Ruby is a very versatile language. It combines the simplicity of an elegant syntax with powerful features such as support (and encouragement) for monkey patching. Thanks to the popularity of the Rails framework, Ruby is one of the top ten languages in use today. With so many people writing Ruby code, there are a lot of common mistakes that developers could make with serious security implications. Ruby Pitfall #1 - Sharp knives From its inception, Ruby has, quite rightly so, built a reputation for being packed with features focused on developer happiness. A famous quote about Ruby, from the , goes a little something like this. Rails doctrine Ruby includes a lot of sharp knives in its drawer of features. There’s nothing programmatically in Ruby to stop you using its sharp knives to cut ties with reason. That’s a fairly accurate assessment! When you provide sharp knives, it’s only a matter of time before sooner or later, someone ends up seriously hurt. Let’s take a look at some of the common ways Ruby, and Rails, developers can do a lot of damage by overlooking some important security considerations. We’ll also see how that damage can be prevented with some minor tweaks and adjustments to the code. Ruby Pitfall #2 - Unsafe Deserialization It’s always a bad idea to execute anything that the user might have submitted. Serializing and deserializing user input does not seem like such a bad idea because no code is being run. But it is! In fact, unsafe deserialization is one of the , a basic checklist for web security. OWASP Top Ten Ruby’s built-in YAML library, based on Psych, has support for serializing custom data types to YAML and back. See this serialization code here and the YAML it produces. # serialize.rb s = .new([ , , ])
File.open( , ) |file|
  YAML.dump(s, file)
end require 'yaml' require 'set' Set 1 2 3 'set.yml' 'w' do --- !ruby/object: hash: : : : Set 1 true 2 true 3 true Deserializing this YAML gives back the original data type. # deserialize.rb file = File.read( )
s = YAML.load(file)
p s require 'yaml' require 'set' 'set.yml' $ ruby deserialize.rb

#< : { , , }> Set 1 2 3 As you can see, the line -- !ruby/object:Set in the YAML describes how to re-instantiate objects from their text representations. But this opens up a when this instantiation can execute code. slew of attack vectors, that can escalate to RCE The Solution is Safe-Loading The solution is to use safe-loading. It’s a very small change, just using the YAML::safe_load function instead of YAML::load, but it completely blocks loading of custom classes. # deserialize.rb file = File.read( )
s = YAML.safe_load(file)
p s require 'yaml' require 'set' 'set.yml' $ ruby deserialize.rb

/usr/ruby/ /psych/class_loader.rb: : 2.7 .0 97 in `find':
Tried to load unspecified class: Set (Psych::DisallowedClass) Standard types like hashes and arrays can still be serialized to and deserialized from YAML documents just like before, which is mostly what you or most people wanted to do in the first place. ---
hash: : : : 1 true 2 true 3 true $ ruby deserialize.rb

{ =>{ => , => , => }} "hash" 1 true 2 true 3 true Ruby Pitfall #3 - IO hijacking If your app needs to read or write user-specified files from the disk or make API requests to user-specified URLs, you might be familiar with code that looks like this. # test.rb
puts path = gets.chomp
puts open(path, ) |file|
  until file.eof? puts file.gets
  end
end 'Enter file path:' 'File contents:' 'r' do do This looks fairly innocuous, right? Ask the user for a file name and print out its contents line-by-line till the end of the file. And it works as you would expect too! But if you don’t see the problem, you likely didn’t read the documentation thoroughly enough. You see, the function that we used in the code snippet above has one additional feature, it can also be used to spawn processes and pipe output from them. See what happens when you pass an input that starts with the pipe (|) character. Kernel::open $ ruby test.rb

Enter file path: |date
File contents:
Sun Nov 15 22:03:33 IST 2020 This executes the date command and pipes the output from that command back to Ruby, which reads it just like it would read a file. Of course, a malicious user would be executing commands much more destructive than date. This is basically RCE, a remote user executing code on your servers, with the full privileges available to your web-app. At the risk of sounding repetitive, never ever run code that comes from an untrusted source such as a user but if you have to, you can at the very least limit their access to the resources that you’ve chosen. Solution Never use . The better alternative is to use or or , whichever the use may be. Let’s try this again, this time with File::open instead of and see how it works differently. It’s only slightly different but so much more secure. No more access to shell commands. Kernel::open File::open URL::open IO::open Kernel::open # test.rb
puts path = gets.chomp
puts File.open(path, ) |file|
  until file.eof? puts file.gets
  end
end 'Enter file path:' 'File contents:' 'r' do do $ ruby test.rb

