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Authors:
(1) Hyerin Cho (조혜린), Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(2) Ben S. Prather, CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
(3) Ramesh Narayan, enter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(4) Priyamvada Natarajan, Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Kline Tower, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA and Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
(5) Kung-Yi Su, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(6) Angelo Ricarte, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(7) Koushik Chatterjee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Numerical Methods Hydrodynamic Bondi Accretion Magnetized Bondi Accretion Feedback Via Reconnection-Driven Convection Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements Appendix A. GRMHD Primer and Definitions B. Numerical Set-up C. Resolution and Initial Condition Study References REFERENCES Angl´es-Alc´azar, D., Quataert, E., Hopkins, P. F., et al. 2021, ApJ, 917, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e8 Anile, A. M. 1989, Relativistic fluids and magneto-fluids: With applications in astrophysics and plasma physics Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., & Ruzmaikin, A. A. 1974, Ap&SS, 28, 45, doi: 10.1007/BF00642237 Bondi, H. 1952, MNRAS, 112, 195, doi: 10.1093/mnras/112.2.195 Booth, C. M., & Schaye, J. 2009, MNRAS, 398, 53, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15043.x Chatterjee, K., & Narayan, R. 2022, ApJ, 941, 30, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d97 Chatterjee, K., Chael, A., Tiede, P., et al. 2023, Galaxies, 11, 38, doi: 10.3390/galaxies11020038 Dav´e, R., Angl´es-Alc´azar, D., Narayanan, D., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 486, 2827, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz937 Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Algaba, J. C., et al. 2021, ApJL, 910, L13, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/abe4de Ferrarese, L., & Merritt, D. 2000, ApJL, 539, L9, doi: 10.1086/312838 Ferri`ere, K. 2020, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 62, 014014, doi: 10.1088/13616587/ab49eb Fiacconi, D., Sijacki, D., & Pringle, J. E. 2018, MNRAS, 477, 3807, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty893 Gammie, C. F., McKinney, J. C., & T´oth, G. 2003, ApJ, 589, 444, doi: 10.1086/374594 Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., Bower, G., et al. 2000, ApJL, 539, L13, doi: 10.1086/312840 Grete, P., Dolence, J. C., Miller, J. M., et al. 2023, 37, 465, doi: 10.1177/10943420221143775 Guerra, J. A., Lopez-Rodriguez, E., Chuss, D. T., Butterfield, N. O., & Schmelz, J. T. 2023, AJ, 166, 37, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/acdacd Guo, M., Stone, J. M., Kim, C.-G., & Quataert, E. 2023, ApJ, 946, 26, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acb81e Hopkins, P. F., & Quataert, E. 2010, MNRAS, 407, 1529, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17064.x Hopkins, P. F., Grudic, M. Y., Su, K.-Y., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2309.13115. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.13115 Igumenshchev, I. V., & Narayan, R. 2002, ApJ, 566, 137, doi: 10.1086/338077 Igumenshchev, I. V., Narayan, R., & Abramowicz, M. A. 2003, ApJ, 592, 1042, doi: 10.1086/375769 Kaaz, N., Murguia-Berthier, A., Chatterjee, K., Liska, M. T. P., & Tchekhovskoy, A. 2023, ApJ, 950, 31, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc7a1 Komissarov, S. S. 1999, MNRAS, 303, 343, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02244.x Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. 2013, ARA&A, 51, 511, doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811 Lalakos, A., Gottlieb, O., Kaaz, N., et al. 2022, ApJL, 936, L5, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac7bed Li, Y., & Bryan, G. L. 2014, ApJ, 789, 153, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/153 Magorrian, J., Tremaine, S., Richstone, D., et al. 1998, AJ, 115, 2285, doi: 10.1086/300353 Meszaros, P. 1975, A&A, 44, 59 Michel, F. C. 1972, Ap&SS, 15, 153, doi: 10.1007/BF00649949 Narayan, R., Chael, A., Chatterjee, K., Ricarte, A., & Curd, B. 2022, MNRAS, 511, 3795, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac285 Narayan, R., Igumenshchev, I. V., & Abramowicz, M. A. 2000, ApJ, 539, 798, doi: 10.1086/309268—. 2003, PASJ, 55, L69, doi: 10.1093/pasj/55.6.L69 Ni, Y., Di Matteo, T., Bird, S., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 513, 670, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac351 Pen, U.-L., Matzner, C. D., & Wong, S. 2003, ApJL, 596, L207, doi: 10.1086/379339 Penna, R. F., Kulkarni, A., & Narayan, R. 2013, A&A, 559, A116, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219666 Porth, O., Chatterjee, K., Narayan, R., et al. 2019, ApJS, 243, 26, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab29fd Prather, B. S., Wong, G. N., Dhruv, V., et al. 2021, 6, 3336, doi: 10.21105/joss.03336 Quataert, E., & Gruzinov, A. 2000, ApJ, 539, 809, doi: 10.1086/309267 Ressler, S. M., Quataert, E., White, C. J., & Blaes, O. 2021, MNRAS, 504, 6076, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab311 Ressler, S. M., White, C. J., Quataert, E., & Stone, J. M. 2020, ApJL, 896, L6, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9532 Ricarte, A., Tremmel, M., Natarajan, P., & Quinn, T. 2019, MNRAS, 489, 802, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2161 Ripperda, B., Liska, M., Chatterjee, K., et al. 2022, ApJL, 924, L32, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac46a1 Rosas-Guevara, Y., Bower, R. G., Schaye, J., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 462, 190, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw1679 Russell, H. R., Fabian, A. C., McNamara, B. R., & Broderick, A. E. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 588, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv954 Shapiro, S. L., & Teukolsky, S. A. 1983, Black holes, white dwarfs, and neutron stars : the physics of compact objects Shvartsman, V. F. 1971, Soviet Ast., 15, 377 Sijacki, D., Vogelsberger, M., Genel, S., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 452, 575, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1340 Talbot, R. Y., Bourne, M. A., & Sijacki, D. 2021, MNRAS, 504, 3619, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab804 Tchekhovskoy, A., McKinney, J. C., & Narayan, R. 2012, in Journal of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 372, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 012040, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012040 Tchekhovskoy, A., Narayan, R., & McKinney, J. C. 2011, MNRAS, 418, L79, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01147.x Trott, C. R., Lebrun-Grandi, D., Arndt, D., et al. 2022, 33, 805, doi: 10.1109/TPDS.2021.3097283 Wang, Q. D., Nowak, M. A., Markoff, S. B., et al. 2013, Science, 341, 981, doi: 10.1126/science.1240755 Weinberger, R., Springel, V., Pakmor, R., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 4056, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty1733 Weinberger, R., Su, K.-Y., Ehlert, K., et al. 2023, MNRAS, 523, 1104, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad1396 Wellons, S., Faucher-Gigu`ere, C.-A., Hopkins, P. F., et al. 2023, MNRAS, 520, 5394, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad511 Wong, G. N., Du, Y., Prather, B. S., & Gammie, C. F. 2021, ApJ, 914, 55, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abf8b8 Yuan, F., Gan, Z., Narayan, R., et al. 2015, ApJ, 804, 101, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/101 This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Hyerin Cho (조혜린), Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (2) Ben S. Prather, CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (3) Ramesh Narayan, enter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (4) Priyamvada Natarajan, Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Kline Tower, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA and Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (5) Kung-Yi Su, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (6) Angelo Ricarte, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (7) Koushik Chatterjee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors : Authors (1) Hyerin Cho (조혜린), Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (2) Ben S. Prather, CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (3) Ramesh Narayan, enter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (4) Priyamvada Natarajan, Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Kline Tower, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA and Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (5) Kung-Yi Su, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (6) Angelo Ricarte, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (7) Koushik Chatterjee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Numerical Methods Numerical Methods Hydrodynamic Bondi Accretion Hydrodynamic Bondi Accretion Magnetized Bondi Accretion Magnetized Bondi Accretion Feedback Via Reconnection-Driven Convection Feedback Via Reconnection-Driven Convection Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Appendix Appendix A. GRMHD Primer and Definitions A. GRMHD Primer and Definitions B. Numerical Set-up B. Numerical Set-up C. Resolution and Initial Condition Study C. Resolution and Initial Condition Study References References REFERENCES Angl´es-Alc´azar, D., Quataert, E., Hopkins, P. F., et al. 2021, ApJ, 917, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e8 Anile, A. M. 1989, Relativistic fluids and magneto-fluids: With applications in astrophysics and plasma physics Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., & Ruzmaikin, A. A. 1974, Ap&SS, 28, 45, doi: 10.1007/BF00642237 Bondi, H. 1952, MNRAS, 112, 195, doi: 10.1093/mnras/112.2.195 Booth, C. M., & Schaye, J. 2009, MNRAS, 398, 53, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15043.x Chatterjee, K., & Narayan, R. 2022, ApJ, 941, 30, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d97 Chatterjee, K., Chael, A., Tiede, P., et al. 2023, Galaxies, 11, 38, doi: 10.3390/galaxies11020038 Dav´e, R., Angl´es-Alc´azar, D., Narayanan, D., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 486, 2827, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz937 Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Algaba, J. C., et al. 2021, ApJL, 910, L13, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/abe4de Ferrarese, L., & Merritt, D. 2000, ApJL, 539, L9, doi: 10.1086/312838 Ferri`ere, K. 2020, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 62, 014014, doi: 10.1088/13616587/ab49eb Fiacconi, D., Sijacki, D., & Pringle, J. E. 2018, MNRAS, 477, 3807, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty893 Gammie, C. F., McKinney, J. C., & T´oth, G. 2003, ApJ, 589, 444, doi: 10.1086/374594 Gebhardt, K., Bender, R., Bower, G., et al. 2000, ApJL, 539, L13, doi: 10.1086/312840 Grete, P., Dolence, J. C., Miller, J. M., et al. 2023, 37, 465, doi: 10.1177/10943420221143775 Guerra, J. A., Lopez-Rodriguez, E., Chuss, D. T., Butterfield, N. O., & Schmelz, J. T. 2023, AJ, 166, 37, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/acdacd Guo, M., Stone, J. M., Kim, C.-G., & Quataert, E. 2023, ApJ, 946, 26, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acb81e Hopkins, P. F., & Quataert, E. 2010, MNRAS, 407, 1529, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17064.x Hopkins, P. F., Grudic, M. Y., Su, K.-Y., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2309.13115. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.13115 Igumenshchev, I. V., & Narayan, R. 2002, ApJ, 566, 137, doi: 10.1086/338077 Igumenshchev, I. V., Narayan, R., & Abramowicz, M. A. 2003, ApJ, 592, 1042, doi: 10.1086/375769 Kaaz, N., Murguia-Berthier, A., Chatterjee, K., Liska, M. T. P., & Tchekhovskoy, A. 2023, ApJ, 950, 31, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc7a1 Komissarov, S. S. 1999, MNRAS, 303, 343, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02244.x Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. 2013, ARA&A, 51, 511, doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811 Lalakos, A., Gottlieb, O., Kaaz, N., et al. 2022, ApJL, 936, L5, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac7bed Li, Y., & Bryan, G. L. 2014, ApJ, 789, 153, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/153 Magorrian, J., Tremaine, S., Richstone, D., et al. 1998, AJ, 115, 2285, doi: 10.1086/300353 Meszaros, P. 1975, A&A, 44, 59 Michel, F. C. 1972, Ap&SS, 15, 153, doi: 10.1007/BF00649949 Narayan, R., Chael, A., Chatterjee, K., Ricarte, A., & Curd, B. 2022, MNRAS, 511, 3795, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac285 Narayan, R., Igumenshchev, I. V., & Abramowicz, M. A. 2000, ApJ, 539, 798, doi: 10.1086/309268—. 2003, PASJ, 55, L69, doi: 10.1093/pasj/55.6.L69 Ni, Y., Di Matteo, T., Bird, S., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 513, 670, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac351 Pen, U.-L., Matzner, C. D., & Wong, S. 2003, ApJL, 596, L207, doi: 10.1086/379339 Penna, R. F., Kulkarni, A., & Narayan, R. 2013, A&A, 559, A116, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219666 Porth, O., Chatterjee, K., Narayan, R., et al. 2019, ApJS, 243, 26, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab29fd Prather, B. S., Wong, G. N., Dhruv, V., et al. 2021, 6, 3336, doi: 10.21105/joss.03336 Quataert, E., & Gruzinov, A. 2000, ApJ, 539, 809, doi: 10.1086/309267 Ressler, S. M., Quataert, E., White, C. J., & Blaes, O. 2021, MNRAS, 504, 6076, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab311 Ressler, S. M., White, C. J., Quataert, E., & Stone, J. M. 2020, ApJL, 896, L6, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9532 Ricarte, A., Tremmel, M., Natarajan, P., & Quinn, T. 2019, MNRAS, 489, 802, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2161 Ripperda, B., Liska, M., Chatterjee, K., et al. 2022, ApJL, 924, L32, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac46a1 Rosas-Guevara, Y., Bower, R. G., Schaye, J., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 462, 190, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw1679 Russell, H. R., Fabian, A. C., McNamara, B. R., & Broderick, A. E. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 588, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv954 Shapiro, S. L., & Teukolsky, S. A. 1983, Black holes, white dwarfs, and neutron stars : the physics of compact objects Shvartsman, V. F. 1971, Soviet Ast., 15, 377 Sijacki, D., Vogelsberger, M., Genel, S., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 452, 575, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1340 Talbot, R. Y., Bourne, M. A., & Sijacki, D. 2021, MNRAS, 504, 3619, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab804 Tchekhovskoy, A., McKinney, J. C., & Narayan, R. 2012, in Journal of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 372, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 012040, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012040 Tchekhovskoy, A., Narayan, R., & McKinney, J. C. 2011, MNRAS, 418, L79, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01147.x Trott, C. R., Lebrun-Grandi, D., Arndt, D., et al. 2022, 33, 805, doi: 10.1109/TPDS.2021.3097283 Wang, Q. D., Nowak, M. A., Markoff, S. B., et al. 2013, Science, 341, 981, doi: 10.1126/science.1240755 Weinberger, R., Springel, V., Pakmor, R., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 4056, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty1733 Weinberger, R., Su, K.-Y., Ehlert, K., et al. 2023, MNRAS, 523, 1104, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad1396 Wellons, S., Faucher-Gigu`ere, C.-A., Hopkins, P. F., et al. 2023, MNRAS, 520, 5394, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad511 Wong, G. N., Du, Y., Prather, B. S., & Gammie, C. F. 2021, ApJ, 914, 55, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abf8b8 Yuan, F., Gan, Z., Narayan, R., et al. 2015, ApJ, 804, 101, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/101 This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

