Authors:
(1) Dustin Podell, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(2) Zion English, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(3) Kyle Lacey, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(4) Andreas Blattmann, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(5) Tim Dockhorn, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(6) Jonas Müller, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(7) Joe Penna, Stability AI, Applied Research;
(8) Robin Rombach, Stability AI, Applied Research. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Improving Stable Diffusion 2.1 Architecture & Scale 2.2 Micro-Conditioning 2.3 Multi-Aspect Training 2.4 Improved Autoencoder and 2.5 Putting Everything Together 3 Future Work Appendix A Acknowledgements B Limitations C Diffusion Models D Comparison to the State of the Art E Comparison to Midjourney v5.1 F On FID Assessment of Generative Text-Image Foundation Models G Additional Comparison between Single- and Two-Stage SDXL pipeline References F On FID Assessment of Generative Text-Image Foundation Models Throughout the last years it has been common practice for generative text-to-image models to assess FID- [12] and CLIP-scores [34, 36] in a zero-shot setting on complex, small-scale text-image datasets of natural images such as COCO [26]. However, with the advent of foundational text-to-image models [40, 37, 38, 1], which are not only targeting visual compositionality, but also at other difficult tasks such as deep text understanding, fine-grained distinction between unique artistic styles and especially a pronounced sense of visual aesthetics, this particular form of model evaluation has become more and more questionable. Kirstain et al. [23] demonstrates that COCO zero-shot FID is negatively correlated with visual aesthetics, and such measuring the generative performance of such models should be rather done by human evaluators. We investigate this for SDXL and visualize FID-vs-CLIP curves in Fig. 12 for 10k text-image pairs from COCO [26]. Despite its drastically improved performance as measured quantitatively by asking human assessors (see Fig. 1) as well as qualitatively (see Fig. 4 and Fig. 14), SDXL does not achieve better FID scores than the previous SD versions. Contrarily, FID for SDXL is the worst of all three compared models while only showing slightly improved CLIP-scores (measured with OpenClip ViT g-14). Thus, our results back the findings of Kirstain et al. [23] and further emphasize the need for additional quantitative performance scores, specifically for text-to-image foundation models. All scores have been evaluated based on 10k generated examples. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Dustin Podell, Stability AI, Applied Research; (2) Zion English, Stability AI, Applied Research; (3) Kyle Lacey, Stability AI, Applied Research; (4) Andreas Blattmann, Stability AI, Applied Research; (5) Tim Dockhorn, Stability AI, Applied Research; (6) Jonas Müller, Stability AI, Applied Research; (7) Joe Penna, Stability AI, Applied Research; (8) Robin Rombach, Stability AI, Applied Research. Authors: Authors: (1) Dustin Podell, Stability AI, Applied Research; (2) Zion English, Stability AI, Applied Research; (3) Kyle Lacey, Stability AI, Applied Research; (4) Andreas Blattmann, Stability AI, Applied Research; (5) Tim Dockhorn, Stability AI, Applied Research; (6) Jonas Müller, Stability AI, Applied Research; (7) Joe Penna, Stability AI, Applied Research; (8) Robin Rombach, Stability AI, Applied Research. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Improving Stable Diffusion 2 Improving Stable Diffusion 2.1 Architecture & Scale 2.1 Architecture & Scale 2.2 Micro-Conditioning 2.2 Micro-Conditioning 2.3 Multi-Aspect Training 2.3 Multi-Aspect Training 2.4 Improved Autoencoder and 2.5 Putting Everything Together 2.4 Improved Autoencoder and 2.5 Putting Everything Together 3 Future Work 3 Future Work Appendix Appendix A Acknowledgements A Acknowledgements B Limitations B Limitations C Diffusion Models C Diffusion Models D Comparison to the State of the Art D Comparison to the State of the Art E Comparison to Midjourney v5.1 E Comparison to Midjourney v5.1 F On FID Assessment of Generative Text-Image Foundation Models F On FID Assessment of Generative Text-Image Foundation Models G Additional Comparison between Single- and Two-Stage SDXL pipeline G Additional Comparison between Single- and Two-Stage SDXL pipeline References References F On FID Assessment of Generative Text-Image Foundation Models Throughout the last years it has been common practice for generative text-to-image models to assess FID- [12] and CLIP-scores [34, 36] in a zero-shot setting on complex, small-scale text-image datasets of natural images such as COCO [26]. However, with the advent of foundational text-to-image models [40, 37, 38, 1], which are not only targeting visual compositionality, but also at other difficult tasks such as deep text understanding, fine-grained distinction between unique artistic styles and especially a pronounced sense of visual aesthetics, this particular form of model evaluation has become more and more questionable. Kirstain et al. [23] demonstrates that COCO zero-shot FID is negatively correlated with visual aesthetics, and such measuring the generative performance of such models should be rather done by human evaluators. We investigate this for SDXL and visualize FID-vs-CLIP curves in Fig. 12 for 10k text-image pairs from COCO [26]. Despite its drastically improved performance as measured quantitatively by asking human assessors (see Fig. 1) as well as qualitatively (see Fig. 4 and Fig. 14), SDXL does not achieve better FID scores than the previous SD versions. Contrarily, FID for SDXL is the worst of all three compared models while only showing slightly improved CLIP-scores (measured with OpenClip ViT g-14). Thus, our results back the findings of Kirstain et al. [23] and further emphasize the need for additional quantitative performance scores, specifically for text-to-image foundation models. All scores have been evaluated based on 10k generated examples. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

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