The Johnstown Housing Authority is officially accepting bids to do repair work on the Prospect Homes public housing units that were vacated earlier this year due to structural deficiencies.

Johnstown Housing Authority puts Prospect Homes work out to bid

Radford women's soccer standout Helena Willson was named the Big South defensive player of the year on Tuesday, while Radford's Eileen Albers was named the freshman of the year. Ben Sohrabi, who steered Radford (10-5-2, 6-1-1) to the Big South regular-season title, was named the coach of the year for the fifth time.

In the region: Big South honors Radford women

The third artist announcement for the 2024 Byron Bay Bluesfest is here. Alaskan pop rock outfit Portugal. The Man will headline the event’s opening night – Thursday, 28th March – alongside libertarian singer-songwriter Ziggy Alberts,

Bluesfest Adds More Artists to 2024 Lineup: Portugal. The Man, Ziggy Alberts, Snarky Puppy + More

Lynnville-Sully juniors Olivia Norrish and Hendrick Lowry and freshman Colton Alberts each expected to perform better at the Class 1A state cross country meet on Friday. While none of the Haws posted season-best times,

Lowry leads Lynnville-Sully trio at state XC meet

JHA puts Prospect Homes work out to bid

Dozens of workers and volunteers came together Tuesday to simulate an emergency scenario to train for potential disasters.

Drill helps Orlando Health medical workers prepare for the unthinkable

The spacious property located at 67 Uncle Alberts Drive in Chatham was sold on Oct. 12, 2023 for $4,400,000, or $880 per square foot. The house, built in 2014, has an interior space of 5,000 square feet.

Five-bedroom home sells in Chatham for $4.4 million

We came up with our list of top liberos among city/area high school volleyball teams in search of the B.O.B. - the Best Of

You Voted: Best libero in high school volleyball is...?

FORT DODGE — Lynnville-Sully juniors Olivia Norrish and Hendrick Lowry and freshman Colton Alberts each expected to perform better at the Class 1A state cross country meet on Friday.

Until now, menopause had not been documented in wild, non-human animals, except for a few species of toothed whales

