Avoiding Software Bottlenecks: Understanding the 'God Object' Anti-Pattern

In object-oriented programming (OOP), the concept of the "God Object" (or "God Class") refers to a design anti-pattern where a single class or object takes on too much responsibility. Rather than encapsulating a specific set of related functionalities, a God Object ends up handling a broad range of unrelated tasks. This goes against the core principles of structured programming and object-oriented design, which advocate for breaking down large, complex problems into smaller, more manageable ones. The Impacts and Characteristics of the God Class in Software Design A God Class—or God Object—is a common anti-pattern in software design, particularly in object-oriented programming. It refers to a class that holds a disproportionate amount of responsibility, managing multiple unrelated tasks. This concentration of functionality within a single class creates significant challenges for software development, leading to difficulties in maintaining, extending, and testing the system. The following outlines the impacts and key characteristics of God Classes. Impacts of the God Class The primary issue with a God Class is its excessive size and the multiplicity of tasks it handles. As the class grows, it becomes a bottleneck in the system, causing a range of problems. As the image illustrates, the god class uses and references too many classes. Difficult to Maintain and Extend: A large, complex class is hard to maintain. Any changes made to it are risky because they can inadvertently affect other parts of the system that depend on the God Class. Increased Complexity: God Classes tend to grow over time, accumulating more functionality than is necessary or reasonable. As the class becomes more complex, understanding and modifying its code becomes a challenge, especially for new team members. Testing Challenges: Testing a God Class is difficult because it often manages multiple responsibilities and references many other classes. As a result, testing the class in isolation becomes complicated, and ensuring that changes don't break existing functionality requires extensive test coverage. Integration Problems: Due to its interdependencies with other classes, integrating the God Class with other parts of the system becomes cumbersome. Even small changes to the class can ripple through the entire codebase, leading to integration headaches. Increased Maintenance Costs: Maintaining a God Class over time can be costly. As the codebase grows, the time required to test, modify, and fix issues also increases. Additionally, the high coupling between classes means that changes to the God Class can impact large portions of the system. Single Point of Failure: A God Class acts as a critical component of the system, making it a potential single point of failure. If the God Class breaks or fails, it can cause widespread issues throughout the entire application, leading to system crashes or significant malfunctions. As the image illustrates, the God Class uses and references too many other classes, creating tight interdependencies that are difficult to untangle. This leads to fragile and unwieldy code that is prone to failure. Characteristics of the God Class A God Class exhibits several distinctive characteristics that highlight its problematic nature: Large and Complex: A God Class tends to have an excessive number of methods, many of which are long and complex. This makes the class hard to understand and difficult to modify without introducing errors. Non-Cohesive Functionality: The methods in a God Class often implement unrelated functionalities that don't fit together logically. This lack of cohesion violates the principle of high cohesion, which states that a class should focus on a single responsibility. Inheritance Issues: When a God Class is used as a base class, its excessive functionality gets inherited by all subclasses, even though much of that functionality may be irrelevant to them. This can violate the principle of code reusability and make subclassing cumbersome and inefficient. Memory Overhead: Because a God Class contains so much functionality, it tends to occupy more space in memory (especially on the heap). This increases the system’s memory footprint, making it an expensive operation in terms of memory management and garbage collection. Tight Coupling: The excessive interdependencies between the God Class and other parts of the system result in tight coupling. This means that changes to one part of the system can have unintended consequences elsewhere, making the codebase more fragile and harder to maintain. Parallel Processing Issues: A God Class may also contribute to problems in parallel processing. If unnecessary threads are running in the background, lower-priority threads may block higher-priority tasks, leading to inefficiencies and performance bottlenecks. Examples of God Objects: Problem: Non-cohesive method calls. public class BankAccount { private AccountInfo accountInfo; // Cohesive methods public void openAccount(); public void closeAccount(); // Non-cohesive method (should ideally exist in Customer class) public void createCustomer(); ... In the example above, the method call to createCustomer() lacks cohesion and would be better placed in a dedicated Customer class. Problem: An object that excessively interacts with the data of other objects, while also implementing logic that rightfully belongs to those other objects or classes, leads to a violation of the Single Responsibility Principle. This results in poor modularity, making the system harder to maintain and scale. //Class BankAccount accesses