In a recent collaboration between the Linux Foundation and Canonical, we designed an architecture for the CKA exam . In order to keep the exam as affordable as possible, we needed to optimize our resource utilization — ideally, by running multiple Kubernetes clusters on a single VM. This is how we did it. Kubernetes has developed a dedicated following because it allows us to build efficient, robust architectures in a declarative way. Efficient because they are built on top of container , and robust because they are distributed. technology While the distributed nature of the applications we build on top of Kubernetes allow them to be more robust in terms of availability, that same architecture has the potential to, ironically, application robustness in terms of ease-of-testing. Consider the following generic architecture: reduce Generic multi-cluster deployment of Kubernetes on top of VMs Testing an application built on top of such a deployment has at least two major challenges. One is simply the cost of the resources needed for a test . You may need many VMs to model your application sufficiently. If you want to parallelize your testing, you’re going to be paying that cost for each deployment. deployment Another challenge is the time required to bring up the deployment — we need to wait for VMs to be instanced, available, provisioned, and networked. Any time that can be saved there can be devoted to more testing. We need to go deeper. We made our applications more efficient by leveraging container technology against our . What if we could do the same thing, but leverage it instead against our ? What if we could make our deployment look like this: processes machines Generic multi-cluster deployment of Kubernetes on top of Linux containers …a single box with multiple containers acting as the nodes of our clusters. With this architecture, we save on resources because, while we may require a larger machine to serve as the host, we’re not wasting resources on many more underutilized smaller boxes. Additionally, we save significant time not waiting for the containers to be instanced and become available — they’re nearly as instant as docker containers. And perhaps most exciting, we can save this deployment as a virtual machine image to both reduce the provisioning time costs tremendously and make our deployment reproducible. We can rebuild him. We have the technology. While the container technologies utilized by Kubernetes wrap processes, we need something that will containerize an entire system. are well suited to this — from their documentation: Linux containers The goal of LXC is to create an environment as close as possibleto a standard Linux installation but without the need for a separate kernel. Perfect. Let’s try it out. $ lxc launch ubuntu:16.04 hello-kubernetes Creating hello-kubernetesStarting hello-kubernetes $ lxc exec hello-kubernetes /bin/bash root@hello-kubernetes:~# lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available.Distributor ID: UbuntuDescription: Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTSRelease: 16.04Codename: xenial root@hello-kubernetes:~# systemctl list-units UNIT                                    LOAD   ACTIVE     SUB       DESCRIPTIONdev-sda1.device                         loaded activating tentative dev-sda1.device-.mount                                 loaded active     mounted   /dev-.lxd\x2dmounts.mount                loaded active     mounted   /dev/.lxd-mountsdev-full.mount                          loaded active     mounted   /dev/fulldev-fuse.mount                          loaded active     mounted   /dev/fuse ... Boom. Complete containerized system. It’s alive! Now that we know how to create a containerized system on our host, building out a Kubernetes cluster looks like normal. You can use whatever tool you like for this, but I’ll be using with here because it already knows how to create linux containers and deploy kubernetes to them. conjure-up CDK Let’s get started. First, we’ll tell conjure-up we want to deploy Kubernetes: $ conjure-up canonical-kubernetes This will bring up a wizard in the terminal, which will first ask where we want to deploy to. We’ll select localhost: Next click on “Deploy all 6 Remaining Applications”: Then wait a bit as the cluster is brought up: Conjure-up will grab kubefed and kubectl for you. Click Run: That’s it, there’s now a Kubernetes cluster running on top of Linux containers on your VM: $ kubectl cluster-info Kubernetes master is running at Heapster is running at KubeDNS is running at kubernetes-dashboard is running at Grafana is running at InfluxDB is running at http://localhost:8080 http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kubernetes-dashboard/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb/proxy Let’s make another one. There’s no reason we can’t deploy multiple Kubernetes clusters, either. I’ll continue to use conjure-up here because it makes it easy, but feel free to use the tool of your choice. Let’s run conjure-up in headless mode this time: $ conjure-up canonical-kubernetes localhost conjure-up-localhost-642 cluster2 [info] Summoning canonical-kubernetes to localhost[info] Creating Juju model.