Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 COCOGEN: Representing Commonsense structures with code and 2.1 Converting (T,G) into Python code 2.2 Few-shot prompting for generating G 3 Evaluation and 3.1 Experimental setup 3.2 Script generation: PROSCRIPT 3.3 Entity state tracking: PROPARA 3.4 Argument graph generation: EXPLAGRAPHS 4 Analysis 5 Related work 6 Conclusion, Acknowledgments, Limitations, and References A Few-shot models size estimates B Dynamic prompt Creation C Human Evaluation D Dataset statistics E Sample outputs F Prompts G Designing Python class for a structured task H Impact of Model size I Variation in prompts 5 Related work Structured commonsense reasoning using LLMs Existing methods for structured commonsense generation typically flatten the output graphs as strings (Madaan and Yang, 2021; Madaan et al., 2021a; Sakaguchi et al., 2021). Consequently, these methods struggle with generation of wellformed outputs (Sakaguchi et al., 2021; Madaan et al., 2021b). In contrast, we address the problem of structured generation by (1) translating the task into Python code, and (2) generating code using large-code generation models. Code representation for procedural knowledge reasoning Programs inherently encode rich structures, and they can efficiently represent task procedures. Existing works leverage the control-flows, nested functions and API calls of a programming language such as Python to control the situated agents in the embodied environment (Sun et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2022; Singh et al., 2022). In this work, we go beyond these procedural tasks and show the effectiveness of using Code-LLMs on broader structured commonsense tasks. Adapting Code-LLMs for reasoning As codegeneration models (Code-LLMs) are getting increasingly popular, there is a growing interest in adapting them for a wide range reasoning tasks. Wu et al. (2022) use CODEX and PaLM (Chowdhery et al., 2022) for converting mathematical statements written in natural language into a formal structure that can be used for theorem provers, with moderate success. The task is challenging, as it involves understanding the concepts used in the theorem (e.g., set of real numbers) and the complex relationship between them. Our work is similar in spirit to Wu et al. (2022), and seeks to leverage the dual abilities of Code-LLMs for text and symbolic reasoning. However, differently from their work, we close the gap between the pre-training data and our tasks by translating our output into Python code. As our experiments show, this step is crucial in outperforming text-only and fine-tuned models. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to transform a natural-language reasoning problem into code to successfully leverage code generation methods. Symbolic reasoning using LLMs The use of programming languages like LISP (Tanimoto, 1987) and Prolog (Colmerauer and Roussel, 1996) to process natural language has a long history in AI. However, the recent progress in large language models has obviated the need for specialized methods for symbolic processing. Cobbe et al. (2021) and Chowdhery et al. (2022) address middle-school level algebra problem solving using large-language models in a few-shot setup. These problems require a model to understand the order in which a set of operations should be performed over symbols (typically small integers). In contrast, structured commonsense reasoning requires broader information than supplied in the prompt, while utilizing the models’ structural generation capabilities for generating output effectively. Thus, the tasks in our work push a model to use both its reasoning and symbolic manipulation capabilities. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors:
(1) Aman Madaan, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (amadaan@cs.cmu.edu);
(2) Shuyan Zhou, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (shuyanzh@cs.cmu.edu);
(3) Uri Alon, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (ualong@cs.cmu.edu);
(4) Yiming Yang, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (yiming@cs.cmu.edu);
(5) Graham Neubig, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (gneubig@cs.cmu.