ChatGPT versus BARD on a GeoPolitical Timeline Since 1940

These queries were designed to generate a sort of a timeline of World Powers and Leaders since 1940. The end game goal is to use this data in the construction of a science fiction story. However, this data may also be otherwise useful so I have shared it. Our first query was to BARD with this prompt: Please give me a detailed year by year side by side comparison timeline of the six most powerful nations, their leaders, head of their security service, head of their intelligence agency, head of their state departments, head of their defense agency, their form of government, atomic bomb use or test, any armed conflicts for the year for 1940 through 1949. Those results were less than thrilling. So in the end I ran this query on ChatGPT: For each year from 1940 through 1945 list the six most powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. Below is a year-by-year list of the six most powerful nations from 1940 to 1945, along with their respective leaders, heads of state departments, heads of security services, heads of intelligence services, heads of defense agencies, forms of government, major armed conflicts, and atomic bomb tests or use (if applicable): 1940: United States: Leader: Franklin D. Roosevelt Head of State Department: Cordell Hull Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William J. Donovan (Coordinator of Information - precursor to the OSS) Head of Defense Agency: Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: World War II (remained neutral until December 1941) Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Fitin (GRU) Head of Defense Agency: Semyon Timoshenko (People's Commissar for Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Invasion of Finland, Baltic states, and Romania. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Vernon Kell (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Sir Kingsley Wood (Secretary of State for Air) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Active involvement against Axis powers. Germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler Head of State Department: Joachim von Ribbentrop (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Reinhard Heydrich (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Head of Intelligence Service: Wilhelm Canaris (Abwehr) Head of Defense Agency: Adolf Hitler (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht) Form of Government: Nazi dictatorship Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Invasion of Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. Japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Head of State Department: Yōsuke Matsuoka (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Osami Nagano (Kempeitai) Head of Intelligence Service: Hisatsune Sakomizu (Japanese Imperial Army General Staff Office) Head of Defense Agency: Hideki Tōjō (Minister of War) Form of Government: Constitutional monarchy with an authoritarian regime Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Invasion of French Indochina and continued aggression in China. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) Head of State Department: Wang Chonghui (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Dai Li (Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Ongoing resistance against Japanese invasion. 1941: United States: Leader: Franklin D. Roosevelt Head of State Department: Cordell Hull Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William J. Donovan (OSS) Head of Defense Agency: Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. joins the Allied powers. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Fitin (GRU) Head of Defense Agency: Semyon Timoshenko (People's Commissar for Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Continues the Eastern Front against Germany. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Vernon Kell (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Sir Kingsley Wood (Secretary of State for Air) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Actively fighting alongside the Allies. Germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler Head of State Department: Joachim von Ribbentrop (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Reinhard Heydrich (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Head of Intelligence Service: Wilhelm Canaris (Abwehr) Head of Defense Agency: Adolf Hitler (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht) Form of Government: Nazi dictatorship Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Focus on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union. Japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Head of State Department: Yōsuke Matsuoka (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Osami Nagano (Kempeitai) Head of Intelligence Service: Hisatsune Sakomizu (Japanese Imperial Army General Staff Office) Head of Defense Agency: Hideki Tōjō (Minister of War) Form of Government: Constitutional monarchy with an authoritarian regime Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Expanding territorial control in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) Head of State Department: Wang Chonghui (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Dai Li (Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Continued resistance against Japanese invasion. 1942: United States: Leader: Franklin D. Roosevelt Head of State Department: Cordell Hull Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William J. Donovan (OSS) Head of Defense Agency: Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Involvement in the Pacific Theater and North Africa. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Fitin (GRU) Head of Defense Agency: Semyon Timoshenko (People's Commissar for Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Continues fighting against Axis powers. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Vernon Kell (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Sir Kingsley Wood (Secretary of State for Air) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Participating in major battles worldwide. Germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler Head of State Department: Joachim von Ribbentrop (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Ernst Kaltenbrunner (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Head of Intelligence Service: Wilhelm Canaris (Abwehr) Head of Defense Agency: Adolf Hitler (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht) Form of Government: Nazi dictatorship Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Facing setbacks in the Eastern Front and Africa. Japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Head of State Department: Shigenori Tōgō (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Osami Nagano (Kempeitai) Head of Intelligence Service: Hisatsune Sakomizu (Japanese Imperial Army General Staff Office) Head of Defense Agency: Hideki Tōjō (Minister of War) Form of Government: Constitutional monarchy with an authoritarian regime Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Suffering defeats in the Pacific Theater. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) Head of State Department: Wang Chonghui (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Dai Li (Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Continued resistance against Japanese invasion. 1943: United States: Leader: Franklin D. Roosevelt Head of State Department: Cordell Hull Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William J. Donovan (OSS) Head of Defense Agency: Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Participating in major battles across the globe. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Fitin (GRU) Head of Defense Agency: Joseph Stalin (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Advances in the Eastern Front and victories in Stalingrad. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: David Petrie (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Sir Kingsley Wood (Secretary of State for Air) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Active involvement in key battles. Germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler Head of State Department: Joachim von Ribbentrop (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Ernst Kaltenbrunner (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Head of Intelligence Service: Walter Schellenberg (Abwehr) Head of Defense Agency: Adolf Hitler (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht) Form of Government: Nazi dictatorship Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Suffering significant losses in the Eastern Front. Japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Head of State Department: Shigenori Tōgō (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Kenji Doihara (Kempeitai) Head of Intelligence Service: Hisatsune Sakomizu (Japanese Imperial Army General Staff Office) Head of Defense Agency: Hideki Tōjō (Minister of War) Form of Government: Constitutional monarchy with an authoritarian regime Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Continuing conflicts in the Pacific Theater. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) Head of State Department: Wang Chonghui (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Dai Li (Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Sustaining resistance against Japanese occupation. 1944: United States: Leader: Franklin D. Roosevelt Head of State Department: Cordell Hull Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William J. Donovan (OSS) Head of Defense Agency: Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Participating in significant battles across theaters. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Fitin (GRU) Head of Defense Agency: Joseph Stalin (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Successful offensives in the Eastern Front. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: David Petrie (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Sir Kingsley Wood (Secretary of State for Air) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Active participation in key battles. Germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler Head of State Department: Joachim von Ribbentrop (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Ernst Kaltenbrunner (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Head of Intelligence Service: Walter Schellenberg (Abwehr) Head of Defense Agency: Adolf Hitler (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht) Form of Government: Nazi dictatorship Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Facing critical defeats on multiple fronts. Japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Head of State Department: Shigenori Tōgō (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Kenji Doihara (Kempeitai) Head of Intelligence Service: Hisatsune Sakomizu (Japanese Imperial Army General Staff Office) Head of Defense Agency: Hideki Tōjō (Minister of War) Form of Government: Constitutional monarchy with an authoritarian regime Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Sustaining heavy losses in the Pacific Theater. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) Head of State Department: Wang Chonghui (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Dai Li (Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Continued resistance against Japanese occupation. 1945: United States: Leader: Franklin D. Roosevelt (until April 12, 1945); Harry S. Truman (from April 12, 1945) Head of State Department: Edward Stettinius Jr. (until June 27, 1945); James F. Byrnes (from July 3, 1945) Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William J. Donovan (OSS) Head of Defense Agency: Henry L. Stimson (Secretary of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Key involvement in the final stages of the war. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Fitin (GRU) Head of Defense Agency: Joseph Stalin (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Victory in Europe and ongoing conflicts in the East. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill (until July 26, 1945); Clement Attlee (from July 26, 1945) Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: David Petrie (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Sir Archibald Sinclair (Secretary of State for Air) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Participating in the final battles of the war. Germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler (until April 30, 1945); Karl Dönitz (from May 1, 1945) Head of State Department: Joachim von Ribbentrop (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Ernst Kaltenbrunner (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt) Head of Intelligence Service: Walter Schellenberg (Abwehr) Head of Defense Agency: Adolf Hitler (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht) Form of Government: Nazi dictatorship Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Germany's unconditional surrender in May. Japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Head of State Department: Shigenori Tōgō (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Kenji Doihara (Kempeitai) Head of Intelligence Service: Hisatsune Sakomizu (Japanese Imperial Army General Staff Office) Head of Defense Agency: Kuniaki Koiso (Prime Minister and General) Form of Government: Constitutional monarchy with an authoritarian regime Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Facing the final battles in the Pacific Theater. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) Head of State Department: Wang Chonghui (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Head of Security Service: Dai Li (Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China Major Armed Conflicts: World War II - Ongoing conflicts against Japan and internal civil strife. Atomic Bomb Use/Test during this period: 1945: The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9) in Japan, leading to Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945, and the end of World War II. Please note that the status of these nations and their leaders might have changed during and after 1945, which is beyond the scope of this specific timeline. Additionally, the definition of "powerful" can vary based on different perspectives and criteria. For each year from 1946 through 1950 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. Below is a year-by-year list of the six most militarily powerful nations from 1946 to 1950, along with their respective leaders, heads of state departments, heads of security services, heads of intelligence services, heads of defense agencies, forms of government, major armed conflicts, and atomic bomb tests or use (if applicable): 1946: United States: Leader: Harry S. Truman Head of State Department: James F. Byrnes (until January 21, 1947); George C. Marshall (from January 21, 1947) Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Hoyt Vandenberg (CIA - established in 1947) Head of Defense Agency: James V. Forrestal (Secretary of Defense - established in 1947) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II demobilization and reconstruction efforts. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin (until March 5, 1953); Georgy Malenkov (from March 5, 1953) Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (NKVD) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Sudoplatov (NKVD's foreign intelligence - until 1946) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Voznesensky (People's Commissar for Defense - until 1946); Georgy Zhukov (Minister of Defense - from 1946) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: End of World War II and growing tensions with the West. United Kingdom: Leader: Clement Attlee Head of State Department: Ernest Bevin Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Clement Attlee (Prime Minister - also served as Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and decolonization. China: Leader: Chiang Kai-shek (until January 21, 1949); Mao Zedong (from October 1, 1949) Head of State Department: George Yeh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Hu Qiaomu (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Kim Philby (British MI6 intelligence officer in China) Head of Defense Agency: Chiang Kai-shek (Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the Republic of China (Kuomintang) Major Armed Conflicts: Chinese Civil War between Kuomintang and Communist forces. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Georges Bidault Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Dewavrin (SDECE - established in 1946) Head of Defense Agency: Charles de Gaulle (President of the French provisional government) Form of Government: Provisional government with constitutional changes in progress Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and colonial conflicts. Brazil: Leader: Eurico Gaspar Dutra (until January 31, 1951); Getúlio Vargas (from January 31, 1951) Head of State Department: Raul Fernandes Head of Security Service: Filinto Müller (National Department of Social and Political Order) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: General Eurico Gaspar Dutra (President of Brazil and Minister of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Internal political and social tensions. 1947: United States: Leader: Harry S. Truman Head of State Department: George C. Marshall Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Hoyt Vandenberg (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: James V. Forrestal (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and containment policies. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB - from March 1946) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Sudoplatov (NKVD's foreign intelligence - until 1946) Head of Defense Agency: Georgy Zhukov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Growing tensions with the West and the beginning of the Cold War. United Kingdom: Leader: Clement Attlee Head of State Department: Ernest Bevin Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Clement Attlee (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and the emergence of the Cold War. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Hu Qiaomu (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Kim Philby (British MI6 intelligence officer in China) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Chinese Civil War between Communist and Kuomintang forces. France: Leader: Vincent Auriol Head of State Department: Georges Bidault Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Dewavrin (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Paul Ramadier (Prime Minister) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and colonial conflicts. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Minister of Defense - until 1950) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Independence from British rule and challenges related to partition. 1948: United States: Leader: Harry S. Truman Head of State Department: George C. Marshall (until January 20, 1949); Dean Acheson (from January 21, 1949) Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Hoyt Vandenberg (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: James V. Forrestal (until March 28, 1949); Louis A. Johnson (from March 28, 1949) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and the beginning of the Cold War. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Sudoplatov (MGB's foreign intelligence - from 1946) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Voznesensky (Minister of Defense - until 1946); Aleksandr Vasilevsky (Minister of Defense - from 1946) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Tensions with the West and the Berlin Blockade. United Kingdom: Leader: Clement Attlee Head of State Department: Ernest Bevin Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Clement Attlee (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and the Berlin Blockade. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Hu Qiaomu (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Kim Philby (British MI6 intelligence officer in China) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Chinese Civil War, establishing the People's Republic of China. France: Leader: Vincent Auriol Head of State Department: Robert Schuman (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Dewavrin (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Robert Schuman (Prime Minister) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Post-World War II reconstruction and colonial conflicts. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Indian Independence Act, partition, and challenges of the new republic. 1949: United States: Leader: Harry S. Truman Head of State Department: Dean Acheson Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Hoyt Vandenberg (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Louis A. Johnson (until September 19, 1949); George C. Marshall (from September 21, 1949) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Early Cold War tensions, support for NATO, and Korean War (from 1950). Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Sudoplatov (MGB's foreign intelligence) Head of Defense Agency: Aleksandr Vasilevsky (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Berlin Blockade and early Cold War tensions. United Kingdom: Leader: Clement Attlee Head of State Department: Ernest Bevin Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Clement Attlee (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: British Indian Army withdrawal from India (1948) and early Cold War developments. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Hu Qiaomu (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Kim Philby (British MI6 intelligence officer in China) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Chinese Civil War, establishment of the People's Republic of China. France: Leader: Vincent Auriol Head of State Department: Robert Schuman (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Dewavrin (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Georges Bidault (Prime Minister) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Early Cold War developments and decolonization. Brazil: Leader: Getúlio Vargas (until August 24, 1954); João Café Filho (from August 24, 1954) Head of State Department: Raul Fernandes Head of Security Service: Filinto Müller (National Department of Social and Political Order) Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: General Eurico Gaspar Dutra (President of Brazil and Minister of War) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Ongoing internal political and social challenges. 1950: United States: Leader: Harry S. Truman Head of State Department: Dean Acheson Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Hoyt Vandenberg (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: George C. Marshall (until September 21, 1951); Robert A. Lovett (from September 21, 1951) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War (continued from 1950). Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Pavel Sudoplatov (MGB's foreign intelligence) Head of Defense Agency: Aleksandr Vasilevsky (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Early Cold War developments and Korean War. United Kingdom: Leader: Clement Attlee Head of State Department: Herbert Morrison (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Stewart Menzies (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Clement Attlee (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and post-World War II developments. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Hu Qiaomu (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Kim Philby (British MI6 intelligence officer in China) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and consolidation of power under the Communist Party. France: Leader: René Coty Head of State Department: Robert Schuman (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Dewavrin (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: René Pleven (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and decolonization challenges. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Minister of Defense - until December 15, 1950); Jawaharlal Nehru (acting Minister of Defense - from December 15, 1950) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and internal challenges of governance. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1949: The Soviet Union conducted its first successful nuclear test on August 29, 1949, becoming the second nation to possess nuclear weapons after the United States. 1950: None of the six most militarily powerful nations conducted atomic bomb tests or used atomic bombs in armed conflicts during this year. Please note that the status of these nations and their leaders might have changed during and after the specified years, and the definition of "most militarily powerful" can vary based on different perspectives and criteria. Additionally, the presence of nuclear weapons and their use was a significant factor during the early Cold War period, which continued to shape the dynamics of global geopolitics. For each year from 1951 through 1955 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. Below is a year-by-year list of the six most militarily powerful nations from 1951 to 1955, along with their respective leaders, heads of state departments, heads of security services, heads of intelligence services, heads of defense agencies, forms of government, major armed conflicts, and atomic bomb tests or use (if applicable): 1951: United States: Leader: Harry S. Truman (until January 20, 1953); Dwight D. Eisenhower (from January 20, 1953) Head of State Department: Dean Acheson Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA - from February 1953) Head of Defense Agency: Robert A. Lovett (until January 20, 1953); Charles E. Wilson (from January 21, 1953) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War - ongoing. Soviet Union: Leader: Joseph Stalin (until March 5, 1953); Georgy Malenkov (from March 5, 1953) Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB - from March 1954) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Bulganin (Minister of Defense - from March 1955) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and suppression of uprisings in Eastern Europe. United Kingdom: Leader: Clement Attlee (until October 26, 1951); Winston Churchill (from October 26, 1951) Head of State Department: Herbert Morrison (Foreign Secretary - until October 26, 1951); Anthony Eden (from October 26, 1951) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Sinclair (MI6 - until 1953); John Alexander Sinclair (from 1953) Head of Defense Agency: Winston Churchill (Prime Minister - also served as Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-Korean War reconstruction and decolonization. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Peng Dehuai (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and consolidation of power under the Communist Party. France: Leader: René Coty (until January 16, 1954); Vincent Auriol (from January 16, 1954) Head of State Department: Georges Bidault (Foreign Minister - until March 8, 1952); Robert Schuman (from March 8, 1952) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE - from 1952) Head of Defense Agency: René Pleven (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - until 1952); Antoine Pinay (Minister of Defense - from 1952) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and colonial conflicts in Indochina. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense - from January 1953) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and internal security challenges. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1952: The United States conducted its first hydrogen bomb test, code-named "Ivy Mike," on November 1, 1952. 1953: The Soviet Union conducted its first successful hydrogen bomb test, codenamed "Joe-4," on August 12, 1953. 1952: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: Dean Acheson Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Charles E. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War - ongoing. Soviet Union: Leader: Georgy Malenkov (until March 5, 1953); Nikita Khrushchev (from March 5, 1953) Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Bulganin (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and suppression of uprisings in Eastern Europe. United Kingdom: Leader: Winston Churchill (until April 5, 1955); Anthony Eden (from April 6, 1955) Head of State Department: Anthony Eden (Foreign Secretary - until April 6, 1955); Harold Macmillan (from April 6, 1955) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister - also served as Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-Korean War reconstruction and decolonization. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Peng Dehuai (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and consolidation of power under the Communist Party. France: Leader: Vincent Auriol (until January 8, 1954); René Coty (from January 16, 1954) Head of State Department: Robert Schuman (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Antoine Pinay (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and colonial conflicts in Indochina. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and internal security challenges. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1953: The Soviet Union conducted its first successful hydrogen bomb test, codenamed "Joe-4," on August 12, 1953. 1953: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: John Foster Dulles Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Charles E. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War - ongoing. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (until February 24, 1956); Dmitri Shepilov (from February 24, 1956) Head of Security Service: Lavrentiy Beria (MGB - until June 26, 1953); Ivan Serov (KGB - from June 26, 1953) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Georgy Zhukov (Minister of Defense - until March 11, 1955); Nikolai Bulganin (Minister of Defense - from March 11, 1955) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War, suppression of uprisings in Eastern Europe, and the death of Joseph Stalin. United Kingdom: Leader: Anthony Eden (until January 10, 1957); Harold Macmillan (from January 10, 1957) Head of State Department: Harold Macmillan (Foreign Secretary - until January 10, 1957); Selwyn Lloyd (from January 10, 1957) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence - until January 10, 1957); Duncan Sandys (Minister of Defence - from January 10, 1957) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-Korean War reconstruction and decolonization. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Peng Dehuai (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and consolidation of power under the Communist Party. France: Leader: René Coty Head of State Department: Georges Bidault (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: René Mayer (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - until June 19, 1954); Pierre Mendès France (Prime Minister - from June 19, 1954) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War, colonial conflicts in Indochina, and the end of the First Indochina War. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and internal security challenges. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1953: The Soviet Union conducted its first successful hydrogen bomb test, codenamed "Joe-4," on August 12, 1953. 1954: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: John Foster Dulles Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Charles E. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War - ongoing. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Dmitri Shepilov (until March 13, 1956); Vyacheslav Molotov (from March 13, 1956) Head of Security Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Bulganin (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War, suppression of uprisings in Eastern Europe, and the Secret Speech denouncing Stalin's cult of personality. United Kingdom: Leader: Anthony Eden Head of State Department: Selwyn Lloyd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-Korean War reconstruction and decolonization. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Peng Dehuai (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and consolidation of power under the Communist Party. France: Leader: René Mayer (until June 19, 1954); Pierre Mendès France (from June 19, 1954) Head of State Department: Pierre Mendès France (Foreign Minister - until June 19, 1954); Georges Bidault (from June 19, 1954) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Mendès France (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - until February 23, 1955); Edgar Faure (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - from February 23, 1955) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: End of the First Indochina War and decolonization. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and internal security challenges. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1954: The United States conducted several atomic tests as part of Operation Castle, including the "Castle Bravo" test on March 1, 1954, which was the largest U.S. thermonuclear test. 1955: The Soviet Union conducted several atomic tests as part of Operation RDS-37, including the successful testing of a thermonuclear device on November 22, 1955. 1955: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: John Foster Dulles Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Charles E. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War - ongoing. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov Head of Security Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Georgy Zhukov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War, suppression of uprisings in Eastern Europe, and the growing influence of Khrushchev. United Kingdom: Leader: Anthony Eden Head of State Department: Harold Macmillan (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Post-Korean War reconstruction and decolonization. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Peng Dehuai (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Korean War and consolidation of power under the Communist Party. France: Leader: Edgar Faure Head of State Department: Antoine Pinay (Foreign Minister - until January 1, 1956); Christian Pineau (from January 1, 1956) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Edgar Faure (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - until February 1, 1955); Pierre Mendès France (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - from February 1, 1955) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Decolonization and Suez Crisis. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and internal security challenges. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1954: The United States conducted several atomic tests as part of Operation Castle, including the "Castle Bravo" test on March 1, 1954, which was the largest U.S. thermonuclear test. 1955: The Soviet Union conducted several atomic tests as part of Operation RDS-37, including the successful testing of a thermonuclear device on November 22, 1955. For each year from 1956 through 1960 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. Below is a year-by-year list of the six most militarily powerful nations from 1956 to 1960, along with their respective leaders, heads of state departments, heads of security services, heads of intelligence services, heads of defense agencies, forms of government, major armed conflicts, and atomic bomb tests or use (if applicable): 1956: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: John Foster Dulles Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Charles E. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Suez Crisis and the Hungarian Revolution. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Vyacheslav Molotov (until June 29, 1957); Andrei Gromyko (from June 29, 1957) Head of Security Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Georgy Zhukov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Suppression of the Hungarian Revolution and the post-Suez Crisis diplomatic struggles. United Kingdom: Leader: Anthony Eden (until January 10, 1957); Harold Macmillan (from January 10, 1957) Head of State Department: Selwyn Lloyd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: Suez Crisis and post-Suez foreign policy adjustments. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Peng Dehuai (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Great Leap Forward and continued consolidation of Communist rule. France: Leader: Guy Mollet (until May 13, 1957); Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury (from May 13, 1957) Head of State Department: Christian Pineau (Foreign Minister - until June 14, 1957); Maurice Faure (from June 14, 1957) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - until June 6, 1957); Félix Gaillard (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - from June 6, 1957) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: Suez Crisis and Algerian War of Independence. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Sino-Indian Border Dispute. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1956: None of the six most militarily powerful nations conducted atomic bomb tests or used atomic bombs in armed conflicts during this year. 1957: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: John Foster Dulles Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Charles E. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Continued involvement in the Cold War and containment policy. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Georgy Zhukov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: Escalating tensions in the Cold War. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Macmillan Head of State Department: Selwyn Lloyd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Sino-Soviet split and internal challenges. France: Leader: Félix Gaillard (until May 6, 1958); Pierre Pflimlin (from May 13, 1958) Head of State Department: Maurice Faure (Foreign Minister - until June 1, 1958); René Pleven (from June 1, 1958) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Pflimlin (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - until May 13, 1958); Charles de Gaulle (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense - from May 13, 1958) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1957: None of the six most militarily powerful nations conducted atomic bomb tests or used atomic bombs in armed conflicts during this year. 1958: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: John Foster Dulles Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Neil H. McElroy (Secretary of Defense - until December 1, 1958); Thomas S. Gates Jr. (from December 2, 1958) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War and the growing influence of the military-industrial complex. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Rodion Malinovsky (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War and the influence of the military in political decisions. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Macmillan Head of State Department: Selwyn Lloyd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: René Pleven (Foreign Minister - until May 14, 1958); Maurice Couve de Murville (from May 14, 1958) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles de Gaulle (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Parliamentary republic (transitioning to the Fifth Republic with a semi-presidential system) Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: V. K. Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense - until November 1, 1962); Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defense - from November 1, 1962) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1958: The United States conducted several nuclear tests during Operation Hardtack I from April to October 1958. The Soviet Union conducted its largest nuclear test during Operation K project on October 31, 1958. 1959: United States: Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower Head of State Department: Christian Herter (from April 22, 1959) Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Thomas S. Gates Jr. (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: Cold War tensions and containment efforts. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Ivan Serov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Rodion Malinovsky (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War and increasing focus on nuclear deterrence. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Macmillan Head of State Department: Selwyn Lloyd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Percy Sillitoe (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Alexander Sinclair (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Macmillan (Prime Minister and Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: Tibetan Uprising and tension with Taiwan. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles de Gaulle (Prime Minister and Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: Algerian War of Independence. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru Head of State Department: Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: V. K. Krishna Menon (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: N/A. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1959: The Soviet Union conducted several nuclear tests, including the testing of the R-7 Semyorka intercontinental ballistic missile. 1960: The United States conducted several nuclear tests, including the testing of the first intercontinental ballistic missile, the Atlas D. The Soviet Union conducted its largest nuclear test during Operation "Ivan" on October 30, 1961. For each year from 1961 through 1970 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. 1961: United States: Leader: John F. Kennedy (from January 20, 1961) Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Allen W. Dulles (CIA - until November 28, 1961); John A. McCone (from November 28, 1961) Head of Defense Agency: Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev (until October 14, 1964); Leonid Brezhnev (from October 14, 1964) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Rodion Malinovsky (Minister of Defense - until February 23, 1961); Marshal Andrei Grechko (from February 23, 1961) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Macmillan (until October 18, 1963); Alec Douglas-Home (from October 19, 1963) Head of State Department: Alec Douglas-Home (Foreign Secretary - until October 18, 1963); R. A. Butler (from October 18, 1963) Head of Security Service: Roger Hollis (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Watkinson (Minister of Defence - until July 20, 1962); Peter Thorneycroft (Minister of Defence - from July 20, 1962) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, involvement in the Aden Emergency, and increasing tensions with Rhodesia. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister - until January 22, 1972); Qiao Guanhua (from January 22, 1972) Head of Security Service: Kang Sheng (Ministry of Public Security - until March 16, 1967); Wu De (from March 16, 1967) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense - until September 13, 1971); Ye Jianying (from September 13, 1971) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Great Leap Forward, and internal challenges. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister - until July 20, 1969); Michel Debré (from July 20, 1969) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces - until May 22, 1968); Michel Debré (Minister of Armed Forces - from May 22, 1968) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, involvement in the Algerian War of Independence (until 1962), and decolonization efforts. India: Leader: Jawaharlal Nehru (until May 27, 1964); Lal Bahadur Shastri (from June 9, 1964) Head of State Department: Sardar Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister - until November 9, 1966); Indira Gandhi (from November 9, 1966) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: V. K. Krishna Menon (until November 1, 1962); Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defence - from November 1, 1962) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the India-China Border Conflict, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1961: The Soviet Union conducted several nuclear tests, including the testing of the largest nuclear weapon in history, the Tsar Bomba, on October 30, 1961. The United States continued nuclear testing with Operation Nougat. 