attributes of AccountInfo class //directly private AccountInfo acInfo; //Class also implements logic that should belong to AccountInfo clas public boolean isAccountValid() { if((accountInfo.isActive) && (accountInfo.balance>accountInfo.minimum balance){ return true; } return false; } Solution: The solution is to move the logic into a method in AccountInfo class and invoke that method. For Example: public boolean isAccountValid() { return accountInfo.isAccountValid(); } How to resolve the 'God Object' Anti-Pattern The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) asserts that every module, class, or function within a program should have one—and only one—responsibility. It should focus solely on one aspect of the program’s functionality and encapsulate that responsibility fully. All methods, properties, and services within the class or module should be tightly aligned with this core responsibility. Consider the example below, which represents a fundamental component of a customer management application: public class Customer { public int ID; public String firstName; public String lastName; public String DOB; public String address; public String city; public String postalCode; public String country; public int ccNum; public int itemId; public double orderCost; public String paymentType; public int paymentID; public int getID() { return ID; } public void setID(int ID) { this.ID = ID; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } //remaining getter and setter methods . . . The example above is relatively simple, but imagine a scenario where a customer has numerous attributes and additional fields. It quickly becomes clear that the Customer class is holding too much information. For instance, if a customer has multiple addresses across different cities and states, should all of these be included as attributes within the same class? Another consideration is the long-term growth of the application. As the application evolves, the Customer class will inevitably expand as well. Over the years, as new features and requirements are added, this class could grow to become massive, with thousands of lines of code—making it increasingly difficult to maintain and extend. To address this, the Customer class can be refactored to align with the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP), ensuring that each class is responsible for a specific part of the functionality. Below is an example of how this can be done: public class Customer { public int ID; public String firstName; public String lastName; public String DOB; public int getID() { return ID; } public void setID(int ID) { this.ID = ID; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } public String getDOB() { return DOB; } public void setDOB(String DOB) { this.DOB = DOB; } } As you can see, the domain-specific fields have been removed from the Customer class and are now encapsulated in their own dedicated classes—namely, the Address and Payment objects—each representing its respective functionality. public class Address { public String address; public String addressType; public String city; public String postalCode; public String country; public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String address) { this.address = address; } public String getAddressType() { return addressType; } public void setAddressType(String addressType) { this.addressType = addressType; } public String getCity() { return city; } public void setCity(String city) { this.city = city } public String getPostalCode() { return postalCode; } public void setPostalCode(String postalCode) { this.postalCode = postalCode; } public String getCountry() { return country; } public void setCountry(String country) { this.country = country; } } •••••• And the same can be applied for the Payment class: public class Payment { public int ccNum; public int itemId; public double orderCost; public String paymentType; public int paymentID; public int getCcNum() { return ccNum; } public void setCcNum(int ccNum) { this.ccNum = ccNum; } public int getItemId() { return itemId; } public void setItemId(int itemId) { this.itemId = itemId; } public double getOrderCost() { return orderCost; } public void setOrderCost(double orderCost) { this.orderCost = orderCost; } public String getPaymentType() { return paymentType; } public void setPaymentType(String paymentType) { this.paymentType = paymentType; } public int getPaymentID() { return paymentID; } public void setPaymentID(int paymentID) { this.paymentID = paymentID; } } By implementing this separation, any necessary changes to Customer, Address, or Payment data can be made independently within their respective classes. This approach effectively eliminates the God Class by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable classes, each focused on a specific aspect of the data. As a result, the system becomes more maintainable and easier to extend. Best Practices for Refactoring with the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) Adhere to the "One Class, One Responsibility" Rule: Distribute the system's logic across multiple classes, ensuring that each class is responsible for a single task. Together, these classes will collaborate to solve the problem at hand. Use Inheritance for Related Functionality: When functionalities share some common aspects but differ in others, consider implementing them as sibling classes that inherit from a common base class. This promotes code reuse and logical grouping. Extract Distinct Data Operations: If a class handles different groups of data operations, consider breaking them into separate classes. This helps maintain focus and clarity within each class. Keep