Wild, Female Chimpanzees Go Through Menopause, Study Finds

Alberts

alberts

A breakthrough is not actually breaking through something and coming out  with something never seen or imagined. A breakthrough is the byproduct of multiple innovations combined into one big evolution. Evolution in any medium of our lives takes place when multiple small innovations, experiments, and discoveries combined together to create a new, never before seen feature or a product that leverages our existing lives. We're privileged to be living in a time where science and technology can assist us, make our lives easier and rethink the ways we go about our daily lives. The technology we're already exposed and accustomed to has paved the way for us to innovate further, and this list of current and future technologies certainly have the potential to change our lives even more. Reinforcement Learning One of the very first ways that will revolutionize the way we interact with computers and computational power today.  Reinforcement learning is a method to feed data to the computers and make them learn with repeated patterns. Researchers figured out how they can make a computer calculate the value that should be assigned to a particular task. For example, during the research carried out on rats, each right or wrong turn that a rat might make on its way out of its maze will be assigned a value by the computer. Each value then is stored in a large table, and the computer updates all these values as and when it learns. However, when it comes to large and complicated tasks, this becomes computationally impractical. This is where reinforcement learning has come into play. In past few years, deep learning has proved as a supremely efficient way to recognize patterns in data, regardless if it  refers to the turns in a maze, the positions on a Go board, or the pixels shown on screen during a computer game. Dueling Neural Networks This great scientific breakthrough promises to bless the AI systems with “imagination”. And how? By allowing them to essentially “spar” with each other. Researchers at Google Brain, Deep Mind and Nvidia are focused on enabling systems which will create ultra-realistic, computer generated images or sounds, beyond what is currently possible. Duelling Neural Networks are a classic breakthrough in artificial intelligence allowing AI to create images of things it has never seen before. It gives AI a sense of imagination. One red-flag here is the possibility of computers becoming alarmingly capable tools for digital fakery and fraud by themselves. And this thought needs to be given much attention as well. The Quantum Leap Unlike classical computing, which runs everything from your cell phone to a supercomputer, quantum computing is based on the properties of quantum mechanics. Many vision-led companies, including Google, have been researching in the field of quantum computing. This will take the speed and sophistication of computing to the next level. Tactical VR Researchers have developed a prototype device where users can use VR with their touch. This is called Epidermal VR, which uses NFC to interact with the users’ input and provides feedback. All-time ECG With chips becoming smaller and smaller, computing power has been increasing. Today there are microchips, which can sit easily on the tip of your finger. We are living in the era of ECG-enabled smart watches which have been made possible by new regulations and innovations in hardware and software. They offer the convenience of a wearable device with something closer to the precision of a medical one. The data from the host can be directly fed to the app especially made for this device. This idea is one revolutionary step away from a to make it go commercial in the coming years. mobile app development company Artificial Neurons Researchers and scientists have been burning the midnight oil in order to develop artificial neurons for a long time. It is believed that they will be immensely useful in treating many diseases and medical conditions. Such artificial neurons can replace damaged neurons, such as those in spinal cord injuries, or dysfunctional neurons, and help in establishing the brain signal again. Babel Fish Earbuds This technology has not become mainstream yet. However, major players, including Google are working on this technology where the earbuds you are wearing can translate any language a person is speaking in real-time. Smart Toothbrushes There already are commercially available intelligent  toothbrushes  which keep an eye on your brushing technique to make sure you're doing a good thorough job each time you brush your teeth. The future of intelligent toothbrush would be such that the brush would send your dental health data to your dentist so they don't even need to ask if you're flossing daily. 3D Metal Printing We already know about 3D plastic printing. It took over the globe  and brought an ease to design and prototyping. With advances in technology,  instant metal fabrication is quickly becoming a reality, which clearly opens a new world of possibilities in the world of 3D printing. Smart Mirrors Mirrors are something where a quick glance  at it each morning will give you a visual cue on how you're feeling and looking to the outside world. How about a time when there will be smart mirrors that could scan you and dictate about the potential health problems, vitamin deficiencies or warnings signs of underlying issues in your body. Prosthetics with a sense of touch group of  European engineers and scientists, a few years back, created a prosthetic arm unlike any other conventional prosthetics. What this wonderful device does is that the prosthetic hand connects directly to the remaining nerves on the patient’s upper arm. It gives the "hand" a sense of touch and can be easily controlled by the wearer. A few test results show that patients were indeed able to differentiate between different items such as a bottle, a baseball and a mandarin orange. Wearer was also able to exert different levels of pressure, allowing him to touch, hold or grab something with the prosthetic arm. In future, we could see commercial use of such prosthetic arms and legs by patients across the globe. Nanotechnology One of the most promising technologies around us is Nanotech. Paradoxically, the smaller the devices get, the larger the issues they are able to resolve. Right from cleaning the water of pollutants to creating biodegradable plastics to fighting off disease, nanotechnology has the potential to shape the next century in ways we can’t even imagine. These are infinitesimally small miniscule machines which operate in nanometers which can work at the scale of human DNA and fundamentally change how structures behave, breaking down or building up considering what effect we desired or what output is expected. They are small and require an incredibly low amount of power to function; they can even be powered by the beating of your heart or the chemical energy inside of cells. Nanotechnology carries the promise to track the progress of diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer, help manufacture and design more efficient batteries, and create damage- and rust-resistant materials which could last forever or break down when exposed to certain waves of light. Cryogenics According to physics, the process of Cryogenics  is the production and behaviour of materials at incredibly low temperatures. This would also mean, scientists would one day be able to freeze human bodies and put them into a sort of hibernation for a prolonged period of time. Many advocates and enthusiasts of this idea  believe that scientists will one day work out how to warm the bodies up and bring them back to life, after they have been frozen. Considering that by that time doctors might be able to cure cancer and other diseases which are untreatable today. Endnotes The womb of the future never discloses what it bears inside, nor do we have the technology to take a peek. We can only speculate, evaluate, and calculate. Einstein had put it in the best way when he said, ‘Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution’. Our Imagination fueled with our will to make it a reality has shaped the world around us. And this human imagination is what will take us to the vast corners of not only this earth but across the galaxies. Images- theofficeclue

Amazing Breakthrough Technologies That Can Potentially Change the World

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Xinyu Li, University of Washington. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
2. Method and 2.1. G is constant
2.2. Linear Relation between G and I
2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I
3. Results
4. Conclusion and References 4. Conclusion Future researchers can investigate other nonlinear relationships between government spending and national income such as the case when government spending increases cubically with the national income. References: Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013.


Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358.


Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006.


Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903.


Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. 6. Strogatz, Steven H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering. CRC Press, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429492563. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Xinyu Li, University of Washington. Xinyu Li, University of Washington. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction 2. Method and 2.1. G is constant 2.2. Linear Relation between G and I 2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I 3. Results 4. Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction 2. Method and 2.1. G is constant 2. Method and 2.1. G is constant 2.2. Linear Relation between G and I 2.2. Linear Relation between G and I 2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I 2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I 3. Results 3. Results 4. Conclusion and References 4. Conclusion and References 4. Conclusion Future researchers can investigate other nonlinear relationships between government spending and national income such as the case when government spending increases cubically with the national income. References: Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358. Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006. Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903. Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358. Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358. Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006. Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006 . https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006 Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903. Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903. Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. 6. Strogatz, Steven H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering. CRC Press, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429492563. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Bifurcation Analysis of the Keynesian Cross Model: Conclusion and References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ayei E. Ibor, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (2) Mark Hooper, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (3) Carsten Maple, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (4) Gregory Epiphaniou, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Background Review of Literature Methodology Discussion of Findings Conclusion and Future Work & References 6. Conclusion and Future Work Trustworthy interoperability is a key enabler for identity management and widens the dimensions of e-government in developing countries. This research provided insights into the challenges, opportunities, and requirements of interoperability and highlighted the limitations of current interoperability solutions such as the Estonian X-Road and the eIDAS of the European Union. We found that each existing interoperability solution has its benefits and drawbacks, although both are targeted at a common goal. To achieve seamless communication of identification data, we proposed an approach for scoping requirements by first identifying the key processes to identity management in an interoperability context. Furthermore, we addressed the limitations of the current solutions using an architecture that considers the flexibility of identity verification and validation through an interoperable layer that is based on four interacting layers of data representation, semantics, binding, and security and privacy. For future work, an analysis of country-specific use cases for achieving interoperability in the African identity ecosystem will be performed. References African Union, 2020. The Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (2020-30), Available at https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/278587/1/GhaEcon_24.pdf, Accessed 20 May 2023. Alamillo, I., Mouille, S., Rock, A., Soumelidis, N., Tabor, M., Gorniak, S., 2023. Digital identity standards: Analysis of standardisation requirements in support of cybersecurity policy, Available at file:///C:/Users/aIbor/Downloads/Digital_Identity_Standards%20(1).pdf, Accessed 30 July 2023. Aldosary, M. and Alqahtani, N., 2021. A Survey on Federated Identity Management Systems Limitation and Solutions. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) Vol, 13. ANSSI, 2023. The EIDAS Regulation, Available at https://www.ssi.gouv.fr/en/regulation/digital-confidence/the-eidas-regulation/, Accessed 09 April 2023. Atick, J., 2016. Digital identity: the essential guide. In ID4Africa Identity Forum (Vol. 2016, pp. 1-3). Backhouse, J. and Halperin, R., 2009. Approaching interoperability for identity management systems. In The Future of Identity in the Information Society (pp. 245-268). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bakhtina, M., Matulevičius, R., Awad, A. and Kivimäki, P., 2022. Rebooting Trust Management in X-Road, Public Report. Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS). Bhattarai, R., Pappel, I., Vainsalu, H., Yahia, S.B. and Draheim, D., 2019. The impact of the single digital gateway regulation from the citizens’ perspective. Procedia Computer Science, 164, pp.159-167. Bandura, R. and Ramanujam, S.R., 2021. Developing inclusive digital payment systems. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 21. Benaddi, H., Laaz, N., Bouhlal, A. and El Kettani, E., 2023. Data storage architecture for egovernment interoperability: Morocco case. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 29(3), pp.1678-1686. Catuogno, L. and Galdi, C., 2014. Achieving interoperability between federated identity management systems: A case of study. Journal of High Speed Networks, 20(4), pp.209-221. Colbern, A. and Ramakrishnan, S.K., 2020. Citizenship reimagined: A new framework for state rights in the United States. Cambridge University Press. Cuijpers, C.M.K.C. and Schroers, J., 2014. eIDAS as guideline for the development of a pan European eID framework in FutureID. Domingo, E. and Teevan, C., 2022. Africa’s journey towards an integrated digital payments landscape and how the EU can support it. ECDPM brief, 23. European Commission, 2023a. X-Road Data Exchange Layer, Available at https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/ict-security/solution/x-road-data-exchange-layer/about, Accessed 10 April 2023. European Commission, 2023b. Shaping Europe’s digital future, Available at https://digitalstrategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/discover-eidas, Accessed 20 April 2023. Fathalla, E.S., Azab, M., Xin, C. and Wu, H., 2023. PT-SSIM: A Proactive, Trustworthy SelfSovereign Identity Management System. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Grassi, P.A., Garcia, M.E. and Fenton, J.L., 2017. Digital identity guidelines. NIST special publication, 800, pp.63-3. Gelb, A. and Metz, A.D., 2018. Identification revolution: Can digital ID be harnessed for development?. Brookings Institution Press. Halili, F. and Ramadani, E., 2018. Web services: a comparison of soap and rest services. Modern Applied Science, 12(3), p.175. Hoffmann, T. and Solarte-Vasquez, M.C., 2022. The estonian e-residency programme and its role beyond the country’s digital public sector ecosystem. Revista CES Derecho, 13(2), pp.184-204. Hölbl, M., Kežmah, B. and Kompara, M., 2023. eIDAS Interoperability and Cross-Border Compliance Issues. Mathematics, 11(2), p.430. Hummer, D. and Rebovich, D.J., 2023. Identity theft and financial loss. In Handbook on Crime and Technology (pp. 38-53). Edward Elgar Publishing. Irvin-Erickson, Y., 2023. How Does Immigration Status and Citizenship Affect Identity Theft Victimization Risk in the US? Insights from the 2018 National Crime Victimization Survey Identity Theft Supplement. Victims & Offenders, pp.1-24. Kaaniche, N., Laurent, M. and Belguith, S., 2020. Privacy enhancing technologies for solving the privacy-personalization paradox: Taxonomy and survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 171, p.102807. Kanagwa, B., Nakatumba-Nabende, J., Mugwanya, R., Kigozi Kahiigi, E. and Ngabirano, S., 2018. Towards an interoperability e-government framework for Uganda. In e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries: 9th International Conference, AFRICOMM 2017, Lagos, Nigeria, December 11-12, 2017, Proceedings 9 (pp. 16-28). Springer International Publishing. Kiourtis, A., Giannetsos, T., Menesidou, S.A., Mavrogiorgou, A., Symvoulidis, C., GRAZİANİ, A., KLEFTAKİS, S., MAVROGİORGOS, K., ZAFEİROPOULOS, N., GKOLİAS, C.A. and KYRİAZİS, D., 2023. Identity management standards: A literature review. Computers and Informatics, 3(1), pp.35-46. Krimmer, R., Dedovic, S., Schmidt, C. and Corici, A.A., 2021, August. Developing crossborder e-Governance: Exploring interoperability and cross-border integration. In International Conference on Electronic Participation (pp. 107-124). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Kotzé, P. and Alberts, R., 2017. Towards a Conceptual Model for an e-Government Interoperability Framework for South Africa. In ICEIS (3) (pp. 493-506). Lips, S., Bharosa, N. and Draheim, D., 2020. eIDAS implementation challenges: the case of Estonia and the Netherlands. In Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia: 7th International Conference, EGOSE 2020, St. Petersburg, Russia, November 18– 19, 2020, Proceedings 7 (pp. 75-89). Springer International Publishing. Luong, D.A. and Park, J.H., 2023. Privacy-Preserving Identity Management System on Blockchain Using Zk-SNARK. IEEE Access, 11, pp.1840-1853. Manda, M. I. and Backhouse, J., "Addressing trust, security and privacy concerns in egovernment integration, interoperability and information sharing through policy: a case of South Africa" (2016). CONF-IRM 2016 Proceedings. Paper 67. http://aisel.aisnet.org/confirm2016/6 Masiero, S., 2023. Digital identity as platform-mediated surveillance. Big Data & Society, 10(1), p.20539517221135176. McBride, K., Kütt, A., Ben Yahia, S. and Draheim, D., 2019, November. On positive feedback loops in digital government architecture. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems (pp. 174-180). Mocanu, S., Chiriac, A.M., Popa, C., Dobrescu, R. and Saru, D., 2019. Identification and trust techniques compatible with eIDAS regulation. In Security and Privacy in New Computing Environments: Second EAI International Conference, SPNCE 2019, Tianjin, China, April 13– 14, 2019, Proceedings 2 (pp. 656-665). Springer International Publishing. Pöhn, D. and Hommel, W., 2023. Towards an Improved Taxonomy of Attacks Related to Digital Identities and Identity Management Systems. Security and Communication Networks, 2023. Priisalu, J. and Ottis, R., 2017. Personal control of privacy and data: Estonian experience. Health and technology, 7(4), pp.441-451. Saputro, R., Pappel, I., Vainsalu, H., Lips, S. and Draheim, D., 2020, April. Prerequisites for the adoption of the X-Road interoperability and data exchange framework: a comparative study. In 2020 Seventh International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG) (pp. 216-222). IEEE. Schmidt, C. and Krimmer, R., 2022. How to implement the European digital single market: identifying the catalyst for digital transformation. Journal of European Integration, 44(1), pp.59-80. Sedlmeir, J., Smethurst, R., Rieger, A. and Fridgen, G., 2021. Digital identities and verifiable credentials. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 63(5), pp.603-613. Sharif, A., Ranzi, M., Carbone, R., Sciarretta, G. and Ranise, S., 2022, August. SoK: A Survey on Technological Trends for (pre) Notified eIDAS Electronic Identity Schemes. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (pp. 1-10). Sharma, R. and Panigrahi, P.K., 2015. Developing a roadmap for planning and implementation of interoperability capability in e-government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 9(4), pp.426-447. Solvak, M., Unt, T., Rozgonjuk, D., Võrk, A., Veskimäe, M. and Vassil, K., 2019. Egovernance diffusion: Population level e-service adoption rates and usage patterns. Telematics and Informatics, 36, pp.39-54. Spiliotopoulos, T., Sheik, A.T., Gottardello, D. and Dover, R., 2023. Onboarding Citizens to Digital Identity Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.13511. Srinivas, J., Das, A.K. and Kumar, N., 2019. Government regulations in cyber security: Framework, standards and recommendations. Future generation computer systems, 92, pp.178-188. Tang, F., Ma, C. and Cheng, K., 2023. Privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on zero trust architecture. Digital Communications and Networks. The World Bank, 2023a. ID4D Global Dataset, Available at https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset, Accessed: 17 July 2023. The World Bank, 2023b. Practitioner’s Guide: Interoperability, Available at https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/interoperability, Accessed: 22 April 2023. Walters, R., 2023. Theft [Identity]. In Cybersecurity and Data Laws of the Commonwealth: International Trade, Investment and Arbitration (pp. 297-306). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 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X-Road: Use Case Model for Member Communication, Available at https://docs.x-road.global/UseCases/uc-mess_x-road_member_communication_use_case_model.html#version-history, Accessed 12 April 2023. X-Road, 2023d. Technical Specification: X-Road Architecture, Available at https://docs.xroad.global/Architecture/arc-g_x-road_arhitecture.html#version-history, Accessed 12 April 2023. Yin, J., Xiao, Y., Pei, Q., Ju, Y., Liu, L., Xiao, M. and Wu, C., 2022. SmartDID: a novel privacy-preserving identity based on blockchain for IoT. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(8), pp.6718-6732. This paper is available on under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