Enter file path: 
|date
File contents:
Traceback (most recent call last): : test.rb: : open : No such file or directory @ rb_sysopen - |date (Errno::ENOENT) 2 from 4 in `<main>'
	1: from test.rb:4:in ` '
test.rb:4:in `initialize' Ruby Pitfall #4 - SQL injection We’ve all heard of SQL injection. If you’ve been living under a rock, this is what it looks like. It’s what happens when you directly use user input from the frontend, without sanitization, in an SQL query on the backend. Let’s say you have a column users in which you’re searching by name entered in a form. Here is how you would do this in Ruby. User.where( ) "name = '#{name}'" But this is very very unsafe. Consider this malicious input from a nefarious user. name = # Malicious input " ' OR '1' = '1" The query, as seen below on the first line, becomes faulty due to the malicious input, as seen below on the second line. The WHERE clause is now always true and gives you every user in the table. SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = -- '<name>' comes from the user
SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ' ' OR '1' = '1' -- Faulty query < > name As you can see this is a pretty severe error and another one of OWASP Top Ten. Solution The solution is again very simple. Use one of these two ways. User.where([ , name])
User.where({ : name }) "name = ?" name Both of these approaches are designed to sanitize the value before generating the query and are therefore impervious to this attack. Ruby Pitfall #5 - Auto incrementing IDs When you create a Rails model, it creates the id field for you. It’s generally an auto-incrementing integer field. For the most part, this is a sufficient implementation. Integer IDs have the advantage of being simple and since they keep incrementing, there’s no chance of collisions. But what they offer in simplicity, they lose in security. * They make scaling harder than it already is. If a lot of servers operate independently of each other, it’s likely that they will end up assigning the same number to different resources. * They make it easy to identify how many objects you have. A competitor can just sign up and see their own ID to know how many customers you have and can even estimate business metrics like growth rate. *They make your data easy to loop over and steal. A malicious user could in theory just enumerate and iterate over the entire list one by one and fetch all the resources that haven’t been restricted. * They can leak sensitive information. Unlisted resources that are only visible to link holders rely on the unguessable nature of these IDs to work and would break if these IDs were integers. These are not hypothetical scenarios by the way. There are many sites that just do this, and consequently many sites have in the past exposed sensitive personal information to people who tried changing the numbers in the URL. Solution If you’re building a web application in 2020, use UUIDs. Rails makes this way too easy. With this single change, your models will all use UUIDs as primary keys. # config/application.rb 
config.generators |g|
  g.orm :active_record, : :uuid
end do primary_key_type Or if you want to use integers, use large ones that are chosen at random. Let’s take a look at YouTube videos, more specifically let’s look at the URL structure of YouTube videos. This is what a YouTube video URL looks like. https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ The string of seemingly random letters at the end, that’s the video ID. It’s basically a random number between $0$ and $64^{11}$ (yes, that’s over 73 quintillion numbers!) encoded in Base64. Not exactly a UUID, but not an auto-incrementing field integer field either. Why doesn’t YouTube use simple integer IDs that go 1, 2, 3… and so on? Well, now you know why. Ruby Pitfall #6 - Slicing tomatoes Yes, Ruby’s power of expression makes it easy to introduce security issues but the solution is not to switch off these features or migrate to a different language. This brings us back to the Rails doctrine quote from earlier. The very next sentence to that quote is this. We enforce such good senses by convention, by nudges, and through education. Not by banning sharp knives from the kitchen and insisting everyone use spoons to slice tomatoes. The key takeaway from all of these examples is to never trust your users. User provided input should not be serialized-deserialized, evaluated or rendered directly. The only right way to be safe is to be careful of what you write and thoroughly audit what you have written. Ruby Pitfall #7 - Static code analyzers tools such as linters and vulnerability scanners can help you find a lot of issues before they get exploiting in the open. A good linter like can find and notify you of like unsafe deserialization and IO hijacking, and can offer suggestions as to possible fixes. , a popular vulnerability scanner can find SQL injection among a laundry list of other possible security lapses. Both of these are free and open source tools that you should absolutely be using in your development and CI workflows. Static Code Analysis RuboCop security problems Brakeman About Us You should also consider automating this entire audit and review process using software like our that can automatically scan your code, on every commit and for every PR, through these linters and security analyzers and can automatically fix a multitude of issues. It also has its own custom-built analyzers for most languages that are constantly improved and kept up-to-date. DeepSource One really cool feature that I personally appreciate about DeepSource is that it’s incredibly easy to set up! You need only add a .deepsource.toml file in the root of your repository and DeepSource will just pick it up. version = [[analyzers]]
name = enabled = [[transformers]]
name = enabled = 1 "ruby" true "rubocop" true Who knew it could be so simple? Have fun slicing tomatoes, and be careful not to hurt your fingers in the process!

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