Navigation in Compose is all about making your app's flow feel natural and effortless – no more juggling a bunch of XML files or wrestling with clunky code. In this article, I'll explain how Jetpack Compose handles navigation between screens with a modern, declarative twist. You'll learn how to set up a NavController and a NavHost to create clear, maintainable navigation paths, pass data between screens, and handle transitions with ease. Whether you're building a multi-screen app or just trying to keep your UI organized, Compose's navigation component lets you map out your app's journey using simple, intuitive code. It's like drawing a roadmap for your app, but without the headache. Android Jetpack's Navigation component includes the Navigation library, Safe Args Gradle plug-in, and tooling to help you implement app navigation. The Navigation component handles diverse navigation use cases – from straightforward button clicks to more complex patterns such as app bars and navigation drawers. Navigation library Navigation library Safe Args Gradle plug-in Safe Args Gradle plug-in If you want to fully migrate your app to Compose and use Navigation Compose, there are a few concepts you need to know to get started: NavController In Jetpack Compose, the NavController is a central component responsible for managing navigation within an app. It is part of the Navigation component, which enables you to navigate between different destinations (screens or composables) in your app, manage the back stack, and pass data between destinations. The NavController is used to trigger navigation actions – such as moving forward or backward – and to manage the state of the navigation stack, allowing the app to handle features like deep linking, back navigation, and passing arguments to destinations. NavController NavHost In Jetpack Compose, NavHost is a key component for setting up navigation within your app. It serves as the container where your composable screens (destinations) are displayed and managed. Essentially, it links the navigation graph (which defines all the possible routes and their relationships) with the UI elements that users interact with. NavGraph NavGraph In Jetpack Compose, a NavGraph (short for Navigation Graph) is a logical container that defines the set of destinations (screens or composables) and the relationships between them. It is used in conjunction with NavHost to manage the flow of navigation within an app. A NavGraph represents the complete navigation structure of your app and helps define how users can move from one screen (destination) to another. It holds all the routes (destinations) that can be navigated to, along with their associated arguments or deep links. While NavHost is the UI component that renders the screens based on the navigation state, the NavGraph focuses on defining and organizing the available routes. Example @Composable fun MyApp() { val navController = rememberNavController() NavHost(navController = navController, startDestination = "home") { composable("home") { HomeScreen(navController) } composable("details/{id}") { backStackEntry -> DetailsScreen(id = backStackEntry.arguments?.getString("id")) } } } @Composable fun HomeScreen(navController: NavController) { Column { Text("Home Screen") Button(onClick = { navController.navigate("details/1") }) { Text("Go to Details") } } } @Composable fun DetailsScreen(id: String?) { Text("Details Screen, ID: $id") } @Composable fun MyApp() { val navController = rememberNavController() NavHost(navController = navController, startDestination = "home") { composable("home") { HomeScreen(navController) } composable("details/{id}") { backStackEntry -> DetailsScreen(id = backStackEntry.arguments?.getString("id")) } } } @Composable fun HomeScreen(navController: NavController) { Column { Text("Home Screen") Button(onClick = { navController.navigate("details/1") }) { Text("Go to Details") } } } @Composable fun DetailsScreen(id: String?) { Text("Details Screen, ID: $id") } rememberNavController() – Creates and remembers a NavController instance for the current composable, ensuring its state is preserved across recompositions. NavHost – Acts as the container where navigation occurs, defining the UI region for destination composables and specifying the start destination (e.g., startDestination = "home"). NavGraph – Within the NavHost, you declare individual destinations (such as composable("home") and composable("details/{id}")). This is where you define the navigation graph that outlines all possible navigation flows in your app. rememberNavController() – Creates and remembers a NavController instance for the current composable, ensuring its state is preserved across recompositions. rememberNavController() NavHost – Acts as the container where navigation occurs, defining the UI region for destination composables and specifying the start destination (e.g., startDestination = "home"). NavHost NavGraph – Within the NavHost, you declare individual destinations (such as composable("home") and composable("details/{id}")). This is where you define the navigation graph that outlines all possible navigation flows in your app. NavGraph Google’s approach Out of the box, Google suggests passing an ID for your data and storing it in a cache (in-memory, database, etc.). But what if your app doesn’t have any of these, yet you still want to migrate? In that case, there's a trick you can use. Instead of passing an ID, you can serialize the entire data class that you need to pass to the next screen, and then deserialize it when you navigate to the destination. To simplify the process, it's a good idea to add a couple of helper classes: NavigationDefines.kt NavigationDefines.kt NavigationDefines.kt const val NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT = “navigationData” const val NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT = “navigationData” ComposeNavGraphExtensions.kt ComposeNavGraphExtensions.kt ComposeNavGraphExtensions.kt inline fun <reified T : Parcelable> NavGraphBuilder.composableWithData( route: String, crossinline content: @Composable (T) -> Unit ) { composable( route = route, arguments = listOf(navArgument(NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT) { type = NavigationArgumentsNavType<T>() }) ) { it.arguments?.parcelable(NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT, T::class.java)?.let { inputData -> content(inputData) } ?: run { throw IllegalStateException("Cannot navigate to $route. Expected arguments - ${T::class.qualifiedName}, but the actual value is ${it.arguments}") } } } inline fun <reified T : Parcelable> NavGraphBuilder.composableWithData( route: String, crossinline content: @Composable (T) -> Unit ) { composable( route = route, arguments = listOf(navArgument(NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT) { type = NavigationArgumentsNavType<T>() }) ) { it.arguments?.parcelable(NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT, T::class.java)?.let { inputData -> content(inputData) } ?: run { throw IllegalStateException("Cannot navigate to $route. Expected arguments - ${T::class.qualifiedName}, but the actual value is ${it.arguments}") } } } ComposeNavHostExtensions.kt ComposeNavHostExtensions.kt ComposeNavHostExtensions.kt fun <T : Parcelable> NavHostController.navigateWithData(route: String, navigationArguments: T) { val routeString = navigationArguments.toRouteString() navigate("$route/$routeString") } fun <T : Parcelable> NavHostController.navigateWithData(route: String, navigationArguments: T) { val routeString = navigationArguments.toRouteString() navigate("$route/$routeString") } NavigationArgumentsNavType.kt NavigationArgumentsNavType.kt NavigationArgumentsNavType.kt data class NavigationArgumentsNavType<T : Parcelable>(private val type: Class<T>) : NavType<T>(isNullableAllowed = false) { companion object { inline operator fun <reified T : Parcelable> invoke(): NavigationArgumentsNavType<T> = NavigationArgumentsNavType(T::class.java) } override fun get(bundle: Bundle, key: String): T? = bundle.parcelable(key, type) override fun parseValue(value: String): T = fromRouteSting(value, type) override fun put(bundle: Bundle, key: String, value: T) = bundle.putParcelable(key, value) } data class NavigationArgumentsNavType<T : Parcelable>(private val type: Class<T>) : NavType<T>(isNullableAllowed = false) { companion object { inline operator fun <reified T : Parcelable> invoke(): NavigationArgumentsNavType<T> = NavigationArgumentsNavType(T::class.java) } override fun get(bundle: Bundle, key: String): T? = bundle.parcelable(key, type) override fun parseValue(value: String): T = fromRouteSting(value, type) override fun put(bundle: Bundle, key: String, value: T) = bundle.putParcelable(key, value) } ParcelableExtension.kt ParcelableExtension.kt ParcelableExtension.kt fun <T : Parcelable> Bundle.parcelable(key: String, type: Class<T>): T? = when { Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU -> getParcelable(key, type) else -> @Suppress("DEPRECATION") getParcelable(key) as T? } fun <T : Parcelable> Bundle.parcelable(key: String, type: Class<T>): T? = when { Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU -> getParcelable(key, type) else -> @Suppress("DEPRECATION") getParcelable(key) as T? } ParcelableSerializationUtils.kt ParcelableSerializationUtils.kt ParcelableSerializationUtils.kt private const val DELIMITER = "@" fun <T : Parcelable> T.toRouteString(): String { return javaClass.name + DELIMITER + toBase64() } fun <T : Parcelable> fromRouteSting(routeString: String, type: Class<T>): T { val (className, base64) = routeString.split(DELIMITER).let { it[0] to it[1] } val creator = if (type.isFinal) { // Since we have this, small optimisation to avoid additional reflection call of Class.forName type.parcelableCreator } else { // If our class is not final, then we must use the actual class from "className" parcelableClassForName<T>(className).parcelableCreator } return base64ToParcelable(base64, creator) } private fun Parcelable.toBase64(): String { val parcel = Parcel.obtain() writeToParcel(parcel, 0) val bytes = parcel.marshall() parcel.recycle() return bytes.toBase64String() } @SuppressLint("NewApi") private fun ByteArray.toBase64String(): String { return if (shouldUseJavaUtil) { java.util.Base64.getUrlEncoder().encodeToString(this) } else { Base64.encodeToString(this, Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP) } } private fun <T : Parcelable> base64ToParcelable(base64: String, creator: Parcelable.Creator<T>): T { val bytes = base64.base64ToByteArray() val parcel = unmarshall(bytes) val result = creator.createFromParcel(parcel) parcel.recycle() return result } fun String.base64ToByteArray(): ByteArray { return if (shouldUseJavaUtil) { java.util.Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) } else { Base64.decode(toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP) } } private fun unmarshall(bytes: ByteArray): Parcel { val parcel = Parcel.obtain() parcel.unmarshall(bytes, 0, bytes.size) parcel.setDataPosition(0) return parcel } @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") private fun <T : Parcelable> parcelableClassForName(className: String): Class<T> { return Class.forName(className) as Class<T> } private val Class<out Parcelable>.isFinal get() = !isInterface && Modifier.isFinal(modifiers) @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") private val <T> Class<T>.parcelableCreator get(): Parcelable.Creator<T> { return try { val creatorField = getField("CREATOR") creatorField.get(null) as Parcelable.Creator<T> } catch (e: Exception) { throw BadParcelableException(e) } catch (t: Throwable) { throw BadParcelableException(t.message) } } // Both encode/decode from java until and android util seem to do exactly the same. android.util one doesn't work on Unit tests // and java.util doesn't work on older devices. Also, on unit tests SDK_INT is 0, but we're running on the developer's machine // So we can still use java.util in that case @SuppressLint("ObsoleteSdkInt") private val isRunningOnUnitTests = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT == 0 private val shouldUseJavaUtil = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O || isRunningOnUnitTests private const val DELIMITER = "@" fun <T : Parcelable> T.toRouteString(): String { return javaClass.name + DELIMITER + toBase64() } fun <T : Parcelable> fromRouteSting(routeString: String, type: Class<T>): T { val (className, base64) = routeString.split(DELIMITER).let { it[0] to it[1] } val creator = if (type.isFinal) { // Since we have this, small optimisation to avoid additional reflection call of Class.forName type.parcelableCreator } else { // If our class is not final, then we must use the actual class from "className" parcelableClassForName<T>(className).parcelableCreator } return base64ToParcelable(base64, creator) } private fun Parcelable.toBase64(): String { val parcel = Parcel.obtain() writeToParcel(parcel, 0) val bytes = parcel.marshall() parcel.recycle() return bytes.toBase64String() } @SuppressLint("NewApi") private fun ByteArray.toBase64String(): String { return if (shouldUseJavaUtil) { java.util.Base64.getUrlEncoder().encodeToString(this) } else { Base64.encodeToString(this, Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP) } } private fun <T : Parcelable> base64ToParcelable(base64: String, creator: Parcelable.Creator<T>): T { val bytes = base64.base64ToByteArray() val parcel = unmarshall(bytes) val result = creator.createFromParcel(parcel) parcel.recycle() return result } fun String.base64ToByteArray(): ByteArray { return if (shouldUseJavaUtil) { java.util.Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) } else { Base64.decode(toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP) } } private fun unmarshall(bytes: ByteArray): Parcel { val parcel = Parcel.obtain() parcel.unmarshall(bytes, 0, bytes.size) parcel.setDataPosition(0) return parcel } @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") private fun <T : Parcelable> parcelableClassForName(className: String): Class<T> { return Class.forName(className) as Class<T> } private val Class<out Parcelable>.isFinal get() = !isInterface && Modifier.isFinal(modifiers) @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") private val <T> Class<T>.parcelableCreator get(): Parcelable.Creator<T> { return try { val creatorField = getField("CREATOR") creatorField.get(null) as Parcelable.Creator<T> } catch (e: Exception) { throw BadParcelableException(e) } catch (t: Throwable) { throw BadParcelableException(t.message) } } // Both encode/decode from java until and android util seem to do exactly the same. android.util one doesn't work on Unit tests // and java.util doesn't work on older devices. Also, on unit tests SDK_INT is 0, but we're running on the developer's machine // So we can still use java.util in that case @SuppressLint("ObsoleteSdkInt") private val isRunningOnUnitTests = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT == 0 private val shouldUseJavaUtil = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O || isRunningOnUnitTests What will the navigation look like now? Let’s modify our previous example: Modified example @Composable fun MyApp() { val navController = rememberNavController() NavHost(navController = navController, startDestination = "home") { composable("home") { HomeScreen(navController) } composableWithData<Details>("$result/{$NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT}") { navigationArguments -> DetailsScreen(details = navigationArguments) } } } @Composable fun HomeScreen(navController: NavController) { Column { Text("Home Screen") val details = Details( title = “Hello world!”, details = “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor.” ) Button(onClick = { navigateWithArguments(“details”, details) }) { Text("Go to Details") } } } @Composable fun DetailsScreen(details: Details) { Text(title) Text(description) } @Parcelable data class Details( val title: String, val description: String, ) @Composable fun MyApp() { val navController = rememberNavController() NavHost(navController = navController, startDestination = "home") { composable("home") { HomeScreen(navController) } composableWithData<Details>("$result/{$NAVIGATION_DATA_ARGUMENT}") { navigationArguments -> DetailsScreen(details = navigationArguments) } } } @Composable fun HomeScreen(navController: NavController) { Column { Text("Home Screen") val details = Details( title = “Hello world!”, details = “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor.” ) Button(onClick = { navigateWithArguments(“details”, details) }) { Text("Go to Details") } } } @Composable fun DetailsScreen(details: Details) { Text(title) Text(description) } @Parcelable data class Details( val title: String, val description: String, ) This approach simplifies data management by removing the need for a database. Once set up, the code can be reused across multiple screens, reducing development effort. Additionally, it offers flexibility; you can navigate to screens without input data using the standard composable() function. However, passing entire data classes as navigation arguments may not be suitable for large or complex objects. In such cases, consider alternative methods like using a Shared ViewModel or passing only the necessary identifiers and retrieving the data in the destination screen.