[info] Juju model created.[info] Running step: pre-deploy.[info] Deploying kubernetes-master...[info] Deploying flannel...[info] Deploying kubernetes-worker...[info] Deploying easyrsa...[info] Deploying kubeapi-load-balancer...[info] Deploying etcd...[info] Exposing kubeapi-load-balancer.[info] etcd: deployed, installing.[info] kubeapi-load-balancer: deployed, installing.[info] easyrsa: deployed, installing.[info] flannel: deployed, installing.[info] kubernetes-master: deployed, installing.[info] Setting relation easyrsa:client <-> etcd:certificates[info] Exposing kubernetes-worker.[info] kubernetes-worker: deployed, installing.[info] Setting relation flannel:cni <-> kubernetes-worker:cni[info] Setting relation easyrsa:client <-> kubeapi-load-balancer:certificates[info] Setting relation kubeapi-load-balancer:apiserver <-> kubernetes-master:kube-api-endpoint[info] Setting relation kubeapi-load-balancer:website <-> kubernetes-worker:kube-api-endpoint[info] Setting relation flannel:cni <-> kubernetes-master:cni[info] Setting relation etcd:db <-> flannel:etcd[info] Setting relation easyrsa:client <-> kubernetes-master:certificates[info] Setting relation kubernetes-master:kube-control <-> kubernetes-worker:kube-control[info] Setting relation kubeapi-load-balancer:loadbalancer <-> kubernetes-master:loadbalancer[info] Setting relation easyrsa:client <-> kubernetes-worker:certificates[info] Setting relation etcd:db <-> kubernetes-master:etcd[info] Waiting for deployment to settle.[info] Running step: 00_deploy-done.[info] Model settled.[info] Running post-deployment steps[info] Running step: step-01_get-kubectl.[info] Running step: step-02_cluster-info.[info] Running step: step-03_enable-cni.[info] Installation of your big software is now complete.[warning] Shutting down And here’s our second cluster: $ kubectl cluster-info Kubernetes master is running at Heapster is running at KubeDNS is running at kubernetes-dashboard is running at Grafana is running at InfluxDB is running at http://localhost:8080 http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kubernetes-dashboard/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb/proxy Let’s make it reproducible. I have been stabbed, shot, poisoned, frozen, hung, electrocuted, and burned. Every morning I wake up without a scratch on me, not a dent in the fender. I am an immortal. Now that we have a reasonably sophisticated deployment, let’s see about reproducing it quickly. First we’ll create an AMI of our instance: $ aws ec2 create-image --instance-id i-02c547825d34d345e --name cluster-in-a-boxami-5f9eb33a And then kick off an instance of it and ssh in: $ aws ec2 run-instances --count 1 --image-id ami-5f9eb33a --instance-type t2.xlarge --key-name mykey Let’s check on our clusters. First the original cluster: $ kubectl cluster-info Kubernetes master is running at Heapster is running at KubeDNS is running at kubernetes-dashboard is running at Grafana is running at InfluxDB is running at http://localhost:8080 http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kubernetes-dashboard/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb/proxy And our second cluster: $ kubectl cluster-info Kubernetes master is running at Heapster is running at KubeDNS is running at kubernetes-dashboard is running at Grafana is running at InfluxDB is running at http://localhost:8080 http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kubernetes-dashboard/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb/proxy Looks good! Conclusion Linux containers allow us to containerize full linux systems. We can utilize this to deploy Kubernetes clusters quickly & cheaply — ideal for testing deployments without unnecessary resource & time overhead. Can you think of other uses for a Kubernetes cluster-in-a-box? I’d love to hear about it — leave a comment below! If you found this interesting, and I will be . Hope to see you there! Marco Ceppi giving a talk about it at Kubecon 2017

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