Methods Focused and Efficient: Ensure that class methods are concise and focused. Avoid overusing data from other classes, and keep the methods aligned with the class's core responsibility. Avoid "God Class" Growth: A "God Class" often results from continually adding functionality to an existing class over time. To prevent this, refactor periodically. Instead of adding new features to an already large class, split the class into smaller, more focused components. Focus on addressing existing God Objects first. The best approach to resolving this issue is to refactor the object by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable components, each handling a specific functionality. For instance, let's take the Customer.java class from the previous example and refactor it: Thanks, Happy reading! In object-oriented programming (OOP), the concept of the "God Object" (or "God Class") refers to a design anti-pattern where a single class or object takes on too much responsibility. Rather than encapsulating a specific set of related functionalities, a God Object ends up handling a broad range of unrelated tasks. This goes against the core principles of structured programming and object-oriented design, which advocate for breaking down large, complex problems into smaller, more manageable ones. The Impacts and Characteristics of the God Class in Software Design A God Class —or God Object —is a common anti-pattern in software design, particularly in object-oriented programming. It refers to a class that holds a disproportionate amount of responsibility, managing multiple unrelated tasks. This concentration of functionality within a single class creates significant challenges for software development, leading to difficulties in maintaining, extending, and testing the system. The following outlines the impacts and key characteristics of God Classes. God Class God Object Impacts of the God Class The primary issue with a God Class is its excessive size and the multiplicity of tasks it handles. As the class grows, it becomes a bottleneck in the system, causing a range of problems. God Class bottleneck As the image illustrates, the god class uses and references too many classes. Difficult to Maintain and Extend: A large, complex class is hard to maintain. Any changes made to it are risky because they can inadvertently affect other parts of the system that depend on the God Class. Difficult to Maintain and Extend : A large, complex class is hard to maintain. Any changes made to it are risky because they can inadvertently affect other parts of the system that depend on the God Class. Difficult to Maintain and Extend Increased Complexity: God Classes tend to grow over time, accumulating more functionality than is necessary or reasonable. As the class becomes more complex, understanding and modifying its code becomes a challenge, especially for new team members. Increased Complexity : God Classes tend to grow over time, accumulating more functionality than is necessary or reasonable. As the class becomes more complex, understanding and modifying its code becomes a challenge, especially for new team members. Increased Complexity Testing Challenges: Testing a God Class is difficult because it often manages multiple responsibilities and references many other classes. As a result, testing the class in isolation becomes complicated, and ensuring that changes don't break existing functionality requires extensive test coverage. Testing Challenges : Testing a God Class is difficult because it often manages multiple responsibilities and references many other classes. As a result, testing the class in isolation becomes complicated, and ensuring that changes don't break existing functionality requires extensive test coverage. Testing Challenges Integration Problems: Due to its interdependencies with other classes, integrating the God Class with other parts of the system becomes cumbersome. Even small changes to the class can ripple through the entire codebase, leading to integration headaches. Integration Problems : Due to its interdependencies with other classes, integrating the God Class with other parts of the system becomes cumbersome. Even small changes to the class can ripple through the entire codebase, leading to integration headaches. Integration Problems Increased Maintenance Costs: Maintaining a God Class over time can be costly. As the codebase grows, the time required to test, modify, and fix issues also increases. Additionally, the high coupling between classes means that changes to the God Class can impact large portions of the system. Increased Maintenance Costs : Maintaining a God Class over time can be costly. As the codebase grows, the time required to test, modify, and fix issues also increases. Additionally, the high coupling between classes means that changes to the God Class can impact large portions of the system. Increased Maintenance Costs high coupling Single Point of Failure: A God Class acts as a critical component of the system, making it a potential single point of failure. If the God Class breaks or fails, it can cause widespread issues throughout the entire application, leading to system crashes or significant malfunctions. Single Point of Failure : A God Class acts as a critical component of the system, making it a potential single point of failure . If the God Class breaks or fails, it can cause widespread issues throughout the entire application, leading to system crashes or significant malfunctions. Single Point of Failure single point of failure As the image illustrates, the God Class uses and references too many other classes , creating tight interdependencies that are