All the References That We Used in Our Black Hole Study So You Can Continue to Learn

I confess! I use ChatGPT, and here’s why Like anyone in the communications industry (or probably just anyone), I couldn’t ignore ChatGPT for too long. I tried it for everything: articles’ outlines, short-to-large social media posts, work on content strategy, work emails, search for needed platforms or tools, and even internal and external agency documentation. And I should say, even though I never presumed something written by the ‘Chat’ would be the final version, it helps me work faster. I’ll try to answer how & why further. Every day is the Chat’s day Let me explain why I’ve tried ChatGPT for so many different purposes. First, I firmly believe that one cannot lead a team without understanding the specifics of their work. So, to lead the communications team, I should be a communications expert myself. Second, as a C-level person in a small boutique-type agency, especially in its early stages, you must catch up with everything before you find a dedicated expert. From Every Day to One in 5 Days: My Frequency of Using ChatGPT I think I’ve explained why I used ChatGPT almost daily when it started operating. But now, I still have loads of work and a personal blog, which I ignore for most days of the week. That’s because, from what I think, ChatGPT at its current stages is only good for avoiding procrastination. This means that if your task is too complex, requires the creativity you lack, or you don’t know where to start, ChatGPT will solve the problem by providing a rough draft. Besides this, it’s weaker than search engines and has nothing to compare with the human mind. Will I be Using It for the foreseeable future? Months From Now? Years? Yes, I will soon. But I hope it will improve more, and I also hope for more opportunities in unique image creation. I tried this function a little bit, but my impression is the same as that of textual functionality. If I’m So Critical, Why Do I Still Use It? Despite the imperfections, ChatGPT can actually act as a junior assistant. Yes, you’ll need to fact-check its work, and yes, you will find critical mistakes, but it saves time. For me, it is a savior in content plan creation. Indicating all the details of your professional background and interests will help you develop ideas for the following articles. It won’t make the Newsjacking for you, though. Chat is also quite okay for creating rough templates for cold pitching and social media posts. Therefore, it can be very helpful if, for example, you are writing a script for your employee and want to show the examples without spending much time. There Are Other Chatbots Out There. What Makes ChatGPT Stand Out From the Competition? Assecibility. Lots of user feedback. Clear UI. That’s enough for a user like me—those who use AI on a more advanced level might and will say more. The Most Significant Downside The most significant downside is not the ChatGPT itself but its users. Since its very start, many people have thought AI can replace human writers when it can’t. When I was looking for a good writer to join my team, I had to read numerous GPT-generated texts, and none of those were good. Such materials do not provide any insights, have a bit of a robotic tone of voice, and are just not interesting at all. Closing note: How Would I Describe ChatGPT to Someone Who Doesn’t Know Anything About the World of AI? I’d say ChatGPT doesn’t need any introduction. Everybody knows it. But if I were to introduce it to someone like my mom or grandma, I’d say it’s a digital Junior Assistant — not the smartest in town, but always ready to help.

