCA operation as shown on the datasheet. The microwave module was manufactured by Microwave_Associates and is apparently no longer available. New, suitable replacements could be found. Hopefully, you found this article entertaining and informative. As always comments, criticisms, and suggestions are welcome. God bless all. An Experimental WiFi LAN I designed and tested in 1985 under an FCC Special License So in 1985, I was kind of adrift. I had a living by doing what I’ll loosely call “consulting” but many would call computer support. Much of it was a kind of freelance piece-by-piece existence. One day I was at my major client’s offices on some project or another and he observes that it would be superior if the computers didn’t have connecting wires. This was not an untoward comment, the outfit provided a networking software product for TeleVideo Computers machines, 8-bit Z80 products. I guess it was boredom and potential, but I piped up that I could do that. TeleVideo Computers I had done a few projects for these folks, and I had a measure of credibility. Next thing up I am going to design a wireless LAN on the cheap. Now at this time to the best of my knowledge, no one else had a wireless LAN. My life has been interesting, and I had experience as a microwave maintenance petty officer for a US Navy communications station as well as homebrew experiments with surplus klystrons and tin cans from the top of Stone Mountain Georgia, so I figured microwaves would be the trick. Modern microwaves at that time were Gunn diodes; low power and relatively cheap. Think about that for just a moment. Here we have this addlepated n’er do well who has gained the absolute confidence of a funder to work some nifty magic. The least I could do was deliver, right? ☺ My idea was to build up a proof of concept system linking a pair of machines. To do this I used a functional block microwave unit as the transceiver. These units were typically used as speed detectors in railroad marshaling yards to determine railcar weight by virtue of their acceleration downhill after being pushed over a hump.. Or police speed-detecting radars. Both of those concepts used the Doppler shift of reflected radio waves from moving objects. My idea was to use them as both my receiver and as a CW transmitter. So I got to design some nifty circuitry doing this. For one thing, the Gunn diode was voltage critical, a change in voltage gave a change in frequency. If you turned it on slowly its frequency kind of smeared on its way to quiescent, so I needed something that was very fast and stable. Another consideration was the output from the microwave module as a receiver. In this case, it was a train of high-frequency RF pulses at 4Megabits rep rate.  I fed the resulting pulse train to my IF and used a biased Schottky diode bridge “detector” to remove the high-frequency component. I designed an interesting IF amplifier that is fully differential and that uses trifilar wound ferrite toroids as IF “transformers” to obtain an IF bandwidth of 8MHz at a 6MHz operating frequency. RCA Semiconductors gifted me 10 or so of their then-new RF integrated circuits. These were initially proposed for use as for example RF mixers, and of great import to me was a differential pair that was well matched. Thanks, folks! RCA Semiconductors There is no schematic for any of the circuitry. At the time I would just build things out of my head with no previous written schema. In my view the actual realization instantiated, the actual “as built”, that is the ultimate “schematic” or “logic diagram”. I also had this kind of weird thing where I would visualize the circuits with their actual components and connections before I built it, sometimes like an animation or tutorial movie about how it worked. For this concept and my work to have more legitimacy (and to be legal. I was using commercial frequencies for my experiment to lower expenses), I decided to get an FCC license to cover this effort. That also established a demonstration of when and by whom this work was done. An official scratch on the wall of time, markings on the wall of the cave.  I have been unable to locate the Documentation regarding the license or I would have included it here in the article. In the end, the units worked fairly well. I had a functioning wifi LAN in my house as a result of this work. I got a phone call from some fellow from Microwave Associates asking me about the project. I described it in a sentence or two and he replied “Oh that won’t work.” My reply was well fly your ass on down here and you can see it working right here. Guess he didn’t believe me. Meanwhile, what happened? The fellow I reported to, the one with the remark about the wires, told me I should try to curtail my desires because the owner had recently lost a good bit of money financing some scheme of his nephew’s. I did not feel like it was up to me to subsidize or compensate for his bad choices or his nephew’s mistakes. Then the owner himself said, “Give it to me, I know what it is worth and who to give it to.” Interesting idea, maybe he even had the very best of intent. But there were no contracts or organizations that I had a part in, so disheartened once again, I just quit doing anything further with it. I did not do this work to give it away. Such is life. This next is a photo of one of the test units, This is the first page of the CA3028B Integrated Circuit datasheet and you can see the internal circuit here. Makes a dandy diff amp. You can see that Harris Semiconductor took over the RCA operation as shown on the datasheet. CA3028B Integrated Circuit The microwave module was manufactured by Microwave_Associates and is apparently no longer available. New, suitable replacements could be found. Microwave_Associates Hopefully, you found this article entertaining and informative. As always comments, criticisms, and suggestions are welcome. God bless all.

