Strategy Development and Implementation While most strategies that are successful long term are based on a mix of technical and fundamental factors, the fundamental behaviors which are exploited are often very nuanced and vary hugely, so its hard to generalize for an article. As such, we’ll be focusing more on the tools and methods for making strategies based on technical analysis. Visual Strategy Creation and Refinement There are many great financial charting tools available, with various different specialties, my personal favourite free option being . tradingview.com _Live quotes, free charts and expert trading ideas. TradingView is a social network for traders and investors on Stock…_www.tradingview.com Free Stock Charts, Stock Quotes and Trade Ideas One of the most useful features for creation is its simple scripting language to create both trading indicators and back-testable strategies. While the back-testing tool is rather limited in its functionality, it serves as a good first step sanity check. strategy Simple creation of trading indicators which are then overlaid directly onto the chart allows for rapid testing and debugging of ideas, as its much quicker to create a script and visually check it against the market than to fully implement and back test it. This rapid development process is a good first step to making certain types of strategies, particularly for active trading strategies that act on single symbols at a time. However, it won’t do you any good for portfolio strategies or those which incorporate advanced hedging. For that, you’ll want to create your own tools for visualising full back-tests with multiple trading pairs. This is where the logging features of your back-tester will come in. With the end results being plotted in your graphing tool of choice, such as (for ). matplotlib Python _Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats…_matplotlib.org Matplotlib: Python plotting - Matplotlib 2.2.2 documentation Full Back-tester Framework: (Simple example of a multi-symbol back-tester based on position handler from — full script at end of this post) previous article _For example, if a stop-loss order would have been triggered during the span of a bar, then you'd want to add some…_blog.alpaca.markets Algo Trading for Dummies - Building a Custom Back-tester (Part 3) Various plots, such as scatter graphs or hierarchical clustering, can be used to efficiently display and contrast different variations of the back-tested strategy and allow fine tuning of parameters. Implementing and Back-testing One of the easiest traps to fall into with the design of any predictive system is over-fitting to your data. It’s easy to see amazing results in back-tests if a strategy has been trained to completely fit the testing data. However, the strategy will almost certainly fall at the first hurdle when tested against anything out of sample, so is useless. Meanwhile, at the other end of the spectrum, it is also possible to create a system which is overgeneralised. For example, a strategy which is supposed to actively trade the S&P 500 could easily turn a profit long term by always signaling long. But that completely defeats the purpose of trying to create the bot in the first place The best practices for back-testing a system: Verify against out of sample data. If the strategy has been tuned against one set of data, it obviously going to perform well against it. All back-tests should be performed against a different set of data, whether that be a different symbol in the same asset class or the same symbol over a different time sample. Verify all strategies against some kind of benchmark. For a portfolio strategy you’d want to compare risk-adjusted returns metrics. For an active trading strategy you can look at risk:reward and win rate. Sanity check any strategies that pass the back-test. Where possible, look back over the specific set of steps it takes to make any trading signals. Do they make logical sense? If this isn’t possible (for example with Machine Learning), plot a set of its signals for out of sample data. Do they appear consistent and reasonable? If the strategy has gotten this far, run live tests. Many platforms offer paper-trading accounts for strategy testing. If not, you may be able to adapt your back-testing tool to accept live market data. Once you finally have a fully tested and working strategy which you are happy with, you can run it with small amounts of capital on a testing account. While the strategy may be perfect, there is always the possibility of bugs in the trading bot itself. Final Thoughts Creating any effective trading strategy is hard, especially so when you also have to deal with defining it in objective terms that can be converted into code. It can be especially frustrating when nothing seems to produce reliable results. However, sticking to good practices when it comes to the data science of back-testing and refining a strategy will pay off vs learning those same lessons when a strategy under-performs with real money. By Matthew Tweed Full back-tester framework: Please follow and for fresh posts on Financial Market, Algorithmic Trading, Technology. Alpaca Automation Generation You can find us , if you use twitter. @AlpacaHQ If you’re a hacker and can create something cool that works in the financial market, please check out our project “ Commission Free Stock Trading API ” where we provide simple REST Trading API and real-time market data for free. Brokerage services are provided by Alpaca Securities LLC ( ), member FINRA/SIPC. 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