Why I Continue to Use ChatGPT Despite its Limitations — A C-level Perspective 

The Noonification: Job Cuts in Big Tech Continue Unabated (2/15/2024)

Ooh boy. Being in tech the past couple of years was bad enough. Working for tech in 2024 is worse still. For anyone that thought the great layoffs of the yesteryears were over, a string of downsizing that began at the start of 2024 should put that notion out of the window. In some ways, these aren't job cuts as much as a realignment to the recent advancements in tech, particularly generative artificial intelligence. Yes, big tech has been realigning itself, letting go of individuals in areas it thinks aren't important to their bottom line while posting jobs in segments that offer them growth. You've got your usual suspects, , , , , but also others, such as , Unity, and even Snap, all of which have ranging from hundreds into the thousands. Microsoft Meta Amazon Google eBay announced layoffs So what the heck is going on? The last commonly held belief for layoffs was that businesses hired way too aggressively during the COVID-19 pandemic, and after world governments decided it was OK to let citizens move about freely, said businesses realized that they weren't making nearly as much money as they did when everyone was forced to shut themselves in. So naturally, companies decided to trim the fat and let go of people across divisions. That notion is still true: tech businesses still feel that they're larger than they should be, and feel that there's still space to further trim themselves down to make themselves lucratively profitable. But (and there's always a but!), artificial intelligence has now sparked a demand for professionals that can tame the beast and help make products that companies can then sell to others, or, just make them better at what they do. Hiring specialized professionals isn't cheap, so of course, companies are letting go of people that don't necessarily possess the skills that they're looking for while bringing on those that do. We're not certain how many professionals in marketing equals a single machine learning engineer, but if we had to do the math, it would be like 5x in marketing = 1x ML engineer? Who knows! So is this the great AI reckoning? The takeover everyone feared? Not necessarily. The US economy is still healthy, with unemployment at manageable levels. Inflation is a problem, but Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has indicated that they're on the issue. Which means that while some jobs are being made redundant, others are springing up all the time. reigning in P.s. that readers can use to look for their next job. HackerNoon offers a job board Microsoft ranked #1 on HackerNoon's __ __this week, followed by Facebook at #2, Google at #3, and Amazon at #9. Tech Company Rankings 👋 You’re reading HackerNoon's , a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Subscribe to receive the newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. Tech Company News Brief here complete Meta Signals Good Times With 2023 Earnings 🤑 Job cuts aren't the only reasons why big tech has been in the news lately. With 2023 ending, investors have been wondering how tech companies fared in the last quarter of the year. Their curiosity was answered with a jam packed earnings calendar last week, with nearly every company worth their salt giving a glimpse into their books for the most recent quarter. Meta's stood out, so much so that its stocks jumped a whopping 20%, making it valuable by an additional $200 billion in a single stock trading session. to reports, this is the most a company has added to its market cap in a single day in Wall Street's history. So how much did the social media company make in the last three months of 2023? Well.. Q4 revenue was up 25% year over year to $40.11 billion, but the standout was earnings: the company tripled its net income to $14.02 billion, or $5.33 per share, from $4.65 billion, or $1.76 per share, in the same quarter of 2022. results According That is a massive jump, and Wall Street ate it up like a hungry hyena. Better yet, Meta initiated a dividend for the first time in its history, looking to pay $0.50 per share to investors on March 26, with plans to continue rewarding shareholders by distributing some of its profit moving forward. Over at Alphabet, the Google parent Q4 revenue of $86.31 billion, up 13% year over year, and net income of $20.69 billion, or $1.64 per share, up from $13.62 billion, or $1.05 per share, in the same quarter of 2022. Not bad! saw Meanwhile, Apple quarterly revenue of $119.6 billion, up 2% year over year, and quarterly earnings per diluted share of $2.18, up 16% year over year. Microsoft, which competes against Apple for the position of most valuable company in the world, an 18% year over year increase in quarterly revenue to $62 billion and a 33% increase in net income to $21.9 billion, or $2.93 per share, when compared to the preceding, year-ago quarter. posted booked And where does that leave Amazon? The ecommerce giant said Q4 net sales 14% to $170 billion while net income increased to $10.6 billion, or $1.00 per share, compared with $0.3 billion, or $0.03 per share, in the same quarter of 2022. increased Overall, not a bad quarter for tech companies. 🧠 Elon Musk Hasn't Given Up On Those Brain Implants While Tim Cook (and to an extent Mark Zuckerberg) are interested in getting consumers to strap on big pieces of tech for "immersive" experiences, fellow billionaire Elon Musk has other plans. In a development that raised some eyebrows here at HackerNoon, the world's richest man said his healthcare startup Neuralink had a brain implant on a human subject. And yes, the subject is alive and well, according to the Tesla/X/Everything™ CEO. installed Neuralink's brain chips could be a big deal if the tech has any actual use or promise; the time it took the company to actually receive the US Food and Drug Administration's approval to install its brain implant in a human was quite long, ranging in years, but finally came sometime in 2023. Assuming the tech works like it's supposed to, the hope is that it would eventually be able to help people overcome paralysis and a host of neurological conditions. So far, the goal is to get humans to be able to control a computer cursor or keyboard using their thoughts alone. It's worth mentioning that Neuralink was testing these implants on monkeys previously, most of which are reported to have suffered paralysis, seizures and brain swelling after their surgery. Yikes! In Other News.. 📰 Craig Wright Denies Forging Evidence He’s Satoshi on Day 2 of COPA Trial — via CoinDesk Microsoft CEO Nadella on AI LLM race: ‘We are waiting for competition to arrive’ — via TechCrunch Meta to add ‘AI generated’ label to images created with OpenAI, Midjourney and other tools — via CNN Microsoft says will help 2 million Indians in small cities learn AI skills — via Reuters Everybody wants to audit AI, but nobody knows how — via Axios Meta is trouncing Snap in Digital ads — here’s why — via CNBC And that's a wrap! Don't forget to share this newsletter with your family and friends See y'all next week. PEACE! ☮️ — Sheharyar Khan, Editor, Business Tech @ HackerNoon *All rankings are current as of Monday. To see how the rankings have changed, please visit HackerNoon's page. Tech Company Rankings

Job Cuts in Big Tech Continue Unabated

বিগ টেকের চাকরিতে কাটছাঁট অবিরত

Der Stellenabbau in Big Tech geht unvermindert weiter

Los recortes de empleo en las grandes empresas tecnológicas continúan sin cesar

Les suppressions d’emplois dans les grandes technologies se poursuivent sans relâche

बिग टेक में नौकरियों में कटौती लगातार जारी है

大手テクノロジー企業の人員削減が止まらない

거대 기술 분야의 감원은 줄어들지 않고 계속됩니다

Os cortes de empregos nas grandes tecnologias continuam inabaláveis

Сокращение рабочих мест в крупных технологических компаниях продолжается с прежними темпами

