A New Study Says Video Games Can Be Excellent Tools for Physical Rehab

Authors: (1) Antoine Loriette, IRCAM, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France (antoine.loriette@gmail.com); (2) Baptiste Caramiaux, Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, ISIR, Paris, France (caramiaux@isir.upmc.fr); (3) Sebastian Stein, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (sebastian.stein@glasgow.ac.uk); (4) John H. Williamson, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (johnh.williamson@glasgow.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and 2.1 Modifying Games for Rehabilitation 2.2 Input control performance measure and modelling and 2.3 Summary 3 Motivation from a rehabilitation context and 3.1 Observations and Brainstorming workshops 3.2 System description 3.3 Interaction parameterisation 3.4 Summary 4 Experimental Study 5 Modelling User Behaviour and 5.1 Behavioural Features 5.2 Gameplay Reference Model 5.3 Comparing NLL to NSCORE 5.4 Effect of design parameters on NLL 5.5 Sampling Period 6 Discussion and 6.1 Design workshop and tools for modelling 6.2 Interaction parameters adaptation 6.3 Modelling Gameplay 6.4 Limitations and Future work 7 Conclusion 8 Acknowledgements and References 7 Conclusion We have shown that a computational approach to design can be used as a mean to systematically control interaction performance in games where input device characteristics are varied. We argued that performance is an important side of the interaction to take into account when creating new control devices. We proposed a probabilistic model of lowlevel user behaviour that affords a measure of similarity against baseline gameplay, that could be used to online system adaptation. Through a complete methodology from field work to experimental and computational studies, this work brings a pragmatic account for designing interactive systems while maintaining user performance in a rehabilitation context. 8 Acknowledgements We would like to warmly thank our contacts from the Spinal Unit of the QEU hospital (https://www.spinalunit. scot.nhs.uk/), in particular Michelle Rankin and Mariel Purcell, for the time they spent sharing their valuable expertise, helping with the design and testing of the prototype and their overall support for this research, which was funded through the MOREGRASP project (http://www.moregrasp.eu/). References F. Anderson, T. Grossman, J. 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This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Antoine Loriette, IRCAM, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France (antoine.loriette@gmail.com); (2) Baptiste Caramiaux, Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, ISIR, Paris, France (caramiaux@isir.upmc.fr); (3) Sebastian Stein, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (sebastian.stein@glasgow.ac.uk); (4) John H. Williamson, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (johnh.williamson@glasgow.ac.uk). Authors: Authors: (1) Antoine Loriette, IRCAM, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France (antoine.loriette@gmail.com); (2) Baptiste Caramiaux, Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, ISIR, Paris, France (caramiaux@isir.upmc.fr); (3) Sebastian Stein, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (sebastian.stein@glasgow.ac.uk); (4) John H. Williamson, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (johnh.williamson@glasgow.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and 2.1 Modifying Games for Rehabilitation 2.2 Input control performance measure and modelling and 2.3 Summary 3 Motivation from a rehabilitation context and 3.1 Observations and Brainstorming workshops 3.2 System description 3.3 Interaction parameterisation 3.4 Summary 4 Experimental Study 5 Modelling User Behaviour and 5.1 Behavioural Features 5.2 Gameplay Reference Model 5.3 Comparing NLL to NSCORE 5.4 Effect of design parameters on NLL 5.5 Sampling Period 6 Discussion and 6.1 Design workshop and tools for modelling 6.2 Interaction parameters adaptation 6.3 Modelling Gameplay 6.4 Limitations and Future work 7 Conclusion 8 Acknowledgements and References Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and 2.1 Modifying Games for Rehabilitation 2.2 Input control performance measure and modelling and 2.3 Summary 2 Related Work and 2.1 Modifying Games for Rehabilitation 2.2 Input control performance measure and modelling and 2.3 Summary 2.2 Input control performance measure and modelling and 2.3 Summary 3 Motivation from a rehabilitation context and 3.1 Observations and Brainstorming workshops 3.2 System description 3.3 Interaction parameterisation 3.4 Summary 3 Motivation from a rehabilitation context and 3.1 Observations and Brainstorming workshops 3.2 System description 3.3 Interaction parameterisation 3.4 Summary 3.2 System description 3.3 Interaction parameterisation 3.4 Summary 4 Experimental Study 4 Experimental Study 5 Modelling User Behaviour and 5.1 Behavioural Features 5.2 Gameplay Reference Model 5.3 Comparing NLL to NSCORE 5.4 Effect of design parameters on NLL 