Trustworthy Interoperability and Identity Management Systems: What Comes Next

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ayei E. Ibor, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (2) Mark Hooper, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (3) Carsten Maple, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (4) Gregory Epiphaniou, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Background Review of Literature Methodology Discussion of Findings Conclusion and Future Work & References 3. Review of Literature Although interoperability has the potential to create a seamless identity ecosystem for data exchange, verification, and validation of digital identities, and expand the reach of national governments for effective service delivery, there are very few research-based approaches for cross-border interoperable identity systems. Backhouse and Halperin (2009) posited that the challenge of establishing interoperable systems is enormous, which does not only consider the technical linking of databases and systems. To this effect, they proposed a three-fold conception of interoperability for identity management systems viz-a-viz technical, legal, and regulatory components to enhance data sharing in the provision of e-government. The factors militating against the full interoperability of federated identity management systems are studied in Catuogno and Galdi (2014). They argued that the tendency for per-site authentication and authorization of ID holders culminates in huge overhead for both the identity/service providers and the ID holders as each site stores different credentials of the user. Therefore, the authors presented Shibboleth as the de facto standard for identity management and point of access to providers of information (PAPI) as a solution that leverages the joining of federations and translation of protocols during cross-federation authentication and authorization (AA) sessions. Sharma and Panigrahi (2015) proposed a roadmap useful to plan and implement the capabilities of interoperability in e-government solutions. The roadmap considered the notion of knowledge sharing among key stakeholders based on vital legal, regulatory, technical, and organisational components that can foster the interoperability of e-government services. One significant limitation of this research is its inability to explore cross-country differences in legislation and regulatory requirements, as it focused only on the inputs from stakeholders in India. Also, Kotzé and Alberts (2017) proposed a baseline conceptual model to achieve an egovernment interoperability framework. The model considered the technical, legislative, social, and political environments of South Africa to serve as a guideline for enterprises that are evolving towards e-governance. Similar studies were carried out by Kanagwa et al. (2018), who investigated the relevance of a national enterprise architecture to support several e-government systems including the systems for the registration of persons in Uganda through semantic interoperability that is achieved based on a set of related ontologies. Still, in both studies, country-specific technical, legislative, social, and political considerations were made, which indicate the absence of cross-border considerations to interoperability, Saputro et al. (2020) discussed the Estonian XRoad as an e-governance solution for secure data exchange and the interoperability of information systems across nine countries. This notwithstanding, this research did not categorise whether the countries investigated are developed or developing to ascertain the level of inclusion or exclusion required for facilitating e-governance. In Hölbl, Kežmah and Kompara (2023), the interoperability and compliance issues in eIDAS are discussed. The authors asserted that eIDAS has limited applicability in the public sector since the regulation does not address new market demands with the added complexity of private online providers connecting to the eIDAS network. Further, the issue of the isolation and inflexibility of notified eID solutions in member states makes it difficult for eIDAS to support a variety of use cases. Domingo and Teevan (2022) discussed the interoperability of cross-border payment solutions to expand trade in Africa. They argued that the success of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) depends largely on the cross-border interoperability of low-value instant payment systems such as mobile money. Consequently, the authors posited that such a policy will enhance inclusion and long-lasting benefits to small-scale businesses. Additionally, Masiero (2023) argued that the effectiveness of digital identity schemes depends on platform features, which must be considered to comprehend the true extent of harm that digital identification might cause due to interoperability. Furthermore, Benaddi et al. (2023) identified the challenges in data sharing and the interoperability of e-government systems. Their focus was on the technical interoperability of e-government entities to enhance collaboration in the use of public data. However, their approach does not consider crossborder perspectives to data sharing including the identification of entities that consume these data. This paper is available on [Arxiv](https://This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.) under CC 4.0 license.

A Trustworthy Cross-Border Interoperable Identity System: A Review of the Literature

