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Bidirectional Microwave-optical Transduction Based on Integration: Appendix F: Optimization

by Transduction University PapersMarch 4th, 2024

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Here, we present a compact microwave-optical transducer based on monolithic integration of piezoelectric actuators atop silicon nitride photonic circuits.

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This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.

Authors:

(1) Terence Blésin, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) & Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL);

(2) Wil Kao, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) & Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL);

(3) Anat Siddharth, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) & Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL);

(4) Alaina Attanasio, OxideMEMS lab, Purdue University;

(5) Hao Tian, OxideMEMS lab, Purdue University;

(6) Sunil A. Bhave, OxideMEMS lab, Purdue University;

(7) Tobias J. Kippenberg, Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) & Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL).

Table of Links

Appendix F: Optimization of optical extraction efficiency

An optimal optical external coupling can be chosen to maximize the total conversion efficiency. Equation E9 can be rewritten in terms of quality factors by using the relation κ = ω/Q, which yields

For the optics, we have Qo = Qint + Qext, where we separate the intrinsic quality factor Qint, oftentimes fabricationlimited and hence not easily adjustable, from the external coupling quality factor Qex that can be readily engineered through coupler design. The optical extraction efficiency can thus be written in the form

where R = Qint/Qex and the total optical quality factor

The total efficiency in the low-cooperativity regime is then given by

where

For a given F, the optimal efficiency is achieved at the critical coupling condition Qex = Qint, or R = 1.

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