5.5 Sampling Period 5 Modelling User Behaviour and 5.1 Behavioural Features 5.2 Gameplay Reference Model 5.3 Comparing NLL to NSCORE 5.4 Effect of design parameters on NLL 5.5 Sampling Period 5.2 Gameplay Reference Model 5.3 Comparing NLL to NSCORE 5.4 Effect of design parameters on NLL 5.5 Sampling Period 6 Discussion and 6.1 Design workshop and tools for modelling 6.2 Interaction parameters adaptation 6.3 Modelling Gameplay 6.4 Limitations and Future work 6 Discussion and 6.1 Design workshop and tools for modelling 6.2 Interaction parameters adaptation 6.3 Modelling Gameplay 6.4 Limitations and Future work 6.2 Interaction parameters adaptation 6.3 Modelling Gameplay 6.4 Limitations and Future work 7 Conclusion 8 Acknowledgements and References 7 Conclusion 8 Acknowledgements and References 8 Acknowledgements and References 7 Conclusion We have shown that a computational approach to design can be used as a mean to systematically control interaction performance in games where input device characteristics are varied. We argued that performance is an important side of the interaction to take into account when creating new control devices. We proposed a probabilistic model of lowlevel user behaviour that affords a measure of similarity against baseline gameplay, that could be used to online system adaptation. Through a complete methodology from field work to experimental and computational studies, this work brings a pragmatic account for designing interactive systems while maintaining user performance in a rehabilitation context. 8 Acknowledgements We would like to warmly thank our contacts from the Spinal Unit of the QEU hospital (https://www.spinalunit. scot.nhs.uk/), in particular Michelle Rankin and Mariel Purcell, for the time they spent sharing their valuable expertise, helping with the design and testing of the prototype and their overall support for this research, which was funded through the MOREGRASP project (http://www.moregrasp.eu/). References F. Anderson, T. Grossman, J. Matejka, and G. Fitzmaurice. YouMove. In Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST ’13, pages 311–320, New York, New York, USA, 2013. ACM Press. ISBN 9781450322683. doi: 10.1145/2501988.2502045. URL http://dl.acm.org/citation. cfm?doid=2501988.2502045. K. D. Anderson. Targeting Recovery: Priorities of the Spinal Cord-Injured Population. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(10):1371–1383, oct 2004. ISSN 0897-7151. doi: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371. URL http://www. liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371. M. Bachynskyi, G. Palmas, and T. Weinkauf. Informing the Design of Novel Input Methods with Muscle Coactivation Clustering. Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 21(6):1–25, jan 2015. ISSN 10730516. doi: 10.1145/ 2687921. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2687921. X. Bao, Y. R. Mao, Q. Lin, Y. H. Qiu, S. Z. Chen, L. Li, R. S. Cates, S. F. Zhou, and D. F. Huang. Mechanism of Kinect-based virtual reality training for motor functional recovery of upper limbs after subacute stroke. Neural Regeneration Research, 8(31):2904–2913, nov 2013. ISSN 16735374. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.31.003. URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25206611. N. Barrett, I. Swain, C. Gatzidis, and C. Mecheraoui. The use and effect of video game design theory in the creation of game-based systems for upper limb stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, 3:205566831664364, jun 2016. ISSN 2055-6683. doi: 10.1177/2055668316643644. URL http: //journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2055668316643644. J. W. Burke, M. D. J. McNeill, D. K. Charles, P. J. Morrow, J. H. Crosbie, and S. M. McDonough. Optimising engagement for stroke rehabilitation using serious games. Visual Computer, 25(12):1085–1099, dec 2009. ISSN 01782789. doi: 10.1007/s00371-009-0387-4. URL http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00371-009-0387-4. S. K. Card, J. D. Mackinlay, and G. G. Robertson. A morphological analysis of the design space of input devices. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 9(2):99–122, apr 1991. ISSN 10468188. doi: 10.1145/123078.128726. URL http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=123078.128726. A. Chatta, T. Hurst, G. Samaraweera, R. Guo, and J. Quarles. Get off the Couch. In Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play - CHI PLAY ’15, pages 47–56, New York, New York, USA, 2015. ACM Press. ISBN 9781450334662. doi: 10.1145/2793107.2793115. URL http://dl.acm.org/ citation.cfm?doid=2793107.2793115. M. Csikszentmihalyi. Toward a Psychology of Optimal Experience. In Flow Found. Posit. Psychol., pages 209–226. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8 14. URL http://link.springer. com/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8{_}14. S. Deterding, M. Sicart, L. Nacke, K. O’Hara, and D. Dixon. Gamification. using game-design elements in nongaming contexts. In Proc. 2011 Annu. Conf. Ext. 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