difficult to untangle. This leads to fragile and unwieldy code that is prone to failure. As the image illustrates, the God Class uses and references too many other classes Characteristics of the God Class A God Class exhibits several distinctive characteristics that highlight its problematic nature: Large and Complex: A God Class tends to have an excessive number of methods, many of which are long and complex. This makes the class hard to understand and difficult to modify without introducing errors. Non-Cohesive Functionality: The methods in a God Class often implement unrelated functionalities that don't fit together logically. This lack of cohesion violates the principle of high cohesion, which states that a class should focus on a single responsibility. Inheritance Issues: When a God Class is used as a base class, its excessive functionality gets inherited by all subclasses, even though much of that functionality may be irrelevant to them. This can violate the principle of code reusability and make subclassing cumbersome and inefficient. Memory Overhead: Because a God Class contains so much functionality, it tends to occupy more space in memory (especially on the heap). This increases the system’s memory footprint, making it an expensive operation in terms of memory management and garbage collection. Tight Coupling: The excessive interdependencies between the God Class and other parts of the system result in tight coupling. This means that changes to one part of the system can have unintended consequences elsewhere, making the codebase more fragile and harder to maintain. Parallel Processing Issues: A God Class may also contribute to problems in parallel processing. If unnecessary threads are running in the background, lower-priority threads may block higher-priority tasks, leading to inefficiencies and performance bottlenecks. Large and Complex: A God Class tends to have an excessive number of methods, many of which are long and complex. This makes the class hard to understand and difficult to modify without introducing errors. Large and Complex : A God Class tends to have an excessive number of methods , many of which are long and complex. This makes the class hard to understand and difficult to modify without introducing errors. Large and Complex excessive number of methods Non-Cohesive Functionality: The methods in a God Class often implement unrelated functionalities that don't fit together logically. This lack of cohesion violates the principle of high cohesion, which states that a class should focus on a single responsibility. Non-Cohesive Functionality : The methods in a God Class often implement unrelated functionalities that don't fit together logically. This lack of cohesion violates the principle of high cohesion, which states that a class should focus on a single responsibility. Non-Cohesive Functionality unrelated functionalities Inheritance Issues: When a God Class is used as a base class, its excessive functionality gets inherited by all subclasses, even though much of that functionality may be irrelevant to them. This can violate the principle of code reusability and make subclassing cumbersome and inefficient. Inheritance Issues : When a God Class is used as a base class, its excessive functionality gets inherited by all subclasses, even though much of that functionality may be irrelevant to them. This can violate the principle of code reusability and make subclassing cumbersome and inefficient. Inheritance Issues violate the principle of code reusability Memory Overhead: Because a God Class contains so much functionality, it tends to occupy more space in memory (especially on the heap). This increases the system’s memory footprint, making it an expensive operation in terms of memory management and garbage collection. Memory Overhead : Because a God Class contains so much functionality, it tends to occupy more space in memory (especially on the heap). This increases the system’s memory footprint, making it an expensive operation in terms of memory management and garbage collection . Memory Overhead memory management garbage collection Tight Coupling: The excessive interdependencies between the God Class and other parts of the system result in tight coupling. This means that changes to one part of the system can have unintended consequences elsewhere, making the codebase more fragile and harder to maintain. Tight Coupling : The excessive interdependencies between the God Class and other parts of the system result in tight coupling . This means that changes to one part of the system can have unintended consequences elsewhere, making the codebase more fragile and harder to maintain. Tight Coupling tight coupling Parallel Processing Issues: A God Class may also contribute to problems in parallel processing. If unnecessary threads are running in the background, lower-priority threads may block higher-priority tasks, leading to inefficiencies and performance bottlenecks. Parallel Processing Issues : A God Class may also contribute to problems in parallel processing . If unnecessary threads are running in the background, lower-priority threads may block higher-priority tasks, leading to inefficiencies and performance bottlenecks. Parallel Processing Issues parallel processing Examples of God Objects: Problem: Non-cohesive method calls. public class BankAccount { private AccountInfo accountInfo; // Cohesive methods public void openAccount(); public void closeAccount(); // Non-cohesive method (should ideally exist in Customer class) public void createCustomer(); ... public class BankAccount { private AccountInfo accountInfo; // Cohesive methods public void openAccount(); public