An entrepreneur, programmer and user walk into a smart contract — The ultimate Ethereum blockchain…

Lifehack — you don’t need to understand blockchain to build a smart contract startup

I made my smart contract project and still feel as a total noob reading discussions on blockchain. There is so much to learn for me. But, hey, my project works! Why bother? Though blockchain is cool and it’s cool to understand the technology, there is no need to understand everything.

Take a look at smart contracts from an entrepreneurs point of view — focus on how you can benefit from it:

• What kinds of projects you can actually do?
• What business models are there?
• What an MVP would look like?
• What it takes to engage a user, find a programmer and build infrastructure?

This guide with examples and exercises will show you the practical side of smart contracts and help you estimate your idea or generate a new one. Use it as a starting point for your further investigation.

What you do need to know about blockchain and what you may just skip

Mining. The first thing to skip. From an entrepreneur’s point of view mining is more like playing the stock market — buy equipment, analyze reward price charts and decide which crypto currency to invest your computing power to. But if you are dealing with smart contracts, you don’t have to care about mining for the same reason you don’t care about Internet providers when visiting a web-site.

Blocks, hashes, cryptography and all that math — we gonna ignore it too. The important practical outcome can be reduced to this mantra: “Everything that gets into blockchain remains there forever, anything can be verified, but nothing can be changed”. In practice it means that data is stored permanently, transparently and securely.

Now let’s turn to the terms you cannot do without and explain them as if it’s year 2005 now.

Blockchain is like a BitTorrent network. A program on your computer downloads files and afterwards gives them away. But the program is called blockchain client rather than torrent client. And those files you download store transactions instead of videos and music. Sender, recipient, date-time and ammount — records are stored one after another (yes, they are stored in blocks, but who cares). Everybody who runs blockchain client has his own copy of the whole blockchain database and keeps all transactions that have ever been made. This database is huge. Ethereum blockchain is currently about 43 GB, Bitcoin is 125.78 GB. todo

Cryptocurrency is a list of money transfers. In blockchain world your balance is not just a single record, but the sum of all your receipts and expenditures (the entire transactions history). If a blockchain stores transactions which only contain money transfers (sender address, recipient address and amount being sent), we call this type of blockchain a cryptocurrency. Bitcoin — is a cryptocurrency. But any transaction is just a string in a file, thus it may contain any information. An address in turn may not belong to a human… which gives us much wider opportunities then just a crypto currency.

Smart contract is like a web site. A blockchain address may belong to a program. A program then is called a smart contract. It is called a contract just because the code is open. However it is simpler to compare it to a web site (or web service). For example, a classified advertisements service could be a smart contract. Its code would be stored at a particular address in the blockchain — just like a web site url. A transaction to this address would not contain money but an advertisement text. And the smart contract would publish this advertisement, i.e. saves to blockchain.

Ethereum is like the Internet Ethereum — is exactly the kind of blockchain in which transactions may contain not only money, but data. The blockchain database (those files one downloads) stores transactions between people, transactions involving smart contracts and contracts source codes. This makes Ethereum kinda new type of the Internet, which is stored locally by everyone involved.

And that’s really enough for the theory. The rest you’ll learn from what it all means in practice.

What is the difference between a smart contract and a conventional web site

What are the advantages (and disadvantages) of a smart contract driven service.

Openness and Encryption

A user doesn’t have to trust you. “Everything that gets into blockchain remains there forever, anything can be verified, but nothing can be changed”. The user sees exactly how your system works (smart contract code is open) and stays confident in the reliability of your database (database is transparent and unchangeable). Meaning there is no need to win users trust.

For example, you can turn a classified advertisements service into an open auction with charity donations. The process of selling would look as follows. A seller sets the initial price and posts a lot. After that anybody will be able to track bets, see a winner, see how much seller earned and how much was deducted to charity and to platform commission. Everybody is confident there was no cheating.

Where it benefits most. Gambling (Rouleth, vdice.io), prediction markets (Augur, Gnosis), voting, multilevel marketing (TheMillionEtherHomepage).