Büyük Teknoloji Sektöründe İşten Çıkarmalar Hızla Devam Ediyor

Việc cắt giảm việc làm ở các công ty công nghệ lớn tiếp tục không suy giảm

大型科技公司的裁员继续有增无减

In the face of failed US bond auctions, a looming collapse in commercial real estate, and persistently high interest rates, Bitcoin’s price is up more than 100% in 2023. Some altcoins rose 1,000% or more so far this year. The entire crypto market cap has doubled. At this rate, you may only have a little more time to turn $100 into $1 million with cryptocurrency. In January 2023, Billy the Neighbor ditched his trading career for his old day job but he’ll be back after bitcoin’s price hits a new all-time high. Last year, Aunt Sally and Uncle Morton pushed off their retirement “until the stock market recovers,” but they’ll be back, too, once their financial advisor suggests a 1% allocation to bitcoin because “it’s safe now.” It’s dawning on them You’d think these circumstances would prompt our financial leaders to reevaluate their skepticism of crypto. No such luck. In testimony to Congress, JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon said the government should close it down. Music to the ears of a beaming Senator Elizabeth Warren. https://twitter.com/BitcoinMagazine/status/1732449478374756824?embedable=true ECB chief Christiane Legarde praised her son for selling his crypto at a 60% loss. She said he “learned his lesson.” The US government launched more lawsuits against crypto companies and exchanges. World leaders and conspiracy theorists of all stripes still poo-poo the notion that cryptocurrency can do anything valuable, but they don’t mean it. It’s a coping mechanism. They know this technology is unstoppable. Even the International Monetary Fund begrudgingly admits this, though not in those words. Did you read its report on cryptocurrency? In that report, the IMF said the world’s governments need to “effectively mitigate the risks posed by these assets while also harnessing the potential benefits of technological innovation.” In other words, the IMF—the epitome of the legacy financial system, the nexus for global financial engagement, and the largest forum for nations to coordinate financial interventions—admits what we already know: The world’s governments can’t keep crypto from growing. Good grief Cryptocurrency is money for the people, not the elites. With cryptocurrency, choose what money to use, not the government. we As such, you can understand their disdain. Put yourself in their shoes! You engineered a whole financial system that works better than any other. You already know everything you need to know to manage it properly. You conquered crisis after crisis. You gave people stable, functional monetary systems. How could anything useful possibly come from any approach other than your own? Our financial authorities have not yet come to terms with the root of the problem: Their system can’t give people the lifestyles that they want. They assume that as long as their system exists, it will take care of you. Just look at the aforementioned IMF report. That report doesn’t say anything about your needs. It’s all about needs. their They have a job to do and they can't understand why you don't appreciate them for it. They will, in time. They know they’ve lost the battle. They’ve only just started to grieve. The grieving process takes a while. It goes through five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. Let them go through all five stages. Denial Ten years ago, crypto was a funny little concept. Easy to deny its potential. “It’s useless except for blockchain,” they said. Then smart contracts came along and they said “it’s useless except for blockchain and swapping assets.” Then ICOs came along and they said “it’s useless except for blockchain, swapping assets, and raising money.” Then they said “it’s useless except for blockchain, swapping assets, raising money, and running stablecoins.” How long until they say cryptocurrencies are useless except for blockchain, asset swaps, fundraising, stablecoins, CBDCs, gaming platforms, tokenized real-world assets, monetized ownership rights, global data storage and distribution platforms, and massive, open pools of capital that anybody can tap into for whatever purposes they want at any time? Some experts say cryptocurrency is too complicated to succeed. They might be overlooking how much time and effort goes into the legacy financial system. Layers of complex and expensive regulations. Bureaucracy and oversight. Treaties and machinations. Legal burdens and administrative costs — all hidden from the customer and packaged into spreads, service fees, commissions, and government budgets (somebody needs to pay for courts, lawyers, regulators, and their staff). Is it so hard to believe that we can replace that complexity with computer protocols? Anger and bargaining Cryptocurrency promises to deliver the same results as the legacy financial system with less complexity and none of the hidden costs. So, you can understand why the financial elites want to bring the technology to heel. They see the fraud and flagrant rejection of the US order. They see people throwing billions of dollars into magic internet money instead of corporations and government bonds. Why wouldn’t that piss them off? One Senator even promised to raise an anti-crypto army. The crypto community sees them as financial warmongers. Enemies. Persecutors. Do you know what I see? Angry people trying to bargain their way through a peaceful crisis. “They’re all frauds, they’re destroying people’s lives! If we put them in jail and regulate them away, we’ll be safe.” “You guys can gamble on cryptocurrency, but you can’t deduct your losses.” “Stake and trade all you want as long as you KYC and pay taxes.” “If you change the CEO’s picture on the Binance website, pay us $4 billion, and let us see your books, we’ll make all of these charges go away.” “You can have your spot ETF, but only because the courts say so. Just remember, this is a manipulated market and you’ll lose money.” Depression and acceptance come after El Salvador sells its bitcoin at the top of the next bull market OR when crypto delivers an experience that’s better than the legacy financial system (whichever comes first.) Empathize, don’t hate We like to think of our leaders and institutions as stoic, thoughtful, and intentional. In reality, they’re human. Like all of us, they experience the emotions that come with being human. Crypto promises to render their system obsolete. The technology isn’t very good yet, but a growing number of people put time and money into systems built on this technology rather than theirs. In three out of every four years, the value of this technology grows faster than the value of their technology. It’s innovating much faster and attracting more developers and engineers with each passing day. This is the situation our financial leaders find themselves in. They’re doomed. Time heals Give our leaders the space and time to sort out their emotions and come to terms with the world they’ll have to live in. Many of them share our concern about the welfare of people who worry they will never reach their financial hopes and dreams. They simply see crypto as an expensive, slow, clunky technology full of criminals, hostile entities, and buggy, complicated protocols. To them, the legacy system is better. Fair enough. As they work through their feelings, they will say bad things about crypto and maybe about you, too. Take their words to heart and reflect on the substance of what they’re saying, not the hatred with which they deliver it. Some of them see some social or political advantage in fighting us. They’re using us for their own selfish aims. Open the conversation anyway. Many will not like what you say. Some will listen. In any event, there’s no point in arguing. Mockers don’t listen to rebukes. Leave the fighting for lobbyists, lawyers, and legislators. Keep building, investing, contributing, and learning. Some think this opens us up to regulatory capture or more chokepoints. The financial elites want us to fail, and they’ll do whatever it takes to make that happen. Fear not. If cryptocurrency does what we think it should do, we will never have to worry about the actions of our financial elites. They will have to worry about ours. This post is available as a collectible NFT at . https://mirror.xyz https://mirror.xyz/0x9a6600c7B40801dda9A0Fa4E8DE7b1B99FE524a7/HHpu6A4XK-v9HD7Fnoztmzq7qV32DKBzQgPkOWOEB3M?embedable=true Mark Helfman publishes the newsletter. He is also the author of three books and a top Bitcoin writer on and . Learn more about him in his and connect with him on or . Crypto is Easy Medium Hacker Noon bio Superpeer Tealfeed

The Crypto Market’s Up Again. The Grief Cycle Continues

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Ends in War More Precisely Defined (continued) Limited Object Book VIII: Chapter V. Ends in War More Precisely Defined (continued) Limited Object In the preceding chapter we have said that, under the expression “overthrow of the enemy,” we understand the real absolute aim of the “act of war;” now we shall see what remains to be done when the conditions under which this object might be attained do not exist. These conditions presuppose a great physical or moral superiority, or a great spirit of enterprise, an innate propensity to extreme hazards. Now where all this is not forthcoming, the aim in the act of war can only be of two kinds; either the conquest of some small or moderate portion of the enemy’s country, or the defence of our own until better times; this last is the usual case in defensive war. Whether the one or the other of these aims is of the right kind, can always be settled by calling to mind the expression used in reference to the last. The waiting till more favourable times implies that we have reason to expect such times hereafter, and this waiting for, that is, defensive war, is always based on this prospect; on the other hand, offensive war, that is, the taking advantage of the present moment, is always commanded when the future holds out a better prospect, not to ourselves, but to our adversary. The third case, which is probably the most common, is when neither party has anything definite to look for from the future, when therefore it furnishes no motive for decision. In this case, the offensive war is plainly imperative upon him who is politically the aggressor, that is, who has the positive motive; for he has taken up arms with that object, and every moment of time which is lost without any good reason, is so much lost time for him. We have here decided for offensive or defensive war on grounds which have nothing to do with the relative forces of the combatants respectively, and yet it may appear that it would be nearer right to make the choice of the offensive or defensive chiefly dependent on the mutual relations of combatants in point of military strength; our opinion is, that in doing so we should just leave the right road. The logical correctness of our simple argument no one will dispute; we shall now see whether in the concrete case it leads to the contrary. Let us suppose a small State which is involved in a contest with a very superior power, and foresees that with each year its position will become worse: should it not, if war is inevitable, make use of the time when its situation is furthest from the worst? Then it must attack, not because the attack in itself ensures any advantages—it will rather increase the disparity of forces—but because this State is under the necessity of either bringing the matter completely to an issue before the worst time arrives, or of gaining, at least, in the mean time, some advantages which it may hereafter turn to account. This theory cannot appear absurd. But if this small State is quite certain that the enemy will advance against it, then, certainly, it can and may make use of the defensive against its enemy to procure a first advantage; there is then at any rate no danger of losing time. If, again, we suppose a small State engaged in war with a greater, and that the future has no influence on their decisions, still, if the small State is politically the assailant, we demand of it also that it should go forward to its object. If it has had the audacity to propose to itself a positive end in the face of superior numbers, then it must also act, that is, attack the foe, if the latter does not save it the trouble. Waiting would be an absurdity; unless at the moment of execution it has altered its political resolution, a case which very frequently occurs, and contributes in no small degree to give wars an indefinite character. These considerations on the limited object apply to its connection both with offensive war and defensive war; we shall consider both in separate chapters. But we shall first turn our attention to another phase. Hitherto we have deduced the modifications in the object of war solely from intrinsic reasons. The nature of the political view (or design) we have only taken into consideration in so far as it is or is not directed at something positive. Everything else in the political design is in reality something extraneous to war; but in the second chapter of the first book (End and Means in War) we have already admitted that the nature of the political object, the extent of our own or the enemy’s demand, and our whole political relation practically have a most decisive influence on the conduct of the war, and we shall therefore devote the following chapter to that subject specially. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Ends in War More Precisely Defined (continued) Limited Object