NoWire, a 1985 Microwave LAN Experiment

NoWire, একটি 1985 মাইক্রোওয়েভ ল্যান পরীক্ষা

NoWire, ein Mikrowellen-LAN-Experiment von 1985

NoWire, un experimento de LAN de microondas de 1985

NoWire, une expérience LAN micro-ondes de 1985

नोवायर, 1985 का माइक्रोवेव लैन प्रयोग

NoWire、1985 年のマイクロ波 LAN 実験

NoWire, 1985년 마이크로파 LAN 실험

NoWire, um experimento de LAN de microondas de 1985

NoWire, эксперимент с микроволновой локальной сетью, 1985 г.

NoWire, 1985 Mikrodalga LAN Deneyi

NoWire, một thí nghiệm mạng LAN vi sóng năm 1985

NoWire，1985 年的微波局域网实验

Autonomys Network: ex-Jumio Executive Appointed CEO For New deAI Vision Ahead Of Mainnet Launch

অটোনমিস নেটওয়ার্ক: মেইননেট লঞ্চের আগে নতুন ডিএআই ভিশনের জন্য প্রাক্তন জুমিও এক্সিকিউটিভ সিইও নিযুক্ত হয়েছেন

Autonomys Network: ehemaliger Jumio-Manager vor Mainnet-Start zum CEO für neue deAI-Vision ernannt

Autonomys Network: ex ejecutivo de Jumio nombrado director ejecutivo para la nueva visión deAI antes del lanzamiento de Mainnet

Autonomys Network : un ancien cadre de Jumio est nommé PDG de la nouvelle vision deAI avant le lancement du réseau principal

ऑटोनोमिस नेटवर्क: पूर्व-जुमियो कार्यकारी को मेननेट लॉन्च से पहले नए डीएआई विजन के लिए सीईओ नियुक्त किया गया

Autonomys Network: メインネットの立ち上げに先立ち、元Jumio幹部が新たなdeAIビジョンのCEOに任命される

Autonomys Network: 전 Jumio 임원이 메인넷 출시를 앞두고 새로운 deAI 비전을 위해 CEO로 임명됨

Rede Autonomys: ex-executivo da Jumio nomeado CEO para nova visão deAI antes do lançamento da Mainnet

Сеть Autonomys: бывший исполнительный директор Jumio назначен генеральным директором новой концепции deAI в преддверии запуска основной сети

Autonomys Network: Eski Jumio Yöneticisi, Mainnet Lansmanı Öncesinde Yeni deAI Vizyonu İçin CEO Olarak Atandı

Autonomys Network: Cựu Giám đốc điều hành Jumio được bổ nhiệm làm Giám đốc điều hành cho Tầm nhìn deAI mới trước khi ra mắt Mainnet