void closeAccount(); // Non-cohesive method (should ideally exist in Customer class) public void createCustomer(); ... In the example above, the method call to createCustomer() lacks cohesion and would be better placed in a dedicated Customer class. createCustomer() Customer Problem : An object that excessively interacts with the data of other objects, while also implementing logic that rightfully belongs to those other objects or classes, leads to a violation of the Single Responsibility Principle . This results in poor modularity, making the system harder to maintain and scale. Problem Single Responsibility Principle //Class BankAccount accesses attributes of AccountInfo class //directly private AccountInfo acInfo; //Class also implements logic that should belong to AccountInfo clas public boolean isAccountValid() { if((accountInfo.isActive) && (accountInfo.balance>accountInfo.minimum balance){ return true; } return false; } //Class BankAccount accesses attributes of AccountInfo class //directly private AccountInfo acInfo; //Class also implements logic that should belong to AccountInfo clas public boolean isAccountValid() { if((accountInfo.isActive) && (accountInfo.balance>accountInfo.minimum balance){ return true; } return false; } Solution : The solution is to move the logic into a method in AccountInfo class and invoke that method. Solution For Example: public boolean isAccountValid() { return accountInfo.isAccountValid(); } public boolean isAccountValid() { return accountInfo.isAccountValid(); } How to resolve the 'God Object' Anti-Pattern The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) asserts that every module, class, or function within a program should have one—and only one—responsibility. It should focus solely on one aspect of the program’s functionality and encapsulate that responsibility fully. All methods, properties, and services within the class or module should be tightly aligned with this core responsibility. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) Consider the example below, which represents a fundamental component of a customer management application: public class Customer { public int ID; public String firstName; public String lastName; public String DOB; public String address; public String city; public String postalCode; public String country; public int ccNum; public int itemId; public double orderCost; public String paymentType; public int paymentID; public int getID() { return ID; } public void setID(int ID) { this.ID = ID; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } //remaining getter and setter methods . . . public class Customer { public int ID; public String firstName; public String lastName; public String DOB; public String address; public String city; public String postalCode; public String country; public int ccNum; public int itemId; public double orderCost; public String paymentType; public int paymentID; public int getID() { return ID; } public void setID(int ID) { this.ID = ID; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } //remaining getter and setter methods . . . The example above is relatively simple, but imagine a scenario where a customer has numerous attributes and additional fields. It quickly becomes clear that the Customer class is holding too much information. For instance, if a customer has multiple addresses across different cities and states, should all of these be included as attributes within the same class? Customer Another consideration is the long-term growth of the application. As the application evolves, the Customer class will inevitably expand as well. Over the years, as new features and requirements are added, this class could grow to become massive, with thousands of lines of code—making it increasingly difficult to maintain and extend. Customer To address this, the Customer class can be refactored to align with the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) , ensuring that each class is responsible for a specific part of the functionality. Below is an example of how this can be done: Customer Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) public class Customer { public int ID; public String firstName; public String lastName; public String DOB; public int getID() { return ID; } public void setID(int ID) { this.ID = ID; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } public String getDOB() { return DOB; } public void setDOB(String DOB) { this.DOB = DOB; } } public class Customer { public int ID; public String firstName; public String lastName; public String DOB; public int getID() { return ID; } public void setID(int ID) { this.ID = ID; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } public String getDOB() { return DOB; } public void setDOB(String DOB) { this.DOB = DOB; } } As you can see, the domain-specific fields have been removed from the Customer class and are now encapsulated in their own dedicated classes—namely, the Address and Payment objects—each representing its respective functionality. Customer Address Payment public class Address { public String address; public String addressType; public String city; public String postalCode; public String country; public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String address) { this.address = address; } public String getAddressType() { return addressType; } public void setAddressType(String addressType) { this.addressType = addressType; } public String getCity() { return city; } public void setCity(String city) { this.city = city } public String getPostalCode() { return postalCode; } public void setPostalCode(String postalCode) { this.postalCode = postalCode; } public String