After a long interval, I am again impelled by the restless spirit within me to continue my narration

Defence of a Theatre of War (continued) When no Decision is Sought for

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Defence of a Theatre of War (continued) Successive Resistance Book VI: Chapter XXIX. Defence of a Theatre of War (continued) Successive Resistance. We have proved, in the twelfth and thirteenth chapters, that in strategy a successive resistance is inconsistent with the nature of the thing, and that all forces available should be used simultaneously. As regards forces which are moveable, this requires no further demonstration; but when we look at the seat of war itself, with its fortresses, the natural divisions of the ground, and even the extent of its surface as being also elements of war, then, these being immovable, we can only either bring them gradually into use, or we must at once place ourselves so far back, that all agencies of this kind which are to be brought into activity are in our front. Then everything which can contribute to weaken the enemy in the territory which he has occupied, comes at once into activity, for the assailant must at least blockade the defender’s fortresses, he must keep the country in subjection by garrisons and other posts, he has long marches to make, and everything he requires must be brought from a distance, etc. All these agencies commence to work, whether the assailant makes his advance before or after a decision, but in the former case their influence is somewhat greater. From this, therefore, it follows, that if the defender chooses to transfer his decision to a point further back, he has thus the means of bringing at once into play all these immovable elements of military force. On the other hand, it is clear that this transfer of the solution (on the part of the defender) does not alter the extent of the influence of a victory which the assailant gains. In treating of the attack, we shall examine more closely the extent of the influence of a victory; here we shall only observe that it reaches to the exhaustion of the superiority, that is, the resultant of the physical and moral relations. Now this superiority exhausts itself in the first place by the duties required from the forces on the theatre of war, and secondly by losses in combats; the diminution of force arising from these two causes cannot be essentially altered, whether the combats take place at the commencement or at the end, near the frontier, or further towards the interior of the country (vom oder hinten). We think, for example, that a victory gained by Buonaparte over the Russians at Wilna, 1812, would have carried him just as far as that of Borodino—assuming that it was equally great—and that a victory at Moscow would not have carried him any further; Moscow was, in either case, the limit of this sphere of victory. Indeed, it cannot be doubted for a moment that a decisive battle on the frontier (for other reasons) would have produced much greater results through victory, and then, perhaps, the sphere of its influence would have been wider. Therefore, in this view, also, the transfer of the decision to a point further back is not necessary for the defence. In the chapter on the various means of resistance, that method of delaying the decision, which may be regarded as an extreme form, was brought before us under the name of retreat into the interior, and as a particular method of defence, in which the object is rather that the assailant should wear himself out, than that he should be destroyed by the sword on the field of battle. But it is only when such an intention predominates that the delaying of the decisive battle can be regarded as a peculiar method of resistance; for otherwise it is evident that an infinite number of gradations may be conceived in this method, and that these may be combined with all other means of defence. We therefore look upon the greater or less co-operation of the theatre of war, not as a special form of defence, but as nothing more than a discretionary introduction into the defence of the immovable means of resistance, just according as circumstances and the nature of the situation may appear to require. But now, if the defender does not think he requires any assistance from these immovable forces for his purposed decision, or if the further sacrifice connected with the use of them is too great, then they are kept in reserve for the future, and form a sort of succession of reinforcements, which perhaps ensure the possibility of keeping the moveable forces in such a condition that they will be able to follow up the first favourable decision with a second, or perhaps in the same manner even with a third, that is to say, in this manner a successive application of his forces becomes possible. If the defender loses a battle on the frontier, which does not amount to a complete defeat, we may very well imagine that, by placing himself behind the nearest fortress, he will then be in a condition to accept battle again; indeed, if he is only dealing with an opponent who has not much resolution, then, perhaps, some considerable obstacle of ground will be quite sufficient as a means of stopping the enemy. There is, therefore, in strategy, in the use of the theatre of war as well as in everything else, an economy of force; the less one can make suffice the better: but there must be sufficient, and here, as well as in commerce, there is something to be thought of besides mere niggardliness. But in order to prevent a great misconception, we must draw attention to this, that the subject of our present consideration is not how much resistance an army can offer, or the enterprises which it can undertake after a lost battle, but only the result which we can promise ourselves beforehand from this second act in our defence; consequently, how high we can estimate it in our plan. Here there is only one point almost which the defender has to look to, which is the character and the situation of his opponent. An adversary weak in character, with little self-confidence, without noble ambition, placed under great restrictions, will content himself, in case he is successful, with a moderate advantage, and timidly hold back at every fresh offer of a decision which the defender ventures to make. In this case the defender may count upon the beneficial use of all the means of resistance of his theatre of war in succession, in constantly fresh, although in themselves small, combats, in which the prospect always brightens of an ultimate decision in his favour. But who does not feel that we are now on the road to campaigns devoid of decision, which are much more the field of a successive application of force. Of these we shall speak in the following chapter. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Defence of a Theatre of War (continued) Successive Resistance

Defence of a Theatre of War—(continued)

SEC v. Terraform Court Filing, retrieved on February 16, 2023, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 31 of 38. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here FIRST CLAIM FOR RELIEF (Fraud in the Offer of Sale of Securities (Violation of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act)) 173. The Commission realleges and incorporates by reference herein the allegations in paragraphs 1 through 172. 174. Defendants, in the offer or sale of securities, by the use of means or instrumentalities of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by use of the mails, directly or indirectly: (1) knowingly or recklessly employed devices, schemes, or artifices to defraud; (2) knowingly, recklessly, or negligently obtained money or property by means of untrue statements of material fact or by omitting to state material facts necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and (3) knowingly, recklessly, or negligently engaged in transactions, practices, or courses of business which operated or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser. 175. By their conduct described above, Defendants violated, and unless restrained and enjoined will continue to violate, Securities Act Section 17(a), 15 U.S.C. § 77q(a). Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 1:23-cv-01346 retrieved on September 12, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. sec.gov

SEC: Do Kwon and Terraform Need to Be Restrained Or They Will Continue to Violate the Securities Act

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Defence of Streams and Rivers (continued) Book VI: Chapter XIX. Defence of Streams and Rivers (continued) We have still to add something respecting the influence of streams and rivers on the defence of a country, even when they are not themselves defended. Every important river, with its main valley and its adjacent valleys, forms a very considerable obstacle in a country, and in that way it is, therefore, advantageous to defence in general; but its peculiar influence admits of being more particularly specified in its principal effects. First we must distinguish whether it flows parallel to the frontier, that is, the general strategic front, or at an oblique or a right angle to it. In the case of the parallel direction we must observe the difference between having our own army or that of the enemy behind it, and in both cases again the distance between it and the army. An army on the defensive, having behind it a large river within easy reach (but not less than a day’s march), and on that river an adequate number of secure crossings, is unquestionably in a much stronger situation than it would be without the river; for if it loses a little in freedom of movement by the requisite care for the security of the crossings, still it gains much more by the security of its strategic rear, that means chiefly of its lines of communication. In all this we allude to a defence in our own country; for in the enemy’s country, although his army might be before us, we should still have always more or less to apprehend his appearance behind us on the other side of the river, and then the river, involving as it does narrow defiles in roads, would be more disadvantageous than otherwise in its effect on our situation. The further the river is behind the army, the less useful it will be, and at certain distances its influence disappears altogether. If an advancing army has to leave a river in its rear, the river cannot be otherwise than prejudicial to its movements, for it restricts the communications of the army to a few single passages. When Prince Henry marched against the Russians on the right bank of the Oder near Breslau, he had plainly a point d’appui in the Oder flowing behind him at a day’s march; on the other hand, when the Russians under Cznernitschef passed the Oder subsequently, they were in a very embarrassing situation, just through the risk of losing their line of retreat, which was limited to one bridge. If a river crosses the theatre of war more or less at a right angle with the strategic front, then the advantage is again on the side of the defensive; for, in the first place, there are generally a number of good positions leaning on the river, and covered in front by the transverse valleys connected with the principal valley (like the Elbe for the Prussians in the Seven Years’ War); secondly, the assailant must leave one side of the river or the other unoccupied, or he must divide his forces; and such division cannot fail to be in favour again of the defensive, because he will be in possession of more well secured passages than the assailant. We need only cast a glance over the whole Seven Years’ War, to be convinced that the Oder and Elbe were very useful to Frederick the Great in the defence of his theatre of war (namely Silesia, Saxony and the Mark), and consequently a great impediment to the conquest of these provinces by the Austrians and Russians, although there was no real defence of those rivers in the whole Seven Years’ War, and their course is mostly, as connected with the enemy, at an oblique or a right angle rather than parallel with the front. It is only the convenience of a river as a means of transport, when its course is more or less in a perpendicular direction, which can, in general, be advantageous to the assailant; in that respect it may be so for this reason, that as he has the longer line of communication, and, therefore, the greater difficulty in the transport of all he requires, water carriage may relieve him of a great deal of trouble and prove very useful. The defender, on his side, certainly has it in his power to close the navigation within his own frontier by fortresses; still even by that means the advantages which the river affords the assailant will not be lost so far as regards its course up to that frontier. But if we reflect upon the fact that many rivers are often not navigable, even where they are of no unimportant breadth as respects other military relations, that others are not navigable at all seasons, that the ascent against the stream is tedious, that the winding of a river often doubles its length, that the chief communications between countries now are high roads, and that now more than ever the wants of an army are supplied from the country adjacent to the scene of its operations, and not by carriage from distant parts,—we can well see that the use of a river does not generally play such a prominent part in the subsistence of troops as is usually represented in books, and that its influence on the march of events is therefore very remote and uncertain. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Defence of Streams and Rivers (continued)