Autonomys Network：前 Jumio 高管被任命为新 deAI 愿景的首席执行官，主网发布前夕

Author:
(1) David S. Hardin, Cedar Rapids, IA USA david.s.hardin@gmail.com. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Dancing Links
The Rust Programming Language
RAC: Hardware/Software Co-Assurance at Scale
Rust and RAR
Dancing Links in Rust
Related Work
Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 5 Rust and RAR The Rust Programming Language [16] is a modern, high-level programming language designed to combine the code generation efficiency of C/C++ with drastically improved type safety and memory management features. A distinguishing feature of Rust is that a non-scalar object may only have one owner. For example, one cannot assign a reference to an object in a local variable, and then pass that reference to a function. This restriction is similar to those imposed on ACL2 single-threaded objects (stobjs) [4], with the additional complexities of enforcing such “single-owner” restrictions in the context of a generalpurpose, imperative programming language. The Rust runtime performs array bounds checking, as well as arithmetic overflow checking (the latter can be disabled by a build environment setting). In most other ways, Rust is a fairly conventional modern programming language, with interfaces (called traits), lambdas (termed closures), and pattern matching, as well as a macro capability. Also in keeping with other modern programming language ecosystems, Rust features a language-specific build and package management sytem, named cargo. 5.1 Restricted Algorithmic Rust As we wish to utilize the RAC toolchain as a backend in our initial work, Restricted Algorithmic Rust is semantically equivalent to RAC. Thus, we adopt the same semantic restrictions as described in Russinoff’s book. Additionally, in order to enable translation to RAC, as well as to ease the transition from C/C++, RAR supports a commonly used macro that provides a C-like for loop in Rust. Note that, despite the restrictions, RAR code is proper Rust; it compiles to binary using the standard Rust compiler. RAR is transpiled to RAC via a source-to-source translator, as depicted in Fig. 3. Our transpiler is based on the plex parser and lexer generator [28] source code. We thus call our transpiler Plexi, a nickname given to a famous (and now highly sought-after) line of Marshall guitar amplifiers of the mid-1960s. Plexi performs lexical and syntactic transformations that convert RAR code to RAC code. Recent improvements in the plexi tool include better handling of array declarations, as well as providing support for Rust const declarations. The generated RAC code can then be compiled using a C/C++ compiler, fed to an HLS-based FPGA compiler, as well as translated to ACL2 via the RAC ACL2 translator, as illustrated in Fig. 3. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Author: (1) David S. Hardin, Cedar Rapids, IA USA david.s.hardin@gmail.com. Author: Author: (1) David S. Hardin, Cedar Rapids, IA USA david.s.hardin@gmail.com. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Dancing Links The Rust Programming Language RAC: Hardware/Software Co-Assurance at Scale Rust and RAR Dancing Links in Rust Related Work Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Dancing Links Dancing Links The Rust Programming Language The Rust Programming Language RAC: Hardware/Software Co-Assurance at Scale RAC: Hardware/Software Co-Assurance at Scale Rust and RAR Rust and RAR Dancing Links in Rust Dancing Links in Rust Related Work Related Work Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 5 Rust and RAR The Rust Programming Language [16] is a modern, high-level programming language designed to combine the code generation efficiency of C/C++ with drastically improved type safety and memory management features. A distinguishing feature of Rust is that a non-scalar object may only have one owner. For example, one cannot assign a reference to an object in a local variable, and then pass that reference to a function. This restriction is similar to those imposed on ACL2 single-threaded objects (stobjs) [4], with the additional complexities of enforcing such “single-owner” restrictions in the context of a generalpurpose, imperative programming language. The Rust runtime performs array bounds checking, as well as arithmetic overflow checking (the latter can be disabled by a build environment setting). In most other ways, Rust is a fairly conventional modern programming language, with interfaces (called traits), lambdas (termed closures), and pattern matching, as well as a macro capability. Also in keeping with other modern programming language ecosystems, Rust features a language-specific build and package management sytem, named cargo. 5.1 Restricted Algorithmic Rust As we wish to utilize the RAC toolchain as a backend in our initial work, Restricted Algorithmic Rust is semantically equivalent to RAC. Thus, we adopt the same semantic restrictions as described in Russinoff’s book. Additionally, in order to enable translation to RAC, as well as to ease the transition from C/C++, RAR supports a commonly used macro that provides a C-like for loop in Rust. Note that, despite the restrictions, RAR code is proper Rust; it compiles to binary using the standard Rust compiler. RAR is transpiled to RAC via a source-to-source translator, as depicted in Fig. 3. Our transpiler is based on the plex parser and lexer generator [28] source code. We thus call our transpiler Plexi, a nickname given to a famous (and now highly sought-after) line of Marshall guitar amplifiers of the mid-1960s. Plexi performs lexical and syntactic transformations that convert RAR code to RAC code. Recent improvements in the plexi tool include better handling of array declarations, as well as providing support for Rust const declarations. The generated RAC code can then be compiled using a C/C++ compiler, fed to an HLS-based FPGA compiler, as well as translated to ACL2 via the RAC ACL2 translator, as illustrated in Fig. 3. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Verification of a Rust Implementation of Knuth’s Dancing
Links Using ACL2: Rust and RAR