Payment processing “out of the box”

You don’t have to deal with any payment processing services. Solidity language with which smart contracts are written incorporates all the necessary money (Ether cryptocurrency) operators. User balance is just another variable in your code. You can program any behavior to it — like triggering an event on receiving a certain amount of money or making a multisignature payment and much more. That is why Ether and other cryptocurrencies are often referred to as programmable money.

Where it benefits most. Crowdfunding platforms (Weifund, Wings.ai), rent services Golem — rent unused CPU/GPU cycles.

Decentralization

You don’t have to worry about DoS attacks and scalability. Every blockchain user has it’s own smart contract copy locally on his computer, thus it will withstand any load, free of charge.

Where it benefits most. Smart contracts gave rise to a totally new kind of companies — decentralized organizations (DAOs). DAO is a separate phenomenon worth studying. In the meantime, just ask yourself: “Why do we need an intermediary like Uber, if it is possible to connect a driver and a passenger through a smart contract directly?”. What prospects does it opens? Have a look at this startups: Arcade city and Lazooz.

Lifehack: When googling for A DAO, ignore the hassle around THE DAO. The only reason THE DAO failed was braking some basic smart contract safety rules (we'll discuss them further).

Transaction delay and commission

A user have to pay for every transaction and have to wait a bit too. The average transaction is mined (read included) into Ethereum blockchain in 14–15 seconds. There is a high chance of reducing this delay down to 4 seconds in the near future. But even then we are all got used to a better responsiveness. Moreover a simple money transfer (two addresses involved, no contracts, minimal amount of data) would cost about 0.000861 ETH ($0.02 in March 2017). These “drawbacks” are tiny, but enough to build a heavy threshold for certain types of projects.

Where it doesn’t benefit. A chat for example. Each message chips a couple of weis (Ether denomination) off your balance and requires half a minute to reach the other end. This is probably a bad idea for a startup unless you are dealing with some official correspondence, which requires legal force and does not require privacy.

With smart contracts you can choose almost any web service and make it blockchain. Plus you are free to create completely new blockchain-only types of projects. See what has already been done, mix it up with Internet of things, artificial intelligence, virtual worlds or fintech, and you’d most probably get a unicorn.

Note: You can make a smart contract with Bitcoin too, but it's like doing 3D in MS Excel. Kinda possible, but why?

What business models are there

You are free to use any business model. But first have a look at what have already become a new standard in Ethereum (and other blockchains) — tokens.

In conventional terms tokens business model is like crowdfunding and IPO combined. The “crowd” buys shares of your company instead of products. And in the future the shares (tokens) may be sold or exchanged for your services.

This became possible because Solidity (Ethereum smart contract language) allows issuing your own cryptocurrency.

For example. You came up with a classified advertisement platform idea. You want it to have its own internal currency (tokens) called Advertisement (ADV). You want to charge 1 ADV for placing an advertisement, 2 ADVs for pinning it to the top and 0.2 ADVs for updating. You write a smart contract. All that it is capable of at this point is receiving money (ETH) and keeping users balances.

Now you announce your platform in a way that crowdfunding projects usually do and offer to buy ADVs at low cost 1 ADV = 1 ETH. Later when your platform is live you’ll set the ADV price to 10 ETH. After that those who invested in the very beginning will be able to sell their ADVs gaining income or place their ads 10 times cheaper than the current price. But for now you’ve earned your ETH to spend on development.

Tokens are attractive enough on their own to start experimenting with smart contracts.

What it takes to engage a user

Ok. You published your first smart contract. But what it takes to engage a user with no blockchain experience to use it? And how can we lower the threshold?

We can break user experience into two parts: interacting with blockchain (what a user has to do anyway) and interacting with your smart contract (ways we can make a user’s life easier).

Interacting with blockchain

What a user has to do anyway.

Get an address (a wallet). An address and a key to it is like username and password. There is no way to interact with blockchain without it. The easiest way to get it is to use generator at MyEtherWallet.com. It takes less than one minute and as a result, user receives an address and a key. The address is a 42 character sting and the key is a small file. The key file is used to sign transactions and has to be saved as securely as possible — there is no way to restore it. A user can use the same address to interact with any smart contract.