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Defence of Mountains (continued) Book VI: Chapter XVII. Defence of Mountains (continued) In the fifteenth chapter we spoke of the nature of combats in mountains, and in the sixteenth of the use to be made of them by strategy, and in so doing we often came upon the idea of mountain defence, without stopping to consider the form and details of such a measure. We shall now examine it more closely. As mountain systems frequently extend like streaks or belts over the surface of the earth, and form the division between streams flowing in different directions, consequently the separation between whole water systems, and as this general form repeats itself in the parts composing that whole, inasmuch as these parts diverge from the main chain in branches or ridges, and then form the separation between lesser water systems; hence the idea of a system of mountain defence has naturally founded itself in the first instance, and afterwards developed itself, upon the conception of the general form of mountains, that of an obstacle, like a great barrier, having greater length than breadth. Although geologists are not yet agreed as to the origin of mountains and the laws of their formation, still in every case the course of the waters indicates in the shortest and surest manner the general form of the system, whether the action of the water has contributed to give that general form (according to the aqueous theory), or that the course of the water is a consequence of the form of the system itself. It was, therefore, very natural again, in devising a system of mountain defence, to take the course of the waters as a guide, as those courses form a natural series of levels, from which we can obtain both the general height and the general profile of the mountain, while the valleys formed by the streams present also the best means of access to the heights, because so much of the effect of the erosive and alluvial action of the water is permanent, that the inequalities of the slopes of the mountain are smoothed down by it to one regular slope. Hence, therefore, the idea of mountain defence would assume that, when a mountain ran about parallel with the front to be defended, it was to be regarded as a great obstacle to approach, as a kind of rampart, the gates of which were formed by the valleys. The real defence was then to be made on the crest of this rampart, (that is, on the edge of the plateau which crowned the mountain) and cut the valleys transversely. If the line of the principal mountain-chain formed somewhat of a right angle with the front of defence, then one of the principal branches would be selected to be used instead; thus the line chosen would be parallel to one of the principal valleys, and run up to the principal ridge, which might be regarded as the extremity. We have noticed this scheme for mountain defence founded on the geological structure of the earth, because it really presented itself in theory for some time, and in the so-called “theory of ground” the laws of the process of aqueous action have been mixed up with the conduct of war. But all this is so full of false hypotheses and incorrect substitutions, that when these are abstracted, nothing in reality remains to serve as the basis of any kind of a system. The principal ridges of real mountains are far too impracticable and inhospitable to place large masses of troops upon them; it is often the same with the adjacent ridges, they are often too short and irregular. Plateaux do not exist on all mountain ridges, and where they are to be found they are mostly narrow, and therefore unfit to accommodate many troops; indeed, there are few mountains which, closely examined, will be found surmounted by an uninterrupted ridge, or which have their sides at such an angle that they form in some measure practicable slopes, or, at least, a succession of terraces. The principal ridge winds, bends, and splits itself; immense branches launch into the adjacent country in curved lines, and lift themselves often just at their termination to a greater height than the main ridge itself; promontories then join on, and form deep valleys which do not correspond with the general system. Thus it is that, when several lines of mountains cross each other, or at those points from which they branch out, the conception of a small band or belt is completely at an end, and gives place to mountain and water lines radiating from a centre in the form of a star. From this it follows, and it will strike those who have examined mountain-masses in this manner the more forcibly, that the idea of a systematic disposition is out of the question, and that to adhere to such an idea as a fundamental principle for our measures would be wholly impracticable. There is still one important point to notice belonging to the province of practical application. If we look closely at mountain warfare in its tactical aspects, it is evident that these are of two principal kinds, the first of which is the defence of steep slopes, the second is that of narrow valleys. Now this last, which is often, indeed almost generally, highly favourable to the action of the defence, is not very compatible with the disposition on the principal ridge, for the occupation of the valley itself is often required and that at its outer extremity nearest to the open country, not at its commencement, because there its sides are steeper. Besides, this defence of valleys offers a means of defending mountainous districts, even when the ridge itself affords no position which can be occupied; the rôle which it performs is, therefore, generally greater in proportion as the masses of the mountains are higher and more inaccessible. The result of all these considerations is, that we must entirely give up the idea of a defensible line more or less regular, and coincident with one of the geological lines, and must look upon a mountain range as merely a surface intersected and broken with inequalities and obstacles strewed over it in the most diversified manner, the features of which we must try to make the best use of which circumstances permit; that therefore, although a knowledge of the geological features of the ground is indispensable to a clear conception of the form of mountain masses, it is of little value in the organisation of defensive measures. Neither in the war of the Austrian Succession, nor in the Seven Years’ War, nor in those of the French Revolution, do we find military dispositions which comprehended a whole mountain system, and in which the defence was systematised in accordance with the leading features of that system. Nowhere do we find armies on the principal ridges always in position on the slopes. Sometimes at a greater, sometimes at a lower elevation; sometimes in one direction, sometimes in another; parallel, at right angles, and obliquely; with and against the watercourse; in lofty mountains, such as the Alps, frequently extended along the valleys; amongst mountains of a inferior class, like the Sudetics (and this is the strangest anomaly), at the middle of the declivity, as it sloped towards the defender, therefore with the principal ridge in front, like the position in which Frederick the Great, in 1762, covered the siege of Schwednitz, with the “hohe Eule” before the front of his camp. The celebrated positions, Schmotseifen and Landshut, in the Seven Years’ War, are for the most part in the bottoms of valleys. It is the same with the position of Feldkirch, in the Vorarlsberg. In the campaigns of 1799 and 1800, the chief posts, both of the French and Austrians, were always quite in the valleys, not merely across them so as to close them, but also parallel with them, whilst the ridges were either not occupied at all, or merely by a few single posts. The crests of the higher Alps in particular are so difficult of access, and afford so little space for the accommodation of troops, that it would be impossible to place any considerable bodies of men there. Now if we must positively have armies in mountains to keep possession of them, there is nothing to be done but to place them in the valleys. At first sight this appears erroneous, because, in accordance with the prevalent theoretical ideas, it will be said, the heights command the valleys. But that is really not the case. Mountain ridges are only accessible by a few paths and rude tracks, with a few exceptions only passable for infantry, whilst the carriage roads are in the valleys. The enemy can only appear there at certain points with infantry; but in these mountain masses the distances are too great for any effective fire of small arms, and therefore a position in the valleys is less dangerous than it appears. At the same time, the valley defence is exposed to another great danger, that of being cut off. The enemy can, it is true, only descend into the valley with infantry, at certain points, slowly and with great exertion; he cannot, therefore, take us by surprise; but none of the positions we have in the valley defend the outlets of such paths into the valley. The enemy can, therefore, bring down large masses gradually, then spread out, and burst through the thin and from that moment weak line, which, perhaps, has nothing more for its protection than the rocky bed of a shallow mountain-stream. But now retreat, which must always be made piecemeal in a valley, until the outlet from the mountains is reached, is impossible for many parts of the line of troops; and that was the reason that the Austrians in Switzerland almost always lost a third, or a half of their troops taken prisoners.— Now a few words on the usual way of dividing troops in such a method of defence. Each of the subordinate positions is in relation with a position taken up by the principal body of troops, more or less in the centre of the whole line, on the principal road of approach. From this central position, other corps are detached right and left to occupy the most important points of approach, and thus the whole is disposed in a line, as it were, of three, four, five, six posts, &c. How far this fractioning and extension of the line shall be carried, must depend on the requirements of each individual case. An extent of a couple of marches, that is, six to eight miles is of moderate length, and we have seen it carried as far as twenty or thirty miles. Between each of these separate posts, which are one or two leagues from each other, there will probably be some approaches of inferior importance, to which afterwards attention must be directed. Some very good posts for a couple of battalions each are selected, which form a good connection between the chief posts, and they are occupied. It is easy to see that the distribution of the force may be carried still further, and go down to posts occupied only by single companies and squadrons; and this has often happened. There are, therefore, in this no general limits to the extent of fractioning. On the other hand, the strength of each post must depend on the strength of the whole; and therefore we can say nothing as to the possible or natural degree which should be observed with regard to the strength of the principal posts. We shall only append, as a guide, some maxims which are drawn from experience and the nature of the case. 1. The more lofty and inaccessible the mountains are, so much the further this separation of divisions of the force not only may be, but also must be, carried; for the less any portion of a country can be kept secure by combinations dependent on the movement of troops, so much the more must the security be obtained by direct covering. The defence of the Alps requires a much greater division of force, and therefore approaches nearer to the cordon system, than the defence of the Vosges or the Giant mountains. 2. Hitherto, wherever defence of mountains has taken place, such a division of the force employed has been made that the chief posts have generally consisted of only one line of infantry, and in a second line, some squadrons of cavalry; at all events, only the chief post established in the centre has perhaps had some battalions in a second line. 3. A strategic reserve, to reinforce any point attacked, has very seldom been kept in rear, because the extension of front made the line feel too weak already in all parts. On this account the support which a post attacked has received, has generally been furnished from other posts in the line not themselves attacked. 4. Even when the division of the forces has been relatively moderate, and the strength of each single post considerable, the principal resistance has been always confined to a local defence; and if once the enemy succeeded in wresting a post, it has been impossible to recover it by any supports afterwards arriving. How much, according to this, may be expected from mountain defence, in what cases this means may be used, how far we can and may go in the extension and fractioning of the forces—these are all questions which theory must leave to the tact of the general. It is enough if it tells him what these means really are, and what rôle they can perform in the active operations of the army. A general who allows himself to be beaten in an extended mountain position deserves to be brought before a court martial. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Defence of Mountains (continued)