In the evolving landscape of finance, cryptocurrencies and open banking have marked significant milestones as paradigms of innovation. Both domains extensively harness technological advancements and champion data transparency, setting the stage for a synergistic interplay. This exploration delves into the integration of open banking within the cryptocurrency sector, showcases tangible instances of their convergence, and forecasts emerging trends. Understanding Open Banking Open banking revolutionizes traditional financial paradigms by obligating banks to share customer-permitted data with authorized fintech entities. This practice, mandated under Europe's PSD2 regulation since 2018, dismantles previous data monopolies held by banks, facilitating the creation of tailored, user-centric financial products. Enhanced payment experiences and unified financial account management are prime examples of open banking’s capabilities. Deciphering Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency stands as a form of digital, decentralized currency, distinguished from conventional online transactions by its foundational technology—Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), particularly blockchain. This technology ensures transparency and operates independently of central regulatory authorities. Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin are among the prominent cryptocurrencies adopted for investments, remittances, and transactions. Shared Principles: Data Transparency The ethos of blockchain and open banking is rooted in maximizing data accessibility and transparency. While open banking leverages Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for secure data exchanges between banks and fintechs, cryptocurrency employs blockchain to maintain a tamper-evident transaction ledger across a distributed network. Cryptocurrency Utilizing Open Banking Open banking amplifies the cryptocurrency ecosystem by enhancing user experiences and fostering innovation through features like: Crypto Account Deposits: Facilitates seamless fund transfers to crypto exchanges via rapid and secure channels, minimizing the need for manual data entry through Payment Initiation Service Providers (PISP).
Cryptocurrency Lending: Improves lending platforms by using financial data aggregators to expedite credit assessments, making the process more efficient than traditional methods.
AML & KYC Compliance: Streamlines anti-money laundering processes and Know Your Customer protocols by providing comprehensive transaction histories, which aids in verifying user identities and assessing transaction risks.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Mirrors the principles of open banking; it integrates with DeFi platforms to blend the reliability of traditional finance with innovative, decentralized models. Real-world Integration Examples Coinbase and Open Banking: In 2022, Coinbase enabled UK customers to link their bank accounts directly to their cryptocurrency accounts, enhancing transaction security and speed.
Revolut's Seamless Transition: As a digital bank, Revolut uses open banking to bridge traditional and digital currencies effortlessly.
Gemini: This crypto exchange simplified cryptocurrency transactions in 2022 by incorporating open banking, allowing direct bank account connections. Future Directions in Crypto and Open Banking The trajectory of open banking and cryptocurrency integration is poised for expansive growth, driven by regulatory developments and increasing consumer adoption. Projected to burgeon from $57 billion in 2023 to $330 billion by 2027, open banking transactions are set to soar . Concurrently, the cryptocurrency market is expected to escalate from $910.3 million in 2021 to $1.9 billion by 2028. Upcoming Regulatory Landscapes Europe's PSD3 and Crypto Regulations: Scheduled for 2024, these regulations aim to enhance API quality and heighten security measures, while the MiCA framework will standardise operational protocols for cryptocurrency businesses. Michael Bystrov, Chief Revenue Officer at Noda said "Elevate your business with Noda’s comprehensive open banking solutions. Our platform is engineered with advanced AI and machine-learning technologies to streamline your payment processes and expand your operational capabilities. At Noda, we prioritize your transactional efficiency and growth." This exploration underscores the mutual benefits and vast potential of integrating open banking with cryptocurrency practices, highlighting a future rich with opportunities for innovation and enhanced financial inclusivity. In the evolving landscape of finance, cryptocurrencies and open banking have marked significant milestones as paradigms of innovation. Both domains extensively harness technological advancements and champion data transparency, setting the stage for a synergistic interplay. This exploration delves into the integration of open banking within the cryptocurrency sector, showcases tangible instances of their convergence, and forecasts emerging trends. Understanding Open Banking Open banking revolutionizes traditional financial paradigms by obligating banks to share customer-permitted data with authorized fintech entities. This practice, mandated under Europe's PSD2 regulation since 2018, dismantles previous data monopolies held by banks, facilitating the creation of tailored, user-centric financial products. Enhanced payment experiences and unified financial account management are prime examples of open banking’s capabilities. Deciphering Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency stands as a form of digital, decentralized currency, distinguished from conventional online transactions by its foundational technology—Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), particularly blockchain. This technology ensures transparency and operates independently of central regulatory authorities. Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin are among the prominent cryptocurrencies adopted for investments, remittances, and transactions. Shared Principles: Data Transparency The ethos of blockchain and open banking is rooted in maximizing data accessibility and transparency. While open banking leverages Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for secure data exchanges between banks and fintechs, cryptocurrency employs blockchain to maintain a tamper-evident transaction ledger across a distributed network. Cryptocurrency Utilizing Open Banking Open banking amplifies the cryptocurrency ecosystem by enhancing user experiences and fostering innovation through features like: Crypto Account Deposits: Facilitates seamless fund transfers to crypto exchanges via rapid and secure channels, minimizing the need for manual data entry through Payment Initiation Service Providers (PISP). Cryptocurrency Lending: Improves lending platforms by using financial data aggregators to expedite credit assessments, making the process more efficient than traditional methods. AML & KYC Compliance: Streamlines anti-money laundering processes and Know Your Customer protocols by providing comprehensive transaction histories, which aids in verifying user identities and assessing transaction risks. Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Mirrors the principles of open banking; it integrates with DeFi platforms to blend the reliability of traditional finance with innovative, decentralized models. Crypto Account Deposits: Facilitates seamless fund transfers to crypto exchanges via rapid and secure channels, minimizing the need for manual data entry through Payment Initiation Service Providers (PISP). Cryptocurrency Lending: Improves lending platforms by using financial data aggregators to expedite credit assessments, making the process more efficient than traditional methods. AML & KYC Compliance: Streamlines anti-money laundering processes and Know Your Customer protocols by providing comprehensive transaction histories, which aids in verifying user identities and assessing transaction risks. Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Mirrors the principles of open banking; it integrates with DeFi platforms to blend the reliability of traditional finance with innovative, decentralized models. Real-world Integration Examples Coinbase and Open Banking: In 2022, Coinbase enabled UK customers to link their bank accounts directly to their cryptocurrency accounts, enhancing transaction security and speed. Revolut's Seamless Transition: As a digital bank, Revolut uses open banking to bridge traditional and digital currencies effortlessly. Gemini: This crypto exchange simplified cryptocurrency transactions in 2022 by incorporating open banking, allowing direct bank account connections. Coinbase and Open Banking: In 2022, Coinbase enabled UK customers to link their bank accounts directly to their cryptocurrency accounts, enhancing transaction security and speed. Coinbase enabled UK customers Coinbase enabled UK customers Revolut's Seamless Transition: As a digital bank, Revolut uses open banking to bridge traditional and digital currencies effortlessly. Revolut uses open banking Revolut uses open banking Gemini: This crypto exchange simplified cryptocurrency transactions in 2022 by incorporating open banking, allowing direct bank account connections. transactions in 2022 transactions in 2022 Future Directions in Crypto and Open Banking The trajectory of open banking and cryptocurrency integration is poised for expansive growth, driven by regulatory developments and increasing consumer adoption. Projected to burgeon from $57 billion in 2023 to $330 billion by 2027, open banking transactions are set to soar . Concurrently, the cryptocurrency market is expected to escalate from $910.3 million in 2021 to $1.9 billion by 2028. $57 billion in 2023 $57 billion in 2023 Upcoming Regulatory Landscapes Europe's PSD3 and Crypto Regulations: Scheduled for 2024, these regulations aim to enhance API quality and heighten security measures, while the MiCA framework will standardise operational protocols for cryptocurrency businesses. Europe's PSD3 and Crypto Regulations: Scheduled for 2024 , these regulations aim to enhance API quality and heighten security measures, while the MiCA framework will standardise operational protocols for cryptocurrency businesses. Scheduled for 2024 Scheduled for 2024 Michael Bystrov, Chief Revenue Officer at Noda said "Elevate your business with Noda’s comprehensive open banking solutions. Our platform is engineered with advanced AI and machine-learning technologies to streamline your payment processes and expand your operational capabilities. At Noda, we prioritize your transactional efficiency and growth." Michael Bystrov, Chief Revenue Officer at Noda said "Elevate your business with Noda’s comprehensive open banking solutions. Our platform is engineered with advanced AI and machine-learning technologies to streamline your payment processes and expand your operational capabilities. At Noda , we prioritize your transactional efficiency and growth." Noda Noda This exploration underscores the mutual benefits and vast potential of integrating open banking with cryptocurrency practices, highlighting a future rich with opportunities for innovation and enhanced financial inclusivity.

Crypto and Open Banking: Synergies, Real-world Applications, and Future Prospects 

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