Get some ether (ETH). Any transaction requires commission (0,001 to 0,01 ETH on average). A user has to fuel up his address with a sufficient sum to interact with your contract. Buying ether is possible through major exchanges. These exchanges require 1–3 day for identity approval and are available in a limited list of countries. Users from other countries and those not eager to wait (especially when buying Ether worth a couple of bucks) may use almost instant alternatives.

Exercise: generate a wallet and send some Ether to it.

Access a blockchain client. Any interaction with blockchain and with any smart contract accordingly is done through a blockchain-client.

As of March 2017 downloading Ethereum database to an HDD disk (70% are still using HDDs) requires 2–3 days and 43 GB of spare space. It makes computer unresponsive enough to start throwing things at it. Keeping blockchain in sync too requires about the same amount of resources as watching a movie online does.

Not to confuse the pros. For the sake of simplicity we call EthereumWallet, Mist browser, geth and parity the blockchain client. We are entrepreneurs here, it is only a programmer who should really know the difference.

There is also a so called light client. It doesn’t require downloading the database. But it still requires installation and getting hands dirty with manuals. Our target audience is not willing to do it either.

So let’s be realistic our target audience will hardly install any blockchain client on their computers. Let’s see how we can help.

A necessary and sufficient minimum for a user to start interacting with any smart contract is an address (key file) and a tiny amount of ether on it.

Interacting with your smart contract

We got to simplify user experience with a graphical user interface (GUI). In Ethereum GUIs do not belong to smart contracts and are stored off the blockchain. There are several ways to “attach” GUI to a smart contract. Here are they from the least to the most user-friendly.

Smart contract with no GUI

Users can interact with smart contracts directly, with no GUI at all.

Blockchain client can identify smart contract functions and let user work with it. The client provides auto-generated GUI so a contract looks and feels like a sign-in form of a website. This is a straightforward way of writing to and reading from contract.

But we agreed we won’t force user to deal with blockchain clients. To set user free from it we can try to offer MyEtherWallet.com (an online client). Contract interaction will look just the same, but there is no need to download or learn anything.

The contract without GUI has to be very well documented. It is also a good idea to make a landing page to display the current state of the contract.

For example, TheMillionEtherHomepage.com displays the state of the underlying contract and offers users to work with it directly giving all necessary instructions. The same setup would likely be a minimum for a classified advertisements smart contract. So the user with no blockchain background would be able to grasp the idea of the service.

Look and feel exercise: Try following sign in instructions for TheMillionEtherHomepage.com (it's free) and see what it is like to use MyEtherWallet.com.

A Smart contract without GUI will do as a minimum viable product

Decentralized application (DApp) — GUI in a browser

In the above example the website doesn’t allow writing to the contract being just a representation of its state (it only reads from the contract). To let user interact with your contract (read and write) through your own GUI you gonna need a DApp. DApp is a GUI for your contract in a browser.

A browser can simultaneously connect to the Internet and to a blockchain client. This allows a smart contract to look (and work) just like a conventional web-site. A user will follow a link like http://myClassyAdvertisements.com and see your website in the full beauty of HTML, CSS and JavaScript, then will be prompted to fill ad text and click “publish”. The only difference the user will notice is a pop-up offering to select a keyfile on the disk instead of asking for a username-password.

The GUI is taken from the Internet, but transactions are sent to a local blockchain client.

Browser can connect either to full or light blockchain client. We discarded them both. There is a browser with “included” client — the Mist browser. But it is too complex too. The easiest solution is the Google Chrome plugin Metamask which brings all blockchain benefits right into the browser. This is what we want our user to install.

Exercise: Go to tokens exchange platform Maker Market, then install Metamask Chrome plugin and try Maker Market again. See how metamask brings blockchain functionality to the website.

DApp and Metamask browser plugin make your smart contract look and feel just like a web-site

Mobile application

We can make any GUI for mobile or desktop application and bring any feature to it. But in order to send transactions it has to communicate with a blockchain client too.