Defence of Mountains (Continued)

The Senate in the U.S. approved a stopgap funding measure that will fund the Federal Government's operations until November 17th. While this serves as a short-term relief, it is only a matter of 45 days or less before another impasse occurs, so hardly anything will change the sentiment on the heavy spending and debt burden the U.S. is facing. Labor Market Still Resilient Meanwhile, the labor market continues to display remarkable strength, as evidenced by the latest of the August Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) report. In August, job openings surged by 690,000, bringing the total to 9.61 million. release Rates: “Higher for Longer” With this resilience, it should be very unlikely that the Fed will derail from its “higher rates for longer” policy. Market futures currently indicate we are unlikely to see any rate cuts until at least June 2024. Mortgage Rates Approach 8% The average interest rate on a 30-year mortgage in the U.S. is at a high of 7.88%; this rate has tripled over the past three years from 2.6% at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ramifications of that surge can be hard to grasp, but imagine a household used to pay around 1300 USD in mortgage per month on an 800.000 USD house. This same household will now need to be more than 5,000 USD per month, assuming they are not locked in on lower rates. Interestingly, despite these high rates, mortgage delinquency rates remain at historic lows. This is largely because many current mortgages were secured at the previously lower rates. VC Funding in Crypto at Multi-Year Lows The is reeling from the effects of the bear market, with the total market capitalization hovering around $1 trillion, which is only a third of what it was when the market peaked in November 2021. crypto market At the same time, investors are shying away from allocating funds toward Web3 projects. A recent by Messari revealed that Q3 2022 marked a 36% quarter-over-quarter decline in funding and the number of deals closed, with only $2.1 billion invested in 297 deals. report However, on the brighter side, when looking at a longer-term horizon, the crypto market has grown significantly over the past five years. Follow me on X! I’ve become a lot more active on Twitter/X. If you want to follow my day-to-day blurbs, give me a follow. Industry Shakers Founder of FTX, SBF’s trial has started The much-awaited criminal trial for Sam Bankman-Fried, the former CEO of the now-defunct cryptocurrency exchange FTX, commenced on Tuesday. The trial aims to ascertain his culpability in relation to seven counts of fraud and conspiracy. In January, Bankman-Fried formally pleaded not guilty to all of these charges, which encompass wire fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering, and conspiracy to misappropriate customer funds. In the event of a conviction on all counts, he potentially faces a maximum prison sentence of 115 years. Ethereum Futures ETFs Start Trading in the US Several Ethereum futures exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have recently launched in the United States. Investment firms ProShares, VanEck, Bitwise, Valkyrie, Kelly, and Volshares collectively introduced nine ETFs on the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) on Monday. However, these ETFs had a slow start, trading under $2 million in total as of 11:25 a.m. ET October 2nd. In contrast, when the first Bitcoin futures ETF debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 2021, the ProShares Bitcoin Strategy ETF saw almost $1 billion in shares traded on its first day. UBS launches tokenized money market fund Leading Swiss bank UBS has initiated a live pilot of a tokenized Variable Capital Company (VCC) fund as part of Project Guardian, an effort led by Singapore's central bank. UBS Asset Management introduced this fund within a broader VCC framework designed to digitize various on the blockchain. The pilot carried out via UBS Tokenize, the bank's in-house tokenization service, leverages Ethereum smart contracts for activities like redemptions and fund subscriptions. real-world assets Also published . here

Crypto Winter Continues: Senate's Stopgap Funding, Job Market Strength, Mortgage Rates, and More