getCountry() { return country; } public void setCountry(String country) { this.country = country; } } public class Address { public String address; public String addressType; public String city; public String postalCode; public String country; public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String address) { this.address = address; } public String getAddressType() { return addressType; } public void setAddressType(String addressType) { this.addressType = addressType; } public String getCity() { return city; } public void setCity(String city) { this.city = city } public String getPostalCode() { return postalCode; } public void setPostalCode(String postalCode) { this.postalCode = postalCode; } public String getCountry() { return country; } public void setCountry(String country) { this.country = country; } } •••••• •••••• And the same can be applied for the Payment class: public class Payment { public int ccNum; public int itemId; public double orderCost; public String paymentType; public int paymentID; public int getCcNum() { return ccNum; } public void setCcNum(int ccNum) { this.ccNum = ccNum; } public int getItemId() { return itemId; } public void setItemId(int itemId) { this.itemId = itemId; } public double getOrderCost() { return orderCost; } public void setOrderCost(double orderCost) { this.orderCost = orderCost; } public String getPaymentType() { return paymentType; } public void setPaymentType(String paymentType) { this.paymentType = paymentType; } public int getPaymentID() { return paymentID; } public void setPaymentID(int paymentID) { this.paymentID = paymentID; } } public class Payment { public int ccNum; public int itemId; public double orderCost; public String paymentType; public int paymentID; public int getCcNum() { return ccNum; } public void setCcNum(int ccNum) { this.ccNum = ccNum; } public int getItemId() { return itemId; } public void setItemId(int itemId) { this.itemId = itemId; } public double getOrderCost() { return orderCost; } public void setOrderCost(double orderCost) { this.orderCost = orderCost; } public String getPaymentType() { return paymentType; } public void setPaymentType(String paymentType) { this.paymentType = paymentType; } public int getPaymentID() { return paymentID; } public void setPaymentID(int paymentID) { this.paymentID = paymentID; } } By implementing this separation, any necessary changes to Customer , Address , or Payment data can be made independently within their respective classes. This approach effectively eliminates the God Class by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable classes, each focused on a specific aspect of the data. As a result, the system becomes more maintainable and easier to extend. Customer Address Payment God Class Best Practices for Refactoring with the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) Adhere to the "One Class, One Responsibility" Rule: Distribute the system's logic across multiple classes, ensuring that each class is responsible for a single task. Together, these classes will collaborate to solve the problem at hand. Adhere to the "One Class, One Responsibility" Rule : Distribute the system's logic across multiple classes, ensuring that each class is responsible for a single task. Together, these classes will collaborate to solve the problem at hand. Adhere to the "One Class, One Responsibility" Rule Use Inheritance for Related Functionality: When functionalities share some common aspects but differ in others, consider implementing them as sibling classes that inherit from a common base class. This promotes code reuse and logical grouping. Use Inheritance for Related Functionality : When functionalities share some common aspects but differ in others, consider implementing them as sibling classes that inherit from a common base class. This promotes code reuse and logical grouping. Use Inheritance for Related Functionality Extract Distinct Data Operations: If a class handles different groups of data operations, consider breaking them into separate classes. This helps maintain focus and clarity within each class. Extract Distinct Data Operations : If a class handles different groups of data operations, consider breaking them into separate classes. This helps maintain focus and clarity within each class. Extract Distinct Data Operations Keep Methods Focused and Efficient: Ensure that class methods are concise and focused. Avoid overusing data from other classes, and keep the methods aligned with the class's core responsibility. Keep Methods Focused and Efficient : Ensure that class methods are concise and focused. Avoid overusing data from other classes, and keep the methods aligned with the class's core responsibility. Keep Methods Focused and Efficient Avoid "God Class" Growth: A "God Class" often results from continually adding functionality to an existing class over time. To prevent this, refactor periodically. Instead of adding new features to an already large class, split the class into smaller, more focused components. Avoid "God Class" Growth : A "God Class" often results from continually adding functionality to an existing class over time. To prevent this, refactor periodically. Instead of adding new features to an already large class, split the class into smaller, more focused components. Avoid "God Class" Growth Focus on addressing existing God Objects first. The best approach to resolving this issue is to refactor the object by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable components, each handling a specific functionality. For instance, let's take the Customer.java class from the previous example and refactor it: Customer.java Thanks, Happy reading!