The ways to do it without any locally installed client are: embedding a light client right into your application or communicating with a remote blockchain client (see infrastructure section further).

Exercise: Try installing Jaxx wallet or Free Wallet on your phone.

To engage a user with no blockchain background means to make him get an address, buy a bit of Ether and install your mobile app or Metamask browser plugin.

What it takes to build an infrastructure

Let’s turn to even more practical (and technical) parts. First what will you have to buy. From the cheapest to the most expensive setup.

Smart contract with no GUI

Regardless of the way you’ve implemented the GUI, you need to publish your contract first. Publication of a contract is a transaction too. Commission for it is negligible. If you managed to pay 1 ETH for commission, then your project is larger than the majority of existing ones.

Project documentation may be published for free at readthedocs.com. Or upload instruction videos to youtube.

If you want to display the status of the contract on a web-site the way TheMillionEtherHomepage.com does, you have to develop a back-end that will “listen” to the contract through a blockchain-client. Thus you need a hosting to run your website, blockchain client and your blockchain client “listener”.

Before buying a hosting check out Etherscan.io and Infura APIs. These are “remote” blockchain clients which will probably let you build your landing page with pure Javascript and no back-end.

DApp

DApp is just a web page (HTML, CSS, JAvaScript). A simple hosting with no database and frameworks support will probably be enough for a start. Remember your user has to interact through his own client (a local one or Metamask). So introduce a version for those with no access to blockchain (see a paragraph up — make a web-page representing your smart contract status).

Mobile App

For a mobile app you’d probably need a server with a running blockchain client to let your app communicate with the blockhain through it. Or you can embed light client right into your app. Or use Etherscan.io and Infura API. Depends on your features. A more detailed (and more technical) guide is here — Mobile: Introduction

What developer skills are required

What kind of developers skills you want to search?

First — responsibility, second — patience and third — JavaScript front-end skills. Safety first, because failure price is very high.

Smart contract with no GUI

Ethereum has its own language for smart contracts which is called Solidity.

The language looks very much like JavaScript and simple to learn. But one has to be really really really careful writing smart contracts.

Any contact is open source. Anyone can copy it and quietly experiment with attack options before an actual attack. With no thought out bug fixing strategies, neither address nor contract code can be changed after its publication. If there is a vulnerability and no escape paths, you’ll helplessly observe your balance approaching zero. So it was with the ill-fated DAO (remember the life hack — The DAO is just an example of how one shouldn’t write smart contracts).

Responsibility. Ethereum community recommends writing smart contract as if it were a firmware for electronics or a financial service (but NOT a web-site). For anyone eager to write smart contacts this official document on safety is a must.

DApp

DApp is HTML, CSS and JavaScript. JavaScript library web3.js provides interaction with blockchain client. A front-end developer will do the job.

Patience You need a patient and curious developer. This is the person to dive deepest into blockchain technology, make raw developer tools work and read through tons of documentation.

Regardless of whether your contract has a GUI or not, you gonna need a JavaScript developer. As it is strongly recommended (no, it is actually a must) to cover close to 100% of smart contract functionality with tests, which are written in JavaScript. Detailed developer guide is here here.

Mobile apps and back-ends

Mobile and desktop applications can be written in any language. Recommendations are the same as for the DApp. To connect your app to a blockchain client (full, light or remote) there are ready-made libraries available. For example, python. To embed a light client, check out geth.

Conclusion

Lifehack: Jump off the cliff and build wings on the way down © Ray Douglas Bradbury.

There are only 368 dapps listed at the official Ethereum dapps list and only one third of them is live. I believe this indicates the lack of understanding, not possibilities. It makes Ethereum a great chance to build a future game changer.

You may get some insights learning technology deeper. It is useful to know many of the underlying concepts of Ethereum and blockchain technology in general. But for the smart contracts and for the start this guide is a enough.

As you’ve seen there is not much complexity. If you are already dealing with websites and JavaScript all you have to do is pump up your team’s responsibility. And if you already have an idea, just give a test flight. And see how high you can go.

Thank you for reading.