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 COCOGEN: Representing Commonsense structures with code and 2.1 Converting (T,G) into Python code 2 COCOGEN: Representing Commonsense structures with code and 2.1 Converting (T,G) into Python code 2.2 Few-shot prompting for generating G 2.2 Few-shot prompting for generating G 3 Evaluation and 3.1 Experimental setup 3 Evaluation and 3.1 Experimental setup 3.2 Script generation: PROSCRIPT 3.2 Script generation: PROSCRIPT 3.3 Entity state tracking: PROPARA 3.3 Entity state tracking: PROPARA 3.4 Argument graph generation: EXPLAGRAPHS 3.4 Argument graph generation: EXPLAGRAPHS 4 Analysis 4 Analysis 5 Related work 5 Related work 6 Conclusion, Acknowledgments, Limitations, and References 6 Conclusion, Acknowledgments, Limitations, and References A Few-shot models size estimates A Few-shot models size estimates B Dynamic prompt Creation B Dynamic prompt Creation C Human Evaluation C Human Evaluation D Dataset statistics D Dataset statistics E Sample outputs E Sample outputs F Prompts F Prompts G Designing Python class for a structured task G Designing Python class for a structured task H Impact of Model size H Impact of Model size I Variation in prompts I Variation in prompts 5 Related work Structured commonsense reasoning using LLMs Existing methods for structured commonsense generation typically flatten the output graphs as strings (Madaan and Yang, 2021; Madaan et al., 2021a; Sakaguchi et al., 2021). Consequently, these methods struggle with generation of wellformed outputs (Sakaguchi et al., 2021; Madaan et al., 2021b). In contrast, we address the problem of structured generation by (1) translating the task into Python code, and (2) generating code using large-code generation models. Structured commonsense reasoning using LLMs Code representation for procedural knowledge reasoning Programs inherently encode rich structures, and they can efficiently represent task procedures. Existing works leverage the control-flows, nested functions and API calls of a programming language such as Python to control the situated agents in the embodied environment (Sun et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2022; Singh et al., 2022). In this work, we go beyond these procedural tasks and show the effectiveness of using Code-LLMs on broader structured commonsense tasks. Code representation for procedural knowledge reasoning Adapting Code-LLMs for reasoning As codegeneration models (Code-LLMs) are getting increasingly popular, there is a growing interest in adapting them for a wide range reasoning tasks. Wu et al. (2022) use CODEX and PaLM (Chowdhery et al., 2022) for converting mathematical statements written in natural language into a formal structure that can be used for theorem provers, with moderate success. The task is challenging, as it involves understanding the concepts used in the theorem (e.g., set of real numbers) and the complex relationship between them. Our work is similar in spirit to Wu et al. (2022), and seeks to leverage the dual abilities of Code-LLMs for text and symbolic reasoning. However, differently from their work, we close the gap between the pre-training data and our tasks by translating our output into Python code. As our experiments show, this step is crucial in outperforming text-only and fine-tuned models. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to transform a natural-language reasoning problem into code to successfully leverage code generation methods. Adapting Code-LLMs for reasoning Symbolic reasoning using LLMs The use of programming languages like LISP (Tanimoto, 1987) and Prolog (Colmerauer and Roussel, 1996) to process natural language has a long history in AI. However, the recent progress in large language models has obviated the need for specialized methods for symbolic processing. Cobbe et al. (2021) and Chowdhery et al. (2022) address middle-school level algebra problem solving using large-language models in a few-shot setup. These problems require a model to understand the order in which a set of operations should be performed over symbols (typically small integers). In contrast, structured commonsense reasoning requires broader information than supplied in the prompt, while utilizing the models’ structural generation capabilities for generating output effectively. Thus, the tasks in our work push a model to use both its reasoning and symbolic manipulation capabilities. Symbolic reasoning using LLMs This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Aman Madaan, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (amadaan@cs.cmu.edu); (2) Shuyan Zhou, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (shuyanzh@cs.cmu.edu); (3) Uri Alon, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (ualong@cs.cmu.edu); (4) Yiming Yang, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (yiming@cs.cmu.edu); (5) Graham Neubig, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (gneubig@cs.cmu.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Aman Madaan, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (amadaan@cs.cmu.edu); (2) Shuyan Zhou, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (shuyanzh@cs.cmu.edu); (3) Uri Alon, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (ualong@cs.cmu.edu); (4) Yiming Yang, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (yiming@cs.cmu.edu); (5) Graham Neubig, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA (gneubig@cs.cmu.edu).

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Using Code-LLMs for Symbolic and Structured Reasoning

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