Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction Related Work
2.1 The Alternative-Authenticator Approach
2.2 The Original-Authenticator Approach


The Proposed Secret Backup Approaches
3.1 Notations
3.2 Assumptions
3.3 The Direct-Escrow Method
3.4 Our Proposed Algorithms


Security and Reliability Analysis
4.1 Security Analysis
4.2 Reliability Analysis
4.3 Recovery Failure Rate Analysis
4.4 Real World Parameters
4.5 Failure Rate Optimization of (k,n)


Comparison


Conclusion, Acknowledgment, and References Related Work
2.1 The Alternative-Authenticator Approach
2.2 The Original-Authenticator Approach Related Work 2.1 The Alternative-Authenticator Approach 2.1 The Alternative-Authenticator Approach 2.2 The Original-Authenticator Approach 2.2 The Original-Authenticator Approach The Proposed Secret Backup Approaches
3.1 Notations
3.2 Assumptions
3.3 The Direct-Escrow Method
3.4 Our Proposed Algorithms The Proposed Secret Backup Approaches 3.1 Notations 3.1 Notations 3.2 Assumptions 3.2 Assumptions 3.3 The Direct-Escrow Method 3.3 The Direct-Escrow Method 3.4 Our Proposed Algorithms 3.4 Our Proposed Algorithms Security and Reliability Analysis
4.1 Security Analysis
4.2 Reliability Analysis
4.3 Recovery Failure Rate Analysis
4.4 Real World Parameters
4.5 Failure Rate Optimization of (k,n) Security and Reliability Analysis Security and Reliability Analysis 4.1 Security Analysis 4.1 Security Analysis 4.2 Reliability Analysis 4.2 Reliability Analysis 4.3 Recovery Failure Rate Analysis 4.3 Recovery Failure Rate Analysis 4.4 Real World Parameters 4.4 Real World Parameters 4.5 Failure Rate Optimization of (k,n) 4.5 Failure Rate Optimization of (k,n) Comparison Comparison Comparison Conclusion, Acknowledgment, and References Conclusion, Acknowledgment, and References Conclusion, Acknowledgment, and References Appendix Appendix 6. CONCLUSION This paper proposes indirect-escrow and indirect-permission methods for private key backup and recovery. Unlike previous approaches that keep both the possession and permission of the private key backup to either the owner or trustees, our approach lets trustees have only the permission of the backup while the owner has the possession. Our approach is highly secure due to the difficulty of locating all trustees and is highly reliable because of the redundancy of trustees. We also propose a backup failure rate measure that considers both security and reliability and suggests the optimal choice of the threshold number for each choice of the number of trustees. According to the failure rate analysis, our approach is about six orders of magnitude better than other best-known results with the same number of trustees. Therefore, we conclude that our approach provides a very secure and reliable private key backup and recovery method, which is essential for the public-key-based authentication infrastructure. The method can also be applied to protect secrets other than private keys. The indirect-permission approach can also be extended to be a multi-layer indirect-permission approach or adopt multiple sets of trustees for even better security protection. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported in part by Taiwan NSTC grant 111- 2221-E-007-077. REFERENCES [1] https://www.google.com/landing/2step/ [2] Siadati, Hossein, et al. "Mind your SMSes: Mitigating social engineering in second factor authentication." computers & security 65 (2017): 14-28. [3] Siadati, Hossein, Toan Nguyen, and Nasir Memon. "Verification code forwarding attack (short paper)." International Conference on Passwords. Springer, Cham, 2015. [4] https://fidoalliance.org/ [5] https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203027 [6] https://nymi.com/ [7] Gupta, Surbhi, Abhishek Singhal, and Akanksha Kapoor. "A literature survey on social engineering attacks: Phishing attack." 2016 international conference on computing, communication and automation (ICCCA). IEEE, 2016. [8] Eskandari, Shayan, et al. "A first look at the usability of bitcoin key management." arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.04351 (2018). [9] Peng, Sancheng, Shui Yu, and Aimin Yang. 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[59] Nojoumian, Mehrdad, Douglas R. Stinson, and Morgan Grainger. "Unconditionally secure social secret sharing scheme." IET information security 4.4 (2010): 202-211. [60] Xu, Yi, et al. "Virtual U: Defeating Face Liveness Detection by Building Virtual Models from Your Public Photos." USENIX security symposium. 2016. [61] https://crime-dataexplorer.app.cloud.gov/pages/explorer/crime/property-crime [62] Jin, Lei, James BD Joshi, and Mohd Anwar. "Mutual-friend based attacks in social network systems." Computers & security 37 (2013): 15- 30. [63] Feng, Shihui, et al. "The Internet and Facebook usage on academic distraction of college students." Computers & Education 134 (2019): 41- 49. [64] Florencio, Dinei, and Cormac Herley. "A large-scale study of web password habits." Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web. ACM, 2007. [65] Mura, Valerio, et al. "LivDet 2017 fingerprint liveness detection competition 2017." 2018 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB). IEEE, 2018. APPENDIX In the appendix, we derive the worst-case probability P shown in equation (1) for a successful adversary attack and the approximated probability shown in equation (2). Wei-Hsin Chang received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from National Tsing Hua University, in 2014 and an M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from National Tsing Hua University, in 2018. He is currently working at DeepMentor and taking charge of the hardware platform. Wei-Hsin Chang Ren-Song Tsay, nicknamed “Dr. Zero-Skew”, is the inventor of the famous industry standard zero-skew clock tree design method. He received his Ph. D. degree from UC Berkeley in 1989 and worked for IBM T. J. Watson Research Center before he started his Silicon Valley ventures. He was the person who designed the first commercially successful performance optimization physical design system and then jointly founded Axis Systems and developed a breakthrough logic verification system using reconfigurable computer technology. After that, he helped a few start-up companies as a consultant or investor and is now teaching at National Tsing-Hua University. He received the IEEE Transaction on CAD Best Paper Award. Ren-Song Tsay Authors:
(1) Wei-Hsin Chang, Deepmentor Inc. (mailggwhc@gmail.com);
(2) Ren-Song Tsay, Computer Science Department, National TsingHua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (rstsay@cs.nthu.edu.tw). Authors: Authors: (1) Wei-Hsin Chang, Deepmentor Inc. (mailggwhc@gmail.com); (2) Ren-Song Tsay, Computer Science Department, National TsingHua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (rstsay@cs.nthu.edu.tw). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

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