Hello World is a weekly newsletter—delivered every Saturday morning—that goes deep into our original reporting and the questions we put to big thinkers in the field. . Browse the archive here Hi, everyone, I’m Ryan Tate, an editor here at The Markup. It’s Saturday morning, and I’d like to talk about your most mundane daily experiences, and how to keep them boring and harmless. . . . Jon Keegan, one of our reporters at The Markup, has carefully documented how these common human experiences now put people’s most sensitive data at risk for harvesting by strangers. That’s because companies in seemingly every industry—from automakers to app creators to political campaigns—now believe they can make money off tracking their users. Driving a car Looking at your phone Voting “Everyone’s a data broker now,” Jon told me recently, quoting a friend. That’s so true, it hurts. In 2021, Jon about the multibillion-dollar market for your phone’s location data. He then stepped back and started looking at various ways our personal information leaks out in day-to-day life—data sinks we are vaguely aware of but don’t scrutinize. After cars and political ads, supermarkets seemed like a natural next step. wrote Jon told me he always pauses at checkout at the supermarket and doesn’t share his phone number to use his family’s loyalty program membership, leaving real money on the table and causing an ongoing argument with his wife. Skipping out on discounts? In this economy? While the entire tech journalism industry is focused on probing the potential sentience of AI-powered chatbots, Jon suspected that everyday supermarket data was an underreported topic that was due for fresh inspection. Based on his prior reporting on how consumer data is bought, sold, and traded with few limitations, Jon theorized that supermarkets today are likely gathering more data about us than ever before. Loyalty card programs, after all, go back to before smartphones and before ubiquitous online tracking, back to before billions of dollars could be made from data collection. He wondered: How have supermarket discount programs evolved? Jon accelerated his research in the following weeks, paying particular attention to the two largest supermarket chains, Kroger and Albertsons, which had proposed merging into the nation’s largest supermarket chain. Politicians and advocacy groups were worried the merger would drive up food prices, drive down wages, and result in a massive, highly sellable, pool of sensitive data about shoppers. (Albertsons told us that “we appreciate the importance of privacy and take appropriate handling of our customers’ data seriously” and that it had recently updated its privacy policy. Kroger did not respond to Jon’s requests for comments.) , including those for other brands the company owns, like Ralphs and Food 4 Less, help collect information that goes well beyond the list of items in your  shopping cart. The company “enriches” information it has on what you buy and who you are with additional data. Jon found that Kroger loyalty programs Some of this data is acquired from brokers, some comes from Kroger apps, some of it comes from Bluetooth beacons and facial recognition systems in stores. Some is even systematically inferred from all the other data. Drawing from these sources, Kroger can collect your financial information, including bank and credit card account numbers; track demographic data, including race, ethnicity, age, and employment information; make inferences about your health and behavior; track your precise physical location in the store if you consent; and recognize your face in select locations, with signs providing notice. Jon also found that Kroger had two business units focused on making money from all the information Kroger collects. One, known as Kroger Precision Marketing, sells advertising to product makers, not only in stores, per long-standing industry practice, but also by following shoppers onto the internet, their smartphones, and their home entertainment devices. Kroger’s other data-related business carries the startup-like name 84.51, corresponding to the longitude of Kroger headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio. This unit sells information and “insights” gleaned from what the company describes as “35+ petabytes” of customer data. (That’s the equivalent of several million downloads of the film “Black Panther: Wakanda Forever,” in case you were wondering.) Kroger sees 84.51 and Kroger Precision Marketing as key sources of growth. These units, along with a personal finance division, are part of its “alternative profit business,” offering much higher margins than selling produce and canned goods. A promotional presentation about the Kroger-Albertsons merger (see page 18 ) shows that the company believes these types of business units are worth “+$1B Annual Alternative Profits” to “Kroger Today” and represent a “~$1.5B Annual Alternative Profits Opportunity” to Kroger and Albertsons combined. here That would be big growth from the $150 million in incremental operating profits Kroger derived from these businesses in 2021. Clearly, Kroger is as excited about monetizing shopper data as it is about selling groceries. The ad industry is excited, too. As Jon was putting the finishing touches on his story, I spent a day earlier this month at the AdExchanger Industry Preview event in New York. Industry players at the conference are grappling with major challenges, including economic headwinds that have seen many ad budgets slashed and privacy concerns that could bring new regulations. (Our editor-in-chief, Sisi Wei, who you heard from a few weeks ago, wrote about being how advertisers could limit their data collection.) invited to the event and explaining But advertising sold by supermarkets and other stores, categorized as “retail media” to the people at the conference, emerged as a clear industry bright spot, alongside ads for video streaming services like Netflix. Over and over again people on stage talked about how effective it was to buy ads from retailers like Amazon, Walmart, and Kroger, and how it paid to leverage their customer data. One executive, Jed Dederick of ad-buying platform The Trade Desk, explained that retailers sometimes know more about how to reach a company’s likely customers with online ads than the company itself. Two speakers from Arete Research highlighted retail media as the industry’s fastest-growing segment. Retail media “are outgrowing all other forms of advertising in ’22” by 10 percentage points or more, said analyst Rocco Strauss, “and will likely do so again in 2023.” If the power and extent of shopper tracking is taken as a given in the ad industry, it still seems to be news to the shoppers themselves. When Jon’s story , it caused a minor sensation. Jon was by NPR’s “All Things Considered,” and his revelations were by Business Insider, by The Washington Post, and on the techno-political podcast “This Machine Kills”. published last week interviewed about his findings written up highlighted featured I know that while Jon appreciates that sort of impact, what he really wants is to find out precisely what information the supermarkets are collecting, and if any of it is potentially harmful. You can help him. If you’re a frequent shopper at a , and a Kroger Plus or Boost member in California or Virginia and want to help find out what Kroger has, email Jon at . Kroger-owned supermarket keegan@themarkup.org And if you’re wondering, Jon still refuses to hand over his number at the checkout, much to his wife’s annoyance. Cheers, Ryan Tate Editor The Markup P.S. In case you missed it, I also wanted to share two important pieces that we published this week. First, into how L.A.’s scoring system for subsidized housing gives Black and Latino people experiencing homeless lower priority scores, along with scoring in other cities. our investigation our tips for how to investigate We’ll dive more deeply into this investigation with you next week. Second, we released a tool this week called the (USPS), which lets you easily sample random U.S. street addresses without knowing how to code. Soon, we will be releasing a guide on how to replicate in other American towns and cities using USPS. United States Place Sampler our investigation into internet disparities By Ryan Tate Also published here Photo by on Hanson Lu Unsplash