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Fortresses (Continued) Book VI: Chapter XI. Fortresses (Continued) We have discussed the object of fortresses: now for their situation. At first the subject seems very complicated, when we think of the diversity of objects, each of which may again be modified by the locality; but such a view has very little foundation if we keep to the essence of the thing, and guard against unnecessary subtilties. It is evident that all these demands are at once satisfied, if, in those districts of country which are to be regarded as the theatre of war, all the largest and richest towns on the great high roads connecting the two countries with each other are fortified, more particularly those adjacent to harbours and bays of the sea, or situated on large rivers and in mountains. Great towns and great roads always go hand in hand, and both have also a natural connection with great rivers and the coasts of the sea, all these four conditions, therefore, agree very well with each other, and give rise to no incongruity; on the other hand, it is not the same with mountains, for large towns are seldom found there. If, therefore, the position and direction of a mountain chain makes it favourable to a defensive line, it is necessary to close its roads and passes by small forts, built for this purpose only, and at the least possible cost, the great outlay on works of fortification being reserved for the important places of arms in the level country. We have not yet noticed the frontiers of the state, nor said anything of the geometrical form of the whole system of fortresses, nor of the other geographical points in connection with their situation, because we regard the objects above mentioned as the most essential, and are of opinion that in many cases they alone are sufficient, particularly in small states. But, at the same time, other considerations may be admitted, and may be imperative in countries of a greater superficial extent, which either have a great many important towns and roads, or, on the contrary, are almost without any, which are either very rich, and, possessing already many fortresses, still want new ones, or those which, on the other hand, are very poor, and under the necessity of making a few answer, in short, in cases where the number of fortresses does not correspond with the number of important towns and roads which present themselves, being either considerably greater or less. We shall now cast a glance at the nature of such other considerations. The chief questions which remain relate to 1. The choice of the principal roads, if the two countries are connected by more roads than we wish to fortify. 2. Whether the fortresses are to be placed on the frontier only, or spread over the country. Or, 3. Whether they shall be distributed uniformly, or in groups. 4. Circumstances relating to the geography of the country to which it is necessary to pay attention. A number of other points with respect to the geometrical form of the line of fortifications, such as whether they should be placed in a single line or in several lines, that is, whether they do more service when placed one behind another, or side by side in line with each other; whether they should be chequer-wise, or in a straight line; or whether they should take the form of a fortification itself, with salients and re-entering angles all these we look upon as empty subtilties, that is, considerations so insignificant, that, compared with the really important points, they are not worth notice; and we only mention them here because they are not merely treated of in many books, but also a great deal more is made of this rubbish than it is worth. As regards the first question, in order to place it in a clearer light we shall merely instance the relation of the south of Germany to France, that is, to the upper Rhine. If, without reference to the number of separate states composing this district of country, we suppose it a whole which is to be fortified strategically, much doubt will arise, for a great number of very fine roads lead from the Rhine into the interior of Franconia, Bavaria and Austria. Certainly, towns are not wanting which surpass others in size and importance, as Nuremburg, Wurzburg, Ulm, Augsburg, and Munich; but if we are not disposed to fortify all, there is no alternative but to make a selection. If, further, in accordance with our view, the fortification of the greatest and wealthiest is held to be the principal thing, still it is not to be denied that, owing to the distance between Nuremburg and Munich, the first has a very different strategic signification from the second; and therefore it always remains to be considered whether it would not be better, in place of Nuremburg, to fortify some other place in the neighbourhood of Munich, even if the place is one of less importance in itself. As concerns the decision in such cases, that is, answering the first question, we must refer to what has been said in the chapters on the general plan of defence, and on the choice of points of attack. Wherever the most natural point of attack is situated, there the defensive arrangements should be made by preference. Therefore, amongst a number of great roads leading from the enemy’s country into ours, we should first of all fortify that which leads most directly to the heart of our dominions, or that which, traversing fertile provinces, or running parallel to navigable rivers, facilitates the enemy’s undertaking, and then we may rest secure. The assailant then encounters these works, or should he resolve to pass them by, he will naturally offer a favourable opportunity for operations against his flank. Vienna is the heart of South Germany, and plainly Munich or Augsburg, in relation to France alone (Switzerland and Italy being therefore supposed neutral) would be more efficient as a principal fortress than Nuremburg or Wurzburg. But if, at the same time, we look at the roads leading from Italy into Germany by Switzerland and the Tyrol, this will become still more evident, because, in relation to these, Munich and Augsburg will always be places of importance, whereas Wurzburg and Nuremburg are much the same, in this respect, as if they did not exist. We turn now to the second question Whether the fortresses should be placed on the frontier, or distributed over the country? In the first place, we must observe, that, as regards small states, this question is superfluous, for what are called strategic frontiers coincide, in their case, nearly with the whole country. The larger the state is supposed to be in the consideration of this question, the plainer appears the necessity for its being answered. The most natural answer is, that fortresses belong to the frontiers, for they are to defend the state, and the state is defended as long as the frontiers are defended. This argument may be valid in the abstract, but the following considerations will show that it is subject to very many modifications. Every defence which is calculated chiefly on foreign assistance lays great value on gaining time; it is not a vigorous counterstroke, but a slow proceeding, in which the chief gain consists more in delay than in any weakening of the enemy which is effected. But now it lies in the nature of the thing that, supposing all other circumstances alike, fortresses which are spread over the whole country, and include between them a very considerable area of territory, will take longer to capture than those squeezed together in a close line on the frontier. Further, in all cases in which the object is to overcome the enemy through the length of his communications, and the difficulty of his existence therefore in countries which can chiefly reckon on this kind of reaction, it would be a complete contradiction to have the defensive preparations of this kind only on the frontier. Lastly, let us also remember that, if circumstances will in any way allow of it, the fortification of the capital is a main point; that according to our principles the chief towns and places of commerce in the provinces demand it likewise; that rivers passing through the country, mountains, and other irregular features of ground, afford advantages for new lines of defence; that many towns, through their strong natural situation, invite fortification; moreover, that certain accessories of war, such as manufactories of arms, &c., are better placed in the interior of the country than on the frontier, and their value well entitles them to the protection of works of fortification; then we see that there is always more or less occasion for the construction of fortresses in the interior of a country; on this account we are of opinion, that although states which possess a great number of fortresses are right in placing the greater number on the frontier, still it would be a great mistake if the interior of the country was left entirely destitute of them. We think that this mistake has been made in a remarkable degree in France. A great doubt may with reason arise if the border provinces of a country contain no considerable towns, such towns lying further back towards the interior, as is the case in South Germany in particular, where Swabia is almost destitute of great towns, whilst Bavaria contains a large number. We do not hold it to be necessary to remove these doubts once for all on general grounds, believing that in such cases, in order to arrive at a solution, reasons derived from the particular situation must come into consideration. Still we must call attention to the closing remarks in this chapter. The third question Whether fortresses should be disposed in groups, or more equally distributed? will, if we reflect upon it, seldom arise; still we must not, for that reason, set it down as a useless subtilty, because certainly a group of two, three, or four fortresses, which are only a few days’ march from a common centre, give that point and the army placed there such strength, that, if other conditions allowed of it, in some measure one would be very much tempted to form such a strategic bastion. The last point concerns the other geographical properties of the points to be chosen. That fortresses on the sea, on streams and great rivers, and in mountains, are doubly effective, has been already stated to be one of the principal considerations; but there are a number of other points in connection with fortresses to which regard must be paid. If a fortress cannot lie on the river itself, it is better not to place it near, but at a distance of ten or twelve miles from it; otherwise, the river intersects, and lowers the value of the sphere of action of the fortress in all those points above mentioned.(*) (*) Philippsburg was the pattern of a badly-placed fortress; it resembled a fool standing with his nose close to a wall. This is not the same in mountains, because there the movement of large or small masses upon particular points is not restricted in the same degree as it is by a river. But fortresses on the enemy’s side of a mountain are not well placed, because they are difficult to succour. If they are on our side, the difficulty of laying siege to them is very great, as the mountains cut across the enemy’s line of communication. We give Olmütz, 1758, as an example. It is easily seen that impassable forests and marshes have a similar effect to that of rivers. The question has been often raised as to whether towns situated in a very difficult country are well or ill suited for fortresses. As they can be fortified and defended at a small expense, or be made much stronger, often impregnable, at an equal expenditure, and the services of a fortress are always more passive than active, it does not seem necessary to attach much importance to the objection that they can easily be blockaded. If we now, in conclusion, cast a retrospective glance over our simple system of fortification for a country, we may assert that it rests on comprehensive data, lasting in their nature, and directly connected with the foundations of the state itself, not on transient views on war, fashionable for a day; not on imaginary strategic niceties, nor on requirements completely singular in character an error which might be attended with irreparable consequences if allowed to influence the construction of fortresses intended to last five hundred, perhaps a thousand, years. Silberberg, in Silesia, built by Frederick the Great on one of the ridges of the Sudetics, has, from the complete alteration in circumstances which has since taken place, lost almost entirely its importance and object, whilst Breslau, if it had been made a strong place of arms, and continued to be so, would have always maintained its value against the French, as well as against the Russians, Poles, and Austrians. Our reader will not overlook the fact that these considerations are not raised on the supposed case of a state providing itself with a set of new fortifications; they would be useless if such was their object, as such a case seldom, if ever, happens; but they may all arise at the designing of each single fortification. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Fortresses (Continued)

DOE v. Github (original complaint) Court Filing, retrieved on November 3, 2022 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 28 of 37. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here VIII. CLAIMS FOR RELIEF COUNT V FALSE DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN—REVERSE PASSING OFF 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (GitHub and OpenAI) 196. Plaintiffs and the Class hereby repeat and incorporate by reference each preceding and succeeding paragraph as though fully set forth herein. 197. GitHub and OpenAI have used or made, and will continue to use or make, in commerce throughout the United States, including in California, one or more words, terms, names, symbols, or devices, or any combination thereof, or any false and/or misleading designation of origin, false and/or misleading description of fact, or false and/or misleading representation of fact that is likely to cause consumer confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of Plaintiffs’ and the Class’s Licensed Materials and Copilot, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of Plaintiffs’ and the Class’s Licensed Materials and Copilot. 198. As a result, GitHub and OpenAI have intentionally violated 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A). 199. As an actual and proximate result of GitHub’s and OpenAI’s acts, Plaintiffs and the Class have suffered and continue to suffer harm. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 3:22-cv-06823-KAW retrieved on September 5, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. Storage.Courtlistener

DOE v. Github: Defendants Will Continue to Mislead Consumers on the Source of Copilot

DOE vs. Github (amended complaint) Court Filing (Redacted), June 8, 2023, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 34 of 38. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here VIII. CLAIMS FOR RELIEF COUNT 6 UNJUST ENRICHMENT Common Law (Against All Defendants) 266. Plaintiffs and the Class hereby repeat and incorporate by reference each preceding and succeeding paragraph as though fully set forth herein. 267. Plaintiffs and the Class have invested substantial time and energy in creating the Licensed Materials. 268. Plaintiffs hosted their Licensed Materials on GitHub subject to open-source licenses. 269. Defendants have unjustly utilized access to Licensed Materials hosted on GitHub to create Codex and Copilot. Specifically, Defendants used Plaintiffs’ Licensed Materials to train Codex and Copilot without following the licenses under which the Licensed Materials were published. 270. By using Plaintiffs’ Licensed Materials to train Codex and Copilot, Plaintiffs and the Class were deprived of the benefits of their open-source licenses, including monetary damages. 271. Plaintiffs did not consent to the unauthorized use of their Licensed Materials to train Codex and Copilot. 272. Defendants derived profit or other benefits from the use of the Licensed Materials to train Codex and Copilot. 273. It would be unjust for Defendants to retain those benefits. 274. The conduct of Defendants is causing and, unless enjoined and restrained by this Court, will continue to cause Plaintiffs and the Class great and irreparable injury that cannot fully be compensated or measured in money. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 4:22-cv-06823-JST retrieved on August 26, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. Storage Courtlistener

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