1962: United States: Leader: John F. Kennedy Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John A. McCone (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War. Soviet Union: Leader: Nikita Khrushchev (until October 14, 1964); Leonid Brezhnev (from October 14, 1964) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Sino-Indian War. United Kingdom: Leader: Alec Douglas-Home (until October 16, 1964); Harold Wilson (from October 16, 1964) Head of State Department: R. A. Butler (Foreign Secretary - until October 16, 1964); Patrick Gordon Walker (from October 16, 1964) Head of Security Service: Roger Hollis (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Peter Thorneycroft (Minister of Defence - until January 16, 1959); Harold Watkinson (Minister of Defence - from January 16, 1959) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, and the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Qiao Guanhua (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Ye Jianying (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Indian War, and the Great Leap Forward. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Michel Debré (Foreign Minister - until April 20, 1962); Maurice Couve de Murville (from April 20, 1962) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces - until July 6, 1966); Michel Debré (Minister of Armed Forces - from July 6, 1966) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Algerian War of Independence, and the Évian Accords leading to Algerian independence. India: Leader: Lal Bahadur Shastri (until January 11, 1966); Indira Gandhi (from January 24, 1966) Head of State Department: Indira Gandhi (Foreign Minister - until August 14, 1967); Swaran Singh (from August 14, 1967) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and the Green Revolution. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1962: The Soviet Union conducted several nuclear tests, including the testing of the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear weapon detonation in history, on October 30, 1961. The United States conducted nuclear tests, including Operation Dominic. 1963: United States: Leader: John F. Kennedy (until November 22, 1963); Lyndon B. Johnson (from November 22, 1963) Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John A. McCone (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Sino-Soviet Split. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Patrick Gordon Walker (Foreign Secretary - until December 16, 1965); Michael Stewart (from December 16, 1965) Head of Security Service: Roger Hollis (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Denis Healey (Minister of Defence - until April 6, 1968); Peter Thorneycroft (Minister of Defence - from April 6, 1968) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, involvement in the Aden Emergency, and the escalation of the Rhodesian Bush War. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Qiao Guanhua (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Indian War, and the Cultural Revolution. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the growing influence of the European Community. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defence - until November 13, 1966); Sardar Swaran Singh (Minister of Defence - from November 14, 1966) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1963: The Soviet Union conducted several nuclear tests during Operation K, and the United States continued nuclear testing, including Operation Storax. France tested its first atmospheric nuclear weapon in the Sahara Desert. 1964: United States: Leader: Lyndon B. Johnson Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John A. McCone (CIA - until April 28, 1965); Richard Helms (from June 30, 1966) Head of Defense Agency: Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense - until February 29, 1968); Clark Clifford (from March 1, 1968) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the escalation of the Vietnam conflict. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the escalation of tensions with China. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Michael Stewart (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Roger Hollis (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Denis Healey (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Rhodesian Bush War, and the escalation of tensions with Rhodesia. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense - until September 13, 1971); Lin Piao (from September 13, 1971) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Indian War, and the Cultural Revolution. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Chadian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister - until November 18, 1966); Morarji Desai (from November 18, 1966) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Swaran Singh (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1964: The People's Republic of China conducted its first nuclear test on October 16, 1964, becoming the fifth nuclear-armed nation. The United States continued nuclear testing, including Operation Fishbowl and Operation Dominic. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation K, Operation U, and Operation Soyuz. 1965: United States: Leader: Lyndon B. Johnson Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Clark Clifford (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the escalation of the Vietnam conflict. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the escalation of tensions with China. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Michael Stewart (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Roger Hollis (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Denis Healey (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Rhodesian Bush War, and the escalation of tensions with Rhodesia. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Piao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Indian War, and the Cultural Revolution. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Chadian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Morarji Desai (Foreign Minister - until September 1966); Swaran Singh (from September 1966) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Swaran Singh (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and the Second Kashmir War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1965: India and Pakistan engaged in a brief war, known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. During the war, both countries faced international pressure not to use nuclear weapons, and as a result, there were no reported atomic bomb tests or use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1966: United States: Leader: Lyndon B. Johnson Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Clark Clifford (Secretary of Defense - until January 20, 1969); Melvin Laird (from January 22, 1969) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the escalation of the Vietnam conflict. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Semichastny (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the escalating tensions with China. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Michael Stewart (Foreign Secretary - until April 6, 1968); George Brown (from April 6, 1968) Head of Security Service: Roger Hollis (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Denis Healey (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Rhodesian Bush War, and the Troubles in Northern Ireland. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Piao (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Cultural Revolution, and tensions with the Soviet Union. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister - until April 5, 1968); Michel Debré (from April 5, 1968) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: André Beaufre (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Michel Debré (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Swaran Singh (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Green Revolution. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1966: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Plowshare, and the Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Totskoye. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1967: United States: Leader: Lyndon B. Johnson (until January 20, 1969); Richard Nixon (from January 20, 1969) Head of State Department: Dean Rusk Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Melvin Laird (Secretary of Defense - until January 29, 1973); Elliot Richardson (from January 30, 1973) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the escalation of the Vietnam conflict. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense - until July 26, 1976); Dmitriy Ustinov (from July 26, 1976) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the escalation of tensions with China. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: George Brown (Foreign Secretary - until August 5, 1968); Michael Stewart (from August 6, 1968) Head of Security Service: Martin Furnival Jones (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Denis Healey (Minister of Defence - until June 19, 1970); Lord Carrington (from June 20, 1970) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Rhodesian Bush War, and the Troubles in Northern Ireland. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Piao (Minister of National Defense - until September 13, 1971); Lin Biao (from September 13, 1971) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Cultural Revolution, and tensions with the Soviet Union. France: Leader: Charles de Gaulle (until April 28, 1969); Georges Pompidou (from June 20, 1969) Head of State Department: Michel Debré (Foreign Minister - until April 6, 1968); Maurice Couve de Murville (from April 6, 1968) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Michel Debré (Minister of Armed Forces - until May 20, 1968); Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces - from May 20, 1968) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister - until November 18, 1966); Morarji Desai (from November 18, 1966) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sardar Swaran Singh (Minister of Defence - until September 14, 1967); Yashwantrao Chavan (from September 14, 1967) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Green Revolution. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1967: The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation K, Operation Danube, and Operation Otrazheniye. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific, and China conducted its first hydrogen bomb test. The United States conducted nuclear tests, including Operation Crosstie, Operation Latchkey, and Operation Bowline. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1968: United States: Leader: Richard Nixon Head of State Department: Dean Rusk (until January 20, 1969); William P. Rogers (from January 22, 1969) Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Melvin Laird (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the escalation of the Vietnam conflict. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the escalation of tensions with China. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Michael Stewart (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Martin Furnival Jones (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard White (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Lord Carrington (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Rhodesian Bush War, and the Troubles in Northern Ireland. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense - until September 13, 1971); Lin Piao (from September 13, 1971) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Cultural Revolution, and tensions with the Soviet Union. France: Leader: Georges Pompidou Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Green Revolution. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1968: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Crosstie, Operation Bowline, and Operation Emery. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation K, Operation Danube, and Operation Otrazheniye. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted its first hydrogen bomb test and conducted additional nuclear tests during Operation Fengbao. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1969: United States: Leader: Richard Nixon Head of State Department: William P. Rogers Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Melvin Laird (Secretary of Defense - until January 29, 1973); Elliot Richardson (from January 30, 1973) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Michael Stewart (Foreign Secretary - until June 20, 1970); Alec Douglas-Home (from June 20, 1970) Head of Security Service: Martin Furnival Jones (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Rennie (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Lord Carrington (Minister of Defence - until March 5, 1974); Ian Gilmour (from March 5, 1974) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the beginning of the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Chen Yi (Foreign Minister - until April 8, 1972); Ji Pengfei (from April 8, 1972) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Lin Biao (Minister of National Defense - until September 13, 1971); Lin Piao (from September 13, 1971 - until September 13, 1971); Ye Jianying (from September 13, 1971) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Georges Pompidou Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Messmer (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister - until March 13, 1973); Dinesh Singh (from March 14, 1973) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1969: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Cresset, Operation Whetstone, and Operation Bowline. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Haymaker and Operation Seismos. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shuangfeng and Operation Changcheng. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1970: United States: Leader: Richard Nixon Head of State Department: William P. Rogers Head of Security Service: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI - until May 2, 1972); L. Patrick Gray (from May 3, 1972) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA - until February 2, 1973); James Schlesinger (from February 2, 1973) Head of Defense Agency: Elliot Richardson (Secretary of Defense - until May 24, 1973); Melvin Laird (from January 22, 1969) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense - until April 26, 1976); Dmitriy Ustinov (from April 26, 1976) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson Head of State Department: Alec Douglas-Home (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Martin Furnival Jones (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Rennie (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Ian Gilmour (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Ye Jianying (Minister of National Defense - until January 28, 1975); Xu Xiangqian (from January 28, 1975) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Georges Pompidou Head of State Department: Maurice Couve de Murville (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: François Coulet (no centralized security service) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Michel Debré (Minister of Armed Forces - until May 6, 1973); Robert Galley (from May 6, 1973) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Dinesh Singh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Yashwantrao Chavan (Minister of Defence - until August 27, 1971); Jagjivan Ram (from August 27, 1971) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1970: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Flintlock and Operation Grommet. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grapple. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Anji and Operation Fengzhen. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. Please note that while efforts have been made to provide accurate and comprehensive information, the historical record may contain gaps or inaccuracies. Additionally, the rankings of militarily powerful nations are subject to various interpretations and may vary based on different criteria and sources. For each year from 1971 through 1980 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. 1971: United States: Leader: Richard Nixon Head of State Department: William P. Rogers Head of Security Service: L. Patrick Gray (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Melvin Laird (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Marshal Andrei Grechko (Minister of Defense - until April 26, 1976); Dmitriy Ustinov (from April 26, 1976) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Bangladesh Liberation War. United Kingdom: Leader: Edward Heath (until March 4, 1974); Harold Wilson (from March 4, 1974) Head of State Department: Alec Douglas-Home (Foreign Secretary - until June 5, 1973); James Callaghan (from June 5, 1973) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Rennie (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Lord Carrington (Secretary of State for Defence - until March 4, 1974); Ian Gilmour (from March 5, 1974) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Ye Jianying (Minister of National Defense - until January 28, 1975); Xu Xiangqian (from January 28, 1975) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Georges Pompidou (until April 2, 1974); Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (from May 27, 1974) Head of State Department: Maurice Schumann (Foreign Minister - until May 28, 1974); Jean Sauvagnargues (from May 28, 1974) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Michel Debré (Minister of Armed Forces - until March 27, 1973); Robert Galley (from March 28, 1973) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1971: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grommet and Operation Emery. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Proton-1. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shuangfeng. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1972: United States: Leader: Richard Nixon Head of State Department: William P. Rogers Head of Security Service: L. Patrick Gray (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Helms (CIA - until February 2, 1973); James Schlesinger (from February 2, 1973) Head of Defense Agency: Melvin Laird (Secretary of Defense - until January 29, 1973); Elliot Richardson (from January 30, 1973) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the escalation of tensions with China. United Kingdom: Leader: Edward Heath (until March 4, 1974); Harold Wilson (from March 4, 1974) Head of State Department: Alec Douglas-Home (Foreign Secretary - until June 5, 1973); James Callaghan (from June 5, 1973) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Lord Carrington (Secretary of State for Defence - until March 4, 1974); Ian Gilmour (from March 5, 1974) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Mao Zedong Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Jean Sauvagnargues (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Robert Galley (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence - until December 15, 1975); Indira Gandhi (from December 15, 1975) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Green Revolution. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1972: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Handlebar. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grumble. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Nanyun. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1973: United States: Leader: Richard Nixon (until August 9, 1974); Gerald Ford (from August 9, 1974) Head of State Department: William P. Rogers (until September 3, 1973); Henry Kissinger (from September 22, 1973) Head of Security Service: L. Patrick Gray (FBI - until April 27, 1973); William Ruckelshaus (from April 27, 1973) Head of Intelligence Service: James Schlesinger (CIA - until February 2, 1973); William Colby (from September 4, 1973) Head of Defense Agency: Elliot Richardson (Secretary of Defense - until May 24, 1973); James Schlesinger (from July 2, 1973) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Yom Kippur War. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson (until March 16, 1976); James Callaghan (from April 5, 1976) Head of State Department: James Callaghan (Foreign Secretary - until March 4, 1974); Anthony Crosland (from March 5, 1974 - until March 8, 1976); Anthony Crosland (from March 8, 1976); David Owen (from April 5, 1976) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Ian Gilmour (Secretary of State for Defence - until March 4, 1974); Roy Mason (from March 5, 1974 - until March 10, 1976); Fred Mulley (from March 10, 1976) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Mao Zedong (until September 9, 1976); Hua Guofeng (from September 9, 1976) Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense - until January 28, 1975); Ye Jianying (from January 28, 1975) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Jean Sauvagnargues (Foreign Minister - until March 28, 1974); Michel Jobert (from March 28, 1974) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Robert Galley (Minister of Armed Forces - until September 28, 1977); Yvon Bourges (from September 29, 1977) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Swaran Singh (Foreign Minister - until March 24, 1977); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from March 24, 1977) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence - until March 24, 1977); Bansi Lal (from March 24, 1977) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1973: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Bowline and Operation Emery. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Azot. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Lulan and Operation Tianqing. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1974: United States: Leader: Gerald Ford Head of State Department: Henry Kissinger Head of Security Service: Clarence M. Kelley (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Colby (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: James Schlesinger (Secretary of Defense - until November 20, 1975); Donald Rumsfeld (from November 20, 1975) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Yom Kippur War. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson (until March 16, 1976); James Callaghan (from April 5, 1976) Head of State Department: David Owen (Foreign Secretary - until March 10, 1976); Anthony Crosland (from March 10, 1976 - until May 10, 1976); Anthony Crosland (from May 10, 1976 - until March 4, 1977); David Owen (from March 5, 1977) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Fred Mulley (Secretary of State for Defence - until April 4, 1976); John Nott (from April 5, 1976) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Hua Guofeng Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Ye Jianying (Minister of National Defense - until October 18, 1977); Xu Xiangqian (from October 18, 1977) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Michel Jobert (Foreign Minister - until September 28, 1976); Jean Sauvagnargues (from September 29, 1976) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Yvon Bourges (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Bansi Lal (Minister of Defence - until March 24, 1977); Jagjivan Ram (from March 24, 1977) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Green Revolution. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1974: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Arbor and Operation Longshot. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kama and Operation Nikolay. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Jiyan and Operation Hudie. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1975: United States: Leader: Gerald Ford Head of State Department: Henry Kissinger Head of Security Service: Clarence M. Kelley (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Colby (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Angolan Civil War. United Kingdom: Leader: Harold Wilson (until March 16, 1976); James Callaghan (from April 5, 1976) Head of State Department: David Owen (Foreign Secretary - until March 4, 1977); Anthony Crosland (from March 5, 1977) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Nott (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Hua Guofeng Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Jean Sauvagnargues (Foreign Minister - until September 29, 1976); Louis de Guiringaud (from September 30, 1976) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Yvon Bourges (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Angolan Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Foreign Minister - until March 24, 1977); Morarji Desai (from March 24, 1977) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Emergency period in India. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1975: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Anvil and Operation Sculpin. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kama and Operation Klondike. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fenghuo and Operation Jiaqiang. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1976: United States: Leader: Gerald Ford (until January 20, 1977); Jimmy Carter (from January 20, 1977) Head of State Department: Henry Kissinger (until January 20, 1977); Cyrus Vance (from January 23, 1977) Head of Security Service: Clarence M. Kelley (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George H.W. Bush (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld (Secretary of Defense - until January 20, 1977); Harold Brown (from January 21, 1977) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Nixon Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Sino-Vietnamese War. United Kingdom: Leader: James Callaghan Head of State Department: Anthony Crosland (Foreign Secretary - until March 4, 1977); David Owen (from March 5, 1977) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Nott (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Hua Guofeng Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense - until September 7, 1977); Ye Jianying (from September 7, 1977) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Louis de Guiringaud (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Yvon Bourges (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Angolan Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi Head of State Department: Morarji Desai (Foreign Minister - until July 18, 1977); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from July 18, 1977) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Emergency period in India. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1976: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Crosstie and Operation Fulcrum. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kama and Operation Start. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Dajie. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1977: United States: Leader: Jimmy Carter Head of State Department: Cyrus Vance Head of Security Service: Clarence M. Kelley (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Stansfield Turner (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Carter Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Ogaden War. United Kingdom: Leader: James Callaghan Head of State Department: David Owen (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Nott (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Hua Guofeng Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Ye Jianying (Minister of National Defense - until November 27, 1978); Xu Xiangqian (from November 27, 1978) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Louis de Guiringaud (Foreign Minister - until March 22, 1978); Jean François-Poncet (from March 22, 1978) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Yvon Bourges (Minister of Armed Forces - until March 31, 1978); Joël Le Theule (from March 31, 1978) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Ogaden War. India: Leader: Morarji Desai (until July 28, 1979); Charan Singh (from July 28, 1979) Head of State Department: Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Foreign Minister - until July 28, 1979); Jagjivan Ram (from July 28, 1979) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Jagjivan Ram (Minister of Defence - until January 14, 1980); R. Venkataraman (from January 14, 1980) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Emergency period in India. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1977: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Crosstie and Operation Fulcrum. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Start and Operation Tadpole. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Qiangguang. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1978: United States: Leader: Jimmy Carter Head of State Department: Cyrus Vance Head of Security Service: Clarence M. Kelley (FBI - until February 15, 1978); William Webster (from February 23, 1978) Head of Intelligence Service: Stansfield Turner (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Carter Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, and the Sino-Vietnamese War. United Kingdom: Leader: James Callaghan Head of State Department: David Owen (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Nott (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Hua Guofeng Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Kang Sheng (Central Investigation Department) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Head of State Department: Jean François-Poncet (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Joël Le Theule (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and French involvement in the Ogaden War. India: Leader: Charan Singh (until January 14, 1980); Indira Gandhi (from January 14, 1980) Head of State Department: Jagjivan Ram (Foreign Minister - until January 14, 1980); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from January 14, 1980) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: R. Venkataraman (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Emergency period in India. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1978: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Cresset and Operation Grenadier. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Tadpole and Operation Yuzhnaya Zemlya. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengbao. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1979: United States: Leader: Jimmy Carter Head of State Department: Cyrus Vance (until April 28, 1980); Edmund Muskie (from May 8, 1980) Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Stansfield Turner (CIA - until January 20, 1981); William Casey (from January 28, 1981) Head of Defense Agency: Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense - until January 20, 1981); Caspar Weinberger (from January 21, 1981) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Carter Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev (until November 10, 1982); Yuri Andropov (from November 12, 1982) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitriy Ustinov (Minister of Defense - until January 20, 1984); Nikolai Vasilyevich Ogarkov (from January 20, 1984) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Sino-Vietnamese War. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: David Owen (Foreign Secretary - until May 4, 1979); Lord Carrington (from May 5, 1979) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Nott (Secretary of State for Defence - until January 5, 1981); Francis Pym (from January 5, 1981) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Falklands War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Hua Guofeng (until October 22, 1982); Zhao Ziyang (from November 24, 1982) Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Yang Hu (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense - until September 7, 1981); Ye Jianying (from September 7, 1981) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (until May 21, 1981); François Mitterrand (from May 21, 1981) Head of State Department: Jean François-Poncet (Foreign Minister - until May 22, 1981); Claude Cheysson (from May 22, 1981) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Joël Le Theule (Minister of Armed Forces - until May 22, 1981); Charles Hernu (from May 22, 1981) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Lebanese Civil War. India: Leader: Charan Singh (until January 14, 1980); Indira Gandhi (from January 14, 1980) Head of State Department: Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Foreign Minister - until January 14, 1980); R. Venkataraman (from January 15, 1980 - until January 22, 1980); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from January 23, 1980 - until July 18, 1980); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from July 18, 1980) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: R. Venkataraman (Minister of Defence - until July 22, 1980); Indira Gandhi (from July 23, 1980) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1979: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Cresset and Operation Grenadier. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Zabiyaka and Operation Khariton Laptiev. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengbao and Operation Fengkuo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1980: United States: Leader: Jimmy Carter (until January 20, 1981); Ronald Reagan (from January 20, 1981) Head of State Department: Edmund Muskie (until January 20, 1981); Alexander Haig (from January 22, 1981) Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Reagan Doctrine. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev (until November 10, 1982); Yuri Andropov (from November 12, 1982) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Vasilyevich Ogarkov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Sino-Vietnamese War. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Lord Carrington (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Francis Pym (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Falklands War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Zhao Ziyang Head of State Department: Ji Pengfei (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Wu De (Ministry of Public Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Yang Hu (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Xu Xiangqian (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the rise of China as a nuclear power. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Claude Cheysson (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Intelligence Service: Alexandre de Marenches (SDECE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Hernu (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Lebanese Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi (until October 31, 1984); Rajiv Gandhi (from October 31, 1984) Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Indira Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1980: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Guardian. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kashtan and Operation Pechora. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengbao and Operation Fengkuo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. For each year from 1981 through 1990 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. 1981: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: Alexander Haig (until July 5, 1982); George P. Shultz (from July 16, 1982) Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and U.S. involvement in El Salvador. Soviet Union: Leader: Leonid Brezhnev (until November 10, 1982); Yuri Andropov (from November 12, 1982) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Vasilyevich Ogarkov (Minister of Defense - until September 23, 1984); Sergei Sokolov (from September 23, 1984) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Poland crisis of 1980-1981. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Lord Carrington (Foreign Secretary - until April 5, 1982); Francis Pym (from April 6, 1982) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Nott (Secretary of State for Defence - until January 5, 1983); Michael Heseltine (from January 6, 1983) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Falklands War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Zhao Ziyang (until May 23, 1989); Jiang Zemin (from March 27, 1993) Head of State Department: Wu Xueqian (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Qiao Shi (Ministry of State Security - until March 24, 1983); Jia Chunwang (from March 24, 1983) Head of Intelligence Service: Li Peng (State Security Ministry) Head of Defense Agency: Zhang Aiping (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and China's economic modernization. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Claude Cheysson (Foreign Minister - until July 20, 1984); Roland Dumas (from July 20, 1984) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Marion (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Hernu (Minister of Armed Forces - until July 20, 1985); Paul Quilès (from July 20, 1985) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Lebanese Civil War. India: Leader: Indira Gandhi (until October 31, 1984); Rajiv Gandhi (from October 31, 1984) Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister - until January 14, 1982); R. Venkataraman (from January 15, 1982 - until July 25, 1984); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from July 25, 1984 - until September 21, 1984); Rajiv Gandhi (from September 21, 1984) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Indira Gandhi (Minister of Defence - until October 31, 1984); Rajiv Gandhi (from October 31, 1984) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1981: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Guardian. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Olkhovka and Operation Arbuz. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengbao and Operation Fengkuo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1982: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: George P. Shultz Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and the U.S. intervention in Lebanon. Soviet Union: Leader: Yuri Andropov (until February 9, 1984); Konstantin Chernenko (from February 13, 1984) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Viktor Chebrikov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Yuri Andropov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Nikolai Vasilyevich Ogarkov (Minister of Defense - until December 27, 1984); Sergei Sokolov (from December 27, 1984) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Poland crisis of 1980-1981. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Francis Pym (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Heseltine (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Falklands War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Deng Xiaoping Head of State Department: Wu Xueqian (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Zhang Aiping (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and China's economic modernization. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Marion (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Paul Quilès (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Lebanese Civil War. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister - until September 2, 1982); R. Venkataraman (from September 3, 1982 - until January 25, 1984); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from January 25, 1984) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1982: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Verdi. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kapkan and Operation Verkhnaya Zemlya. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Julang. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1983: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: George P. Shultz Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and the U.S. intervention in Grenada. Soviet Union: Leader: Konstantin Chernenko (until March 10, 1985); Mikhail Gorbachev (from March 11, 1985) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Viktor Chebrikov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vitaly Fedorchuk (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Sergei Sokolov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Korean Air Flight 007 incident. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Francis Pym (Foreign Secretary - until June 11, 1983); Geoffrey Howe (from June 11, 1983) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Heseltine (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Falklands War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Deng Xiaoping Head of State Department: Wu Xueqian (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Zhang Aiping (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and China's economic modernization. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Marion (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Paul Quilès (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Lebanese Civil War. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1983: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Upshot-Knothole. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Taiga and Operation Chyornaya Gorka. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Chuandongbei. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1984: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: George P. Shultz Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and U.S. involvement in Lebanon. Soviet Union: Leader: Konstantin Chernenko (until March 10, 1985); Mikhail Gorbachev (from March 11, 1985) Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko Head of Security Service: Viktor Chebrikov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vitaly Fedorchuk (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Sergei Sokolov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Soviet boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Geoffrey Howe (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Heseltine (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Falklands War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Deng Xiaoping Head of State Department: Wu Xueqian (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Zhang Aiping (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and China's economic modernization. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Marion (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Paul Quilès (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Lebanese Civil War. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1984: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Victor Echo. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Baykal and Operation Grusha. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Longfeng. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1985: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: George P. Shultz Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and the U.S. involvement in Lebanon. Soviet Union: Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev Head of State Department: Andrei Gromyko (until July 1, 1985); Eduard Shevardnadze (from July 2, 1985) Head of Security Service: Viktor Chebrikov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vitaly Fedorchuk (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Sergei Sokolov (Minister of Defense - until July 12, 1985); Dmitry Ustinov (from July 12, 1985) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the beginning of glasnost and perestroika. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Geoffrey Howe (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Michael Hanley (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Maurice Oldfield (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Heseltine (Secretary of State for Defence - until January 10, 1986); George Younger (from January 11, 1986) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Deng Xiaoping (until November 9, 1987); Jiang Zemin (from November 24, 1989) Head of State Department: Wu Xueqian (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Zhang Aiping (Minister of National Defense - until April 21, 1988); Yang Shangkun (from April 21, 1988) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Alexandre de Marenches (DGSE - until July 23, 1985); Yves Bonnet (from July 24, 1985) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Marion (DGSE - until July 24, 1985); Pierre Lacoste (from July 25, 1985) Head of Defense Agency: Paul Quilès (Minister of Armed Forces - until March 20, 1986); André Giraud (from March 20, 1986) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Rainbow Warrior incident. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Blue Star. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1985: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Sepulchre. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Vympel and Operation Nagorno-Karabakh. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Longfeng. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1986: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: George P. Shultz Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and the U.S. bombing of Libya. Soviet Union: Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev Head of State Department: Eduard Shevardnadze Head of Security Service: Viktor Chebrikov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vitaly Fedorchuk (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitry Ustinov (Minister of Defense - until January 20, 1989); Sergei Sokolov (from January 20, 1989) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: Geoffrey Howe (Foreign Secretary - until July 24, 1989); John Major (from July 24, 1989) Head of Security Service: Patrick Walker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Younger (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Deng Xiaoping (until November 9, 1987); Jiang Zemin (from November 24, 1989) Head of State Department: Wu Xueqian (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Yang Shangkun (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and China's economic modernization. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Yves Bonnet (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: André Giraud (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and Operation Épervier. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Brasstacks. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1986: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Pluto. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Beryozka and Operation Slam. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Fengyin. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1987: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan Head of State Department: George P. Shultz Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Casey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and the U.S. bombing of Iran (Operation Praying Mantis). Soviet Union: Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev Head of State Department: Eduard Shevardnadze Head of Security Service: Vladimir Kryuchkov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vitaly Fedorchuk (KGB - until October 3, 1988); Vladimir Kryuchkov (from October 4, 1988) Head of Defense Agency: Sergei Sokolov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: John Major (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Patrick Walker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Younger (Secretary of State for Defence - until July 24, 1989); Tom King (from July 24, 1989) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Yang Shangkun (Minister of National Defense) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the start of economic reforms. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Yves Bonnet (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: André Giraud (Minister of Armed Forces - until May 20, 1988); Jean-Pierre Chevènement (from May 20, 1988) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and Operation Prométhée. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Brasstacks. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1987: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Jangle. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Purga and Operation Yuzhnaya Duga. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Fengzhan. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1988: United States: Leader: Ronald Reagan (until January 20, 1989); George H. W. Bush (from January 20, 1989) Head of State Department: George P. Shultz (until January 20, 1989); James Baker (from January 20, 1989) Head of Security Service: William Webster (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: William Webster (CIA - until January 31, 1991); Robert Gates (from November 6, 1991) Head of Defense Agency: Frank Carlucci (Secretary of Defense - until January 20, 1989); Dick Cheney (from March 17, 1989) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Reagan Doctrine, and the U.S. bombing of Libya. Soviet Union: Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev Head of State Department: Eduard Shevardnadze Head of Security Service: Vladimir Kryuchkov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Kryuchkov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitry Yazov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the beginning of the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher Head of State Department: John Major (Foreign Secretary - until July 28, 1989); Douglas Hurd (from July 28, 1989) Head of Security Service: Patrick Walker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Tom King (Secretary of State for Defence) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Qiao Shi (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Yang Shangkun (Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and China's economic modernization. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Yves Bonnet (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Jean-Pierre Chevènement (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Nakba Day protests. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Rajiv Gandhi (Minister of Defence) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Operation Cactus. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1988: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Sculpin. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Rozhestvenskiy and Operation Vegans. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Fengshi. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1989: United States: Leader: George H. W. Bush Head of State Department: James Baker Head of Security Service: William Sessions (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Robert Gates (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Dick Cheney (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the U.S. invasion of Panama, and the fall of the Berlin Wall. Soviet Union: Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev Head of State Department: Eduard Shevardnadze (until December 20, 1990); Alexander Bessmertnykh (from December 21, 1990) Head of Security Service: Vladimir Kryuchkov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vladimir Kryuchkov (KGB) Head of Defense Agency: Dmitry Yazov (Minister of Defense - until August 22, 1991); Yevgeny Shaposhnikov (from August 22, 1991) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher (until November 28, 1990); John Major (from November 28, 1990) Head of State Department: Douglas Hurd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Patrick Walker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Tom King (Secretary of State for Defence - until November 28, 1990); Richard Hurd (from November 28, 1990) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Northern Ireland conflict. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Qiao Shi (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Yang Shangkun (Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Sino-Vietnamese War, and the economic reforms. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Yves Bonnet (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Jean-Pierre Chevènement (Minister of Armed Forces) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the Strasbourg Cathedral bombing. India: Leader: Rajiv Gandhi (until December 2, 1989); Vishwanath Pratap Singh (from December 2, 1989) Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: V. P. Singh (Minister of Defence - until November 10, 1990); Chandra Shekhar (from November 10, 1990) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kashmir insurgency. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1989: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Hark. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Soratnik and Operation Zapadnyy. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Fengshi. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1990: United States: Leader: George H. W. Bush Head of State Department: James Baker Head of Security Service: William Sessions (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Robert Gates (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Dick Cheney (Secretary of Defense) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Soviet Union: Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev (until December 25, 1991); Boris Yeltsin (from December 25, 1991) Head of State Department: Alexander Bessmertnykh (until December 26, 1991); Eduard Shevardnadze (from December 26, 1991) Head of Security Service: Vladimir Kryuchkov (KGB) Head of Intelligence Service: Vadim Bakatin (KGB - until August 22, 1991); Leonid Shebarshin (from August 22, 1991 - until August 24, 1991); Vadim Bakatin (from August 24, 1991) Head of Defense Agency: Yevgeny Shaposhnikov (Minister of Defense) Form of Government: Marxist-Leninist single-party state (until August 24, 1991); Federal semi-presidential republic (from August 24, 1991) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the Soviet-Afghan War, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. United Kingdom: Leader: Margaret Thatcher (until November 28, 1990); John Major (from November 28, 1990) Head of State Department: Douglas Hurd (Foreign Secretary) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Tom King (Secretary of State for Defence - until November 28, 1990); Richard Hurd (from November 28, 1990) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the Northern Ireland conflict, and the reunification of Germany. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Qiao Shi (Ministry of State Security) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security) Head of Defense Agency: Yang Shangkun (Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cold War, the economic reforms, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. France: Leader: François Mitterrand Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: Yves Bonnet (DGSE) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Jean-Pierre Chevènement (Minister of Armed Forces - until March 30, 1991); Pierre Joxe (from March 30, 1991) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), French nuclear testing in the Pacific, and Operation Requin. India: Leader: Vishwanath Pratap Singh (until November 10, 1990); Chandra Shekhar (from November 10, 1990) Head of State Department: V. P. Narasimha Rao (Foreign Minister) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Chandra Shekhar (Minister of Defence - until June 21, 1991); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from June 21, 1991) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kashmir insurgency, the Sri Lankan Civil War, and the Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1990: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grenadier and Operation Sculpin. The Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests during Operation Yuzhnaya Duga and Operation Parus. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Fengkuo and Operation Fengzhan. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. Please note that the information provided is based on historical data up to 1990, and there might have been subsequent developments after this period. For each year from 1991 through 1999 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. 1991: United States: Leader: George H. W. Bush (until January 20, 1993); Bill Clinton (from January 20, 1993) Head of State Department: James Baker (until August 23, 1992); Lawrence Eagleburger (from December 8, 1992) Head of Security Service: William Sessions (FBI - until July 19, 1993); Louis Freeh (from September 1, 1993) Head of Intelligence Service: Robert Gates (CIA - until January 20, 1993); James Woolsey (from February 5, 1993) Head of Defense Agency: Dick Cheney (until January 20, 1993); Les Aspin (from January 21, 1993) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) and the Yugoslav Wars (Bosnian War). Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrey Kozyrev Head of Security Service: Viktor Barannikov (until December 20, 1993); Nikolay Golushko (from December 20, 1993) Head of Intelligence Service: Vadim Bakatin (until October 22, 1991); Yevgeny Primakov (from October 22, 1991) Head of Defense Agency: Pavel Grachev (until June 29, 1996); Igor Rodionov (from June 29, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the First Chechen War. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major Head of State Department: Douglas Hurd (until July 5, 1995); Malcolm Rifkind (from July 5, 1995) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Malcolm Rifkind (until July 5, 1995); Michael Portillo (from July 5, 1995) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Qiao Shi (until March 18, 1998); Li Jiaqi (from March 19, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security - until June 30, 1998); Jia Chunwang (from July 1, 1998) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the Taiwan Strait Crisis. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (until April 29, 1993); Alain Juppé (from May 18, 1993) Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE - until July 31, 1992); Jacques Dewatre (DGSE - from August 1, 1992) Head of Defense Agency: François Léotard (until March 29, 1993); Pierre Joxe (from March 30, 1993) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of State Department: Dinesh Singh (until March 10, 1993); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from March 11, 1993) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sharad Pawar (until March 25, 1993); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from March 25, 1993) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1991: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin and Operation Guardian. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Sovetskaya Arktika. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Anji and Operation Shuanglong. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1992: United States: Leader: George H. W. Bush (until January 20, 1993); Bill Clinton (from January 20, 1993) Head of State Department: Lawrence Eagleburger (until January 20, 1993); Warren Christopher (from January 20, 1993) Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Woolsey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Les Aspin (until January 21, 1993); William Perry (from February 3, 1994) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War aftermath and Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrey Kozyrev Head of Security Service: Nikolay Golushko (until March 19, 1994); Sergei Stepashin (from March 19, 1994) Head of Intelligence Service: Yevgeny Primakov (until January 10, 1996); Mikhail Barsukov (from January 10, 1996) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Rodionov (until May 22, 1996); Pavel Grachev (from May 22, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major Head of State Department: Malcolm Rifkind Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Portillo Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Li Jiaqi Head of Intelligence Service: Jia Chunwang (until July 1, 1998); Xu Yongyue (from July 1, 1998) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and the cross-strait relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Joxe (until May 4, 1993); François Léotard (from May 4, 1993) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and Operation Turquoise in Rwanda. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: P. V. Narasimha Rao Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kashmir insurgency, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1992: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin and Operation Julin-1. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Sovetskaya Arktika and Operation Skif. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Yilang and Operation Longxi. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1993: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Woolsey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Les Aspin (until January 21, 1993); William Perry (from February 3, 1994) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia and the Second Chechen War. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrey Kozyrev Head of Security Service: Sergei Stepashin Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Barsukov (until June 1, 1995); Nikolai Kovalyov (from June 1, 1995) Head of Defense Agency: Pavel Grachev (until June 22, 1996); Igor Rodionov (from June 22, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Tajikistani Civil War. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major Head of State Department: Douglas Hurd (until July 5, 1995); Malcolm Rifkind (from July 5, 1995) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Malcolm Rifkind Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Bosnian War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Li Jiaqi Head of Intelligence Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Cross-Strait Missile Crisis with Taiwan. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: François Léotard (until March 29, 1993); Charles Millon (from March 29, 1993) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, Operation Serval in Mali, and Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: P. V. Narasimha Rao Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Kashmir Insurgency, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1993: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin and Operation Julin-1. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kurne and Operation Azov. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shuangqing and Operation Changhe. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1994: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Woolsey (CIA - until January 10, 1995); John Deutch (from May 10, 1995) Head of Defense Agency: William Perry Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Bosnian War (Operation Deny Flight), and the Rwandan Genocide. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrei Kozyrev (until January 18, 1996); Yevgeny Primakov (from January 19, 1996) Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergei Stepashin (until June 28, 1995); Vyacheslav Trubnikov (from June 29, 1995) Head of Defense Agency: Pavel Grachev (until June 22, 1996); Igor Rodionov (from June 22, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Tajikistani Civil War, and the Invasion of Chechnya. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major (until May 2, 1997); Tony Blair (from May 2, 1997) Head of State Department: Malcolm Rifkind Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Malcolm Rifkind (until May 2, 1997); George Robertson (from May 3, 1997) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Li Jiaqi (until September 26, 1998); Jia Chunwang (from September 27, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Cross-Strait Missile Crisis with Taiwan, and the Sino-Vietnamese Clashes. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé (until May 7, 1995); Hervé de Charette (from May 7, 1995) Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Millon (until May 18, 1995); François Léotard (from May 18, 1995) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Rwandan Genocide, and Operation Azalea in Rwanda. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao (until June 16, 1996); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from May 16, 1996) Head of State Department: Pranab Mukherjee (until May 15, 1996); Inder Kumar Gujral (from May 16, 1996) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Pranab Mukherjee (until May 15, 1996); Mulayam Singh Yadav (from May 16, 1996) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Kashmir War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1994: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin-2 and Operation Grommet. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kurne and Operation Ladoga. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Gongchen and Operation Jiaqiang. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1995: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John Deutch Head of Defense Agency: William Perry Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Yevgeny Primakov Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov Head of Defense Agency: Igor Rodionov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Tajikistani Civil War, and the Battle of Grozny. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Malcolm Rifkind (until May 2, 1997); Robin Cook (from May 3, 1997) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Robertson (until October 11, 1997); Geoff Hoon (from October 12, 1997) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (until November 28, 1998); Xu Yongyue (from November 29, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Xu Yongyue (until November 28, 1998); Wang Pufeng (from November 29, 1998) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hervé de Charette Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Millon (until May 4, 1995); François Léotard (from May 5, 1995) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Dayton Agreement in Bosnia, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao (until June 1, 1996); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from May 16, 1996) Head of State Department: Inder Kumar Gujral (until March 19, 1998); Jaswant Singh (from March 19, 1998) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Mulayam Singh Yadav (until March 19, 1998); George Fernandes (from March 19, 1998) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Kashmir War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kargil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1995: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin-2 and Operation Guardian. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Ladoga and Operation Soratnik. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Jiasheng and Operation Jianguo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1996: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher (until January 23, 1997); Madeleine Albright (from January 23, 1997) Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John Deutch (until May 10, 1996); George Tenet (from July 11, 1997) Head of Defense Agency: William Perry (until January 23, 1997); William Cohen (from January 24, 1997) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Yevgeny Primakov (until May 12, 1998); Igor Ivanov (from May 12, 1998) Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov Head of Defense Agency: Igor Rodionov (until May 18, 1997); Igor Sergeyev (from May 19, 1997) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Tajikistani Civil War, and the Second Chechen War. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Geoff Hoon (until July 27, 1999); George Robertson (from July 28, 1999) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (until November 28, 1998); Xu Yongyue (from November 29, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hervé de Charette (until June 4, 1997); Hubert Védrine (from June 4, 1997) Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Millon (until May 7, 1997); Alain Richard (from May 8, 1997) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Jaswant Singh (until December 4, 1998); Yashwant Sinha (from December 5, 1998) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kargil War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kashmir insurgency. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1996: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin-2 and Operation Guardian. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Azov and Operation Grifon. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Jiasheng and Operation Jianguo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1997: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin (until December 31, 1999); Vladimir Putin (acting from December 31, 1999) Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov (until July 22, 1998); Vladimir Putin (from July 25, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Second Chechen War, and the Kosovo War. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Robertson Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, and the Sino-Indian Border Conflict. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Yashwant Sinha (until March 19, 1998); Jaswant Singh (from March 19, 1998) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Sino-Indian Border Conflict, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kashmir insurgency. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1997: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Guardian and Operation Piledriver. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grifon and Operation Nadezhda. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Hualong and Operation Haechi. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1998: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, Operation Infinite Reach in Afghanistan and Sudan, and the Operation Desert Fox in Iraq. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin (until December 31, 1999); Vladimir Putin (acting from December 31, 1999) Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov Head of Security Service: Vladimir Putin (until August 9, 1999); Nikolai Patrushev (from August 9, 1999) Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov (until September 24, 1999); Nikolai Patrushev (from September 25, 1999) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and the Invasion of Dagestan. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook (until March 8, 1999); Malcolm Rifkind (from March 9, 1999) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Robertson (until October 11, 1999); Geoff Hoon (from October 12, 1999) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, Operation Desert Fox in Iraq, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Tang Jiaxuan Head of Security Service: Xu Yongyue (until November 28, 1998); Jia Chunwang (from November 29, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, and the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and Operation Desert Fox in Iraq. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Jaswant Singh Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Sino-Indian Border Conflict, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1998: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Guardian and Operation Piledriver. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Zenit and Operation Rook. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kuaima and Operation Haechi. India conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shakti. Pakistan conducted nuclear tests during Operation Chagai-I. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1999: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, the Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia, and the Kargil War. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin (until December 31, 1999); Vladimir Putin (acting from December 31, 1999) Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov Head of Security Service: Nikolai Patrushev Head of Intelligence Service: Nikolai Patrushev (until October 18, 1999); Sergei Lebedev (from October 18, 1999) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and the Dagestan War. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Geoff Hoon Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, the Sierra Leone Civil War, and the East Timor Crisis. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Tang Jiaxuan Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, and the NATO Bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and the NATO Bombing of Yugoslavia. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Jaswant Singh (until October 22, 1999); Lal Krishna Advani (from October 23, 1999) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kargil War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1999: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Guardian and Operation Cornerstone. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Vektor and Operation Soratnik. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kuaima and Operation Haechi. India conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shakti-II. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. Please note that the information provided here is based on historical data up to the year 1999. Subsequent developments after 1999 are not included in this response. For each year from 1991 through 1999 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. 1991: United States: Leader: George H. W. Bush (until January 20, 1993); Bill Clinton (from January 20, 1993) Head of State Department: James Baker (until August 23, 1992); Lawrence Eagleburger (from December 8, 1992) Head of Security Service: William Sessions (FBI - until July 19, 1993); Louis Freeh (from September 1, 1993) Head of Intelligence Service: Robert Gates (CIA - until January 20, 1993); James Woolsey (from February 5, 1993) Head of Defense Agency: Dick Cheney (until January 20, 1993); Les Aspin (from January 21, 1993) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) and the Yugoslav Wars (Bosnian War). Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrey Kozyrev Head of Security Service: Viktor Barannikov (until December 20, 1993); Nikolay Golushko (from December 20, 1993) Head of Intelligence Service: Vadim Bakatin (until October 22, 1991); Yevgeny Primakov (from October 22, 1991) Head of Defense Agency: Pavel Grachev (until June 29, 1996); Igor Rodionov (from June 29, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the First Chechen War. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major Head of State Department: Douglas Hurd (until July 5, 1995); Malcolm Rifkind (from July 5, 1995) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Day (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Malcolm Rifkind (until July 5, 1995); Michael Portillo (from July 5, 1995) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Qiao Shi (until March 18, 1998); Li Jiaqi (from March 19, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Hu Qili (Ministry of State Security - until June 30, 1998); Jia Chunwang (from July 1, 1998) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the Taiwan Strait Crisis. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Roland Dumas (until April 29, 1993); Alain Juppé (from May 18, 1993) Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Lacoste (DGSE - until July 31, 1992); Jacques Dewatre (DGSE - from August 1, 1992) Head of Defense Agency: François Léotard (until March 29, 1993); Pierre Joxe (from March 30, 1993) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of State Department: Dinesh Singh (until March 10, 1993); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from March 11, 1993) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Sharad Pawar (until March 25, 1993); P. V. Narasimha Rao (from March 25, 1993) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1991: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin and Operation Guardian. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Sovetskaya Arktika. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Anji and Operation Shuanglong. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1992: United States: Leader: George H. W. Bush (until January 20, 1993); Bill Clinton (from January 20, 1993) Head of State Department: Lawrence Eagleburger (until January 20, 1993); Warren Christopher (from January 20, 1993) Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Woolsey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Les Aspin (until January 21, 1993); William Perry (from February 3, 1994) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Gulf War aftermath and Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrey Kozyrev Head of Security Service: Nikolay Golushko (until March 19, 1994); Sergei Stepashin (from March 19, 1994) Head of Intelligence Service: Yevgeny Primakov (until January 10, 1996); Mikhail Barsukov (from January 10, 1996) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Rodionov (until May 22, 1996); Pavel Grachev (from May 22, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major Head of State Department: Malcolm Rifkind Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Portillo Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Li Jiaqi Head of Intelligence Service: Jia Chunwang (until July 1, 1998); Xu Yongyue (from July 1, 1998) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and the cross-strait relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Pierre Joxe (until May 4, 1993); François Léotard (from May 4, 1993) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and Operation Turquoise in Rwanda. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: P. V. Narasimha Rao Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kashmir insurgency, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1992: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin and Operation Julin-1. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Sovetskaya Arktika and Operation Skif. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Yilang and Operation Longxi. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1993: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Woolsey (CIA) Head of Defense Agency: Les Aspin (until January 21, 1993); William Perry (from February 3, 1994) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia and the Second Chechen War. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrey Kozyrev Head of Security Service: Sergei Stepashin Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Barsukov (until June 1, 1995); Nikolai Kovalyov (from June 1, 1995) Head of Defense Agency: Pavel Grachev (until June 22, 1996); Igor Rodionov (from June 22, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Tajikistani Civil War. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major Head of State Department: Douglas Hurd (until July 5, 1995); Malcolm Rifkind (from July 5, 1995) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Malcolm Rifkind Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Bosnian War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Li Jiaqi Head of Intelligence Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Cross-Strait Missile Crisis with Taiwan. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: François Léotard (until March 29, 1993); Charles Millon (from March 29, 1993) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, Operation Serval in Mali, and Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of State Department: P. V. Narasimha Rao Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: P. V. Narasimha Rao Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Kashmir Insurgency, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1993: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin and Operation Julin-1. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kurne and Operation Azov. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shuangqing and Operation Changhe. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1994: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Woolsey (CIA - until January 10, 1995); John Deutch (from May 10, 1995) Head of Defense Agency: William Perry Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Bosnian War (Operation Deny Flight), and the Rwandan Genocide. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Andrei Kozyrev (until January 18, 1996); Yevgeny Primakov (from January 19, 1996) Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergei Stepashin (until June 28, 1995); Vyacheslav Trubnikov (from June 29, 1995) Head of Defense Agency: Pavel Grachev (until June 22, 1996); Igor Rodionov (from June 22, 1996) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Tajikistani Civil War, and the Invasion of Chechnya. United Kingdom: Leader: John Major (until May 2, 1997); Tony Blair (from May 2, 1997) Head of State Department: Malcolm Rifkind Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Malcolm Rifkind (until May 2, 1997); George Robertson (from May 3, 1997) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Li Jiaqi (until September 26, 1998); Jia Chunwang (from September 27, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Cross-Strait Missile Crisis with Taiwan, and the Sino-Vietnamese Clashes. France: Leader: François Mitterrand (until May 17, 1995); Jacques Chirac (from May 17, 1995) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé (until May 7, 1995); Hervé de Charette (from May 7, 1995) Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Millon (until May 18, 1995); François Léotard (from May 18, 1995) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Rwandan Genocide, and Operation Azalea in Rwanda. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao (until June 16, 1996); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from May 16, 1996) Head of State Department: Pranab Mukherjee (until May 15, 1996); Inder Kumar Gujral (from May 16, 1996) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Pranab Mukherjee (until May 15, 1996); Mulayam Singh Yadav (from May 16, 1996) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Kashmir War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Sri Lankan Civil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1994: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin-2 and Operation Grommet. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kurne and Operation Ladoga. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Gongchen and Operation Jiaqiang. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1995: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John Deutch Head of Defense Agency: William Perry Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Yevgeny Primakov Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov Head of Defense Agency: Igor Rodionov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Tajikistani Civil War, and the Battle of Grozny. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Malcolm Rifkind (until May 2, 1997); Robin Cook (from May 3, 1997) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Robertson (until October 11, 1997); Geoff Hoon (from October 12, 1997) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (until November 28, 1998); Xu Yongyue (from November 29, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Xu Yongyue (until November 28, 1998); Wang Pufeng (from November 29, 1998) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hervé de Charette Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Millon (until May 4, 1995); François Léotard (from May 5, 1995) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Dayton Agreement in Bosnia, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao (until June 1, 1996); Atal Bihari Vajpayee (from May 16, 1996) Head of State Department: Inder Kumar Gujral (until March 19, 1998); Jaswant Singh (from March 19, 1998) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: Mulayam Singh Yadav (until March 19, 1998); George Fernandes (from March 19, 1998) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Kashmir War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kargil War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1995: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin-2 and Operation Guardian. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Ladoga and Operation Soratnik. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Jiasheng and Operation Jianguo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1996: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Warren Christopher (until January 23, 1997); Madeleine Albright (from January 23, 1997) Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John Deutch (until May 10, 1996); George Tenet (from July 11, 1997) Head of Defense Agency: William Perry (until January 23, 1997); William Cohen (from January 24, 1997) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin Head of State Department: Yevgeny Primakov (until May 12, 1998); Igor Ivanov (from May 12, 1998) Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov Head of Defense Agency: Igor Rodionov (until May 18, 1997); Igor Sergeyev (from May 19, 1997) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Tajikistani Civil War, and the Second Chechen War. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Geoff Hoon (until July 27, 1999); George Robertson (from July 28, 1999) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (until November 28, 1998); Xu Yongyue (from November 29, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hervé de Charette (until June 4, 1997); Hubert Védrine (from June 4, 1997) Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Charles Millon (until May 7, 1997); Alain Richard (from May 8, 1997) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Jaswant Singh (until December 4, 1998); Yashwant Sinha (from December 5, 1998) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kargil War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kashmir insurgency. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1996: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Julin-2 and Operation Guardian. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Azov and Operation Grifon. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Jiasheng and Operation Jianguo. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1997: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin (until December 31, 1999); Vladimir Putin (acting from December 31, 1999) Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov Head of Security Service: Nikolai Kovalyov (until July 22, 1998); Vladimir Putin (from July 25, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Second Chechen War, and the Kosovo War. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Robertson Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Qian Qichen (until March 15, 1998); Tang Jiaxuan (from March 16, 1998) Head of Security Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, and the Sino-Indian Border Conflict. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The First Chechen War, the Operation Desert Strike in Iraq, and the Kosovo War. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Yashwant Sinha (until March 19, 1998); Jaswant Singh (from March 19, 1998) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Sino-Indian Border Conflict, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Kashmir insurgency. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1997: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Guardian and Operation Piledriver. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Grifon and Operation Nadezhda. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Hualong and Operation Haechi. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1998: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, Operation Infinite Reach in Afghanistan and Sudan, and the Operation Desert Fox in Iraq. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin (until December 31, 1999); Vladimir Putin (acting from December 31, 1999) Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov Head of Security Service: Vladimir Putin (until August 9, 1999); Nikolai Patrushev (from August 9, 1999) Head of Intelligence Service: Vyacheslav Trubnikov (until September 24, 1999); Nikolai Patrushev (from September 25, 1999) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and the Invasion of Dagestan. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook (until March 8, 1999); Malcolm Rifkind (from March 9, 1999) Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: George Robertson (until October 11, 1999); Geoff Hoon (from October 12, 1999) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, Operation Desert Fox in Iraq, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Tang Jiaxuan Head of Security Service: Xu Yongyue (until November 28, 1998); Jia Chunwang (from November 29, 1998) Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, and the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and Operation Desert Fox in Iraq. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Jaswant Singh Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Sino-Indian Border Conflict, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1998: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Guardian and Operation Piledriver. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Zenit and Operation Rook. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kuaima and Operation Haechi. India conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shakti. Pakistan conducted nuclear tests during Operation Chagai-I. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. 1999: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, the Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia, and the Kargil War. Russia: Leader: Boris Yeltsin (until December 31, 1999); Vladimir Putin (acting from December 31, 1999) Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov Head of Security Service: Nikolai Patrushev Head of Intelligence Service: Nikolai Patrushev (until October 18, 1999); Sergei Lebedev (from October 18, 1999) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and the Dagestan War. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Robin Cook Head of Security Service: Stella Rimington (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: David Spedding (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Geoff Hoon Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Kosovo War, the Sierra Leone Civil War, and the East Timor Crisis. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin Head of State Department: Tang Jiaxuan Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, and the NATO Bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine Head of Security Service: Yves Bertrand (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Jacques Dewatre (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the Kosovo War, and the NATO Bombing of Yugoslavia. India: Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee Head of State Department: Jaswant Singh (until October 22, 1999); Lal Krishna Advani (from October 23, 1999) Head of Security Service: No centralized security service Head of Intelligence Service: No centralized intelligence agency Head of Defense Agency: George Fernandes Form of Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Kargil War, India-Pakistan Tensions, and the Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 1999: The United States conducted nuclear tests during Operation Guardian and Operation Cornerstone. Russia conducted nuclear tests during Operation Vektor and Operation Soratnik. France conducted nuclear tests in the Pacific. China conducted nuclear tests during Operation Kuaima and Operation Haechi. India conducted nuclear tests during Operation Shakti-II. There were no reported atomic bomb use by any of the six most militarily powerful nations during this year. Please note that the information provided here is based on historical data up to the year 1999. Subsequent developments after 1999 are not included in this response. For each year from 2000 through 2009 list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defernse agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. Sure, here is the information for each year from 2000 through 2009: 2000: United States: Leader: Bill Clinton (until January 20, 2001); George W. Bush (from January 20, 2001) Head of State Department: Madeleine Albright (until January 20, 2001); Colin Powell (from January 20, 2001) Head of Security Service: Louis Freeh (FBI - until June 25, 2001); Thomas J. Pickard (acting from June 25, 2001) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: William Cohen (until January 20, 2001); Donald Rumsfeld (from January 20, 2001) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Igor Ivanov (until March 14, 2004); Sergey Lavrov (from March 9, 2004) Head of Security Service: Nikolai Patrushev (until May 12, 2008); Alexander Bortnikov (from May 12, 2008) Head of Intelligence Service: Nikolai Patrushev (until October 18, 2007); Mikhail Fradkov (from October 18, 2007) Head of Defense Agency: Igor Sergeyev (until March 28, 2001); Sergey Ivanov (from March 28, 2001) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War and the Russo-Georgian War. China: Leader: Jiang Zemin (until March 15, 2003); Hu Jintao (from March 15, 2003) Head of State Department: Tang Jiaxuan (until April 3, 2003); Li Zhaoxing (from April 3, 2003) Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (until September 1, 2007); Xu Yongyue (from September 1, 2007) Head of Intelligence Service: Wang Pufeng (until March 21, 2003); Geng Huichang (from March 21, 2003) Head of Defense Agency: Chi Haotian (until March 18, 2003); Cao Gangchuan (from March 18, 2003) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan and the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan). United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair (until June 27, 2007); Gordon Brown (from June 27, 2007) Head of State Department: Robin Cook (until March 8, 2001); Jack Straw (from March 8, 2001) Head of Security Service: Stephen Lander (MI5 - until April 27, 2002); Eliza Manningham-Buller (from October 9, 2002) Head of Intelligence Service: Richard Dearlove (MI6 - until August 6, 2004); John Scarlett (from August 6, 2004) Head of Defense Agency: Geoff Hoon (until May 6, 2005); John Reid (from May 5, 2005) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Kosovo War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac (until May 16, 2007); Nicolas Sarkozy (from May 16, 2007) Head of State Department: Hubert Védrine (until May 6, 2002); Dominique de Villepin (from May 7, 2002) Head of Security Service: Pierre de Bousquet de Florian (DST - until April 27, 2002); Bernard Squarcini (from April 27, 2002) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Alain Richard (until May 6, 2002); Michèle Alliot-Marie (from May 7, 2002) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the War in Ivory Coast. Germany: Leader: Gerhard Schröder (until November 22, 2005); Angela Merkel (from November 22, 2005) Head of State Department: Joschka Fischer (until November 22, 2005); Frank-Walter Steinmeier (from November 22, 2005) Head of Security Service: Klaus-Dieter Fritsche (until November 22, 2005); Ernst Uhrlau (from November 22, 2005) Head of Intelligence Service: August Hanning (BND - until December 16, 2005); Ernst Uhrlau (from December 16, 2005) Head of Defense Agency: Rudolf Scharping (until July 18, 2002); Peter Struck (from July 18, 2002) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Kosovo War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2000: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2001: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Colin Powell Head of Security Service: Thomas J. Pickard (acting until June 25, 2001); Robert Mueller (from September 4, 2001) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Fradkov Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Ivanov (until February 15, 2007); Anatoly Serdyukov (from February 15, 2007) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Li Zhaoxing Head of Security Service: Xu Yongyue Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Jack Straw Head of Security Service: Eliza Manningham-Buller (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Reid (until May 5, 2006); Des Browne (from May 5, 2006) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Dominique de Villepin Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Michèle Alliot-Marie Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the War in Ivory Coast. Germany: Leader: Gerhard Schröder (until November 22, 2005); Angela Merkel (from November 22, 2005) Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until November 22, 2005); Joschka Fischer (from November 22, 2005) Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (from November 22, 2005) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Peter Struck Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Kosovo War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2001: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2002: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Colin Powell Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Fradkov Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Tang Jiaxuan (until April 3, 2003); Li Zhaoxing (from April 3, 2003) Head of Security Service: Xu Yongyue (until September 1, 2007); Jia Chunwang (from September 1, 2007) Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Jack Straw Head of Security Service: Eliza Manningham-Buller (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Geoff Hoon (until May 3, 2005); John Reid (from May 5, 2005) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Dominique de Villepin Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Michèle Alliot-Marie (until March 31, 2002); Alain Richard (from March 31, 2002) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Ituri Conflict. Germany: Leader: Gerhard Schröder (until November 22, 2005); Angela Merkel (from November 22, 2005) Head of State Department: Joschka Fischer (until November 22, 2005); Frank-Walter Steinmeier (from November 22, 2005) Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Peter Struck (until November 21, 2005); Franz Josef Jung (from November 22, 2005) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Kosovo War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2002: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2003: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Colin Powell (until January 26, 2005); Condoleezza Rice (from January 26, 2005) Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: George Tenet (until July 11, 2004); John E. McLaughlin (acting from July 11, 2004); Porter J. Goss (from September 24, 2004) Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Lebedev (until October 9, 2007); Valentin Korabelnikov (from October 9, 2007) Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Li Zhaoxing Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the Iraq War (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair Head of State Department: Jack Straw Head of Security Service: Eliza Manningham-Buller (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Reid (until May 5, 2006); Des Browne (from May 5, 2006) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac Head of State Department: Dominique de Villepin Head of Security Service: Pierre de Bousquet de Florian (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Michèle Alliot-Marie Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Iraq War (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). Germany: Leader: Gerhard Schröder (until November 22, 2005); Angela Merkel (from November 22, 2005) Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until November 22, 2005); Joschka Fischer (from November 22, 2005) Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Franz Josef Jung (until October 27, 2009); Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (from October 28, 2009) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2003: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2004: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Colin Powell (until January 26, 2005); Condoleezza Rice (from January 26, 2005) Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Porter J. Goss (until May 5, 2006); John Negroponte (from April 21, 2005) Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Valentin Korabelnikov (until November 9, 2008); Alexander Shlyakhturov (from November 9, 2008) Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Li Zhaoxing Head of Security Service: Jia Chunwang (until February 24, 2008); Geng Huichang (from February 24, 2008) Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the Iraq War (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair (until June 27, 2007); Gordon Brown (from June 27, 2007) Head of State Department: Jack Straw Head of Security Service: Eliza Manningham-Buller (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Des Browne (until October 3, 2008); John Hutton (from October 3, 2008) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac (until May 16, 2007); Nicolas Sarkozy (from May 16, 2007) Head of State Department: Dominique de Villepin Head of Security Service: Pierre de Bousquet de Florian (DST - until April 27, 2007); Bernard Squarcini (from April 27, 2007) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Michèle Alliot-Marie (until May 18, 2007); Hervé Morin (from May 18, 2007) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Darfur Conflict. Germany: Leader: Gerhard Schröder (until November 22, 2005); Angela Merkel (from November 22, 2005) Head of State Department: Joschka Fischer (until November 22, 2005); Frank-Walter Steinmeier (from November 22, 2005) Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Franz Josef Jung (until October 28, 2009); Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (from October 28, 2009) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Kosovo War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2004: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2005: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Condoleezza Rice Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: John Negroponte (until February 13, 2007); Michael McConnell (from February 13, 2007) Head of Defense Agency: Donald Rumsfeld (until December 18, 2006); Robert Gates (from December 18, 2006) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Alexander Shlyakhturov Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Li Zhaoxing Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the Darfur Conflict. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair (until June 27, 2007); Gordon Brown (from June 27, 2007) Head of State Department: Jack Straw (until May 5, 2006); Margaret Beckett (from May 5, 2006) Head of Security Service: Eliza Manningham-Buller (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Hutton Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac (until May 16, 2007); Nicolas Sarkozy (from May 16, 2007) Head of State Department: Dominique de Villepin (until May 31, 2005); Philippe Douste-Blazy (from June 1, 2005) Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Michèle Alliot-Marie (until May 18, 2007); Hervé Morin (from May 18, 2007) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Darfur Conflict. Germany: Leader: Gerhard Schröder (until November 22, 2005); Angela Merkel (from November 22, 2005) Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Franz Josef Jung (until October 28, 2009); Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (from October 28, 2009) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Kosovo War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2005: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2006: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Condoleezza Rice Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Michael McConnell Head of Defense Agency: Robert Gates (until January 20, 2009); Leon Panetta (from January 20, 2009) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Alexander Shlyakhturov Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Li Zhaoxing Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the Darfur Conflict. United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair (until June 27, 2007); Gordon Brown (from June 27, 2007) Head of State Department: Margaret Beckett Head of Security Service: Eliza Manningham-Buller (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Des Browne Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac (until May 16, 2007); Nicolas Sarkozy (from May 16, 2007) Head of State Department: Philippe Douste-Blazy (until May 17, 2007); Bernard Kouchner (from May 17, 2007) Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Hervé Morin Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Lebanon War. Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (until March 1, 2011); Thomas de Maizière (from March 1, 2011) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Lebanon War. Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2006: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2007: United States: Leader: George W. Bush Head of State Department: Condoleezza Rice Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Michael McConnell Head of Defense Agency: Robert Gates Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin (until May 7, 2008); Dmitry Medvedev (from May 7, 2008) Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Alexander Shlyakhturov Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in Iraq (participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Cao Gangchuan (until March 17, 2008); Liang Guanglie (from March 18, 2008) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). United Kingdom: Leader: Tony Blair (until June 27, 2007); Gordon Brown (from June 27, 2007) Head of State Department: Margaret Beckett (until June 28, 2007); David Miliband (from June 28, 2007) Head of Security Service: Jonathan Evans (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Des Browne (until October 3, 2008); John Hutton (from October 3, 2008) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Jacques Chirac (until May 16, 2007); Nicolas Sarkozy (from May 16, 2007) Head of State Department: Bernard Kouchner Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DST) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Hervé Morin Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Somali Civil War (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Franz Josef Jung (until October 28, 2009); Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (from October 28, 2009) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Somali Civil War (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2007: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2008: United States: Leader: George W. Bush (until January 20, 2009); Barack Obama (from January 20, 2009) Head of State Department: Condoleezza Rice (until January 26, 2009); Hillary Clinton (from January 21, 2009) Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Michael McConnell (until January 27, 2009); Dennis Blair (from January 29, 2009) Head of Defense Agency: Robert Gates Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Dmitry Medvedev Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Alexander Shlyakhturov Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in South Ossetia (Russo-Georgian War). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Liang Guanglie Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the War in South Ossetia (Russo-Georgian War). United Kingdom: Leader: Gordon Brown Head of State Department: David Miliband Head of Security Service: Jonathan Evans (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Scarlett (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: John Hutton (until June 5, 2009); Bob Ainsworth (from June 5, 2009) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Nicolas Sarkozy Head of State Department: Bernard Kouchner Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DCRI - from July 27, 2008) Head of Intelligence Service: Pierre Brochand (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Hervé Morin Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the Somali Civil War (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (until March 1, 2011); Thomas de Maizière (from March 1, 2011) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the Somali Civil War (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2008: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2009: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: Hillary Clinton Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: Dennis Blair (until May 28, 2010); James Clapper (acting from August 5, 2010) Head of Defense Agency: Robert Gates (until June 30, 2011); Leon Panetta (from July 1, 2011) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Dmitry Medvedev Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Fradkov (until January 10, 2016); Alexander Shlyakhturov (acting from January 10, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov (until November 6, 2012); Sergey Shoygu (from November 6, 2012) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom), and the War in South Ossetia (Russo-Georgian War). China: Leader: Hu Jintao Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Liang Guanglie (until March 19, 2013); Chang Wanquan (from March 19, 2013) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the War in South Ossetia (Russo-Georgian War). United Kingdom: Leader: Gordon Brown (until May 11, 2010); David Cameron (from May 11, 2010) Head of State Department: David Miliband (until May 11, 2010); William Hague (from May 12, 2010) Head of Security Service: Jonathan Evans (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Sawers (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Bob Ainsworth (until May 11, 2010); Liam Fox (from May 12, 2010) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom), the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom), and the Sierra Leone Civil War. France: Leader: Nicolas Sarkozy Head of State Department: Bernard Kouchner Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DCRI) Head of Intelligence Service: Erard Corbin de Mangoux (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Hervé Morin (until November 14, 2010); Alain Juppé (from November 27, 2010) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), the War in Ivory Coast, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until October 28, 2009); Guido Westerwelle (from October 28, 2009) Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (until March 1, 2011); Thomas de Maizière (from March 1, 2011) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2009: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. Please note that the information provided above is based on the historical data available up to September 2021. There might have been additional developments or changes beyond that date. For each year from 2010 through present list the six most militarily powerful nations, their leader, the head of their state department, the head of their security service, the head of their intelligence service, head of their defense agency, form of government, any armed conflicts, any atomic bomb tests or use. As an AI language model, my knowledge is up to September 2021, and I don't have access to real-time data. Therefore, I can provide information up to that point, covering the years 2010 through 2021. Please note that there might have been additional developments or changes beyond that date. Here's the information: 2010: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: Hillary Clinton Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper Head of Defense Agency: Robert Gates (until June 30, 2011); Leon Panetta (from July 1, 2011) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Dmitry Medvedev (until May 7, 2012); Vladimir Putin (from May 7, 2012) Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Fradkov (until October 5, 2016); Sergey Naryshkin (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Anatoly Serdyukov (until November 6, 2012); Sergey Shoygu (from November 6, 2012) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Hu Jintao (until March 14, 2013); Xi Jinping (from March 14, 2013) Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Liang Guanglie (until March 19, 2013); Chang Wanquan (from March 19, 2013) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: William Hague (until July 14, 2014); Philip Hammond (from July 14, 2014) Head of Security Service: Jonathan Evans (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: John Sawers (MI6) (until November 2014); Alex Younger (from November 2014) Head of Defense Agency: Liam Fox (until October 14, 2011); Philip Hammond (from October 14, 2011) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: Nicolas Sarkozy (until May 15, 2012); François Hollande (from May 15, 2012); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Bernard Kouchner (until November 14, 2010); Michèle Alliot-Marie (from November 14, 2010); Alain Juppé (from February 27, 2011); Laurent Fabius (from May 16, 2012); Jean-Marc Ayrault (from February 11, 2016); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DCRI) Head of Intelligence Service: Erard Corbin de Mangoux (DGSE) (until May 10, 2013); Bernard Bajolet (from May 10, 2013); Bernard Emié (from September 28, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Hervé Morin (until November 14, 2010); Gérard Longuet (from November 14, 2010); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 16, 2012); Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Guido Westerwelle (until December 17, 2013); Frank-Walter Steinmeier (from December 17, 2013) Head of Security Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) (until December 31, 2011); Gerhard Schindler (from January 1, 2012) Head of Intelligence Service: Ernst Uhrlau (BND) (until December 31, 2011); Gerhard Schindler (from January 1, 2012) Head of Defense Agency: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (until March 1, 2011); Thomas de Maizière (from March 1, 2011); Ursula von der Leyen (from December 17, 2013) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2010: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2011: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: Hillary Clinton Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper Head of Defense Agency: Robert Gates (until June 30, 2011); Leon Panetta (from July 1, 2011) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Dmitry Medvedev (until May 7, 2012); Vladimir Putin (from May 7, 2012) Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin (until October 5, 2016); Mikhail Fradkov (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu (from November 6, 2012) Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Hu Jintao (until March 14, 2013); Xi Jinping (from March 14, 2013) Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan (from March 19, 2013) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: William Hague (until July 14, 2014); Philip Hammond (from July 14, 2014) Head of Security Service: Jonathan Evans (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) (from November 2014) Head of Defense Agency: Liam Fox (until October 14, 2011); Philip Hammond (from October 14, 2011); Michael Fallon (from July 15, 2014); Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: Nicolas Sarkozy (until May 15, 2012); François Hollande (from May 15, 2012); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Alain Juppé (until February 27, 2011); Laurent Fabius (from May 16, 2012); Jean-Marc Ayrault (from February 11, 2016); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Bernard Squarcini (DCRI) (until July 30, 2012); Patrick Calvar (from July 30, 2012); Bernard Emié (from September 28, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Bajolet (DGSE) (from May 10, 2013); Laurent Isnard (acting from May 10, 2013); Bernard Emié (from September 28, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Gérard Longuet (until May 16, 2012); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 16, 2012); Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Guido Westerwelle (until December 17, 2013); Frank-Walter Steinmeier (from December 17, 2013); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Gerhard Schindler (BND) (until July 1, 2016); Bruno Kahl (from July 1, 2016) Head of Intelligence Service: Gerhard Schindler (BND) (until July 1, 2016); Bruno Kahl (from July 1, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Thomas de Maizière (until December 17, 2013); Ursula von der Leyen (from December 17, 2013); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2011: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2012: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: Hillary Clinton (until February 1, 2013); John Kerry (from February 1, 2013) Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper Head of Defense Agency: Leon Panetta (until February 27, 2013); Chuck Hagel (from February 27, 2013) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin (until October 5, 2016); Mikhail Fradkov (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Hu Jintao (until March 14, 2013); Xi Jinping (from March 14, 2013) Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan (from March 19, 2013) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: William Hague (until July 14, 2014); Philip Hammond (from July 14, 2014) Head of Security Service: Jonathan Evans (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Liam Fox (until October 14, 2011); Philip Hammond (from October 14, 2011); Michael Fallon (from July 15, 2014); Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: François Hollande (until May 14, 2017); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Laurent Fabius (until February 11, 2016); Jean-Marc Ayrault (from February 11, 2016); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Patrick Calvar (DCRI) (until July 26, 2017); Laurent Nunez (DGSI) (from July 26, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Bajolet (DGSE) (until May 10, 2013); Laurent Isnard (acting from May 10, 2013); Bernard Emié (from September 28, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Jean-Yves Le Drian (until May 17, 2017); Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Guido Westerwelle (until December 17, 2013); Frank-Walter Steinmeier (from December 17, 2013); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2012: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2013: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: John Kerry Head of Security Service: Robert Mueller (FBI) (until September 4, 2013); James Comey (from September 4, 2013) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper Head of Defense Agency: Chuck Hagel (until February 17, 2015); Ashton Carter (from February 17, 2015) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Mikhail Fradkov (until October 5, 2016); Sergey Naryshkin (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Yang Jiechi (until March 16, 2013); Wang Yi (from March 16, 2013) Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: William Hague (until July 14, 2014); Philip Hammond (from July 14, 2014) Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) (from April 18, 2013) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Michael Fallon (from July 15, 2014); Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017); Ben Wallace (from July 24, 2019) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: François Hollande (until May 14, 2017); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Jean-Marc Ayrault (until March 11, 2017); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from March 11, 2017); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Patrick Calvar (DCRI) (until July 26, 2017); Laurent Nunez (DGSI) (from July 26, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Bajolet (DGSE) (until May 10, 2013); Laurent Isnard (acting from May 10, 2013); Bernard Emié (from September 28, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Jean-Yves Le Drian (until May 17, 2017); Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until January 27, 2017); Sigmar Gabriel (from January 27, 2017); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2013: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2014: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: John Kerry Head of Security Service: James Comey (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper Head of Defense Agency: Ashton Carter (from February 17, 2015) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin (until October 5, 2016); Mikhail Fradkov (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: Philip Hammond (until July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 13, 2016); Dominic Raab (from July 24, 2019) Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017); Ben Wallace (from July 24, 2019) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: François Hollande (until May 14, 2017); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from March 11, 2017); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Patrick Calvar (DCRI) (until July 26, 2017); Laurent Nunez (DGSI) (from July 26, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Bajolet (DGSE) (until September 30, 2017); Bernard Émié (from September 30, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Sigmar Gabriel (until March 14, 2018); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2014: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2015: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: John Kerry Head of Security Service: James Comey (FBI) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper Head of Defense Agency: Ashton Carter Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin (until October 5, 2016); Mikhail Fradkov (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: Philip Hammond (until July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 13, 2016); Dominic Raab (from July 24, 2019) Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017); Ben Wallace (from July 24, 2019) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: François Hollande (until May 14, 2017); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from March 11, 2017); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Patrick Calvar (DCRI) (until July 26, 2017); Laurent Nunez (DGSI) (from July 26, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Émié (DGSE) (from September 30, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until January 27, 2017); Sigmar Gabriel (from January 27, 2017); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2015: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2016: United States: Leader: Barack Obama Head of State Department: John Kerry Head of Security Service: James Comey (FBI) (until May 9, 2017); Andrew McCabe (acting from May 9, 2017); Christopher Wray (from August 2, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: James Clapper (until January 20, 2017); Michael Dempsey (acting from January 20, 2017); Dan Coats (from March 16, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: Ashton Carter (until January 20, 2017); James Mattis (from January 20, 2017) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin (until October 5, 2016); Mikhail Fradkov (from October 5, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Geng Huichang Head of Intelligence Service: Geng Huichang Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: David Cameron (until July 13, 2016); Theresa May (from July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: Philip Hammond (until July 13, 2016); Boris Johnson (from July 13, 2016); Dominic Raab (from July 24, 2019) Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017); Ben Wallace (from July 24, 2019) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: François Hollande (until May 14, 2017); Emmanuel Macron (from May 14, 2017) Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from March 11, 2017); Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Patrick Calvar (DCRI) (until July 26, 2017); Laurent Nunez (DGSI) (from July 26, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Émié (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until January 27, 2017); Sigmar Gabriel (from January 27, 2017); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2016: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2017: United States: Leader: Donald Trump (from January 20, 2017) Head of State Department: Rex Tillerson (until March 31, 2018); Mike Pompeo (from April 26, 2018) Head of Security Service: Andrew McCabe (acting until May 9, 2017); Christopher Wray (from August 2, 2017) Head of Intelligence Service: Michael Dempsey (acting until January 20, 2017); Dan Coats (from March 16, 2017) Head of Defense Agency: James Mattis (until January 20, 2019); Mark Esper (from July 23, 2019) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Chen Wenqing (from November 10, 2016) Head of Intelligence Service: Chen Wenqing (from November 10, 2016) Head of Defense Agency: Chang Wanquan (until March 19, 2018); Wei Fenghe (from March 19, 2018) Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: Theresa May (until July 24, 2019); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: Boris Johnson (until July 13, 2016); Dominic Raab (from July 24, 2019) Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017); Ben Wallace (from July 24, 2019) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: Emmanuel Macron Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Laurent Nunez (DGSI) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Émié (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Sigmar Gabriel (until March 14, 2018); Heiko Maas (from March 14, 2018) Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2017: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2018: United States: Leader: Donald Trump Head of State Department: Mike Pompeo Head of Security Service: Christopher Wray Head of Intelligence Service: Dan Coats Head of Defense Agency: Mark Esper (from July 23, 2019) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Chen Wenqing Head of Intelligence Service: Chen Wenqing Head of Defense Agency: Wei Fenghe Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: Theresa May (until July 24, 2019); Boris Johnson (from July 24, 2019) Head of State Department: Dominic Raab (from July 24, 2019) Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Gavin Williamson (from November 2, 2017); Ben Wallace (from July 24, 2019) Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: Emmanuel Macron Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Laurent Nunez (DGSI) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Émié (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Heiko Maas Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Ursula von der Leyen (until July 17, 2019); Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (from July 17, 2019) Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2018: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2019: United States: Leader: Donald Trump Head of State Department: Mike Pompeo Head of Security Service: Christopher Wray Head of Intelligence Service: Dan Coats (until August 15, 2019); Joseph Maguire (acting from August 15, 2019); Richard Grenell (acting from February 20, 2020) Head of Defense Agency: Mark Esper Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Chen Wenqing Head of Intelligence Service: Chen Wenqing Head of Defense Agency: Wei Fenghe Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: Boris Johnson Head of State Department: Dominic Raab Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) Head of Defense Agency: Ben Wallace Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: Emmanuel Macron Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Laurent Nunez (DGSI) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Émié (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel Head of State Department: Heiko Maas Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2019: The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this year. 2020 (up to the current date of September 2021): United States: Leader: Donald Trump (until January 20, 2021); Joe Biden (from January 20, 2021) Head of State Department: Mike Pompeo (until January 20, 2021); Antony Blinken (from January 26, 2021) Head of Security Service: Christopher Wray Head of Intelligence Service: Joseph Maguire (acting until February 20, 2020); Richard Grenell (acting from February 20, 2020); John Ratcliffe (from May 26, 2020) Head of Defense Agency: Mark Esper (until November 9, 2020); Christopher Miller (from November 9, 2020) Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Somalia (participation in Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa). Russia: Leader: Vladimir Putin Head of State Department: Sergey Lavrov Head of Security Service: Alexander Bortnikov Head of Intelligence Service: Sergey Naryshkin Head of Defense Agency: Sergey Shoygu Form of Government: Federal semi-presidential republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Second Chechen War, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Donbas (Russo-Ukrainian War). China: Leader: Xi Jinping Head of State Department: Wang Yi Head of Security Service: Chen Wenqing Head of Intelligence Service: Chen Wenqing Head of Defense Agency: Wei Fenghe Form of Government: One-party state with a central government in the People's Republic of China (Communist Party) Major Armed Conflicts: The Cross-Strait Relations with Taiwan, the War on Terror (participation in Afghanistan), and the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. United Kingdom: Leader: Boris Johnson Head of State Department: Dominic Raab Head of Security Service: Andrew Parker (MI5) Head of Intelligence Service: Alex Younger (MI6) (until September 1, 2020); Richard Moore (from October 7, 2020) Head of Defense Agency: Ben Wallace Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Yemeni Civil War. France: Leader: Emmanuel Macron Head of State Department: Jean-Yves Le Drian (from May 17, 2017) Head of Security Service: Laurent Nunez (DGSI) Head of Intelligence Service: Bernard Émié (DGSE) Head of Defense Agency: Florence Parly (from June 21, 2017) Form of Government: Semi-presidential republic (Fifth Republic) Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the War in Ivory Coast, the Libyan Civil War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Germany: Leader: Angela Merkel (until December 8, 2021); Olaf Scholz (from December 8, 2021) Head of State Department: Heiko Maas Head of Security Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Intelligence Service: Bruno Kahl (BND) Head of Defense Agency: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic Major Armed Conflicts: The Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the War in Mali (Operation Serval). Atomic Bomb Tests/Use during this period: 2020 (up to September 2021): The United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany did not conduct any atomic bomb tests or use during this period. Conclusion That is the end of our conversation and its transcript for now. In this case ChatGPT’s replies are more or less the result you’d expect from a polished search. Worthwhile tabulation I think. Hope you enjoyed it. As always Comments Criticisms and Suggestions are welcome! Thanks for reading.