How Much Data Are Supermarkets Like Kroger Collecting?

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . QUEEN VICTORIA here QUEEN VICTORIA ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES CLUB, AT
          DELMONICO’S, MONDAY, MAY 25, 1908, IN HONOR OF QUEEN VICTORIA’S
          BIRTHDAY

          Mr. Clemens told the story of his duel with a rival editor: how
          he practised firing at a barn door and failed to hit it, but a
          friend of his took off the head of a little bird at thirty-five
          yards and attributed the shot to Mark twain.  The duel did not
          take place.  Mr. Clemens continued as follows: It also happened that I was the means of stopping duelling in Nevada, for a law was passed sending all duellists to jail for two years, and the Governor, hearing of my marksmanship, said that if he got me I should go to prison for the full term. That’s why I left Nevada, and I have not been there since. You do me a high honor, indeed, in selecting me to speak of my country in this commemoration of the birthday of that noble lady whose life was consecrated to the virtues and the humanities and to the promotion of lofty ideals, and was a model upon which many a humbler life was formed and made beautiful while she lived, and upon which many such lives will still be formed in the generations that are to come—a life which finds its just image in the star which falls out of its place in the sky and out of existence, but whose light still streams with unfaded lustre across the abysses of space long after its fires have been extinguished at their source. As a woman the Queen was all that the most exacting standards could require. As a far-reaching and effective beneficent moral force she had no peer in her time among either, monarchs or commoners. As a monarch she was without reproach in her great office. We may not venture, perhaps, to say so sweeping a thing as this in cold blood about any monarch that preceded her upon either her own throne or upon any other. It is a colossal eulogy, but it is justified. In those qualities of the heart which beget affection in all sorts and conditions of men she was rich, surprisingly rich, and for this she will still be remembered and revered in the far-off ages when the political glories of her reign shall have faded from vital history and fallen to a place in that scrap-heap of unverifiable odds and ends which we call tradition. Which is to say, in briefer phrase, that her name will live always. And with it her character—a fame rare in the history of thrones, dominions, principalities, and powers, since it will not rest upon harvested selfish and sordid ambitions, but upon love, earned and freely vouchsafed. She mended broken hearts where she could, but she broke none. What she did for us in America in our time of storm and stress we shall not forget, and whenever we call it to mind we shall always remember the wise and righteous mind that guided her in it and sustained and supported her—Prince Albert’s. We need not talk any idle talk here to-night about either possible or impossible war between the two countries; there will be no war while we remain sane and the son of Victoria and Albert sits upon the throne. In conclusion, I believe I may justly claim to utter the voice of my country in saying that we hold him in deep honor, and also in cordially wishing him a long life and a happy reign. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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